The concept of the lexical meaning of a word

The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of the sound complex of a linguistic unit with one or another phenomenon of reality fixed in the minds of speakers.

Most words name objects, their attributes, quantity, actions, processes and act as full-fledged, independent words, performing a nominative function in the language (lat. nominatio- naming, name). Possessing common grammatical and syntactic meanings and functions, these words are combined into the categories of nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, words of the state category. Their lexical meaning is complemented by grammatical ones. For example, the word newspaper denotes a certain subject; the lexical meaning indicates that it is "a periodical in the form of large sheets, usually daily, dedicated to the events of current political and social life." Noun newspaper has the grammatical meanings of gender (feminine), number (this subject is thought of as one, not many) and case. Word I read calls the action - "perceive what is written, saying aloud or reproducing to oneself" and characterizes it as real, occurring at the moment of speech, performed by the speaker (and not by other persons).

Of the significant parts of speech, pronouns and modal words are deprived of the nominative function. The first only indicate objects or their signs: I, you, such, so much; they receive a specific meaning in speech, but cannot serve as a generalized name for a number of similar objects, features, or quantities. The second express the attitude of the speaker to the expressed thought: Maybe mail has already arrived.

Service parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) also do not perform a nominative function, that is, they do not name objects, signs, actions, but are used as formal grammatical language means.

Lexical meanings of a word, their types, development and changes are studied by lexical semantics (semasiology) (gr. semasia- designation + logos- teaching). The grammatical meanings of the word are considered in the grammar of the modern Russian language.

All objects and phenomena of reality have their own names in the language. Words point to real objects, to our attitude towards them, which arose in the process of knowing the world around us. This connection of the word with the phenomena of reality (denotations) is non-linguistic in nature, and yet it is the most important factor in determining the nature of the word as a sign unit.

Words name not only specific objects that can be seen, heard or touched at the moment, but also concepts about these objects that arise in our minds.

The concept is a reflection in the minds of people of the general and essential features of the phenomena of reality, ideas about their properties. Such features can be the shape of an object, its function, color, size, similarity or difference with another object, etc. The concept is the result of a generalization of a mass of individual phenomena, during which a person is distracted from non-essential features, focusing on the main ones. Without such abstraction, i.e., without abstract representations, human thinking is impossible.

Concepts are formed and fixed in our minds with the help of words. The connection of words with the concept (significative factor) makes the word an instrument of human thinking. Without the ability of the word to name the concept, there would be no language itself. The designation of concepts in words allows us to get by with a relatively small number of linguistic signs. So, in order to single out one person from many people and name anyone, we use the word human. To denote all the richness and variety of colors of wildlife, there are words red, yellow, blue, green etc. The movement of various objects in space is expressed by the word goes (man, train, bus, icebreaker and even - ice, rain, snow and under.).

Explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language most capaciously reflect the systemic connections of words. They are lists of words of varying degrees of completeness and accuracy that make up the lexical system in all the diversity and complexity of its functioning in the language. Yes, the word island does not indicate the geographical location, size, name, shape, fauna, flora of any particular island, therefore, abstracting from these particular features, we call this word any part of the land surrounded on all sides by water (in the ocean, sea, lake , river) Thus, those essential features and properties of objects are fixed in words, which make it possible to distinguish a whole class of objects from other classes.

However, not all words name any concept. They are not able to express unions, particles, prepositions, interjections, pronouns, proper names. Special mention should be made of the latter.

There are proper names that name single concepts. These are the names of prominent people ( Shakespeare, Dante, Leo Tolstoy, Chaliapin, Rachmaninoff), geographical names ( Volga, Baikal, Alps, America). By their nature, they cannot be a generalization and evoke the idea of ​​a subject that is one of a kind.

personal names of people Alexander, Dmitry), surnames ( Golubev, Davydov), on the contrary, do not give rise to a certain idea of ​​a person in our minds.

Common nouns ( historian, engineer, son-in-law) according to the distinguishing features of professions, degrees of kinship allow you to get some idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe people named by these words.

Animal names may approach generalized names. So, if the horse's name is Bulany, this indicates its gender and suit, Belka usually called animals that have white hair (although this can also be called a cat, a dog, and a goat). So different nicknames correlate differently with generalized names.

Lexical meaning of the word

Nominative (direct) value with l 6-in a. Lexical meaning, directly related to the reflection in the mind of objects, phenomena, relations of objective reality. Knife (item name), beautiful (quality name), read (action name), ten (number name), fast (action attribute name). Words that have a nominative meaning form free phrases.

Phraseologically related meaning of words a. Lexical meaning that exists or is acquired only as part of a phraseological unit. The adjective fraught in the meaning of “capable of causing, giving rise to something” realizes this meaning in the phraseological unit fraught with consequences. In the phraseological turnover us of fire and fire, both nouns acquire the meaning of "nuisance"

The syntactically determined meaning of a word. Lexical meaning acquired by a word only in a certain syntactic function. The noun decree in the function of a predicate with negation does not acquire meaning ^ cannot serve as an authority, a basis, an indication for anyone "Samodur is trying to prove that no one has a decree for him and that he will do whatever he wants (Dobrolyubov).

The lexical meaning is made up of a real meaning, the carrier of which is the root of the word (non-derivative stem), and a derivational meaning expressed by word-building affixes. The meaning of “little house” in the word domik is made up of the real (objective) meaning contained in the root dom-, and the derivational meaning expressed by the suffix of real reduction -ik. In words with a non-derivative stem, the lexical and real meanings are the same. cm. real value, derivational value.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what the "lexical meaning of the word" is in other dictionaries:

Lexical meaning is the correlation of the sound shell of a word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. Lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, ... ... Wikipedia

LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD. The meaning inherent in the word as a lexeme; the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of ​​an object, process, phenomenon. L. h. With. is generalized and generalizing in nature, is compared with ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Lexical meaning of the word- The lexical meaning of the word is the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of ​​​​an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc. L. z. With. a product of human mental activity, it is associated with the reduction of information ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

lexical meaning of the word

lexical meaning of the word- Reflection in the word of one or another phenomenon of reality (object, event, quality, action, relationship) ...

Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

lexical meaning of the word motivated- Secondary meaning, derivative in semantic and derivational terms. Motivated words have an internal form... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

lexical meaning of the word unmotivated- Primary meaning, which is genetically non-derivative for the modern language... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

lexical meaning of the word indirect-nominative- Value type, reflecting the non-autonomy of naming by the nature of the correlation with reality. Corresponds with the designated indirectly, when jointly implemented with a reference value for it: Water is the ability to save life on Earth ... Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

Books

• Kotovasia in adverbs. Lexical meaning of words. Lotto with verification, Barchan Tatiana. The classic is always right. In order to feel something, it is better to pass it through yourself, whether it be a pound of salt or a seven-verst road... We decided that we would get to know each other, feel and remember...

(neologisms);

professional words (professionalisms);

dialect words (dialects, dialectisms);

slang words

• professional jargon;
• thieves' jargon (slang).

There are other groups, the study of which is beyond the scope of the school curriculum. On our site there is an article about the Russian language and a selection of words on various topics.

Single and multiple words

The same words of the Russian language can name different objects, signs, actions. In this case, the word has several lexical meanings and is called polysemantic. A word that denotes one object, sign, action and, accordingly, has only one lexical word is called unambiguous. Polysemantic words are found in all independent parts of speech, except for numerals. Examples of polysemantic words: forge a chain and ice a pond, a leaf of a tree and a sheet of paper, a silver tray and a silver age.

Direct and figurative meanings of words

Words in Russian can have direct and figurative meanings. The direct meaning of the word serves to designate a specific object, attribute, action or quantity of an object. The figurative meaning of the word, in addition to the already existing basic meaning (direct), denotes a new object, sign, action. For example: gold bars (direct meaning) and golden hands / words / hair (figurative meaning). The figurative meaning is sometimes called indirect, it is one of the meanings of a polysemantic word. In Russian, there are words whose figurative meaning has become the main one. For example: the nose of a person (direct meaning) and the bow of a boat (figurative → direct meaning).

Homonyms

Words of the Russian language of the same part of speech, identical in sound and spelling, but different in lexical meaning, are called homonyms. Examples of homonyms: crane (lifting and plumbing), environment (habitat and day of the week), boron (pine forest and chemical element). Classification, types of homonyms, as well as examples of words are given in a separate article - homonyms.

Synonyms

Words of the Russian language of one part of speech, denoting the same thing, but having different shades of lexical meaning and use in speech, are called synonyms. For a polysemantic word, synonyms can refer to different lexical meanings. Examples of words that are synonyms: big and large (adjectives), build and construct (verbs), land and territory (nouns), boldly and bravely (adverbs). Good and understandable material about synonyms and examples of the difference in their lexical meaning are given on the website of the dictionary of synonyms.

Antonyms

Words of the Russian language of the same part of speech with the opposite lexical meaning are called antonyms. For polysemantic words, antonyms can refer to different lexical meanings. Examples of words that are antonyms: war - peace (nouns), white - black (adjectives), high - low (adverbs), run - stand (verbs). Materials with examples and explanations are available on the antonym dictionary website.

Paronyms

Words of the Russian language that are similar in spelling and sound, but have a different semantic meaning, are called paronyms. Paronyms have morphological division, lexical-semantic division. Examples of words that are paronyms: put on - put on (verbs), ignorant - ignorant (nouns), economic - economical (adjectives). Definition, classification and examples are given in the dictionary of paronyms.

Group comparison

* The lexical meaning of words from the paronymic series is different. It can be similar, opposite or simply different (neither similar nor opposite).

Words in Russian have 2 meanings: lexical and grammatical. If the second type is abstract, then the first is individual. In this article, we present the main types of lexical meanings of a word.

The lexical meaning or, as it is sometimes called, the meaning of the word, shows how the sound shell of the word correlates with objects or phenomena of the world around us. It should be noted that it does not contain the whole complex of features characteristic of a particular object.

What is the lexical meaning of a word?

The meaning of the word reflects only signs that allow you to distinguish one object from another. Its center is the stem of the word.

All types of lexical meanings of a word can be divided into 5 groups depending on:

1. correlations;
2. origin;
3. compatibility;
4. functions;
5. the nature of the connection.

This classification was proposed by the Soviet scientist Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov in the article "The main types of lexical meanings of the word" (1977). We will discuss this classification in more detail below.

Types by relation

From the nominative point of view (that is, by correlation), all meanings of the word are divided into direct and figurative. direct value is the main one. It is directly related to how one or another letter and sound form correlates with the concept that has developed in the minds of native speakers.

So, the word "cat" refers to a predatory animal of small size from the cat family, belonging to the order of mammals that exterminate rodents. A "knife" is a tool that is used for cutting; consists of blade and handle. adjective "green" denotes the color of the growing foliage.

Over time, the meaning of the word can change, obeying the currents characteristic of this or that time in the life of the people. So, back in the 18th century, the word "wife" was used in the sense of "woman." For the designation of "spouse" or "a woman who is married to a man" it began to be used much later. Similar changes occurred with the word "husband".

Figurative meaning words are derived from the main. With its help, one lexical unit is endowed with the properties of another on the basis of common or similar features. Thus, the adjective "dark" is used to describe a space that is immersed in darkness or in which there is no light.

But at the same time, this lexeme is quite often used in a figurative sense. Thus, the adjective "dark" can be used to describe something obscure (for example, manuscripts). It can also be used in relation to a person. In this context, the adjective "dark" would indicate that the person in question, uneducated or ignorant.

As a rule, the value transfer occurs according to one of the following criteria:

As can be seen from the above examples, the figurative meanings that have developed in words are somehow connected with the main one. Unlike the author's metaphors, which are widely used in fiction, figurative lexical meanings are stable and occur much more often in the language.

It should be noted that in the Russian language there is often a phenomenon when figurative meanings lose their figurativeness. So, the combinations “teapot spout” or “teapot handle” have closely entered the Russian language and are familiar to its speakers.

Lexical meanings by origin

All lexical units existing in the language have their own etymology. However, upon careful consideration, one can notice that the meaning of some units is easily deduced, and in the case of others it is quite difficult to understand what this or that word means. Based on this difference, a second group of lexical meanings is distinguished - by origin.

From the point of view of origin, there are two types of values:

1. Motivated;
2. Unmotivated.

In the first case, we are talking about lexical units formed by adding affixes. The meaning of the word is derived from the meaning of the stem and affixes. In the second case, the meaning of the lexeme does not depend on the meaning of its individual components, that is, it is non-derivative.

So, the category of unmotivated includes the words: “running”, “red”. Their derivatives are motivated: “to run”, “escape”, “blush”. Knowing the meaning of the lexical units underlying them, we can easily deduce the meaning of derivatives. However, the meaning of motivated words is not always so easy to deduce. Sometimes an etymological analysis is required.

Lexical meanings depending on compatibility

Each language imposes certain restrictions on the use of lexical units. Some units can only be used in certain contexts. In this case, we are talking about the compatibility of lexical units. From the point of view of compatibility, two types of values ​​are distinguished:

1. free;
2. not free.

In the first case, we are talking about units that can be freely combined with each other. However, this freedom cannot be absolute. She is very conditional. So, with the verb "open" such nouns as "door", "window", "lid" can be freely used. At the same time, the words “packaging” or “crime” cannot be used with him. Thus, the meaning of the lexeme "open" dictates to us the rules, according to which certain concepts may or may not be compatible with it.

Unlike free ones, the compatibility of units with a non-free value is severely limited. As a rule, such lexemes are part of phraseological units or are syntactically conditioned.

In the first case, the units are connected phraseological meaning. For example, in the words "play" and "nerves", taken separately, there is no semantic component "intentionally annoying". And only when these lexemes are combined in the phraseological unit “play on the nerves”, they acquire this meaning. The adjective "bosom" cannot be used together with the word "enemy" or "comrade". According to the norms of the Russian language, this adjective is combined only with the noun "friend".

Syntactically conditional meaning is acquired by a word only when it performs a function unusual for it in a sentence. So, a noun can sometimes act as a predicate in a sentence: “And you are a hat!”

Functional types of lexical values

Each lexical meaning carries a certain function. With the help of some units of language, we simply name objects or phenomena. Others we use to express some kind of assessment. There are two types of functional values:

• nominative;
• expressive-semantic.

The lexemes of the first type do not carry additional (evaluative) features. As an example, we can cite such language units as “look”, “man”, “drink”, “make noise”, etc.

The lexemes belonging to the second type, on the contrary, contain an evaluative feature. They are separate linguistic units, stand out in a separate dictionary entry and act as expressively colored synonyms for their neutral equivalents: “look” - “stare”, “drink” - “thump”.

Lexical meanings by the nature of the connection

Another important aspect of the meaning of a word is its relationship with other lexical units of the language. From this point of view, the following types of lexical meanings:

1. correlative (lexemes that are opposed to each other on the basis of some feature: "big" - "small");
2. autonomous (lexical units independent of each other: “hammer”, “saw”, “table”);
3. determinatives (lexemes with an expressive meaning, determined by the meaning of other lexical units: “huge” and “hefty” are determinatives for the adjective “large”).

Given by V.V. Vinogradov, the classification quite fully reflects the system of lexical meanings in the Russian language. However, the scientist does not mention another equally important aspect. Every language has words that have more than one meaning. In this case, we are talking about single-valued and polysemantic words.

Single and multiple words

As mentioned above, all words can be divided into two large groups:

• unambiguous;
• polysemantic.

Unambiguous lexemes are used to refer to only one specific object or phenomenon. Often, the term "monosemantic" is used to refer to them. The category of unambiguous words includes:

However, there are not so many such lexemes in the Russian language. Polysemantic or polysemantic words are much more widespread.

It is important to note that the term "polysemy" should in no case be confused with "homonymy". The difference between these linguistic phenomena lies in the presence of a connection between the meanings of words.

For example, the word "escape" might mean:

1. leaving the place of serving a sentence (imprisonment) at will, thanks to a well-developed plan or by chance.
2. young plant stem with buds and leaves.

As you can see from this example, the given values ​​are not related. Thus, we are talking about homonyms.

Let's give another example - "paper":

1. material that is made from cellulose;
2. document ( trans.).

Both meanings have the same semantic component, so this lexeme is multi-valued.

Where can you find the lexical meaning of a word?

In order to find out what a particular word means, you need to refer to the explanatory dictionary. They give the exact definition of the word. Turning to the explanatory dictionary, you can not only find out the meaning of the lexical unit of interest, but also find examples of its use. In addition, the description of the meaning of the word helps to understand the difference between synonyms. All vocabulary in the explanatory dictionary is arranged alphabetically.

Such dictionaries are usually intended for native speakers. However, foreigners studying Russian can also use them.

As an example, you can provide the following dictionaries:

• "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" - V.I. Dahl;
• "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" - S.I. Ozhegov;
• "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" - D.N. Ushakov;
• "Dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology" - A.V. Superanskaya.

As mentioned above, in the explanatory dictionary you can find the lexical meanings of words in Russian and examples of their use. However, this is not all the information that this type of dictionaries provides. They also provide information about the grammatical and stylistic features of lexical units.

So far, science has not given a complete, satisfying definition of the word.

This happens primarily because words are diverse within the same language, and especially when comparing languages.

Let us formulate the following definition of the word as a working one. The word is a phonetically and grammatically designed basic meaningful unit of the language, which has impenetrability and lexical-grammatical relatedness and which is freely reproduced in speech to build statements.

The word as a unit of language has a two-sided structure:

1. plan of expression - sounding (the formal side of the word, its sound structure);
2. content plan - meaning (content side of the word).

The main function of the word is nominative, because words call objects, people, animals, birds (book, notebook; writer, worker; wolf, cow; chicken, sparrow), natural phenomena (wind, snow), various actions (run, read), various signs (white, clean) and many others. others

Each word has its own sound and its own (individual) LZ.

Over time, the lexical meanings of words can change. So, the word garden in the meaning of "garden" was preserved until the 20th century. in other Russian. language there was no distinction between the words garden and kitchen garden.

LZ words are explained (interpreted) in explanatory dictionaries in the following ways:

1. selection of words close in LZ (synonyms): neat - precise, punctual;
2. descriptively: neat - observing order, accuracy.

In the Russian language there are words with different LZ, which differ in writing by one letter, and these words are pronounced the same way: the flag flutters, but the industry develops; friendly company, but the election campaign, etc.

Polysemy and types of lexical meanings of the word

In the process of functioning of the LZ language, words can undergo changes and lead to polysemy.

Polysemy(Greek poly - many + sēma - sign) - the phenomenon of lexical polysemy of words.

Polysemantic words (polysemantics)- words that have several LZs. In a polysemantic word, one meaning is connected with another in meaning. The word companion in the NRS has several meanings related to each other: 1) a person who travels with someone: My companions turned out to be pleasant conversationalists; 2) something that accompanies something: Rock salt is a companion of oil; 3) a celestial body revolving around the planet: the Moon is a satellite of the Earth; 4) a spacecraft launched into orbit using rocket devices.

Polysemy is opposed to the phenomenon of monosemy.

Monosemia ( Greek monos - one + sēma - sign) - the phenomenon of lexical unambiguity of words.

Single-valued words (monosemantics)- words with one LZ. For example: a coat of arms is a distinctive sign of a state or city, which is depicted on flags, coins, seals (coat of arms, coat of arms; many coats of arms, coats of arms).

There are more polysemantic words in the language than unambiguous ones. In explanatory dictionaries, individual meanings of polysemantic words are distinguished by numbers.

The polysemy of the word poses the problem of the typology of the LZ word.

The types of LZ words are diverse. One of the first typologies of LZ was developed by V.V. Vinogradov.

Allocate according to different parameters: basic and derivative; direct and figurative; free and related, etc. LZ words.

Basic and derivative LZ words.

The main nominative meaning is minimally dependent on the lexico-grammatical

environment. A derivative DL is formed as a result of the transfer or specialization of the main one.

For example, the semantic structure of the polysemantic table looks like this: 1) a piece of furniture in the form of a horizontal plate for eating; 2) food; 3) a department in an institution with such a piece of furniture; 4) horizontal plate of the glacier; where the main value is the first, the other three are derivatives.

Direct and figurative LZ words. Types of transfer of word meanings.

Primary meanings are considered direct, nominative, because they are directly directed at the phenomena of reality, they name objects, actions, signs (house, book, stone, iron, goes, stands, etc.).

Secondary meanings are portable, because they are based on the transfer of the name from one phenomenon to another. For example: a residential building and a house in the meaning of “family” (we are familiar with houses, i.e. our families visit each other), a stone house and a stone heart (i.e. hard, hard, “like a stone”, like a stone) , a person walks and time goes by (i.e. flows, moves).

Nominative, direct meanings usually do not contain an assessment of the phenomenon, while figurative ones often turn out to contain an assessment of the corresponding phenomena (cf.: stone house and stone heart, steel bar and steel character, sour milk and sour mood, etc.).

Often the names of animals are used in a figurative sense: a fox - a cunning one, a donkey or a ram - a stupid one, a bear or an elephant - a clumsy one, a lion - a brave, courageous person.

The direct and figurative meanings of words differ in context: a bird's wing is an airplane wing, a girl's hat is a nail's hat.

Figurative meanings over time can become direct in polysemantic words: the spout of a teapot, a door handle, a table leg.

Types of word meaning transfer

The transfer of the name from one object to another is explained either by the similarity or connection of these objects. There are several types of figurative, figurative use of words.

Metaphor(from other Greek metaphora) - the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their similarity: the filling of the statement, the leg of the chair, the worm of doubt, a bitter smile, green ones (about dollars), a bright mind, the eye of a needle, etc.

Renaming objects based on their relationship in space or time is called metonymy(Greek metonymia - "renaming").

So, for example, in the phrase I ate three plates (I.A. Krylov), the word plate denotes two phenomena at the same time - food and a plate. Like a metaphor, metonymy is an “overlay” on the figurative meaning of a word of its direct meaning - with the only difference that both components are connected by relations not of similarity, but of contiguity.

Phenomena brought into connection by means of metonymy and forming a "subject pair" can refer to each other as (types of metonymy):

thing and material: Not on silver, but on gold (A.S. Griboyedov);

contents and containing: A flooded stove cracks (A.S. Pushkin);

property carrier and property: The courage of the city takes (proverb);

creation and creator: A man ... Belinsky and Gogol will be carried from the market (N.A. Nekrasov);

whole and part: Hey, beard! but how to get from here to Plyushkin (N.V. Gogol), etc.

The last type of metonymic transfer is singled out and called synecdoche(Greek synecdoche - “correlation”, “emulation”, “co-implication”), i.e. naming the whole through a part and vice versa.

Free and bound lexical meanings.

The nominal values ​​are free, because can be combined with a diverse range of words, limited only by subject-logically (the real-semantic possibility of appropriate combinations) and social practice of a given period (the admissibility of certain combinations, the norm adopted in the team).

Secondary figurative meanings are always limited in the possibilities of their use, i.e. are related. For example, compare: a stone house, a barn, a pillar, a fence, a basement, a bridge, etc., but only a stone heart; lather (with soap) the neck, head, arm, legs, underwear, etc., but with the meaning of lather - “scold”, only combinations are possible lather the neck, head; burst rope, glass, bubble, cup, ball, etc., but burst with laughter, with anger. That is, the first combinations are an example of free LZs, and the second ones are examples of limited, connected LZ words.

Types of connected LZ words (according to V.V. Vinogradov): phraseologically related, constructively limited, syntactically determined meanings of words.

The meanings of a word that are realized only in certain stable combinations of words are called phraseologically related meanings and. For example, the word fraught is now used only in the expression fraught with consequences, and the verb awaken - only in combination with the words desire, interest, hunting, etc.

Structurally limited values words with a subordinate connection (control, adjunction, agreement), where the semantic completeness of one word is carried out only in combination with others. For example, to hear someone (what) in the meaning of “distinguish, perceive something by ear” - to hear the voices of those arguing, to hear the sound of the wheels of a train departing from the platform; green in the meaning of "inexperienced in youth" - green youth, green youth.

Secondary meanings can be functionally syntactically limited, i.e., determined by the syntactic functions of the word. An example syntactically limitedvalues is a figurative meaning acquired by some nouns or adjectives (sometimes adverbs) when used as a predicate. For example, the word hat takes on the meaning "sluggish, absent-minded, defenseless person", used to characterize someone in the corresponding phrases in the role of You are just a hat. The word head gets the meaning "a man of great intelligence" only by performing the function of a predicate in sentences like He is our head. Compare also: hand saw and Well, she saw.