Danko attitude to life. Gorky's early romantic stories

Heroes early works Gorky are people who are proud, strong, courageous, who single-handedly enter the fight against dark forces. One of these works is the story “Old Woman Izergil”.
The plot is based on the memories of the old woman Izergil about her life and the legends she told about Larra and Danko. The legend tells about the brave and handsome young man Danko, who loves people more than himself - selflessly and with all his heart. Danko - real hero- courageous and fearless, in the name of a noble goal - helping his people - he is capable of a feat. When the tribe, seized with fear, exhausted by a long wandering through the impenetrable forest, already wanted to go to the enemy and bring him their freedom as a gift, Danko appeared. Energy and living fire shone in his eyes, the people believed in him and followed him. But tired by the hard way, people again lost heart and stopped believing in Danko, and at this turning point, when the embittered crowd began to surround him more densely in order to kill him, Danko tore his heart out of his chest, illuminating the path to salvation for them.
The image of Danko embodies a high ideal - a humanist, a person of great spiritual beauty, capable of self-sacrifice in order to save other people. This hero, despite his painful death, does not evoke a feeling of pity in the reader, because his feat is higher than such feelings. Respect, admiration, admiration - this is what the reader feels when he imagines a young man with a fiery gaze, holding a heart sparkling with love in his hand.
Gorky opposes the positive, sublime image of Danko with the “negative” image of Larra - the proud and selfish Larra considers himself the chosen one and looks at the people around him as miserable slaves. When asked why he killed the girl, Larra replies: “Do you only use your own? I see that each person has only speech, hands and feet, and he owns animals, women, the earth ... and much more.
His logic is simple and terrible, if everyone began to follow it, then a miserable handful of people would soon be left on earth, fighting for survival and hunting each other. Understanding the depth of Larra's wrong, unable to forgive and forget the crime he committed, the tribe condemns him to eternal loneliness. Life outside of society creates in Larr a feeling of inexpressible longing. “In his eyes,” says Izergil, “there was so much longing that one could poison all the people of the world with it.”
Pride, according to the author, is the most wonderful trait of character. It makes the slave free, the weak - strong, the insignificance turns into a person. Pride does not tolerate anything philistine and "common". But hypertrophied pride gives rise to absolute freedom, freedom from society, freedom from all moral foundations and principles, which ultimately leads to terrible consequences.
It is this idea of Gorky that is the key in the story of the old woman Izergil about Larr, who, being just such an absolutely free individual, dies spiritually for everyone (and, above all, for himself), remaining to live forever in his physical shell. The hero found death in immortality. Gorky recalls the eternal truth: one cannot live in society and be free from it. Larra was doomed to loneliness and considered death for himself true happiness. True happiness, according to Gorky, lies in giving yourself to people, as Danko did.
Distinctive feature this story- a sharp contrast, the opposition of good and bad, good and evil, light and dark.
The ideological meaning of the story is complemented by the depiction of the image of the narrator - the old woman Izergil. Her memories of her life path- also a kind of legend about a brave and proud woman. The old woman Izergil values freedom most of all, she proudly declares that she has never been a slave. Izergil speaks with admiration of love for a feat: “When a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and finds where it is possible.”
In the story "Old Woman Izergil" Gorky draws exceptional characters, glorifies the proud and strong in spirit people for whom freedom is above all. For him, Izergil, Danko and Larra, despite the extreme inconsistency of the nature of the first, the apparent futility of the feat of the second and the infinite remoteness from all the living third, are true heroes, people who bring the idea of freedom to the world in its various manifestations.
However, in order to truly live life, it is not enough to “burn”, it is not enough to be free and proud, feeling and restless. You need to have the main thing - the goal. A goal that would justify the existence of man, because "the price of a man is his business." "In life there is always a place for a feat." "Forward! - higher! everything - forward! and - above - this is the creed of a real Man.

Danko (Fig. 2) became a symbol of heroism, a hero ready for self-sacrifice. Thus, the story is built on the antithesis, and the heroes of the work are antipodes.

Antipode(from other Greek “opposite” or “opposing”) - in a general sense, something opposite to something else. AT figuratively can be applied to people with opposing views.

The term "antipode" was introduced by Plato in his Timaeus to combine the relativity of the concepts "up" and "down".

In the story "Old Woman Izergil", in addition to ancient legends, the author included a story about the life of the old woman Izergil herself. Consider the composition of the story. Memories of the old woman Izergil are compositionally placed between two legends. Heroes of legends real people, and symbols: Larra - a symbol of selfishness, Danko - altruism. As for the image of the old woman Izergil (Fig. 3), her life and fate are quite realistic. Let's talk about this in more detail.

Rice. 3. Old woman Izergil ()

Izergil is very old: “Time bent her in half, her once black eyes were dull and watery. Her dry voice sounded strange, it crunched like an old woman spoke with her bones. The old woman Izergil talks about herself, about her life, about the men whom she first loved and then abandoned, and only for the sake of one of them was she ready to give her life. Her lovers didn't have to be beautiful. She loved those who were capable of a real act.

“... He loved exploits. And when a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and finds where it is possible. In life, you know, there is always a place for exploits. And those who do not find them for themselves are simply lazy, or cowards, or do not understand life, because if people understood life, everyone would want to leave behind their shadow in it. And then life would not devour people without a trace ... "

In her life, Izergil often acted selfishly. Suffice it to recall the case when she fled from the Sultan's harem with his son. The son of the Sultan soon died, which the old woman recalls as follows: “I cried over him, maybe it was I who killed him? ..”. But other moments of her life, when she truly loved, she was ready for a feat. For example, for the sake of saving a loved one from captivity, she risked her life.

The old woman Izergil measures people with such concepts as honesty, directness, courage, and the ability to act. These are the people she considers beautiful. Izergil despises boring, weak, cowardly people. She is proud that she has lived a bright and interesting life, and believes that her life experience must pass on to the young.

That is why she tells us two legends, as if giving us the right to choose which path to follow: the path of pride, like Larra, or the path of pride, like Danko. Because there is only one step difference between pride and pride. It may be a carelessly spoken word or an act dictated by our egoism. We must remember that we live among people and take their feelings, moods, and opinions into account. We must remember that for each of our words, each of our deeds, we are responsible to others as well as to our own conscience. This is what Gorky wanted to make the reader think about (Fig. 4) in the story "Old Woman Izergil".

Rice. 4. M. Gorky ()

Pathos(from the Greek. "suffering, inspiration, passion") - emotional content artwork, feelings and emotions that the author puts into the text, expecting the reader's empathy.

In the history of literature, the term "pathos" has been used in different meanings. So, for example, in the era of Antiquity, pathos was the state of the human soul, the passions experienced by the hero. In Russian literature, the critic V.G. Belinsky (Fig. 5) suggested using the term "pathos" to characterize the work and the writer's work as a whole.

Rice. 5. V.G. Belinsky ()

Bibliography

Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2012.
Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 2. - 2009.
Ladygin M.B., Zaitseva O.N. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. - 2012.

Nado5.ru ().
Litra.ru ().
Goldlit.ru ().

Homework

Tell us what the antipode and pathos are.
Give a detailed description of the image of the old woman Izergil and think about what features of Larra and Danko the image of the old woman embodies.
Write an essay on the topic: "Larra and Danko in our time."

Larra and Danko throughout the story and in general, according to the author's intention, are irreconcilable antagonists. Their lives are completely opposite: the meaning of one of them lies in the eternal service to people, the meaning of the second, it would seem, is basically absent - fate without purpose, without content, which has passed without a trace, disappeared like a shadow. Of course, everyone can relate differently to their lives and determine the goals for which they live. Some believe that fate is determined from above and nothing depends on us. Others are sure to define their future life under the power of each of us. In the story of M. Gorky, Larra and Danko personify these two opposite views. However, despite serious contradictions, the main characters still have common features. First of all, they will be united by a single human qualities such as courage, beauty, intelligence and strength.

The plot of the story is based on the memories of the old woman Izergil about her life, as well as on the legends about Larra and Danko. Danko is handsome and brave young man whose love for people knows no bounds. His altruism is absolutely inexhaustible and is not conditioned by anything. Danko is a real hero, capable of great deeds for the sake of his people. The image of this hero embodies the ideal of humanism, high spirituality and the ability to sacrifice. His death does not arouse pity in the reader, since the feat that he accomplished, its magnitude and significance are much higher than such feelings. Danko, a courageous and fearless hero, in whose hands his own heart, sparkling with love, burns, arouses respect and admiration for the reader, but in no case pity or compassion.

The author contrasts this bright and sublime image with the negative image of Larra, a selfish and proud person. Larra considers himself the chosen one and treats the people around him with disdain, just as a master treats his slaves.

The indefatigable pride and arrogance of Larra lead him to loneliness and make him feel unbearable longing. As the author notes, pride is a wonderful character trait, but when it rises above all other feelings, it brings with it an absolute liberation from society, from all moral laws and moral principles, which ultimately leads to sad consequences.

Thus, Larra, being freed from worldly shackles, dies spiritually for everyone and for himself, including those doomed to eternal life in the physical shell. Danko, on the other hand, found his happiness by giving himself to people, and in his immortality he turned out to be completely free.

Composition Comparative characteristics of Danko and Larra

The story of Maxim Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" contains two legends that tell about two young people. The first legend tells about an eagle man named Larra, and the second introduces the reader to a character named Danko. These two images cannot be compared, since the characteristics are proportionally different from each other.

First of all, the comparison should touch on the characters of young people. Larra is selfish, smug, cruel. He never thought about what people want, he was only concerned about his desires. His selfishness and cruelty once led to the death of a girl: Larra killed her because she did not want to belong to him. Danko is the exact opposite of Larra, in his character everything is exactly the opposite: dedication, love for people, kindness and others best qualities person. He was ready to do anything for others to find freedom and happiness. Unlike Larra, he was capable of deeds that deserve respect. Larra, on the other hand, acted to please himself, but not harmlessly, namely, to the detriment of others. Thus, comparing the characters of both heroes, one can understand that they are completely different, and their personal qualities cardinally opposite.

Particularly interesting is the comparison of the fate of the characters in the legends. In both legends, they seem to die common feature found, however, even this moment in the plot is very different, but not in the nature of death or something like that, but in the perception of it by the characters, in their condition. Larra was expelled by people, at first it seemed to him that this loneliness was exactly what he needed, because none of ordinary people not worthy of his attention. But over time, his life away from everyone became a torment, and he died, useless to anyone. It was not his choice, although at first he perceived loneliness as a gift, he showed his pride.

Danko himself chose his fate, his life in exchange for many others. And he did not die in pain, he was happy that he could help other people. He lit the way for them in the darkness with his burning heart, Danko was not proud and sincerely loved people, even when they grumbled at him, afraid not to get out of the dense forest. Each of the characters eventually got what they wanted, but this led to different consequences, because everything depends on the origin of the desire: good or evil, selfishness or selflessness.

In conclusion, it remains only to say that the images of Larra and Danko contrast strongly, and this is quite appropriate in the story of Maxim Gorky. With the help of these two completely different heroes, everyone can see and understand the impact of our desires on us, and also what is really right.

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Lesson Objectives:

Continue acquaintance with the early work of M. Gorky;
Analyze legends. Match the main characters of the legends Larra and Danko;
To trace how the writer's intention is revealed in the composition of the story;
Consider features romanticism in the work under study.

During the classes.

I. Organizational moment

In 1895, "Samarskaya Gazeta" published M. Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil". Gorky was noticed, appreciated, enthusiastic responses about the story appeared in the press.

II. Main part

1. The early stories of M. Gorky have a romantic character.

Let's remember what romanticism is. Define romanticism, name its distinctive features.

Romanticism - special type creativity, the characteristic features of which are the display and reproduction of life outside the real-concrete connections of a person with the surrounding reality, the image of an exceptional personality, often lonely and dissatisfied with the present, striving for a distant ideal and therefore in sharp conflict with society, with people.

2. Heroes appear in a romantic landscape. Give examples proving this (working with text). Conversation on:

What time of day does the story take place? Why? (Old woman Izergil tells legends at night. Night is the most mysterious, romantic time of the day);

What kind natural images could you highlight? (sea, sky, wind, clouds, moon);

What artistic means did the author use in depicting nature? (epithets, personification, metaphor);

Why is the landscape shown in this way in the story? (Nature is shown animated, it lives according to its own laws. Nature is beautiful, majestic. The sea, the sky are endless, wide spaces. All natural images are symbols of freedom. But nature is closely connected with man, it reflects his inner spiritual world. That is why nature symbolizes the boundlessness of the hero's freedom, his inability and unwillingness to exchange this freedom for anything).

CONCLUSION: Only in such a landscape, seaside, nocturnal, mysterious, can the heroine who tells the legends about Larra and Danko realize herself.

3. Composition of the story "Old Woman Izergil".

What is compositional solution story?

Why do you think the writer used this technique in the story? (In her legends, the heroine of the story expresses her idea of people, about what she considers valuable, important in her life. This creates a coordinate system by which one can judge the heroine of the story).

How many parts of the composition could you single out? (Three parts: part 1 - the legend of Larra; part 2 - the life and love story of the Old Woman Izergil; part 3 - the legend of Danko).

4. Analysis of the legend about Larra.

Who are the main characters of the first legend?

Is the story of the birth of a young man important for understanding his character?

How does the character relate to other people? (contemptuously, arrogantly. He considers himself the first on earth).

A romantic work is characterized by a conflict between the crowd and the hero. What is at the heart of the conflict between Larra and humans? (his pride, extreme individualism).

What is the difference between pride and pride. Separate these words. (Card #1)

Card #1

Pride -

Feeling dignity, self-respect.
High opinion, excessively high opinion of oneself.

Pride is unreasonable pride.

Prove that it is pride, and not pride, that is characteristic of Larre.

What leads to the extreme individualism of the hero? (to crime, to selfish arbitrariness. Larra kills a girl)

What punishment did Larra suffer for his pride? (loneliness and eternal existence, immortality).

Why do you think this punishment is worse than death?

What is the author's attitude to the psychology of individualism? (He condemns the hero, in whom an anti-human essence is embodied. For Gorky, the lifestyle, behavior, and character traits of Larra are unacceptable. Larra is an anti-ideal in which individualism is taken to extremes)

5. Analysis of the legend about Danko.

a) The legend of Danko is based on the biblical story of Moses. Let's remember it and compare it with the legend of Danko. Student's individual message. (Students listen to the biblical story and compare it with the legend of Danko).

God commanded Moses to lead the Jewish people out of Egypt. Jews have lived in Egypt for hundreds of years, and they are very sad to leave their homes. Convoys were drawn up, and the Jews set off.

Suddenly the Egyptian king regretted that he had let his slaves go. It so happened that the Jews came to the sea when they saw chariots behind them. Egyptian troops. The Jews looked and were horrified: in front of the sea, and behind the armed army. But the merciful Lord saved the Jews from destruction. He told Moses to strike the sea with a stick. And suddenly the waters parted and became walls, and in the middle it became dry. The Jews rushed along the dry bottom, and Moses again struck the water with a stick, and behind the backs of the Israelites it closed again.

Then the Jews went through the desert, and the Lord constantly took care of them. The Lord told Moses to strike the rock with a stick, and cold water. The Lord showed many favors to the Jews, but they were not grateful. For disobedience and ingratitude, God punished the Jews: for forty years they wandered in the desert, they could not come to the land promised by God. Finally, the Lord took pity on them and brought them closer to this land. But at this time their leader Moses died.

Comparison of the Biblical story and the legend of Danko:

What is the similarity biblical history and legends about Danko? (Moses and Danko take people out of places dangerous for further living. The path turns out to be difficult, and the relationship of Moses and Danko with the crowd becomes more complicated, as people lose faith in salvation)

How does the plot of the Danko legend differ from the biblical story? (Moses relies on the help of God, as he fulfills his will. Danko feels love for people, he volunteers to save them, no one helps him).

b) What are the main features of Danko? What is the basis of his actions? (love for people, desire to help them)

What act did the hero do for the love of people? (Danko accomplishes a feat, saving people from enemies. He leads them out of darkness and chaos to light and harmony)

How is the relationship between Danko and the crowd? Work with text. (At first, people “looked and saw that he was the best of them.” The crowd believes that Danko will overcome all difficulties himself. Then they “began to grumble at Danko”, since the path turned out to be difficult, many died on the way; now the crowd was disappointed in Danko. "People fell on Danko in anger" because they were tired, exhausted, but they are ashamed to admit it. People are compared with wolves, animals, because instead of gratitude they feel hatred for Danko, they are ready to tear him to pieces. Indignation boils in Danko's heart , "But it went out of pity for people." Danko pacified his pride, since his love for people is limitless. It is love for people that drives Danko's actions).

CONCLUSION: We see that Larra is a romantic anti-ideal, so the conflict between the hero and the crowd is inevitable. Danko is a romantic ideal, but the relationship between the hero and the crowd is also based on conflict. This is one of the features of a romantic work.

Why do you think the story ends with the legend of Danko? (this is an expression of the author's position. He sings the feat of the hero. He admires the strength, beauty, courage, courage of Danko. This is the triumph of goodness, love, light over chaos, pride, selfishness).

6. After analyzing the legend of Larra and Danko, independent work of students. Students compare Danko and Larra, write down the conclusions in a notebook. Table check.


Criteria
1. Attitude towards the crowd


2. The crowd is the hero


3. Distinctive character trait


4. Attitude towards life


5. Legend and modernity

As a result of the work of students with the table, you can get the following:

Comparison of the images of Danko and Larra
Criteria
1. Attitude towards the crowd	Love, pity, desire	despises people, treats
	to help them	im arrogant, not considered

2. The crowd is the hero	conflict	conflict


3. distinguishing feature character	Love, compassion, courage,	Pride, selfishness, extreme
	mercy, courage, skill	individualism, cruelty
	suppress pride
4. Attitude towards life	Ready to sacrifice	Takes everything from life and people, but
	life to save people	gives nothing in return

5. Legend and modernity	Blue sparks (light, heat)	Turns into a shadow (darkness,


6. Actions performed by heroes	A feat for the love of people,	Evil, crime
	good deeds

7. The attitude of the writer to the characters	Ideal, sings of its beauty,	Anti-ideal, condemns him
	courage, feat for the sake of love for	actions, anti-human
		essence

7. But the story is called “Old Woman Izergil”. Why do you think M. Gorky titled his story this way? (the main character of the story is, after all, the old woman Izergil, and the legend is needed in order to understand her character, to understand what is important, the main thing for her).

Legends frame the life and love story of the old woman Izergil.

Which character does the heroine belong to? Mark with an arrow in card No. 2

Card number 2

Students independently note, check. Justify your choice. (The old woman Izergil considers herself to be Danko, because she believes that the meaning of her life was love)

Card #2

Why do you think Gorky refers the old woman Izergil to Larra? (her love is inherently selfish. Having fallen out of love with a person, she immediately forgot about him)

III. Lesson conclusion. Summing up the lesson.

IV. Homework:

Reading the play "At the bottom";
Consider the history of the creation of the play, the genre of the work, the conflict.

USED BOOKS

Russian literature of the XX century - Textbook for grade 11 / ed. V.V. Agenosova: M.: Publishing House Bustard, 1997;
N.V. Egorova: Lesson developments in Russian literature of the XX century 11th grade. M.: Publishing house “VAKO”, 2007;
B.I. Turyanskaya: Literature in the 7th grade - lesson by lesson. M.: “ Russian word”, 1999

Maxim Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil". romantic pathos and harsh truth life
From the literature of the XX century

We will continue the conversation about Maxim Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil", compare the characteristics of the images of Larra and Danko, get acquainted with the concepts of "antipode" and "pathos", analyze the image of the old woman Izergil.

In the last lesson, we characterized the images of Larra and Danko, now let's compare them.

Comparative characteristics images of Larra and Danko

The image of Larra	The image of Danko
Origin
	One of the people
Appearance
A 20-year-old youth, handsome and strong; eyes "cold and proud, like those of the king of birds"	“a handsome young man”, “a lot of strength and living fire shone in his eyes”
Attitude towards people
Arrogance, contempt: “he answered if he wanted to, or was silent, and when they came the oldest tribes He spoke to them as to his equals"	Altruism: “He loved people and thought that maybe without him they would die. And now his heart flared with the fire of desire to save them, to lead them on an easy path.
deeds
Capable of killing	Capable of self-sacrifice: “He tore his chest with his hands and tore out his heart from it. It blazed like the sun, and the whole forest fell silent, lit by this torch. great love to people"
The reaction of others
Larra's name means "outcast, outcast"	Reaction to the feat was mixed. At first, "Everyone followed him together - they believed in him." Then "They began to reproach him for his inability to manage them." At the end "Joyful and full of hope, they did not notice his death"
The final
Doomed to eternal loneliness. “He has no life, and death does not smile on him. And there is no place for him among people ... That's how a man was struck for pride!	Dies in the name of saving people. “The proud daredevil Danko cast a glance ahead of himself on the expanse of the steppe,” he threw a joyful glance at the free land and laughed proudly. And then he fell and died

The heroes have only one thing in common: both are beautiful, young, and brave. Otherwise, they are opposite. Larra became the embodiment of selfishness, cruelty, cynical indifference to people (Fig. 1).

Danko (Fig. 2) became a symbol of heroism, a hero ready for self-sacrifice. Thus, the story is built on the antithesis, and the heroes of the work are antipodes.

Antipode(from other Greek “opposite” or “opposing”) - in a general sense, something opposite to something else. In a figurative sense, it can be applied to people with opposing views.

The term "antipode" was introduced by Plato in his Timaeus to combine the relativity of the concepts "up" and "down".

In the story "Old Woman Izergil", in addition to ancient legends, the author included a story about the life of the old woman Izergil herself. Consider the composition of the story. Memories of the old woman Izergil are compositionally placed between two legends. The heroes of the legends are not real people, but symbols: Larra is a symbol of selfishness, Danko is a symbol of altruism. As for the image of the old woman Izergil (Fig. 3), her life and fate are quite realistic. Let's talk about this in more detail.

Rice. 3. Old woman Izergil ()

Rice. 4. M. Gorky ()

Pathos(from the Greek “suffering, inspiration, passion”) - the emotional content of a work of art, the feelings and emotions that the author puts into the text, expecting the reader's empathy.

Rice. 5. V.G. Belinsky ()

Bibliography

Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2012.
Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 2. - 2009.
Ladygin M.B., Zaitseva O.N. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. - 2012.

Nado5.ru ().
Litra.ru ().
Goldlit.ru ().

Homework

Tell us what the antipode and pathos are.
Give a detailed description of the image of the old woman Izergil and think about what features of Larra and Danko the image of the old woman embodies.
Write an essay on the topic: "Larra and Danko in our time."