Ways to change internal energy. Effective practice for the formation of a holistic personality

915. A closed tube was immersed in hot water. Has the kinetic and potential energy of the air molecules in the test tube changed? If changed, how?
According to MKT, the gas temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules. Accordingly, the kinetic energy of the molecules will increase. The potential energy will remain unchanged, since it depends on the distance between the molecules.

916. Two identical flasks are connected to identical manometers (Fig. 254 and 255). One flask was lowered into a vessel with hot water, and the other into a vessel with cold water. At the same time, the levels of the liquid surface in the pressure gauges changed (relative to the dashed line) and settled as shown in the figures. Determine which vessel has the highest water temperature. In which flask did the kinetic energy of the air molecules increase?
In vessel B, the temperature is higher than in vessel A. The kinetic energy of the molecules in it has increased.

917. According to the conditions of the previous problem, determine: a) in which flask the internal energy of air has increased, in which it has decreased; b) in which flask the internal energy of the air has changed more relative to its original value, and in which it has changed less; c) in which pressure gauge the mechanical work done to lift the liquid is greater; d) due to what energy the mechanical work was done to lift liquids in pressure gauges.
a) the internal energy of the air has increased in vessel B.
b) in vessel B, the internal energy has changed more relative to the initial level.
c) in the pressure gauge connected to vessel B, the mechanical work done to raise the liquid is greater.
d) due to the difference in the pressure forces of atmospheric air and air in the flask.

918. Cold water is poured into one glass, the same amount of boiling water is poured into another. Which glass has more internal energy?
In a glass of boiling water.

919. Two copper bars of the same shape and masses of 100 and 500 g were taken at room temperature and immersed in boiling water for the same time. Has their internal energy changed? Has the value of the internal energy of these bars changed in the same way relative to each other? Explain answers.
Yes; no: for a bar with a mass of 0.5 kg, the numerical value of the internal energy increased more than for a bar with a mass of 0.1 kg. The change in internal energy is the greater, the greater the number of molecules in the sample.

920. Water was heated in a vessel. Can we say that the internal energy of water has increased? Is it possible to say that a certain amount of heat is transferred to the water? Explain answers.
Yes, since internal energy depends on temperature.
Yes, because in order to change the internal energy of the system, it is necessary to inform it of a certain amount of heat.

921. After grinding on a grinding wheel, the chisel becomes hot. The chisel taken out of the forge is also hot. Is the cause of the rise in temperature the same?
The reasons for the rise in temperature are different. In the first case, the temperature increased due to work, in the second - due to heat transfer.

922. There is a drop of mercury in a closed tube (Fig. 256). The tube is heated at one end. Explain the energy involved in the work done to move the mercury in the tube.
By changing the internal energy of the air in the tube.

923. When the head of a match is rubbed against the box, the match ignites. Explain the phenomenon.
During friction, the temperature rises, and a chemical reaction becomes possible with the release of heat.

924. A match catches fire when it is rubbed against a box. It also flares up when placed in a candle flame. What are the similarities and differences between the causes that led to the ignition of the match in both cases?
Similarities: the match caught fire when the temperature of its head increased.
Differences: in the first case, the temperature increased due to the work of the friction force, in the second - due to the received heat Q from the candle flame.

925. Is it possible to say (see the previous problem) that the internal energy of the match head has increased; that a certain amount of warmth has been transferred to it; that it heated up to ignition temperature?
The first and third statements are true in all cases; the second - only when the match was brought into the flame.

926. Why does a doctor, after placing a medical thermometer on a patient, look at the thermometer reading not earlier than in 5-7 minutes?
It takes time for the temperatures of the thermometer and the body to equalize through heat transfer.

927. What transformations of energy take place in the experiment (Fig. 257)?
The internal energy of the burner fuel is transferred to the water-steam system, and the internal energy of water and steam increases, and that, in turn, goes into the mechanical energy of the ejected plug.

928. An air bubble rises from the bottom of a reservoir. What increases its potential energy?
Neglecting the resistance force, the sum of the potential energy of water and the potential and kinetic energies of the bubble must be constant. Consequently, the potential energy of the bubble for a certain period of time increases by such an amount, by which the potential energy of water decreases.

929. Explain why there is a change in internal energy: a) when air is compressed and expanded; b) when water is heated in a saucepan; c) during compression and stretching of rubber; d) melting ice.
a) due to a change in the potential energy of gas molecules, it depends on the distance between them.
b) due to a change in the kinetic energy of water molecules.
c) see point a).
d) see paragraph b).

930. Give examples of changes in the internal energy of the body in the process of doing work with: friction, impact, compression.
When the knife is rubbed against the sharpener, the temperature of the knife increases, and its internal energy also increases. When a hammer strikes a nail, the temperature and internal energy of the nail increase. The same thing happens when air is compressed in a bicycle pump.

931. Rarefied gas in one vessel. In another similar vessel - compressed. In which vessel does the gas have the highest potential energy of molecular interaction and why?
In the second, since the potential energy of interaction of molecules depends on the distance between them.

932. Why does the saw heat up if it is sawed for a long time?
Due to the friction force, work is done to change the internal energy of the saw.

933. Explain on what physical phenomenon the method of making fire by friction is based.
On the increase in internal energy and temperature due to the work of the friction force.

934. Why, if you quickly slide down a pole or a rope, you can burn your hands?
The friction force does work to increase the internal energy and temperature of the hands.

935. A glass jar with heated air was placed on a rubber film (from a children's inflatable ball) mounted on the hoop of a tripod tagan (Fig. 258). Due to the loss of what energy, the rubber film acquired potential energy? What causes film deformation?
Due to the loss of internal energy in the bank, which passed into the environment. The reason for the deformation of the film is the difference in pressure between the atmosphere and air in the can.

936. Why do skates glide easily on ice, but why is it impossible to skate on glass, the surface of which is smoother?
When sliding on ice, the internal energy of skates and ice increases and a water layer is created between them, which reduces the friction force.

937. Why is it that when a nail is driven in, its hat heats up weakly, and when the nail is already driven in, then a few blows are enough to heat the hat strongly?
When driving a nail, its head heats up slightly, since the impact energy is spent on overcoming frictional forces when the nail moves in the tree. When the nail is already hammered in, its head heats up more strongly during blows, since the impact energy is spent mainly on increasing the internal energy of the nail.

938. Answer the questions: a) What kind of energy transformations occur when a moving car brakes? b) Why does the water of the fountain not rise to the level of the water in the funnel (see Fig. 147)? c) How does the internal energy of a gas change in a bubble that floats up from the bottom of a reservoir?
a) the kinetic energy of the car is spent on work against the friction force and goes into the internal energy of the tires and the road.
b) the water in the fountain does not rise to the level of the water in the funnel, since part of the kinetic energy is spent on overcoming friction and ultimately goes into the internal energy of the water and the tube.
c) the internal energy of the gas in a bubble floating up from the bottom of the reservoir decreases as the bubble rises upwards (the air inside the bubble does work to increase its volume).

939. Why do ball, roller and needle bearings in machines heat up less than plain bearings?
The friction force in plain bearings is greater.

940. What is the cause of strong heating and combustion of artificial satellites of the Earth when they enter the lower dense layers of the atmosphere?
Friction of satellites on the Earth's atmosphere.

941. During high-speed processing of metal, the temperature at the points of separation of chips from the product rises by 800-900 ° C. Explain the reason for the phenomenon.
When metal is processed, its temperature increases due to the work done by the friction force.

942. When filing metal with a file, one student removed a layer 2 mm thick in 5 minutes. Another student, when processing the same part, removed a layer 3 mm thick with the same file in the same time. Why did the temperature of the parts rise? In which of the students did the part acquire a higher temperature after processing? Why?
The temperature rises due to the work of the friction force. At the second student, the part heated up more, as he did a lot of work.

943. How to explain that when air is pumped out of the cylinder, the internal energy of the remaining part of the air has decreased?
The internal energy decreases as pumping reduces the number of particles in the balloon.

944. Two silver teaspoons of various weights were dipped into a glass of hot water. Will the temperatures of the spoons and changes in their internal energies be equal in 1 s after immersion; after 0.5 h?
Their temperatures will be different after 1 s and the same after 0.5 h. The changes in internal energy will be different in both cases.

There is no person in the world who at least once in his life did not want to become completely different. Most often, such a desire arises at the moment when you want to change your life, get rid of painful problems and disagreements with others, complexes, shortcomings, and everything that simply prevents you from living a full life.

Most people dream of becoming rich and independent, achieving success in their chosen field of activity, but few succeed in this and it is the character and thoughts of the person himself who become an obstacle in this. It is not necessary to change drastically, even the slightest change in character or behavior already makes a person different. If changes in yourself are really necessary in order to feel happy, you just have to learn how to become a different person and how to change internally.

How to become a completely different person

Start changing yourself by exploring your inner world, because all the events that take place in life originate from personal experiences, dreams and the spiritual world of a person. Every thought, word, movement affects how others treat us. If spoken words are not supported by actions, then the attitude of others becomes extremely negative and disapproving. But even in this case, a person should not change himself to please others, he should make this decision himself and do it for himself. No one should love others more than himself, only true love for yourself can change life. Because if you don't know how to love yourself, how can you love someone else?

Before you begin, first answer the question "Do you love yourself?". Don't try to brush it off, be honest with yourself. If you don't really love yourself, then learn how to fix this situation. Without this, you will not be able to become a different person. If it is difficult to answer such a question, then remember: do you often praise yourself, approve of your actions, say a word to someone, do you worry about what others will think if you find yourself in an awkward situation. If you can’t remember the last time you admired yourself and were glad that everything worked out for you, but on the contrary, you want to reproach yourself once again that you are not as perfect, beautiful and smart as the rest, there are symptoms of chronic dislike for yourself. And until you learn to love yourself, you cannot change. All attempts will be meaningless, because you simply do not know how to value yourself, no matter what you do.

But as soon as you stop criticizing yourself and start praising yourself at least once a week, write down what exactly you want to change in yourself, what qualities of character or actions. Do not forget to write what you do not like and do not like in life, what you are dissatisfied with. Your task is to look deep into your soul and make a complete list of what you have to fight. Having learned to love yourself, you will be able to adequately assess whether you really need to become a different person, because you have already managed to change by loving yourself. If the desire to change remains, then write what kind of person you want to become. After evaluating the scale of future changes, indicate next to what can help and make this process less painful. The most difficult thing in this situation was and remains an honest admission to myself that I am not perfect. After all, everyone deep down wants to be a model for others, to feel respect and feel support from others.

Make it a rule to write down all the doubts that arise on the path of becoming another person. The character formed over the years, developed habits and style of behavior - everything will make you stop and abandon your plans. This is how a person works that he strives for peace and his comfort zone. But if you want to change, get ready to fight not only with others, but also with yourself. Having expressed on paper everything that disturbs and excites, you yourself will be surprised how far all these fears and experiences are far-fetched.

It is not for nothing that psychologists advise pouring out their innermost fears on paper, after which the sheet is burned or torn. Speaking out or a detailed description of the problem, whichever is more convenient, allows a person to really look at things that scare him and, as a rule, he immediately begins to understand that in this life there is nothing that he cannot do. Everything, no matter what you think, can be fulfilled if you believe in yourself and that you are the creator of your happiness. The same applies to working on yourself, since the desire to become different is the same desire as any other, and you just have to believe that everything is in your hands.

How to change internally

• Change your philosophy and worldview. Let go of outdated concepts. It is they who prevent you from becoming what you dream of. Every word heard from parents and loved ones formed a view of oneself and the world around. And, unfortunately, the attitude of relatives is not always objective and helps a person become more self-confident. Therefore, to achieve success in life, start by developing your own assessment of your personality and the world around you. Give up foreign principles that have been imposed, develop your own view of the world. Sometimes this is enough to get rid of self-doubt, love yourself and become a different person.
• To feel the pleasure of life, do not deny yourself the right to hobbies and hobbies. Don't listen if others criticize for it. The main thing is that they bring pleasure and give joy, but at the same time they should not interfere with your path to success, taking time. The best option would be when a hobby helps to take a break from work or becomes a source of income, allowing you to devote more time to your development.

• If you want to change yourself, understand: “Who are you?”, “What kind of person?”, “What benefit can you bring to the world?”. In the end, why do you want to become different and why. Lack of understanding of their capabilities, their own value for themselves and others often becomes an obstacle to success.
• Most of the unpleasant emotions are delivered to us by other people. We begin to get nervous, worry, get upset, offended that we are not understood and not heard. To keep peace in your soul, stop judging and evaluating people, try to understand them better and act with them based on their attitude to life. Avoid people who bring negativity into your life, and with those who are dear, in case of any disagreements and solving problems, find not just a compromise, but a third option that will suit both parties.
• Don't put off reaching your goals, even if they seem impossible. Take it and do what is important to you right now. Do not look for reasons that help justify inaction, rather take the time to bring your plan to life.

• If you can't decide where to start, make a plan to fulfill your deepest desire in life. Along the way, you will begin to change whether you like it or not. New activities, achievements, pleasure from even the smallest result on the way to what you want will make you change your attitude towards yourself. You will feel how self-confidence increases, and with it, self-confidence.
• Don't be discouraged if something doesn't work. Try again and again. Decided to go in for sports, find time so that it does not happen. Don't let yourself relax. Becoming a different person is not easy. This requires the exertion of all forces and great will, but only patience and determination will make it possible to succeed on this path. There is nothing more difficult than changing your habits and worldview that has become ingrained in your blood. But only those who are ready to rise as many times as necessary will achieve success. No failures or difficulties will force him to abandon his intended goals. A strong person does not dream, he sets goals for himself and, as a rule, achieves them. So be strong and persistent and you will definitely succeed.

Few people know that their desires and goals are not fulfilled through their own fault. Everyone can give a hundred reasons why something didn't work out for them. But the recipe for success lies within you, and it depends only on your thoughts and efforts whether you achieve what you want or not. If the presence of complexes prevents success, then you just need to get rid of them.

Every effort made to make the desire come true will bear fruit, the main thing is to learn to listen to yourself. If you want to become a different person, and you understand that it is really necessary, like air, do not pay attention to anyone, do not ask anyone, change, because this is the only way to change life radically.

INTERNAL ENERGY AND WAYS OF ITS CHANGE.

Enough level

1. Cold water is poured into one glass, the same amount of hot water is poured into the other. Is the internal energy of the water in these glasses the same?

Answer: the internal energy of hot water is greater

2. There is a glass and a carafe of water on the table in the kitchen.
Are the internal energies of the water in these vessels the same?

Answer: the internal energy of the water in the decanter is greater
There are more water molecules in a carafe than in a glass
and the internal energy of water is equal to the sum of the energies of all molecules

3. How will the internal energy of the water in the pan change as it is heated?

Answer: the internal energy of the water in the pan increases as it is heated.

higher temperature, higher molecular speed,
more kinetic energy, more internal energy

4. The products were put in the refrigerator. How has their internal energy changed?

Answer: the internal energy of the products has become less
lower temperature, lower molecular speed,
less kinetic energy, less internal energy

5. Indicate in which of the following cases the internal energy of water does not change:

a) water is carried in a bucket; b) pour it from a bucket into a teapot; c) heated to a boil.

Answer: a) water is carried in a bucket; b) pour it from a bucket into a teapot;

6. How can you warm up cold hands without using heated objects or warm gloves?

and hand temperature

7. In what way - by performing work or heat transfer - did the internal energy of the part change when it was heated in a furnace before quenching? When drilling a hole in it?

Answer: the internal energy of a part, when it was heated in a furnace, changed by heat transfer, and when a hole was drilled in it, by performing work

8. Why can you burn your hands when sliding down a pole or rope quickly?

Answer: when sliding down the pole quickly, the surface of the hands becomes very hot due to the work of the friction force.

9. Why and how does the internal energy of the saw change when sawing a log?
On what basis do you judge this?

Answer: the force of friction does work to increase the internal energy
and saw temperature

10. A match can be lit by placing it in a candle flame or by rubbing it against a box. Are the ways of changing the internal energy of a match when it ignites the same?

Answer: in the first case, the match is heated by heat transfer,
in the second - due to the work of the friction force

Middle level

1. How will the internal energy of a gas change when it is suddenly compressed?
What will indicate a change in its internal energy?
Answer: when a gas is suddenly compressed, the distance between molecules decreases,

2. Stretch the rubber thread slightly. What should be done (release the thread or stretch it more) so that its internal energy increases?

Answer: if the thread is stretched more, the distance between the molecules increases,
this increases the potential energy of the molecules,
the internal energy of the gas increases

3. One vessel contains water, the other contains ice. The masses of water and ice are the same.
Does water or ice have more internal energy? Why?

Answer: water has a larger supply of internal energy because
that it has more molecular speed,
more kinetic energy, more internal energy

4. How to explain that when a nail is driven in, its hat almost does not heat up, but when the nail is driven in, a few blows are enough for the hat to become very hot?

Answer: when hammering a nail, its hat heats up weakly,
since the energy of impact is spent on overcoming the force of friction
when moving a nail in a tree.
When the nail is already hammered in, its head heats up more when struck, since the impact energy is spent mainly on increasing the internal energy of the nail

5. Will the internal energy of the water in the sea change with the onset of night?
Answer:at nightfall, the temperature of the water in the sea changes little
and therefore her internal energy will not change (?)

6. Can the temperature of a gas rise due to its interaction with a solid that has a lower temperature than the gas?

Answer:when a body moves in a gas, the friction force does work to increase the internal energy and temperature of the gas(?) Example: a meteorite falling to the ground initially has a temperature less than the air temperature. As a result of the fact that the kinetic energy of the falling body passes into the internal, both the air and the body are heated.

7. One molecule of oxygen in the air is currently moving at a speed of 900 m / s, and the other - at a speed of 1200 m / s. Would it be correct to say that the temperature of the second molecule is higher?

Answer:No (?) It makes no sense to talk about the temperature of a molecule - this is a macroscopic concept and can only apply to the gas as a whole.

High level

1. Almost all the water has boiled out of the kettle. At some point, the masses of water and steam were equal. Their temperature is 100°C. Is it possible to assert that the internal energies of steam and water are the same?

Answer: the internal energy of steam is greater because it has a higher molecular speed,
more kinetic energy, more internal energy

2. In what case will the tire of the car heat up more during its movement: when it is slightly inflated or inflated well?

Answer: if the tire of the car is slightly inflated when it is moving, the friction force is greater
which means more internal energy

3. Two identical copper balls fell from the same height. The first fell into the clay, and the second, hitting a stone, bounced off and was caught by the hand at a certain height.
Which of the balls has changed its internal energy the most?

Answer:the internal energy of the ball that fell into the clay changed more (?). After the rebound, the kinetic energy of the ball turned into potential energy with little loss. The ball that fell into the clay lost all its mechanical energy, while braking it was converted into the internal energy of the ball and clay.

4. If the liquid in the stoppered bottle is shaken vigorously, its temperature rises. Why does the liquid get hot?

Answer: if the liquid in the stoppered bottle is shaken vigorously
the speed of the molecules will increase, the kinetic energy will increase, the internal energy will increase (?)

5. Imagine a case where a body has no mechanical energy.

Is such a situation real? Explain this with an example.

Answer: a brick lies on the ground, its potential energy is zero,
the brick is at rest, so its kinetic energy is also zero

6. Is it possible for any body to have no internal energy?
What must happen for this to happen?

Answer:no, the movement of molecules must stop (?) and the molecules should stop interacting with each other - the forces of attraction and repulsion should disappear.

7. Will the potential energy of a copper ball lying on a horizontal table surface change if its temperature is raised?

Answer:the potential energy of the copper ball in this case Will not change (?), but the potential and kinetic energy of the molecules of its constituents will change.

8. An air bubble rises from the bottom of the reservoir. What increases its potential energy? Does this change its internal energy?

Answer: an increase in the potential energy of an air bubble occurs due to a decrease in the potential energy of water, while its internal energy does not change (?) The internal energy changes slightly. At a greater depth, the pressure is greater and the air is compressed more strongly, as the bubble rises, the size of the bubble increases, the gaps between the molecules change, and hence the potential energy of the interaction of molecules. But in a gas, the distances between molecules are so large even in a compressed state that this change is insignificant.

22. When does a car consume more fuel: when driving non-stop or with stops?

Fuel will be consumed differently due to different energy costs. When driving non-stop, the energy of the fuel is spent on mechanical work to move the car, an increase in the internal energy of the rubbing parts and exhaust gases. When driving with stops, these costs are added to the costs of overcoming the static friction force, which is always higher than rolling friction, and increasing the internal energy of the brake discs, tires and the road when braking.

44. Due to what energy is mechanical work done when the mercury column in the thermometer rises?

The mercury column in the thermometer rises when the temperature of the liquid rises. This means that the speed of movement of molecules and the gaps between them have increased, hence the internal energy has increased. Part of it is spent on mechanical work.

55. Is the statement true: during heat transfer, energy always transfers from bodies with greater internal energy to bodies with less internal energy?

No. During heat exchange, energy passes from a body with a higher temperature to a less heated body, i.e. the kinetic energy of the molecules of their constituents is aligned. But the internal energy of a body is equal to the total kinetic and potential energy of all the molecules of this body. A liter of water has more internal energy than a drop, but no heat transfer occurs at the same temperature.

66. A boat is sailing on the lake at high speed. Does this change the internal energy of the water in the lake? How? Why? Explain. Of course, the internal energy of the water in the lake will increase, as with any process associated with friction. If the boat did not constantly lose energy to do work to overcome the friction force, then when moving with the engine turned off, its speed would remain unchanged. Fuel energy is spent on increasing the internal energy of engine parts, ambient air, water and the boat hull.

3. The compressed spring was placed in a vessel with acid and dissolved. Where did the potential energy of the compressed spring "disappear"?

4. What can be said about the internal energy of a body whose temperature has dropped?

5. Two copper bars have the same temperature, but the mass of one is 1 kg, and the other is 0.5 kg. Which of the two given bars has more internal energy? The internal energy is equal to the total potential and kinetic energy of the molecules that make up the body, there are more molecules in the first body, and therefore its internal energy is greater.

1. Is it possible to measure the temperature of a drop with a mercury medical thermometer? No. Temperature measurement with a thermometer is based on heat exchange between the thermometer and the measured body. At the same time, for the reliability of the measurement, it is necessary that the internal energy of the measured body changes insignificantly. The internal energy of the thermometer is much greater than the energy of the drop; during heat exchange between the thermometer and the drop, the temperature of the drop will change significantly.

11. A piece of sugar was crushed into small pieces, and then ground into powder. In which case is the internal energy of sugar greater? Why?

2. Having touched the surface of two bodies with your hand, it seemed to you that one of them is colder. Can we conclude from this that the surface of each of the bodies has a different temperature? No. Our sensation of cold and hot is connected not so much with temperature, but with the intensity of heat exchange between the hand and the body. At the same temperature, different substances have different thermal conductivity and heat capacity. Therefore, at room temperature, metal feels colder than, for example, wood.

5. Two mercury thermometers with different weights of mercury were lowered into hot water. Will the thermometers show the same temperature? Yes. If thermometers have different masses of mercury, then the increase in the volume of mercury when heated will be more noticeable with a larger thermometer, which will make it possible to make a more sensitive scale for it, but the temperature will be the same. The answer to the question ... kinetic energy molecules fluids A 6 Part water evaporated from the cup in the absence of heat exchange with environment. Temperature water ...

The textbook contains a summary of the main theoretical provisions, tasks for all sections of the general physics course, answers and suggestions that can be used when solving problems. BBC 22.3

Collection of problems

... speed molecules hydrogen more root mean square speed molecules leading vapors at the same temperature? At what temperature molecules ...

Indicate the pair of substances whose diffusion rate is the highest, all other things being equal

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Vessel in hot water. Determine temperature hot water. Initial temperature gas 20 ... stepping up temperature 2) reducing the volume of the vessel 3) increasing internal energy 4) ... kinetic theories that speed molecules grows with increasing temperature ...

In Stern's experiments to determine the velocities of atoms in silver vapors, the number of particles N was counted, the velocity modulus of which falls within certain identical intervals Δυ from 0 to 1000 m/s. Which figure corresponds to the results of the experiments?

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It has big density molecules gas is transferred to the walls energy molecules gases transfer momentum to the walls Compare kinetic energy molecules ... temperature higher certain, because otherwise they may explode. This is due to the fact that internal energy ...

“It was an interview with a third employer. I was terribly worried. But as soon as I entered the office, I seemed to have a second wind. I seemed to be transformed - the usual anxiety disappeared, giving way to some unfamiliar confidence. Now, six months later, 38-year-old Natalia is in the same position she got that day. Although she still often worries, because the usual self-doubt returned to her, which then let her go only for a while.

Probably everyone has experienced a moment when suddenly we were able to overcome our own barriers and confidently take a step forward. In such a situation, we do not become a different person - we just use our best qualities. If only such an experience could become a part of everyday life! If only we could put an end to morbid timidity or uncontrollable anxiety and walk towards the unknown calmly and confidently!

We confuse fantasies and the real fact of change, deep internal change with external, superficial changes.

Change, inner metamorphosis - isn't that what coaches and psychotherapists are leading up to? One look at the shelves of any bookstore reserved for psychological literature gives the answer to this question: “Change your life in seven days!”, “Transform to become happy!”, “Look at life in a new way!”.

But, according to the existential psychotherapist Svetlana Krivtsova, we will make a serious mistake if we take these tempting promises literally: complicated". Such slogans are based on a misunderstanding of change: we live in an era when any change seems feasible - on the screens and in magazines we see people who managed to literally break through to prosperity, to become stars.

“In our time, drastic changes in professional, love or geographical terms are common,” agrees business coach Olga Mukhina. - So it seems to us that it is possible to turn your life 180 degrees in the blink of an eye. But we confuse fantasies and the real fact of change, deep internal change with external, superficial changes.

What can be changed

Psychoanalysis initially outlines the boundaries: we cannot radically change ourselves. But we are able to start living differently - it is better to use the qualities that we possess. To end the fears that poison our lives, to cope with anxiety, to get rid of addictions ... Each such step is the key to internal changes.

“Before, speaking in public, in front of any audience, was just a nightmare for me,” recalls 29-year-old Mikhail. Through group therapy, he learned to conquer anxiety. “I still worry, but now I know that somewhere inside me there is also a confidence that can make me stronger. The therapy helped me connect with that part of myself.” To change does not mean to become different, but, in the words of Nietzsche, "to become oneself" ... only better.

We want to go beyond the usual schemes with only one goal - step by step to come to ourselves, to our true essence.

But what to say to a pessimist who would like to become an optimist? Or a person exhausted by stress and dreaming of peace of mind? “You already have everything you dream of,” Olga Mukhina replies. - Just due to family or personal circumstances, you "specialized" in one or another trait of your character. And so long ago that they had time to believe: this is your nature. But even if a person has been suffering from depression for many years, joy still lives in some corner of his soul. The only question is how to change the attitude, your view of the situation and your behavior, shift the emphasis.

The process of change in this case will require a different view of the world, of oneself and of other people, in order to “disconnect” from depression and turn to joy. “To change means to learn how to manage the scales, while not giving up your former self,” continues Olga Mukhina. “Qualities of character, because of which something didn’t work out in the best way earlier, sadness or anger, anxiety continue to live in us and at some other moment in life can be very useful.”

Why is it so hard

The thirst for change is not a whim or a fad. It not only expresses dissatisfaction, but also reminds of a vital need. “The snake that cannot change its skin perishes,” wrote Nietzsche. The desire to transform, grow above oneself, develop - in human nature. In a sense, it distinguishes us from other animals, helps to go in the same rhythm with the natural movement of life.

You cannot enter the same river twice - and the desire to change leads us through life, which is movement. Especially if we want to go beyond the usual patterns of behavior in order to get a little closer to ourselves every day.

“Many of the features we have are only partly ours,” explains psychotherapist Alain Delurme. We have inherited them from our parents. Internal changes are the way to gain independence.” We try to separate ourselves from the projections of the family and society. And that's why it's so hard...

How many psychoanalysts does it take to change a light bulb? Only one, but it is necessary that the light bulb itself wants to change! As with any joke, you can see some truth in this one, reminds Alain Delurme.

“In order to change, it is not enough to recognize the need for it and declare it. The one who says: "I'm in a bad mood, I want to become more cheerful" does not necessarily want to change. Maybe he wants to complain and hopes to be heard. The very desire to change is already work. Because by nature we resist change.

What to expect from others

The work of change goes against the unconscious desire: even if the habitual way of life seems unbearable, we benefit from it. He teaches to meet the expectations of others, gives his "face". And to change means to disrupt an established life, perhaps to upset loved ones ...

“I lived in anguish for a long time - I was often discouraged, I was hard pressed by every failure,” admits 34-year-old Marina. “A year ago, I turned to a psychoanalyst because I was tired of my gloominess, and I couldn’t look at life differently.” During psychoanalysis, Marina discovered that her melancholy was a response to the depressive nature of her grandmother who raised her. “I was unconsciously afraid that being different would mean breaking the bond with my grandmother.” To change, we need to understand that we can keep the object of love, while separating from the emotions associated with it. For Marina, it was sadness.

“Change without outside help is very difficult,” confirms Svetlana Krivtsova. “We need the support of a person who will help us look at the usual image of ourselves from the outside, see our own reflection in the views of loved ones, and realize what we would like to look like.” Otherwise, there is a danger of becoming a living illustration of the words of La Fontaine in the fable "The Cat Turned into a Woman": "Drive nature through the door - it will fly in through the window."

internal conservative

Some part of the personality does not want to change and blocks any efforts. This is how resistance works. This is a universal property of the psyche - to counteract the awareness of those desires, ideas, feelings that can destroy the usual image of oneself, lead to a change in lifestyle or relationships that we value. This mental feature was first noted by Sigmund Freud.

Working with patients with hysteria, he noticed that at a certain point the patient began to resist treatment: he seemed to refuse to be aware of repressed painful memories - those that caused anxiety, guilt or shame, aggression. He preferred not to know, and the psychoanalyst helped him overcome this resistance. And although the concept of "resistance" mainly refers to the technique of psychotherapy, it can be observed in everyday situations.

What will help you get better

Business coach Olga Mukhina encourages you to think about the motives that underlie the desire for change.

1. You can't change for the sake of others.

Someone wants to change, for example, in order to keep a loved one. But we have no power over the desire of another. When we try to change for someone, we interpret their needs in our own way. And initially we start from the wrong positions.

We are changing for ourselves. Change must be a personal act. The good news is that another, such as our child, will also benefit from the results of the transformation.

2. You can't change by running away from reality.

Love failure, daily overload, stress ... We are seized by the desire to quit everything and start from scratch. But when we run away, we run into what we wanted to escape from. Yes, we left work from annoying colleagues, but at the slightest failure, anger will seize again. To change, you must first defeat the inner demons.

We are changing to face life. To become better, you must be willing to deeply explore yourself and relationships with others, which means going through a crisis. It hurts because before you can change yourself, you have to question your own beliefs and face negative traits.

3. You can't change in revenge

For example, after a love breakup, start behaving completely differently than before. Such changes are based on lies to oneself, and therefore fragile and painful. They bring pain because of the gap between who we want to appear and what we feel inside.

We change to enrich our own world. It means to open up to new things, to other people, to learn to hear and understand them. This will help to gain new strength to live and act "in the name" of something, and not "against".