b sign in nouns. Soft sign after hissing: rules and exceptions
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE, Grade 5
TOPIC: Spelling b in verb forms after sibilants.
GOAL:formation of knowledge about spelling b in verb forms
Repeat the spelling of words with a hiss at the end;
Develop critical thinking;
To educate morality on the basis of oral folk art.
TASKS:teach writing ь after hissing in verbs; to systematize students' knowledge of spelling after hissing in words of different parts of speech; develop spelling vigilance, mental activity of students, communication skills; to cultivate a culture of educational work, to instill interest, love for the native language.
EQUIPMENT:textbooks, notebooks, presentation, cards for work.
LESSON TYPE: combined.
METHODS:reproductive, information-developing, partially exploratory, conversation.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT. We smiled at each other, mentally wished success to ourselves and our comrades.
The long-awaited call is given -
The lesson starts.
Sounds with letters came
To put things in order.
Attention girls!
Attention boys!
Get your hands ready
Stretch your fingers. slide 1
Open notebooks, write down the number of class work.
2. MAIN PART.
Tell us, what do we know about spelling ь after words hissing at the end?
b
friendly not friendly
noun 3 fold. 1. Exist. m.r.
2. Exist. zh.r. pl. h.r.p.
3. Briefly. adj.
– What part of speech is not included in the table?(Verb)
- Define the topic of the lesson, how does it sound?(Soft sign after hissing in verbs.)
Learning new material
– In order to answer the question: is it written after verbs hissing at the end, let's think!
- Read the sentences carefully. Are these just suggestions or something else?(Proverbs)
“They contain folk wisdom!”
Determine what part of speech the underlined words are, in what forms they stand.
If you chase two hares, you won't catch one.
You can't bake a cake without dough.
It is important to take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age.
Measure seven times, cut once.
(Verbs in n.f., in 2l. singular, led incl.)
– What interesting things have you noticed in the spelling of verbs?(At the end, after the hissing ones, it is written
b
)
– What does our textbook say about writing ь in verbs?
How can we supplement this rule?
Let's conclude: In all verbal forms, after the sibilants, it is written ь.
A) Work in groups
Guys, now, let's do some repetition tasks with you. I give each group a card with a specific task, after completing the card, raise your hand.
1 group
2 group
Identify the spelling of words with a hiss at the end
3 group
Identify the spelling of words with a hiss at the end
B) Verification and generalization
Teacher: So, the first group completed their card. Read the task.
Pupils: Pupils read the task to the card. They read the words, choosing the correct spelling b after hissing. Explain their choice.
Student: The words that were given to us are nouns f.r., sg. h and f.r. pl. h, as well as one word (rook) - m.r. In the names of nouns f.r we write a soft sign, for nouns plural and noun. M..r. - do not write.
Teacher: Well done guys! Correctly!
Teacher: Is the second group ready?
Students: Ready!
Teacher: Read the task of your card. Explain your choice.
Pupils: Read the task to the card. We had nouns m.s. + f.s. (shiver). In nouns m.r. We don’t write b, but there is a tremor in the word, since it is zh.r. we write a sign.
Teacher: Okay guys! You did a good job too!
Teacher: Group 3, read what task you had. Explain the choice of this spelling.
Students: We needed to determine the spelling of words with a hissing end.
The words given to us are adjectives, or rather short adjectives with a hissing at the end + one word noun (midnight). In short adjectives with a hissing b at the end, we do not write the sign, but in the word midnight we write, since this is a noun f.r.
C) Partial-square method
Teacher : Well done, guys, remembered the rules for writing words with hissing at the end of nouns zh.r, m.r, zh.r plural, as well as short adjectives. But we have another part of speech that has a similar rule. What do you think this part of speech is?
Students: This is a verb. (Students may also have erroneous versions that cannot be ignored, but simply say: “Maybe someone thinks differently?”)
Teacher: That's right guys. Let us try to determine this rule by completing a certain task.
Working in a group, determine the verb 2 persons, singular. Having formed this verb, one of the group go out and write it on the board. Highlight the ending and conjugation.
unit Plural
1 l. sitting 1 liter we sit
2 l.____________ 2 l. sit
3 l. sits 3 l. sitting
unit Plural
1 l. look at 1 liter we look
3 l. looks 3 l. watching
unit Plural
1 l. I go 1 l. let's go
2 l.____________ 2 l. go
3 l. goes 3 l. go
Teacher: Having completed the task, can someone formulate a rule for writing the sign of the verb forms for me?
Primary fastening
– And now we will consolidate our new knowledge in practice.
Distributive dictation
Write the verbs in 3 columns.
N.f. 2l unit tilt command
(Associated work on vowels at the root of the word)
Save for lunch
You knock on the window
Pound to powder, decorate the room
Shave your head
Spread butter on bread
Keep out of danger
Settle down at the edge
Cut straight.
Fizminutka
And now let's rest a little.
I will name the words. If you need to write b in a word, you squat, if you don’t need to write b, make 1 clap above your head.
Rye, hut, violinist, sleep, make friends, protect, brick, powerful, write, think, wish you luck.
- So, let's repeat, when we write the sign after the hissing ones, when we do not write.
Secondary fastening
Read the passage. What story are these lines from? Who is their author?
Wind, wind! You are powerful...
You are chasing ... flocks of clouds ....
You excite ... the blue sea,
Everywhere you fly ... in the open,
Don't be afraid ... of anyone,
Except God alone...
– Fill in the missing letters, explain the spelling.
– What pic. vyp. means does the author use?(Personification, metaphor - "a flock of clouds")
- Explain punctuation marks.(Conversation, compound sentence, homogeneous terms)
Now let's play a little. "The Fourth Extra"
Night, beam, silence, thing.
Brick, prickly, powerful, similar.
Without clouds, five tasks, nimble mouse, disappeared from the roofs.
Conclusion:
– When is it written ь after words hissing at the end?
Connect with a line when you need to write ь.
Ex. zh.r. 3 fold cr.app
Ex. m.r. b vb. N.f.
Verb 2 l.s.ch. v. obligatory inclination.
Independent work
– Now let us turn again to the wisdom of the people.
Add proverbs. Mark the spelling ь in verbs.
With whom you will lead .. sya, from that and ... .
The sewing in the bag is not ....
The word is not a sparrow, a flight .. t not ...
What you sow... so...
3.SUMMARY OF THE LESSON.
– And now, finishing our journey, let's sum up the lesson.
– What did we learn while traveling around the city of Verb?
– What have you learned?
- Whoever was interested in the lesson and everything is clear - put it in the margins (!). If there were difficulties (?).
Don't worry, tomorrow we will continue our conversation on this topic.
- Pass your notebooks forward. open your diaries, write down your homework.
4. HOMEWORK.
1 group
Identify the spelling of words with a hiss at the end
Mouse __ things __, bake __, brooch __, near puddles __, bitter __, rook __, rags __, youth __, many clouds __, daughter_.
2 group
Identify the spelling of words with a hiss at the end
Reeds __, hut __, doctor __, garage __, shiver __, raincoat __, sealing wax __, ball __, key __, watchman __, comrade __.
3 group
Identify the spelling of words with a hiss at the end
Dense __, good __, viscous __, midnight __, creaky __, clumsy __, fizzy __, fresh __, prickly __, odorous __, hot __.
Task: Highlight the ending, determine the conjugation. Form the form of the 2nd person, singular. Write this form on the board.
unit Plural
1 l. sitting 1 liter we sit
2 l.____________ 2 l. sit
3 l. sits 3 l. sitting
unit Plural
1 l. look at 1 liter we look
2 l.____________ 2 l. see
3 l. looks 3 l. watching
unit Plural
1 l. I go 1 l. let's go
2 l.____________ 2 l. go
3 l. goes 3 l. go
Task: Highlight the ending, determine the conjugation. Form the form of the 2nd person, singular. Write this form on the board.
unit Plural
1 l. sitting 1 liter we sit
2 l.____________ 2 l. sit
3 l. sits 3 l. sitting
unit Plural
1 l. look at 1 liter we look
2 l.____________ 2 l. see
3 l. looks 3 l. watching
unit Plural
1 l. I go 1 l. let's go
2 l.____________ 2 l. go
3 l. goes 3 l. go
Task: Highlight the ending, determine the conjugation. Form the form of the 2nd person, singular. Write this form on the board.
unit Plural
1 l. sitting 1 liter we sit
2 l.____________ 2 l. sit
3 l. sits 3 l. sitting
unit Plural
1 l. look at 1 liter we look
2 l.____________ 2 l. see
3 l. looks 3 l. watching
unit Plural
1 l. I go 1 l. let's go
2 l.____________ 2 l. go
3 l. goes 3 l. go
There are two amazing letters in the Russian alphabet - a soft sign and a hard sign. They themselves do not make any sounds. But they affect the neighbors.
The soft sign performs two important functions in Russian. It denotes the softness of the preceding consonant and is used as a separator.
Sometimes a soft sign in a word is heard, but not. And vice versa ... It is difficult to remember all the rules and exceptions, but I really want to write correctly. Turns out it's not that hard to learn.
Soft sign after hissing
A soft sign is not needed after the hissing second declension of the singular (, garage), the first and second declensions in the plural genitive case (puddles, skis) and in short masculine adjectives answering the question "what?". For example: fresh - fresh, similar - similar. In with the consonant w at the end (already, married, unbearable), the soft sign is also not used, but it should be written in the word wide open.
The soft sign is not written in the pronouns "our", "your", in the particle "already" and the preposition "between".
Soft sign to indicate the softness of consonants in writing
The soft sign is not written in combinations: -chk- (line, crust), -ch- (bakery, laundry), -nch- (strum, bell), -nsh- (racer, attendant), -rsh- (collector, debater ), -rch- (morel,), -schn- (elegant, powerful), -st- (bridge, reed), -nt- (wrapper, edging).
In foreign words with a double letter l, the soft sign is not written (collective, collegium, collie).
There is a rule for spelling compound numbers. If the second root is inclined in them, a soft sign should not be written. For example: eighteen - eighteen, fifteen - fifteen.
If the stem of the word from which the relative adjective is formed ends in -n, -r, then a soft sign is not needed before the suffix -sk-. For example: the beast is brutal, the horse is horse. The exceptions are adjectives formed from the names of the months (except January), words of Chinese origin and adjectives like day. For example: September, November, but January; Sichuan - Sichuan; day - daytime.
Nouns in –nya with a preceding consonant do not have a soft sign. For example: tower - towers. Exception: young lady - young ladies, - kitchens, hawthorn - hawthorn.
To find out if a soft sign is needed in a verb ending in -s, ask a question to it. If there is no soft sign in the question, it means a third person, you do not need to write a soft sign: "he (what does he do?) study", "they (?) care".
If you want to write correctly, do exercises to consolidate the theory and read more.
Sources:
- Spelling of hard and soft signs
- Spelling soft sign at the end of words after hissing
Writing the “not” particle with pronouns can be a real problem - after all, the Russian language is famous for its ambiguity in such matters. However, if you know a few simple rules, it may not be so difficult.
A pronoun is a special part of speech in Russian, which is usually used instead of denoting an object or being, as well as its properties and other features. At the same time, the pronoun is characterized by its own spelling rules, including cases of writing with the particle “not”.
Rules for writing the particle "not" with pronouns
The common particle "not" when used with a pronoun says that in this situation they should be written separately. Moreover, this way of using applies to a wide variety of types of pronouns. In particular, those that designate an object, a being, a sign of an object and other concepts. For example, the particle “not” is used in this way in the following cases: “not the one”, “not you”, “not everyone”, and so on.Special cases of using the particle "not" with pronouns
A separate situation is represented by cases of using the particle “not” in negative pronouns. They can denote the absence of an object, creature, attribute of an object, or another object. For example, the group of such negative pronouns includes such as “nobody”, “nothing”. In addition, negative pronouns can also denote the indefiniteness of the object in question, such pronouns as "something" or "someone" belong to them. It is noteworthy that in most of these pronouns, the particle "not" will be stressed. If you come across a situation where in a negative particle is in an unstressed position, in most cases we are talking about another particle - “neither”.In all the examples given and similar to them, the particle “not” should be written together with the pronoun. However, this rule applies only to situations where a negative pronoun is used without a preposition. If the situation in which the negative pronoun is used requires the presence of a preposition between the particle “not” and the main word, they should be written separately. For example, separate spelling is required in the examples "no one", "no one" and the like.
Finally, the special situation of the use of the particle “not” is associated with the phrase “none other than”. In this case, obviously, there is the use of a negative pronoun with the particle “not” without a preposition, however, it is an exception to the rule and requires separate writing of the particle and the pronoun. The same rule applies to some variations of this phrase, namely: "nothing else but", "nothing but", "nothing else like". However, this rule applies only to the given variants of phrases; in other combinations, the usual rules for writing the particle “not” apply.
Related videos
Sources:
- Spelling "not" with pronouns
"b" (soft sign) is Slavic in origin. In the ancient Cyrillic alphabet, there was the letter "er", which conveyed a reduced (weakened) sound almost like a zero sound or as a vowel close to the sounds [o] and [e]. After the loss of reduced sounds in the Old Russian language, the need for the letter "er" disappeared, however, it did not disappear from the alphabet, but was transformed into a soft sign and received a special assignment.
The letter "b" acts as a separator sign a: before the letters "e, e, u, i, i" in roots, suffixes and endings of nominal parts of speech in Russian and borrowed words (weeds, sparrows, quarry, crows); in a small group of foreign words before the letter “o” (pavilion, broth). The letter “b” is used to indicate the softness of consonants: at the end of the word (except for hissing): horse,; in the middle of a word before a hard consonant: wedding, nanny; in the middle of a word between soft consonants, if when the word changes, the second soft consonant becomes hard: take (take), at dawn (dawn); to indicate softness "l": orange, glazier. Another function of soft sign a - designation of the grammatical form of a word: a noun in the nominative and accusative case ending in (daughter, wilderness, speech); in the instrumental form (children, people); in various verb forms - infinitive (oven, sit), imperative mood (cut, cut), in the second person form ( , ); in adverbs that end in hissing sounds (backwards, ); in grammatical forms - at the end of words from five to forty (seven, twenty), and after forty - in the middle of cardinal numbers (fifty, five hundred). sign not .Also soft sign not used in the genitive plural of nouns that end in the combination "nya", and in derivative words with the suffix -k-, when in the nominative singular this combination is preceded by a consonant: fables (), cherries () . Exceptions include the words: young ladies, hawks, kitchens, sheets. Remember that the letter “b” is written in adjectives formed from nouns - the names of the calendar months: June, October. The exception should include the word "January".
Related videos
Everyone knows very well that in the Russian alphabet there are two letters that do not denote sound, cannot begin words and be capitalized. Of course, these are soft and hard signs. It is no coincidence that these letters are called "signs": their use helps to correctly convey the sound of words. With the help of a soft sign, in addition, grammatical forms of words related to different parts of speech are formed. Consider the spelling of this sign.
Sometimes we think about whether it is necessary to put a soft sign after hissing ones. We will lay down the rules for you when it should not be done and when it is strictly necessary to do it.
These rules are based on what part of speech is being discussed, in what declension and in what part of the word.
Soft sign after hissing - setting rule
We put a soft sign:
Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, baldness.
Example in a sentence: The queen gave birth on the night of either a son or a daughter.
2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense at the endings after the sibilants.
Example in a word: you will, you will become, you cook, you remember, you believe, you will do.
Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving.
– sya, the soft sign is preserved. Example: returning, straining, intending.
3. In singular verbs in the imperative mood in endings after sibilants.
Example in a word: Cut! Eat! Hide!
Addition: If the ending is added to these verbs – sya, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't fool around!
Examples in sentences: Vadik, don't be foolish and don't hide!
4. In plural and imperative verbs before endings - those, - those.
Example: smear - smear - smear.
Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!
5. In verbs of an indefinite person, including before the ending -sya.
Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.
Example in a sentence: These rivers take a long time to flow.
6. In adverbs, it is necessary to enter a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.
Example: Entirely, jump, backhand, wide open.
Example in a sentence: He started the horse at a gallop, and hacked at the air with his sword.
Exceptions: Oh, unbearable, married.
7. In particles with hissing endings: I mean, you see, you only.
Example words: that is, only.
In a sentence: Look what a bully!
Why sometimes a soft sign is not written after hissing ones?
Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.
Sentence: A swift flew up to our window.
2. In plural and genitive nouns.
Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grish, between, puddles.
Suggestion example: Unfortunately, no pears were served for breakfast today.
Example: powerful, hot, good, flying, melodious, comely.
Sentence: He was good-natured and good-looking...
4. In pronouns with hissing at the end.
Given the above, the spelling of a soft sign after hissing differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.
Elementary teachers give their students rhyming versions of the rules - for easier memorization.
When to write "b" after sibilants in nouns, verbs, adverbs and particles
In Russian orthography, there are several cases when a soft sign is written after hissing consonants "g", "w", "h", "u" in nouns, verbs, adverbs and particles. Let's consider them in detail.
b after sibilants in nouns
After hissing consonants "b" written not to soften them. After all, consonants "u", "h" do not need this, being unpaired soft consonants. And the consonants "g", "sh", on the other hand, are always solid. This means that the soft sign that is written after the hissing consonants is a morphological sign, that is, a marker for designating nouns feminine of the third declension, for example:
Exception words: already, married, unbearable.
At the end of particles
At the end particles "shish", "bish", "wish", "only" also write a soft sign.
Look how smart you are!
Only the stars looked into the sleepy pond.
russkiiyazyk.ru
b after hissing in verbs, at the end of nouns and adverbs!
In the article, we will analyze in detail when written ь after hissing in the verb, nouns and adverbs. Also, using understandable examples, we will show typical spelling errors. soft sign after hissing.
There are only 4 hissing letters in the Russian language. These are the letters Щ, Ж, Ш and Ш. The main cases concerning the spelling b after hissing are the writing of a soft sign after hissing in the verb, at the end of nouns and adverbs. Let's analyze each case separately.
When is b written after hissing in a verb?
“We ALWAYS write a soft sign after hissing in verbs!”
In textbooks, most often they list that “b” is written if the verb is in the infinitive (answers the question what to do? Or what to do?), in the second person singular (combined with the pronoun you) or in the imperative mood (there is an indication to action).
It is not necessary to memorize all this, since in all other forms, hissing at the end is not found.
Let's look at examples.
Infinitives: attract, burn, lie down.
Second person, singular: write, love, breathe.
Imperative form: cut, spread, eat!
By the way, a soft sign can stand not only at the end of verbs. When adding -sya and -te after the hissing letter "b" is preserved. For example: cut, smear, fall in love.
The most common mistake with a soft sign in verbs is writing it between -t and -sya in different persons. If we write " to shave"(what to do? with a soft sign), then" shaves” (what does?) we write without b. The rule is simple: If the question is with “b” at the end, then we also write a soft sign between -t and -sya.”Remember that the letter T does not belong to hissing ones, so this rule is not entirely on the topic of the article.
We have looked at verbs. Let's move on to nouns!
Soft sign after hissing at the end of nouns
The rule is pretty simple:
“L after nouns hissing at the end is written ONLY if the noun is feminine singular!”
In all other cases b is NOT written after the hissing nouns at the end.
Let's look at examples.
With a soft sign after hissing:
Rye, night, lie, thing, daughter.
“The queen gave birth in the night to either a son or a daughter.” A.S. Pushkin.
The feminine singular can be determined by substituting the pronoun "my".
My daughter, my lie, my whim.
Without soft sign:
A doctor, a knife, a lot of clouds, a lot of pears, a brick, a kalach, a pug, Alexander Sergeevich.
As we can see, the soft sign is not written after singular masculine nouns, in plural nouns, at the end of masculine patronymics.
It is easier to remember when a soft sign in nouns is written than when it is not written 🙂.
Soft sign after adverbs hissing at the end
Here, too, everything is quite simple:
“L after adverbs hissing at the end is ALWAYS written, with the exception of adverbs: already, married, unbearable.”
Examples: away, completely, backhand, only, jump, wide open, backwards, exactly the same.
It is very important to understand what an adverb is, because a common mistake is to write a soft sign after a hiss in short adjectives.
Good, handsome, hot, powerful, smelly, etc. are written no soft sign.
How to distinguish a short adjective from an adverb?
The adverb answers the questions: Where? When? Where? Where? Why? What for? …and most often: How?
The adverb denotes a sign of action, that is, to refer to the verb. Gone away. Refused outright. Repeated exactly.
A short adjective answers the question: What? And denotes the attribute of the subject. That is, refer to the noun. The house is good. The shower is hot. Wind, wind, you are mighty ...
In addition to verbs, nouns, adverbs and short adjectives, b after sibilants is found in particles and pronouns. In them, most people write a soft sign intuitively correctly and remembering these cases, in our opinion, is not so important.
However, for reference:
In particles with hissing endings, a soft sign is always WRITTEN. These are particles: ouch, only, I mean, ouch.
Examples of using particles in sentences:
That is, it is. Look what you found. It's just thunder.
There are only two pronouns: OUR and YOUR. In them SOFT SIGN IS NOT WRITTEN.
Here, in fact, are all the main cases of using b after hissing.
To consolidate, we also bring to your attention a scheme that combines all of the above on writing a soft sign after hissing. 
If you have any questions about when it is written ь after hissing in nouns, verbs, adverbs or other parts of speech, be sure to write them in the comments.
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Spelling soft sign at the end of words after hissing
In Russian, at the end of words, sibilants (Ж, Ш, Ш and Ш) are possible in six parts of speech:
in nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (FAST),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).
Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.
1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign after hissing is placed only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns I and II declensions with a hissing at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Do not forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -IC are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RURIKOVICH, VOINOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is a short adjective, then after the hissing at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, POWERFUL).
3. Verbs with a hissing at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in an indefinite form). Please note that in verbs a soft sign may appear after the hissing and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -ТЕ, for example: BATH, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs, after hissing, a soft sign is always written (PUSH, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBELIEVABLE.
5. Pronouns with hissing at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOUR.
6. Always with a soft sign, particles are written SHOW, ONLY, BESH.
An exercise
We already knew this and did not prevent him from managing in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)
A skein of silk and thread hung around Petrovich's neck, and on his knees was some kind of veto sh_. (“Overcoat”, N. V. Gogol)
This is what h_-v-th_ how at first they took away and suspected these, how b sh_ them. Koch and Pestryakova. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Finally, the poor fellow, in a way, unbearable, decided to climb through by storm at all costs, you understand. (“Dead Souls”, N. V. Gogol)
This expression said that she had decided, without complaining, to endure her misfortune, and that her husband had a cross sent to her from God. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
The sun was just beginning to rise because of that h_; the air was fresh and dewy. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
And how do you think sh_, what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of people's misfortune! (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that he did not doubt it. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they took the groove, and the water could go wherever it wanted. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
They say that his mother was very pretty, and it seems strange to me why she married so unfortunately, for such an insignificant person. (“Poor people”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
I told him. Do not cry for me: I will try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I am a murderer. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The whole battle consisted only in what the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov did; the rest of Li sh_'s troops lost several hundred people in vain. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
It will fall on its own when it is ripe, but pick it up green, spoil the apple and the tree, and set it on edge itself. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
In a nutshell, Nikolai bought for six thousand hours seventeen stallions to select (as he said) for the casual end of his repair. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
On the other side of the fence the old man was whittling a hoop and did not see Levin. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)
Except for falsehood and lies, nothing could come out now; and false sh_ and lo j_ were contrary to his nature. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)
No one has declared war, but people sympathize with the suffering of their neighbors and wish to help them,” said Sergei Ivanovich. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)
And now in Moscow, where every meeting is in her heart, she lives for six months, every day waiting for a decision. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)
But the hour came - the mother blessed her until the hour and wished her a meek sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Liza slept very poorly. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)
But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation illuminated the darkness of her grief. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)
And there is one key, there are more than all of them, three times, with a notched beard, of course, not from a chest of drawers. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Don’t worry, I won’t give it to you, ”Usa said decisively and went after them. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
But as I leave, I dare say that in the future I hope to be spared such meetings and, so to speak, compromises. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The weeping of poor, consumptive, orphan Katerina Ivanovna seemed to produce a strong effect on the public. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Her pale yellow, withered face tossed backwards, her mouth opened, her legs stretched convulsively. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Dee h_! yelled Luzhin, enraged to the point of rage. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Marfa Terentievna did not let up, but more and more pestered the mayor: take Bonaparte out of the way, then in the end he was exhausted. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
Whatever fires out of a gun, it will shoot through the heart, whatever it waves with a saber, then the head is off the shoulder. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
Repeatedly made campaigns against the short-earners and was so eager to ripen sch_ that no one without himself
did not trust. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
"Enough! he said resolutely and solemnly, “about mirages, about feigned fears, about ghosts. "("Crime and Punishment", F. M. Dostoevsky)
It was thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up underfoot, that death would fly in from somewhere and swallow everything, all at once. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
He bargained with them for a long time, asking for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a grosh and their stomachs in addition. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
The exercise was prepared by N. Solovieva and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).
Soft sign at the end of nouns after hissing
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In this lesson, you will learn the rule for spelling a soft sign at the end of nouns in the initial form after the sibilant letters. Remember what kind of work a soft sign does. You can practice using a soft sign
In ancient times, some nouns had a b at the end after the hissing letters, while other nouns ended in b. Then b disappeared, and b remained.
In the lesson, you will learn which nouns have a soft sign at the end after the hissing letters.
We observe nouns with hissing letters at the end:
Grandpa had a wonderful pencil. He could draw a moonlit night and a sunbeam, golden rye and a delicate white lily of the valley. A wonderful thing!(According to M. Ilyin)
The nouns from these sentences were written in two columns. What do the words in each column have in common?
These are nouns in the initial form (form I.p., singular), ending in the letters of hissing [h ', sh, sh'].
What makes them different from the words in the other column?
In the first column of the word female, and in the second - male.
Let's find out what work b does after the letters of hissing consonants at the end of nouns in the initial form:
In Russian, b often does not mean the softness of consonants at all. Sometimes he just indicates the form of the word.
This work is done by b at the end of nouns in the initial form after the letters of hissing consonants. He reports: This is a feminine noun.
After the letters of nouns hissing at the end, ь is written only in feminine words. In masculine words, b is not written.
[h ', u ', w] 
Nouns in the initial form with hissing at the end always have an orthogram, because we choose whether to write b or not.
Let's discuss how to proceed:
How to act?
1. When you hear a hiss at the end of a word, recognize the part of speech.
2. If this is a noun in the initial form, determine the gender
3. If the word is feminine - b is written, masculine - b is not written.
If you don't know the gender of a noun, consult a dictionary.
hoop? - he, m.r., b is not written - hoop
bream? - he, m.r., b is not written - le
help? - she, female, at the end b - help
comrade? - he, m.r., b is not written - comrades
trifle? - she, female, at the end b - melo
bitter? - she, female, at the end of b - grief
The bream is a freshwater fish with a flat body.
We determine which words are written in the form of transcription:
What words are transcribed?
What spelling do you know at the end of words?
[dro w] [str'i w] [bro w] [pl'a w] [rόskash]
Spelling paired for deafness-voiced consonant.
[dro w] - drot, dro, she, f.r.
[str'i sh] - no stri, stri, he, m.r.
[bro w] - brochka, bro, she, f.r.
[pl’a w] - no beach, beach, he, m.r.
[rόskash] - (what?) luxurious, rόsko - she, zh.r., at the end b,
o - the letter of an unstressed vowel, w - the letter of a double consonant
We find words with spelling in poetic lines:
Determine which words have the spelling b after the letters hissing in nouns.
The old rook fell asleep in the nest.
His rook is sleeping...
You listen, as everywhere
Good and quiet.(E. Serova)
Who harms the trees?
Sharpens the tree bark beetle.
Heard the trees crying
He arrived at dawn
And tapped on the bark.(A. Chasovnikov)
pla - he, m.r., b is not written
vra - he, m.r., b is not written
I again dreamed of wilds,
The wilderness of deserts, the sunset is quiet.
Yellow lion sneaks up to zebra
Through grass and reeds.(V. Bryusov)
Russian speech is like music to me:
In it the word sounds, sings,
It breathes the Russian soul
Its creator, the people. (N. Brown)
glu - she, female, at the end b
ti - she, female, at the end b
kamy - he, m.r., b is not written
re - she, female, at the end b
In what fairy-tale words should a soft sign be placed after the hissing letter?
In what fairy tale words is it necessary (according to the rules of Russian spelling) to put a soft sign after the hissing letter?
Pyashlya kuzh ... Stormy poupolosh ... Meowing duch ...
Pyashlyaya (what?) kuzh (she, female, at the end of b).
Stormy (what?) poupolosh (he, m.r., b is not spelled).
Meow (what?) Duch (she, female, at the end of b).
We learn words by interpreting their meanings:
1. A person playing the violin - ...
2. Unsettled, uncultivated piece of land - ...
3. Influence, respect enjoyed by someone or something - ...
4. Thick opaque watercolor paint - ...
5. The number of published copies of a book, newspaper or magazine - ...
6. An old copper coin in half a penny - ...
1. violinist (he, m.r.)
2. empty (she, female)
3. presti (he, m.r.)
4. gua (she, female)
5. tira (he, m.r.)
6. gro (he, m.r.)
Zdorovyak - [crepes w], crepes, the letter of the double consonant w,
strong man, he, m.r., without b.
Strength - [mo sch '], mo-one, female, at the end b.
Young people - [young w], no young, the letter of the double consonant w,
young - she, female, at the end of b.
The call is [kli h'], he, m.r., kli, without b.
Nonsense, stupidity - [chu w], no chu, the letter of the double consonant sh,
chu - she, female, at the end b.
Spring - [key h ’], he, m.r., key, without b.
We solve spelling problems:
Remember the fairy tales of A. Pushkin and add nouns with letters of hissing consonants at the end.
You, ..., my savior, my mighty deliverer.
And the bridegroom was found by her, ... Elisha.
My golden cockerel will be true ... yours.
A fairy tale ... yes, there is a hint in it!
You, kings [h '], my savior, my mighty deliverer.
And the bridegroom was found by her, Queen [h’] Elisha.
My golden cockerel will be faithful to you.
Fairy tale lo [sh], but there is a hint in it!
kings - he, m.r., b is not written
queens - m.r., b is not written
side - m.r., b is not written, there is no side, the letter of the double consonant j
lo - she, female, at the end b, no l, the letter of the double consonant j
Guess the riddles and write the answers correctly.
Glad even for a bread crumb,
Because before dark
She hides in a burrow.
2. He eats firewood in winter and sleeps in summer.
We - she, f.r., at the end of b
Pe - she, female, at the end b
An interesting spelling task, how to write a word, with b or without?
Let's look at the dictionary.
Touch - a short solemn musical greeting.
Tu - he, m.r., b is not written.
Mascara - resistant paint for drawing, drawing, writing, cosmetic paint (mascara).
Tu - she, zh.r, at the end b.
Let's remember what kind of work a soft sign does:
Solve spelling problems. Write words with b in three columns:
denotes softness, helps to designate the sound [th '], indicates the form.
Beyond the river is the forest. Does it contain game?
Look into the syn? its lakes, cross the top?, bypass the sharp branches? How do the nightingales sing?
Build a hut ?, make a fire ?, fire? bread on rods? Listen to how sleepy trees creak, how an owl flies to hunt?
Di - she, female, at the end b, indicates the form of the word.
Sin - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
Swamp - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
Su - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Solo - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Shala - he, m.r., b is not written.
Fire - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
Fire - b denotes the softness of the consonant.
On pruh - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Dere - helps to designate the sound [th ']. Sy - he, m.r., b is not written.
The owl is a nocturnal bird of the owl order.
denotes softness helps to denote the sound [y’] indicates the form
blue bitch game
fire on the bars
Conclusion:
In the lesson, you learned that nouns in the initial form with hissing at the end always have a spelling, because we choose whether to write b or not.
After letters hissing at the end of nouns, b is written only in feminine words. In masculine words, b is not written.
Bibliography
Homework
Read the riddle. Write down the answer. Prove the correct spelling of words with hissing letters at the end.
The river grows reeds.
The baby lives in the reeds.
He has green skin
And with a green face. (P. Sinyavsky)
Midnight?, thing?, cloak?, help?, knife?, floor?, dry?, ruff?
The letter ь is written to denote the softness of a double consonant at the end of words, for example: dove, leave, notebook, dirt, pity, seven, horse, kitchens, apple trees, embankment, beast, paint, drink, shipyard.
Letter b , which ends the first part of a compound or compound word, is written to indicate the softness of a consonant before any letter, vowel or consonant, that begins the second part, for example: village executive committee, village council, salvage materials, bone salvage, robbery army, quarter-century, quarter-final, Dalenergo, Svyazinvest, Tyumen?nefte.
To indicate the softness of a paired consonant in front of consonants, the letter "b" is written in the following cases
1. After letter l before any consonant except l , for example: shooting, leonine, foil, ice floe, glide, a few, no whitewash, bedroom, carefully, scalpel, waltz, little coat, flatter, April, alpha, alder, mirror, boy, more, flattered .
Between two l a soft sign is not written, for example: goofy .
?sk? consonant l before the suffix - soft, so after l spelled b , for example: rural, Ural, Barnaul. However, in some adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names, a firm l, and therefore b not written, for example: Kyzyl, Yamal(along with options Kyzyl, Yamal).
2. After other consonants:
a) before letters that convey hard consonants, for example: carving, take, earlier, nanny, letter, request, very, induce, witch, wedding, darkness, threshing, pah;
In most adjectives with the suffix ?sk? consonants n and R before the suffix - solid, therefore b they do not include, for example: horse, Kazan, Tyumen, knightly, January, Jaeger. However, in the following adjectives, these consonants before the suffix ?sk? soft, in them after n and R spelled b : day?day, june, september, october, november, december, as well as in many adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names on uh, for example: Tien Shan, Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun, Sichuan, Tianjin. Nouns formed with the suffix ?c? from the same geographical names: Kazanians, Tyumen, but Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun etc.
b) before letters that convey soft consonants, b it is written only in those cases when, in other forms of the same word or in words with the same root, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant remains soft, for example: take(cf. I'll take), eight (eighth), witch (witch), in the darkness (dark), carving (thread), mowing (mowing), wedding (wedding), threshing (threshing), earrings (earrings), skates (skates), uncle (uncle).
3. In other cases, after the letter that conveys a soft consonant, b is not written, for example: unless, prisoner, gnaw, bones, carry, syndicate, review, early, pension, bow, if, song .
Letter b not written in consonant combinations LF, NS, in particular before suffixes ?chik, ?schik, ?chin(a), for example: nurse, dandelion, cup, tip, chick; bricklayer, bathhouse attendant, partisanship, Ryazan region.
The letter "b" as an indicator of grammatical form
Letter b written (regardless of pronunciation) in the following grammatical forms:
a) in complex numbers before ?ten and ?hundred: fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred;
In numerals fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen before ?eleven b is not written.
b) in the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) before? Xia (same as in the infinitive of verbs without ?Xia), for example: bathe, have, pour, split, put on shoes, wash, laugh;
in ) in the imperative mood of verbs before ?Xia and ?those(same as in forms without ?Xia and ?those), for example: set off, weigh yourself, back up, sit down, stand up, quit, meet, check ;
G) in the form of the instrumental plural of nouns , for example: people, horses, doors, children, as well as in the instrumental form of the numeral four .
After w, w, h, w letter b traditionally written in the following grammatical forms:
a) at the end of nominative/accusative singular feminine nouns of the 3rd declension , for example: rye, whim, mouse, falseness, night, trifle, thing, help;
b ) at the end of the 2nd person singular of present and future tense verbs (after w ), for example: carry, laugh, see, give, rush;
in) in imperative forms of verbs , for example:smear, eat, hide, cut, comfort, hide, don't wince;
G) in the indefinite form of verbs (after h ), for example: bake, cut, crush, get carried away, burn yourself .
The letter ь after hissing is also written at the end of adverbs and particles , for example: wide open, all the way, backhand, jump, back, unbearable, away, completely, you, only, you see, you see. Exceptions: letter b not written in adverbs married, unbearable, in a particle already, as well as in the preposition between .
The letter ь after hissing is not written at the end of the following grammatical forms:
a) nominative / accusative singular masculine nouns of the 2nd declension , for example: knife, ball, ladle, raincoat;
b) genitive plural of feminine nouns of the 1st declension , for example: puddles(from puddle), clouds, galoshes, groves ;
in) short forms of masculine adjectives , for example: fresh, good, good, poor.
Earlier, we learned to determine the conjugations of verbs by their personal endings. Let's talk in more detail about writing personal endings of verbs, as well as the use of a soft sign after hissing at the end of the verb.
Spelling of personal verb endings
FROM stressed endings of verbs all clear. The letter is under stress and is a test:
The words kip et , kip ish , track ish and so on - shock endings. They are spelled the way they are pronounced (heard).
AT unstressed verb endings spelling of letters e and and are determined by the indefinite form of these verbs:
Verbs ending in –it belong to II conjugation: remember it ,smooth it .
All other verbs belong to the I conjugation, namely the verbs in the indefinite form ending in
-at, -ot,
-yat, -yt
-et, -ut.
But there are verbs - exceptions related to the II conjugation, which must be remembered. The easiest way to remember them is with a rhyme:
Drive, hold, look and see
Breathe, hear, hate,
And depend, and twirl,
And hurt and endure
Do you remember friends
You can't hide them in -e.
Let's make a table of unstressed verb endings:
|
I conjugation |
II conjugation |
|
-e- -ut, -ut (in the 3rd person plural) |
-and- -at, -yat (in the 3rd person plural) |
2 verbs - exceptions to-it:
verbs in indefinite form,with endings in At, -ot, -ut,-yat, -et, -yt wash count etc . |
verbs in indefinite form –it
:
service it, crush etc. 7 verbs - exceptions to–et :
4 verbs - exceptions to –at:
|
There are different conjugated verbs, for example, the verbs - to run and want. Let's look at their endings:
I want uh, run
You want eat, run
he wants uh, running
We are hot im running
You are hot ite, run
They hot yat, run
In Russian, there are verbs that are not used in the 1st person singular.
For example, the verb win. Instead of the first person singular, they say:
I want to win or I will try to win .
So, in order to check the correct spelling of the ending of the verb, one should argue as follows:
1. Determine the ending of the verb (stressed or unstressed).
If shock, then this is the test. If unstressed, we argue further.
2. We put the verb in an indefinite form and check its ending:
If the verb ends in -it, then this is a verb of the II conjugation - we write in the ending -i, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write -at or –yat.
3. Check if the verb is included in the list of exceptions on –at and –et.
If included, then this is a verb of II conjugation, at the end we write -and:
hate et - hate - hate .
If it is not included, then this is a verb of the I conjugation, at the end we write –e, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write -ut or –ut.
For example:
Twist..sh.
This verb is in the future tense, in the 2nd person and in the singular:
- The ending is uneventful.
- In an indefinite form spin it- the ending –it- this is the II conjugation, at the end we write -and : swirl ish .
Depend..t.
This verb is in the present tense, in the 3rd person, plural:
- The ending is uneventful.
- In an indefinite form stuck et - the ending –et.
- The verb is included in the list of exceptions - this is the II conjugation, the verb is in the 3rd person, plural, ending -yat: stuck yat .
Spelling of a soft sign after hissing verbs in the endings
Verbs of the present and future tense in the 2nd person, in the singular ending in hissing –sh. In this case, after –sh soft sign is written:
beige ish, scream, sing .
The soft sign is written before -sya:
look oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh .
It should be remembered that for the use of a soft sign after hissing, it is possible not to determine the forms of verbs, since:
A soft sign after hissing verbs at the end is written ALWAYS, it is preserved before -sya and -those:
screaming
save - take care
cut - cut.
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