6 cities of Udmurtia. Udmurt republic
The capital is the city of Izhevsk. Official language- Udmurt, Russian.
Story
The first people settled here since the 8th or 9th millennium BC. Already around the 1st millennium, the appearance of the current indigenous population of the region - the Udmurts - began to take shape. Interestingly, they are direct relatives of the Finns, they belong to the same Finno-Ugric language family. In the mid-16th century, Udmurtia became part of Russia, coming under the rule of Tsar Ivan the Terrible along with the Kazan Khanate.
How Autonomous region Udmurtia began to exist after the revolution of 1917 by decision of the central executive committee. It received its current name - the Udmurt Republic - in 1991 along with perestroika. Its own constitution was adopted three years later, and in 2000 its own president was elected.
Souvenirs from Udmurtia
Of course, handicrafts: woven bags, tapestries, felt products, folk toys, carved wooden crafts, boxes, birch bark and trinkets made from Ural gems. Where to buy: large selection in Izhevsk National Center DPI and crafts, or during the Gerber holiday (June 20) in the so-called “city of craftsmen”.
Our dear, beloved, nourishing and delicious dumplings came to us from Udmurtia. The name comes from the word “pelnyan”, where “pel” means “ear” and “nyan” means “bread”, that is, bread ear.
Popular hotels in Udmurtia
Kitchen
Our dear, beloved, nourishing and delicious dumplings came to us from Udmurtia. The name comes from the word “pelnyan”, where “pel” means “ear” and “nyan” means “bread”, that is, bread ear. Needless to say, the dumplings here are cooked to perfection? In addition, it is worth trying the fluffy tabani yeast pancakes, which are baked in the oven; milk jelly zyret and perepechi (open cheesecake with meat, mushroom or vegetable filling), which are prepared only on holidays.
Cities of Udmurtia
Udmurtia includes 6 cities, including, in addition to Izhevsk, Votkinsk, Glazov, Sarapul, Mozhga and Kambarka, each with its own rich history and culture.
Sarapul
The most common interpretation of the name of this city is the phrase “sara pool” (“yellow fish”), meaning the sterlet that lives in Kama. But amazing feature Sarapul is not about fishing at all, but about architecture, which allows us to call it the “Udmurt Amsterdam”.
In Sarapul, an old fire tower has been preserved, from which the duty officers monitored order in the city. Moreover, it is one of the few in the entire Urals. According to eyewitnesses, even experienced rock climbers will not be able to climb it: a hidden camera is now watching from the top.
The dacha of the merchant Bashenin is rightly considered business card Sarapula. This man did a lot for the city as a manager, and now the decoration of his house illustrates the everyday life of a representative of the merchant class at that time.
Interesting thing: in Sarapul there is a monument to a steam locomotive. He stands at the station and talks about the heroism of the residents during the famine of 1919. And what exactly the feat was, you can find out by visiting this wonderful city.
Votkinsk
Votkinsk is truly the pearl of Udmurtia. Despite its relatively small size, it provided world fame republic. After all, it is here, in the Vyatka province Russian Empire, the future famous composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born and raised.
It is here that the only museum-estate of the great musician in Russia is located, which was previously the home of the Tchaikovsky family. After the revolution they could no longer live here, and the house in different time it was given over to a technical school, a school, or a club. To date, after the restoration, the staff, as far as possible, have restored the original furnishings in the rooms, as they presumably were during the composer’s lifetime.
The exhibition contains both authentic household items that belonged to Tchaikovsky and his family, as well as interior elements stylized for that time.
5 things you should definitely do in Udmurtia
- Visit the unique architectural and ethnographic museum-reserve under open air Ludorvai - there is nothing like this anywhere else.
- Visit the Buranovsky grandmothers and treat yourself to their baked goods.
- Find out the etymology of the word “dumpling”.
- Take a photo in front of the dumpling monument in Izhevsk.
- Learn a couple of expressions in Udmurt, then amaze your family.
Glazov
Continuing the theme of the genealogy of the great composer Tchaikovsky: his grandfather Pyotr Fedorovich was a mayor in Glazov. But even without such a connection to famous name the city has something to tell about itself.
The name of the city is telling: the city is planned in the shape of an eye. central square represents the pupil merchant houses around it are eyelids, and radially diverging into different sides from the center of the street - eyelashes.
Eyewitnesses say that from a bird's eye view the spectacle is simply unforgettable.
The architecture of the socio-cultural center “Russia” looks colorful - an example of the Empire style Stalin era. Some see a striking resemblance to the Moscow Exhibition of Economic Achievements. Today, exhibitions, concerts and installations are held inside. Among the interesting things in Sarapul, the traveler will come across a monument to vodka - a metal bottle dedicated to the centenary of the local distillery.
“Idnakar” is, in turn, the calling card of Glazov - a museum-reserve consisting of a settlement, which is located 4 kilometers from the city, and the museum itself.
Izhevsk
One can talk for a long time about the capital of the republic, like any capital. But we will have to limit ourselves to only a couple of words (the rest is on the page dedicated to Izhevsk). There is a smaller copy in the city Alexandrian pillar, and not a modern alteration, but an exactly restored artifact of the 19th century. The central district boasts a perfectly preserved example of architecture of terry, unadulterated classicism - the Arsenal building. About the embankment, like two peas in a pod similar to the one in Nice, and about younger brother St. Andrew's Cathedral in the city of Kronstadt and there is nothing to say. In a word, it’s worth coming and seeing everything for yourself.
In the Constitution of the Udmurt Republic, the terms “Udmurt Republic” and “Udmurtia” are equivalent, which is a violation of the Russian Constitution.
Popular names "Republic of Udmurtia", "Udmurtia", "Spring Region", "UR".
borders- in the west and north with the Kirov region, in the east - with the Perm Territory, in the south - with Bashkortostan and Tatarstan.
How public education, Udmurtia arose after the October Revolution. On November 4, 1920, V.I. Lenin signed a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on the formation of a number of new autonomous regions, which, in particular, stated:
Geographical data
The republic is located in the western part of the Middle Urals, in the basins of the Kama and Vyatka rivers. The territory consists of a number of hills and lowlands. The highest point is 332 meters, located in the northeast of the republic on the Verkhnekamsk Upland. The most low point Republic - 51 meters, in the southwestern part, almost on the border with the Republic of Tatarstan, in the floodplain of the Vyatka River.
Climate
The Udmurt Republic is located in an inland climate zone, which is characterized by hot summers and cold, snowy winters.
The average annual temperature in the republic ranges from 1.0 to 2.5 °C. Most warm month of the year - July (+17.5-19 °C), the coldest is January (-14-15 °C). Maximum temperatures reach +37-38 °C. The absolute minimum was recorded on December 31, 1978, when the temperature dropped below −50 °C. The period with an average daily temperature below 0 °C lasts 160-175 days, starting at the end of October and ending at the beginning of April.
The average annual precipitation is 500-600 mm. During the warm period (above 0 °C) 65-75% of the annual precipitation falls. The maximum precipitation occurs in July (62-74 mm), the minimum in February (24-32 mm). The northeastern part of the republic is moistened most by precipitation, the southwestern part is the least.
Stable snow cover forms in early to mid-November, and at the latest in early December. Its height reaches its maximum in mid-March, on average 50-60 cm. The average duration of snow cover is 160-175 days.
Minerals
Oil
The main subsoil resource of the republic is oil. Proven industrial oil reserves are approximately 300 million tons, with annual production of 10 million tons. In total, the state balance accounts for 114 oil fields, 72 of which are under development, and 32 are prepared for industrial development. The largest deposits are Chutyrsko-Kiongopskoye, Mishkinskoye, Gremikhinskoye, Elnikovskoye, Vyatskoye, Karsovaiskoye.
The Udmurt Republic belongs to the Volga-Ural oil and gas province. Oil exploration work on its territory began in 1945, and the first oil fields appeared in 1969. Currently, all large deposits have been developed for decades and are in the stage of declining production.
Peat
On the territory of the Udmurt Republic, 619 peat deposits have been identified and recorded general stock 204.7 million tons. There are 4 main peat extraction zones:
- Cheptsy basin (Yarsky, Glazovsky, Balezinsky, Kezky, Yukamensky, Debyossky, Krasnogorsky, Igrinsky and Sharkansky districts), the largest field is Dzyakino;
- Kilmezi basin (Seltinsky, Syumsinsky, Vavozhsky and Uvinsky districts), the largest deposits are Nyurdor-Kotya, Orlovskoye, Chibyashur;
- Prikamskaya lowland (Zavyalovsky, Votkinsky, Sarapulsky, Kiyasovsky, Kambarsky, Karakulinsky districts);
- The southwestern lowland part of the Udmurt Republic, the largest deposit is Karambay-Pychaskoye.
Coal
Brown and coals. The main coal-bearing areas are Kazakovsky (in the Alnashsky region) and Kambarsky, the coal-bearing layers of which lie at a depth of 1000-1500 m. Largest deposit- Golyushurminskoe
Solid non-metallic PI
In the depths of the republic there are also industrial reserves of limestone, dolomites, construction sand and crushed stone, clay for the production of bricks, building stone, sand and gravel mixture. At the beginning of 2009, the territorial balance of reserves of non-metallic minerals of the Udmurt Republic takes into account 369 deposits and 87 occurrences of minerals, including 433 areas - building materials.
Hydrography
Cheptsa River near Glazov
The territory of Udmurtia belongs to the Kama basin and has a dense, well-developed river network. Total length of all rivers in the republic is approximately 30 thousand km.
Both of the largest rivers of the Udmurt Republic - the Kama and Vyatka - have their sources in the north of the republic, but after a few kilometers they leave its territory. After traveling hundreds of kilometers, both rivers return to Udmurtia - in the southeast and southwest, respectively.
Most rivers of the Udmurt Republic are up to 10 km long. - their number exceeds 7000. The number of small rivers (from 10 to 100 km long) is 368, and medium (from 100 to 500 km) and large (more than 500 km) - 17. The largest rivers:
| River name | Length (km) | Basin area (km²) | Estuary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kama | 2032 | 522000 | Volga |
| Vyatka | 1370 | 129000 | Kama |
| Cap | 501 | 20400 | Vyatka |
| Kilmez | 270 | 17240 | Vyatka |
| Izh | 270 | 8510 | Kama |
| Siwa | 206 | 4870 | Kama |
| Vala | 196 | 7360 | Kilmez |
The rivers of the Udmurt Republic are predominantly fed by snow. The average time for freeze-up is mid-to-late November, and the average time for freeze-up to occur is mid-to-late April. The flood begins approximately in mid-April and lasts from 1 month (small rivers) to 40-45 days ( large rivers). Of the rivers, only the Kama and Vyatka are navigable.
There are more than 600 ponds on the territory of the republic, of which the largest are Izhevsky, Votkinsk, Kambarsky and Pudemsky. From the southeast and south, Udmurtia is washed by the Votkinsk and Nizhnekamsk reservoirs, formed on the Kama River as a result of the construction of hydroelectric dams.
Groundwater sources play an important role, thanks to a large number of which the Udmurt Republic received the unofficial name “Spring Land”. More than 60 million m³ are extracted from them annually for household, drinking, technical and agricultural needs.
Many underground water sources of the Udmurt Republic have mineral qualities and are used in medical and health institutions and bottled. The most significant mineral springs are Varzi-Yatchinsky (sulfate-calcium waters), Novo-Izhevsky, Kiznersky and Uvinsky (iodine-bromide waters).
Protection of Nature
The following have been created and operate on the territory of the Udmurt Republic:
- National Park "Nechkinsky", located on the coast of the Kama River;
- Natural Park "Sharkan" (Sharkansky district);
- Natural Park "Ust-Belsk" (Karakulinsky district);
- State Nature Reserve "Kokmansky";
- State natural botanical reserve "Andreevsky Pine Forest",
and some other reserves and specially protected natural areas and natural monuments.
Timezone
The Udmurt Republic is located in the MSK time zone - Moscow time, in which the time differs by +3 hours from UTC (UTC+3) in winter and by +4 hours from UTC (MSD = UTC+4) in summer. Chairman of the Government of Russia V.V. Putin signed Government Resolution No. 166 of March 17, 2010 “On the use of the second time zone on the territory of the Udmurt Republic.” Thus, since March 28, 2010, the Udmurt Republic lives according to Moscow time. To achieve this, residents of the republic did not set their clocks to daylight saving time.
Population
The population by 2009 was - &&&&&&&&01528500.&&&&&0 1,528,500 people (according to the 2002 census - 1,570,316). Population density - 36.3 people/km², specific gravity urban population - 67.8%.
National composition
Representatives of more than one hundred nationalities live in the republic. The border areas are characterized by a stripe of Udmurt and Russian villages; in the south they are supplemented by Mari and Chuvash ones, and in the area of the Cheptsa River - Tatars (Chepetsk Tatars). In the north of the republic, the Besermyans live compactly. Most representatives of other nations live mainly in cities.
Dynamics of change national composition population of the Udmurt Republic:
| People | , % | , % | , % | , % | , % | , % | , % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russians | 43,3 | 55,7 | 56,8 | 57,1 | 58,3 | 58,9 | 60,1 |
| Udmurts | 52,3 | 39,4 | 35,9 | 34,2 | 32,1 | 30,9 | 29,3 |
| Tatars | 2,8 | 3,3 | 5,3 | 6,1 | 6,6 | 6,9 | 6,9 |
Notes on the table:
- From 1939 to 1939, several areas with a predominant Russian population were additionally transferred to the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; as a result, the percentage of Udmurts in subsequent censuses decreased.
- For the 1926 census, the percentage of Udmurts (Votyaks) is indicated without taking into account the Besermyans, who were counted as a separate nation.
- For the census and 2002, the percentage of Tatars is indicated without taking into account the Kryashens, who were counted as a separate nation
Settlements
In total, as of 2008, in the Udmurt Republic there are 6 cities (including 5 republican subordination), 5 urban-type settlements and 2119 rural ones settlements.
| Settlements with a population of over 5 thousand people as of January 1, 2009 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Izhevsk | ▼ 611.0 | Yar | ▼ 6.9 |
| Sarapul | ▲ 98.8 | Yakshur-Bodya | 6,9 (2003) |
| Glazov | ▼ 97.1 | Malaya Purga | 6,9 (2003) |
| Votkinsk | ▼ 96.9 | Sharkan | 6,6 (2003) |
| Mozhga | ▲ 49.7 | Alnashi | 6,3 (2003) |
| A game | ▲ 22.3 | Sigaevo | 5,8 (2003) |
| Uva | ▼ 19.9 | Debuses | 5,8 (2003) |
| Balesino | ▼ 16.0 | New | ▲ 5.8 |
| Kambarka | ▼ 12.3 | Syumsi | 5,6 (2003) |
| Kez | 10,7 (2008) | Vavozh | 5,6 (2003) |
| Kizner | 9,1 (2008) | Selty | 5,6 (2003) |
| Zavyalovo | 7,5 (2003) | Karakulino | 5,1 (2003) |
Administrative division
The administrative-territorial division of the Udmurt Republic is determined by the constitution of the Udmurt Republic.
In total, in the Udmurt Republic there are currently 5 cities of republican subordination and 25 municipal districts.
Administrative regions
| № | Name district |
Administrative center |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alnashsky | Alnashi village |
| 2 | Balezinsky | Balezino village |
| 3 | Vavozhsky | village of Vavozh |
| 4 | Votkinsk | Votkinsk city |
| 5 | Glazovsky | Glazov city |
| 6 | Grakhovsky | village of Grakhovo |
| 7 | Debossky | Debyosy village |
| 8 | Zavyalovsky | village of Zavyalovo |
| 9 | Igrinsky | Igra village |
| 10 | Kambarsky | Kambarka city |
| 11 | Karakulinsky | village Karakulino |
| 12 | Kezsky | Kez village |
| 13 | Kiznersky | Kizner village |
| 14 | Kiyasovsky | village of Kiyasovo |
| 15 | Krasnogorsky | Krasnogorskoe village |
| 16 | Malopurginsky | Malaya Purga village |
| 17 | Mozhginsky | Mozhga city |
| 18 | Sarapulsky | village of Sigaevo |
| 19 | Seltinsky | Selty village |
| 20 | Syumsinsky | village of Syumsi |
| 21 | Uvinsky | Uva village |
| 22 | Sharkansky | Sharkan village |
| 23 | Yukamensky | Yukamenskoe village |
| 24 | Yakshur-Bodinsky | village Yakshur-Bodya |
| 25 | Yarsky | Yar village |
Economy
The Udmurt Republic is a republic with developed industry and diversified agricultural production. The republic has the highest concentration of defense enterprises in Russia. The republic has rich oil reserves; 10.2 million tons were produced in 2006, but there is no oil refining industry.
Industry
The main industries are mechanical engineering, metalworking, ferrous metallurgy and wood processing. The energy sector is represented by a complex of thermal power plants in Izhevsk, Sarapul, Votkinsk and Glazov, the largest of which is Izhevsk CHPP-2. Metallurgical production is concentrated in Izhevsk, foundry production - in Izhevsk and Votkinsk. The production of passenger cars and vans (closed), paper machines, motorcycles (closed), bearings (closed), equipment for oil fields, hunting and sporting rifles, chemical equipment (closed) is highlighted. Timber harvesting is carried out in the northern and western regions republics, wood is produced in the form of lumber, furniture and house-building structures are produced. A significant number of enterprises in the republic are associated with the military-industrial complex of Russia.
Agriculture
Agricultural lands occupy up to 50% of the territory of the republic. Livestock farming is dominated by cattle and pigs, sheep and poultry are raised. Rye, wheat, buckwheat, barley, oats, millet, peas, corn, sunflower, flax, rapeseed, potatoes, vegetables, and fodder crops are grown.
Transport
Automotive
Several roads pass through the territory of the republic. highways federal significance: P242 , , , P322 .
Air
Education
Since April 1, 2010, the Udmurt Republic has been participating in an experiment in teaching the course “
Udmurtia is a republic located on the territory Russian Federation, is its subject. It beckons with its endless expanses and beautiful landscapes. More than 1.5 million people live on its territory. The total area of the republic is 42.06 thousand square meters. km.
There are six cities in this territory. The main one is Izhevsk. Its population exceeds 640 thousand people. City status was granted in 1918. Votkinsk and Sarapul share the second place in population (about 99 thousand people). The third city in the republic is Glazov. Almost 95 thousand people live in it. In Mozhga the population does not exceed 50 thousand, and in Kambarka - 11 thousand.
Sarapul
The city of Sarapul is located on the Kama River, 60 kilometers southeast of Izhevsk. Known as a settlement since the 16th century due to the fact that the places in the Kama floodplain were chosen by fishermen. River sterlet was found here in abundance. Currently, almost 100 thousand people live in Sarapul, most of whom are employed at the city’s machine-building enterprises.
Some cities of Udmurtia, and this one is no exception, are connected by road to Izhevsk. Sarapul has Train Station, a direct road to Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk and other settlements in the south of Russia. Passing trains from Moscow run at least 3 times a day. There is a university in the city - a branch named after Kalashnikov.
Mozhga
The city of Mozhga (Udmurtia) is a populated area with a population of about 49 thousand. Half of them are Russians, 25% are Tatars, 15% are Udmurts. During times Soviet Union was known as the city that produced wooden rulers popular throughout the country for schoolchildren. Currently, the company assembles very competitive children's furniture.
Some cities of Udmurtia are equipped with transport lines connecting with other settlements in Russia. There are six bus routes, and a railway line connects the city with Kazan and Yekaterinburg.
Mozhga is famous for its ski school. Athletes from this city are multiple winners of regional championships, many of them are members of the national team, both main and youth.
Glazov
According to a beautiful legend, the outlines of the city from the very high point, Falcon Mountain, resemble the human eye. Thanks to this, other cities of Udmurtia lag behind in beauty from the one described.
Modern Glazov is a highly urbanized settlement with developed infrastructure. It is connected by a straight line by rail with Moscow, as well as with Perm. It is located 200 kilometers north of Izhevsk. City forming enterprise- Chepetsky mechanical plant, which is under the jurisdiction of the Rosatom Corporation, is an important link in the chain of nuclear fuel production. By volume economic production it is the second city in the republic, and the first in terms of GDP per capita (ahead of the regional capital).
Votkinsk
Being one of the oldest settlements in the Urals, the city itself was founded in the 18th century during the organization of an iron mining factory. Known as the birthplace of the composer P. I. Tchaikovsky. All cities of Udmurtia are popular thanks to their great people. Votkinsk Pond, which is now the site of festivals named after the great composer, served as the prototype for the pond in the ballet Swan Lake. The bandy club “Znamya-Udmurtia” represents the region in the Major League of the Russian Championship.
PRIVOLZHSKY federal district. Udmurt republic. Area 42.1 thousand sq. km. Formed on November 4, 1920.
Administrative center federal district - city of Izhevsk.
Udmurt republic- a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Volga Federal District, located in the western part of the Middle Urals, in the basins of the Kama and Vyatka rivers. The main rivers are the Kama and tributaries of the Vyatka (Cheptsa, Kilmez, etc.). Votkinsk reservoir.
Udmurt republic included in the Ural economic region. The main industries are mechanical engineering, metalworking, ferrous metallurgy and woodworking. The basis of the industry is made up of enterprises producing defense products - from small arms, including the legendary Kalashnikov assault rifles, to satellite systems and intercontinental missiles. Agricultural lands occupy up to 50% of the territory of the republic. Livestock farming is dominated by cattle and pigs, sheep and poultry are raised. Rye, wheat, buckwheat, barley, oats, millet, peas, corn, sunflower, flax, rapeseed, potatoes, vegetables, and fodder crops are grown. Basic Natural resources- timber and oil. The republic also has peat reserves, nitrogen-methane deposits, and produces quartz sand, clay, and limestone.
By the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on November 4, 1920, the Votsk Autonomous Region was formed.
By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR of January 1, 1932, the Votsk Autonomous Region was renamed the Udmurt Autonomous Region.
By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR of December 28, 1934, the Udmurt Autonomous Region was transformed into the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On October 11, 1991, the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became the Udmurt Republic.
On June 20, 1958, the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was awarded the Order of Lenin, a number of outstanding representatives of the republic were awarded the title of “Hero” socialist labor", other high state awards were presented.
In 1970, the republic was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.
And on December 20, 1972, she was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples; in honor of this, the “Friendship of Peoples” monument was opened in the city of Izhevsk, which is still the main memorable and visiting card of the capital of the Udmurt Republic.
Cities and regions of the Udmurt Republic.
Cities of the Udmurt Republic: Votkinsk, Glazov, Kambarka, Mozhga, Sarapul.
Urban districts of the Udmurt Republic:"City of Izhevsk"; "City of Votkinsk"; "City of Glazov"; "City of Mozhga"; "The city of Sarapul".
Municipal districts - Administrative center: Alnashsky district - village. Alnashi; Balezinsky district - village. Balesino; Vavozhsky district - village. Vavozh; Votkinsk district - Votkinsk; Glazovsky district - Glazov city; Grakhovsky district - village. Grahovo; Debyossky district - village. Debuses; Zavyalovsky district - village. Zavyalovo; Igrinsky district - urban-type settlement Igra; Kambarsky district - Kambarka; Karakulinsky district - village. Karakulino; Kezsky district - village. Kez; Kiznersky district - village. Kizner; Kiyasovsky district - village. Kiyasovo; Krasnogorsk district - village. Krasnogorskoe; Malopurginsky district - village. Malaya Purga; Mozhginsky district - Mozhga; Sarapul district - village. Sigaevo; Seltinsky district - village. Selty; Syumsinsky district - village. Syumsi; Uvinsky district - village. Uva; Sharkansky district - village. Sharkan; Yukamensky district - village. Yukamenskoe; Yakshur-Bodinsky district - village. Yakshur-Bodya; Yarsky district - village. Yar
Mikhail Lozinsky where he published
Functional linguistics The concept of functional linguistics
Preparation and use of aldehydes and ketones