North African countries. Algeria

Algeria, which coexists in close proximity with civilization.

Animal world

The most common representatives of wildlife in Algeria are wild boars, jackals and gazelles, foxes, jerboas, several types of small cats are also not uncommon here. and are extremely rare and on the verge of extinction.

The abundance of bird species make the country a haven for ornithologists. For those who prefer other animals, snakes, monitor lizards and many different reptiles can surprise you in the semi-arid regions of the country. Algeria is also home to many endangered species that are currently protected under Algerian law.

The most endangered species in the country is the serval, a beautiful wild cat that is larger than a domestic cat but smaller than a leopard or cheetah. Its head is slightly disproportionate to the body, small and with long, graceful ears. also has the longest legs relative to the body in the cat family, and its coloration is similar to that of a leopard. Some of these elegant animals are believed to still be found in the northern regions of Algeria.

Another beautiful creature endangered in Algeria is the monk seal. They live in caves and rock rapids along the Algerian coast and are rapidly declining due to overfishing and pollution. The monk seal has a low birth rate and usually produces only one pup. This means that attempts to increase the population of these seals are slow and difficult. In addition to the serval and the monk seal, Algerian wild dogs and representatives of the bat order are also listed as endangered.

Vegetable world

Algeria has a Mediterranean climate in the north and a Saharan climate in the south, which vegetable world country changes dramatically from north to south. In the north, you will find cedars, pines, rose hips, arbutus and several types of oaks such as cork oaks. The plateaus are covered with the herbaceous plant esparto, also called alpha, or feather grass, which is used in the production of ropes and espadrilles. On the territory of the Saharan Atlas, cypresses, turpentine trees, palm trees and strawberry trees grow. In the Sahara itself, mainly acacias and olive trees grow.

Algerian Wildlife Protection

Endangered species of flora and fauna are protected in 11 national parks and in a number of reserves in Algeria. Wildlife protection programs are not functioning properly, although there are several that have been in place for a long time. Some programs are not directly related to the protection of the Algerian wildlife, but are devoted to the breeding of domesticated wild felines and their reintroduction into nature. The focus is currently on , which is native to the region but has not been found in wild nature since 1922. Unfortunately, reintroduction attempts are no longer possible for some Algerian animals, such as the scimitar oryx and the dama gazelle, which have not been seen in the country for more than ten years.

Trees native to Algeria also need special protection. After centuries of deforestation, many ancient wooded areas have completely disappeared. There are still areas in the highlands where cork oak, pine and cedar grow, but large parts of the Sahara have been devoid of trees. AT national park Tassili N'Adjer - endangered plant species such as Saharan myrtle and cypress are protected by law. Some cypresses in this region are over a thousand years old.

Photo of the nature of Algeria

1. The thickness reaches 70 km, there are three layers: basalt, granite and sedimentary. What are we talking about? A) about the oceanic earth's crust; B) about the continental earth's crust; C) about the lithospheric plate.

2.Ancient mainland in southern hemisphere was called:

A) Laurasia;
B) Pangea;
B) Gondwana.

3. The speed of movement of lithospheric plates: A) 1-2 cm; B) 1-10 cm; C) 15-20 cm per year.
4. Border areas between lithospheric plates called:

A) seismic belts;
B) faults;
B) tiles.

5. Vast plains on earth correspond to:

A) folded belts;
B) platforms;
B) depressions.

6. What forces create ravines on Earth, river valleys, dunes, hills:

A) internal
B) external.

7.Most of short-wave cosmic radiation, destructive to all living things, does not pass through the atmosphere: A) carbon dioxide; B) ozone layer; B) water vapor.
8. Constant winds on Earth arise: A) due to belts with different atmospheric pressure;
B) due to the difference in temperature in the upper atmosphere; B) cold air.
9. They occupy a vast territory, retain their properties for a long time and determine the weather of those places where they come: A) high pressure zone; B) air mass;
B) underlying surface.

10. What climate zone do they come to in summer air masses from the equatorial, and in winter - from the tropical zone? A) subequatorial; B) equatorial; B) tropical.
11. Throughout the year, the same air masses dominate here, all 4 seasons are clearly manifested: A) the subarctic zone; B) temperate zone;
B) sub tropical belt.
12. They are equatorial, tropical, surface, deep, coastal, etc. What it is? A) nekton B) water masses; B) ocean currents.
13. What pattern is subject to the movement of ocean currents in the northern hemisphere:

A) clockwise

14. Organisms unable to resist the movement of water:

A) benthos;
B) nekton;
B) plankton.

15. Plot earth's surface, within which all components of nature are interconnected, interdependent and interpenetrate each other:

A) natural area;
B) high-altitude zone;
C) natural complex.

Grade 7 Topic: "The main features of the nature of the Earth" 2 var. FULL NAME_______________
1.Single ancient mainland was called: A) Laurasia; B) Pangea; B) Gondwana.
2. At the base modern continents lie: A) platforms; B) folded belts;
B) seismic belts.
3.Protrusions of the continents and oceanic depressions are formed due to:

BUT) external forces;
B) internal forces;
B) weathering.

4. The air temperature on earth is distributed due to: A) the distribution of belts atmospheric pressure; B) geographical latitude; C) downward movement of air.
5. What determines the distribution of precipitation on Earth: A) on atmospheric pressure belts;
B) from geographical latitude; C) from constant winds.
6. Trade winds are winds:
A) western latitudes; B) high latitudes; C) winds blowing towards the equator.
7. In which zone do air masses come from the tropical in summer, and from the temperate in winter?

A) equatorial;
B) subtropical;
B) tropical.

8. All year round it's hot and humid here, because dominated by the same air masses:
A) the equatorial belt; B) subequatorial belt; B) tropical zone.
9. Their formation is associated with constant winds and the deflecting force of the Earth's rotation around its axis:

A) ebbs and flows
B) wind waves;
B) ocean currents.

10. What regularity is subject to the movement of ocean currents in the southern hemisphere:

A) clockwise
B) counterclockwise.

11. Organisms actively moving in water: A) nekton; B) benthos; B) plankton.
12. Main mechanism geographical envelope: A) influence on her solar energy;
B) the cycle of energy and substances; C) matter is in 3 states.
13.. The Gulf Stream affects the climate of Europe:

A) cooling
B) warming;
B) neutral.

14. The change of natural zones in the mountains is called:
A) natural zonality; B) latitudinal zonality

Most of it is located in extremely hot and arid climatic conditions. In this article, we will talk in detail about the climate, relief features and minerals of the country.

Algiers: general geographical information

Algerian Folk Democratic Republic- one of the countries North Africa, which has a wide outlet to the Mediterranean Sea (length coastline- almost 1000 km). The total area of ​​Algeria is 2.38 million square meters. km. Thus, this is the most big state on the continent.

More than 80% of the area of ​​Algeria is occupied by the largest desert on the planet - the Sahara. Therefore, it is not surprising that the vast majority of the inhabitants of this country (at least 90%) are concentrated on a narrow strip of the sea coast.

The climate in most of Algeria is tropical desert (in far north- marine subtropical). Summer in this country is very hot and dry. In the Sahara, the air temperature can warm up to +50 degrees during the day. The average annual rainfall varies from 20 mm in the desert to 1200 mm in the mountains. Small rivers with a constant flow are only in the north of the country. They originate in the Atlas Mountains and carry their waters to the Mediterranean Sea.

Relief and minerals of Algeria (briefly)

As mentioned above, 4/5 of the territory of Algeria is occupied by the Sahara desert. Here it is not homogeneous and consists of separate massifs - stony and sandy. In the southeastern part of the Algerian Sahara, an elevated region stands out - the Ahaggar Highlands. This is nothing more than the emergence of the ancient foundation of the Sahara platform, whose age is estimated by geologists at 2 billion years. From almost all sides, the highlands are surrounded by rocky plateaus, which bring some variety to the rather “boring” Saharan landscape (Tanezruft, Tademait, Tassilin-Adjer and others).

In the north of the country, two ridges of the Atlas Mountains stretched parallel to each other along the coast - the Saharan Atlas and the Tel Atlas. Between them are raised structures - High Plateaus. The Atlas is a geological structure of Alpine age. In other words, these mountains are still forming today. Therefore, these areas are characterized by frequent earthquakes, from which many residents of Algeria suffer.

The relief and minerals, as is known, are closely connected with the tectonic and geological structure territory. In geological terms, the territory of the country is clearly divided into two regions - the platform Sahara (in the south and in the center) and the folded Atlas (in the far north). Deposits of fuel resources are confined to the first, and deposits of ore minerals and construction raw materials are confined to the second.

Are there many minerals in Algeria? In the bowels of this country lie oil and gas, ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as a variety of building materials.

Atlas Mountains

The name of the mountain system, as you probably already guessed, comes from the name of a mythological character holding on his mighty shoulders vault of heaven. Apparently, the ancient Greeks, admiring these high and rocky ridges, really thought that they "propped up the sky." A similar identification, by the way, is found in Ovid and Herodotus.

Atlas is the largest mountain system in Africa. It stretches through three states - Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Total length- over 2000 km. Within Algeria, the mountain system is represented by two parallel ranges (Saharan Atlas and Tel Atlas). The plateaus located between them are dissected by deep gorges. By the way, it is in the mountains and foothills of the Atlas that the richest deposits of phosphorites are concentrated - one of the key minerals of Algeria.

It is curious that the highest point of Algeria is not at all in the Atlas mountains, but within the Ahaggar highlands.

Ahaggar Highlands

Ahaggar is a highland in the southeastern part of Algeria. It covers an area of ​​50 thousand square kilometers and consists mainly of volcanic rocks. The climate in the highlands is the driest in the entire Sahara. In summer it is extremely hot here, but in winter the air temperature can drop below zero. Within the highlands is the national park of the same name.

The indigenous people of the Ahaggar Highlands are the Tuareg (a people from the Berber group). For two centuries (from 1750 to 1977) they even had their own state - Kel-Ahaggar. At the end of the twentieth century, it became part of Algeria.

Tassilin-Adjer Plateau

This plateau is located south of the Ahaggar highlands, near the border with Niger. Its diameter is about 500 km, the most high point- Mount Azao (2158 meters). The plateau is composed of sandstones, in the thickness of which, as a result of erosion processes, stone pillars, arches and other objects of bizarre shapes were formed. The name "Tassilin-Adjer" literally translates as "plateau of rivers". Once upon a time, the massif was indeed covered with a dense network of watercourses. But then the climate changed, and only dried up channels remained from them, in which water appears extremely rarely.

Numerous petroglyphs have been discovered on this plateau. Some of them scientists date back to the 7th millennium BC. These drawings show scenes of hunting wild animals. Moreover, animals (rhinos, antelopes, buffaloes) are depicted incredibly realistically. Thanks to these findings, part of the territory of the Tassilin-Adjer plateau was included in 1982 on the UNESCO Protected List.

The highest and lowest points of Algeria

The highest point of the country is in the Ahaggar Highlands. This is Mount Tahat with a height of 3003 meters (according to other sources - 2918 m). The summit was first conquered by Swiss climber Edward Wyss-Dunant back in the 30s of the last century. By the way, ancient rock paintings dating back to the period between the eighth and second millennium BC were also found at the foot of the mountain.

The lowest point in Algiers is located in the north of the country. This is a salty and partially dry lake Melgir. Altitude this point ranges from 26 to 40 meters with a minus sign (depending on the water level in the lake). At maximum filling, the diameter of the reservoir reaches 130 kilometers. In summer, Melgir often dries up, turning into a typical salt marsh.

Cave of Anu Ifflis

In the foothills of Tel Atlas is the vertical cave of Anu Ifflis, which is the deepest not only in Algeria, but throughout Africa. "Leopard Cave" - ​​this is how its name is translated from French. The depth of the karst cavity reaches 1170 meters. The cave was discovered only in 1980 by a group of French and Spanish speleologists. To date, it has been little studied. At a depth of 200-500 meters, the walls of the cave are covered with thin veins of gold ores. This pattern is very reminiscent of a spotted leopard skin (hence the name of the cave).

Geography and structure of the country's mineral resources

Algeria occupies the first place in terms of total and explored mineral reserves in North Africa. The mineral resources of the country include fuel, ore and non-metallic resources. These include oil, natural gas, coal, iron and manganese ore, uranium, copper, phosphorites and others.

Mineral resources of Algeria are distributed over its territory rather unevenly. Their main deposits are concentrated in three regions. Significant reserves are concentrated in the mountains and foothills of the Atlas iron ore, phosphorites and barites. The second region is a plateau in the western part of the country, where significant deposits of iron ore are located. Finally, in the south, the minerals of Algeria are represented by non-ferrous (including precious) metals. Diamond deposits have also been discovered within the Ahaggar Highlands.

Algeria's top ten minerals (by proven reserves) are as follows:

1. Barite (6700 thousand tons).
2. Natural gas (3950 billion cubic meters).
3. Oil (1900 million tons).
4. Iron ore (1535 million tons).
5. Zinc (890 thousand tons).
6. Lead (500 thousand tons).
7. Phosphorites (150 million tons).
8. Hard coal (66 million tons).
9. Copper (160 thousand tons).
10. Marble (24 million cubic meters).

The total reserves of gold and silver are estimated by geologists at 30 and 700 tons, respectively.

What minerals are being developed most actively in Algeria today? We will talk about this further.

Oil and gas

Among the minerals of Algeria special place takes oil. How important it is for the Algerian economy is eloquently evidenced by one fact: 98% of the country's exports fall precisely on the hydrocarbon sector. The oil industry is the main driver of Algeria's economic growth. At the same time, huge foreign investments are pouring into the oil and gas industry of the state, which only creates prerequisites for a further increase in the production of “black gold”.

According to the Oil and Gas magazine for 2007, there are about 12 billion barrels of oil in the subsoil of Algeria, which brings it to the third position in Africa. Most of these reserves are contained in the Hassi Mesaud deposit. Algerian crude oil is considered one of the highest quality in the world. In particular, it complies with all stringent EU standards regarding the sulfur content of fuels.

By reserves natural gas Algeria ranks second in Africa (after Nigeria). By this " gas giant"is the Hassi-R'Melle deposit, which was discovered in the middle of the twentieth century. It accounts for a quarter of the production of this fuel resource in the country. In total, there are 183 oil and gas fields in Algeria. Almost all of them are located in the northeastern part of the Sahara.

metal ores

Algeria ranks second among all African countries in terms of iron ore, mercury and antimony reserves, 4th in uranium and zinc reserves, and 1st in tungsten ore reserves. The iron ore found in the bowels of this country is not of such high quality (ferrum content is in the range of 40-55%). However, its deposits are very numerous.

The main reserves of polymetallic ores (lead and zinc) are concentrated in the north of Algeria. There are hydrothermal uranium deposits within the Ahaggar Highlands. To thermal springs mercury deposits are also dated. Most large deposit cinnabar in Algeria - Mra-S'Ma.

There is also gold in the bowels of this North African country. The most valuable metal lies mainly in the south of Algeria, on Ahaggar.

Phosphorites and barites

Phosphorites are another mineral wealth Algeria. In terms of its reserves, the country ranks 5th on the continent. Phosphorite deposits are located in the north of the country and are associated with carbonate and clay deposits of the Upper Cretaceous. The largest of them are Mzaita, El Kuif and Jebelyonk.

Algeria ranks second in Africa in terms of reserves of barite, a crystalline mineral that is widely used in the chemical, oil and paint industries. It also occurs in the northern part of the country. So, general reserves only one Algerian Mizab deposit is estimated at more than two million tons of barite.

In addition to all of the above, quite rich deposits of pyrites, celestite, rock salt. It is considered promising to study the Algerian subsoil in order to search for new deposits of copper, molybdenum, tungsten and manganese ores.

Finally

The largest country in Africa is extremely rich in mineral resources. The main minerals of Algeria are oil, gas, iron and zinc ores, phosphorites, barites, coal, marble. In terms of oil reserves, the state ranks third in Africa, second only to Nigeria and Libya.

The relief of Algeria is quite diverse. In the north of the country rise mountain ranges Atlas, southern and central regions occupied by uplands and plateaus. More than 80% of the territory of Algeria is covered with sandy and rocky massifs of the Sahara desert.

Give a description of the country according to the plan, show economic activity population.

Develop the ability to establish cause and effect relationships.

Bring up humanistic attitude to the peoples of the world.

Lesson objectives:

• Improve the ability to work with atlas maps, textbook text, make tables.
• To ensure the development of abilities for evaluative actions, to express judgments.
• Develop the ability to work in a team; develop mutual assistance.

Equipment : physical map world, political map of Africa, illustrations, tables, educational pictures, textbook, notebook, workbook, atlas, universal encyclopedia for youth (countries and peoples), geographical atlas of the world, multimedia technologies (technical equipment).

Forms of work : group with elements of a role-playing game.

Lesson type : for didactic purposes - the study of new material; on teaching methods - role-playing game.

Lesson plan:

1. Organization of the lesson.

2. Actualization of students' knowledge. Statement of educational tasks. Exploring a new topic.

3. The work of students in groups. Results of work in tables. Student responses.

4. The result of the lesson. Evaluation of student responses. Achievement of the goal.

5. The practical part of the lesson.

Completing the task in the workbooks on page 43.

6. Homework.

The course and content of the lesson.

1. Stage - organizational.

Greetings. Ready for the lesson. Mark absentees in the journal.

2. Stage - updating the knowledge of students.

Teacher. We continue to study the mainland Africa. Africa is the ancestral home of man. The most ancient remains of human ancestors and tools of his labor were found in rocks that are 27 million years old. Guys, let's update our knowledge.

Question #1 What are the geographic coordinates of a point on the earth's surface?

Answer: Latitude and longitude are geographic coordinates of a point on the earth's surface.

Question number 2 Define the concept of "geographical location".

Answer: The geographical position is the position of any point or object on the earth's surface in relation to other points or territories.

Question number 3 In what climatic zones is mainland Africa?

Answer: Africa is located in the equatorial, subequatorial, tropical and subtropical climatic zones.

Question number 4 Name the largest countries in terms of area.

Answer: Russia, China, Brazil, USA, Canada.

Teacher: According to natural conditions, the composition of the population, Africa can be divided into four parts: North, West and Central, East and South.

Lesson topic: “Countries of North Africa. Algeria".

The purpose of the lesson : characterize the country according to the plan, show the economic activity of the population. (students write the date, the topic of the lesson in their notebooks).

3. Stage - a group form of work.

Teacher: Guys, today we work in groups. To compile the characteristics of the country, a standard plan is used (textbook - p. 313).

The template is displayed on the screen. ( Appendix 1)

The questions of the plan are reflected in the tables presented to each member of the group. The groups have three questions each, including evaluation sheets (Appendix 2), the organizer is determined, who distributes questions, hears, evaluates the answers.

You work with atlas maps, which provide 80% of the information, with the text of the §31 textbook and additional literature. The results of the work are entered in the table.

The fourth group will prepare additional information about Algeria.

Groups begin to work, the time allotted for the tasks is 10 minutes.

Upon completion of the work, the groups give a description of the country according to the plan.

(In the course of characterization, each of the groups enters the results of the other group into the table).

Description of the country according to the plan.

1. What maps should be used when describing a country?

The physical map of Africa, the climatic map of Africa, the map of the natural zones of Africa, the political map of Africa.

2. In what part of the mainland is the country located? What is the name of its capital?

Algiers is located in northwestern Africa. This is one of the major developing states of the mainland, freed from colonial dependence.

The capital of the country is Algeria, geographic coordinates are 37 degrees north latitude. and 3 degrees east

3. Features of the relief (general nature of the surface, the main forms of relief and the distribution of heights). Minerals.

Due to the large extent from north to south, in Algeria, Northern Algeria and the Algerian Sahara are distinguished.

The Atlas Mountains amaze with their beauty. The ridges, rising up, end with sharp peaks with sheer cliffs.

Two main mountain ranges stretch along the coast - the Tell Atlas and the Saharan Atlas.

The highest peak - Shelia(2328 m) in the Ores mountains. Big southern part country is an elevated plain, and highlands rise in the east Ahaggar. Most of the surface of the Algerian Sahara is rocky; and only on separate sections there are sands. The bowels of Algeria contain large reserves of fuel minerals – oil and gas, ore - iron and polymetallic, chemical - phosphorites.

Cast iron and steel are smelted from iron ores, non-ferrous metals are smelted from polymetallic ores, mineral fertilizers are smelted from phosphorites.

4. Climatic conditions in different parts of the country(climatic zones, average temperatures in July and January, annual precipitation). Differences by territory and by seasons.

Climatic zones - subtropical, tropical. The climate of the coast is subtropical, Mediterranean.

The subtropical climate is characterized by dry, hot summers and warm, wet winters.

Northern part of Algeria: average temperature: January +8 degrees C, July +32 degrees C, average annual precipitation in millimeters -100–1000.

Southern part of Algeria: average temperature: January +16 degrees C, July +32 degrees C, the average annual rainfall is less than 100 mm. The reasons are the geographical latitude, the influence of the oceans and seas, the relief features, the prevailing air masses.

5. major rivers and lakes.

There are almost no surface water and only one river flows Shelf.

Large reserves are concentrated in the Algerian Sahara groundwater. Sometimes they come to the surface in the form of springs.

6. natural areas and their main features.

Northern Algeria occupies a zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs, which includes the northern part of the Atlas Mountains and the adjacent coastal plain.

In this zone there is a lot of heat and sufficient moisture. So natural conditions this part of Northern Algeria is most favorable for human life and agriculture.

Once Diverse animal world the country is now greatly impoverished; lions, leopards, ostriches, cormorants and some other animals and birds have been rapaciously exterminated. Monkeys, hares, jackals, hyenas have been preserved in Algeria. There are many migratory birds on the lakes. Numerous reptiles: snakes, lizards, monitor lizards.

7. The peoples inhabiting the country. Their main activities.

Indigenous The population of the country is Algerians, consisting of Arabs and Berbers. The nomadic population of the Algerian Sahara is represented by tribes Tuareg. They inhabit the harshest parts of the desert and the Ahaggar Highlands. Rectangular dwellings are being built in rural areas. They have flat roofs and flat courtyards. Walls without windows face the street.

Algerians are mainly engaged in animal husbandry - they breed sheep, goats and camels. Agriculture is possible only in the oases, where the Algerians grow date palms, and under their crown - fruit trees and crops.

Pottery is represented by the manufacture of carpets, woolen and silk fabrics, as well as the processing of alpha grass, from which mats, baskets and ropes are woven.

The fourth group gives additional information about Algeria.

4. Stage of the lesson - summing up.

Final questions:

1. How do you think, what is the significance for Algeria of access to mediterranean sea?
2. What are the features of the nature of Algeria?
3. Which places in Algeria would you like to travel to and why?

Algeria is an agricultural and industrial country. One of largest countries North Africa. It ranks first in natural gas reserves, mercury and tungsten ores and third in oil reserves.

All types of land transport, as well as air and sea, operate in the country. Algeria is the main exporter of oil and natural gas to Europe, which contributes to the country's entry into the world economic level.

(The use of multimedia technologies, fragments of the natural features of the country are shown on the screen).

Evaluation of student responses.

5. Stage of the lesson - practical part lesson.

Students completing assignments in workbooks on page 43.

1. In contour maps sign the name of the country Algeria, its capital.
2. Sign the names of the countries with which Algeria borders.

(Grading in the diaries).

6. Homework: § 31, questions after § 31.

THANKS FOR THE LESSON, FOR COOPERATION.