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Nahuatl, Nahua, the language of the Aztec people (See Aztecs) , which is spoken by about 800 thousand people. (1969, estimate). Belongs to the Uto-Aztecan group of languages. Distributed in Mexico, presumably from the 6th century BC. (associated with the emergence of the Nahua tribe). In the 14-16 centuries. - the language of the Aztec civilization with the beginnings of writing (pictography with elements of hieroglyphics), in the 16-18 centuries. - the language of Christian and secular literature with Latin graphics. For classical A. I. 15th-17th centuries and a number of modern dialects are characterized by the lateral affricate tl, glottal stop, rounded k w . Inflection is carried out by suffixes, prefixes and doubling the initial syllable. The name distinguishes between the unmarked form (with suffixes -tli, -tl, -n, etc.), plural, distribution (for many single items), possessive forms (no-siw̅-w "my wife" from siw

Lit.: Simeon R., Dictionnaire de la langue nahuati, ou mexicaine, P., 1885; Swadesh M. y Sancho M., Los mil elementos del mexicano clasico, Mexico, 1966. .

A. B. Dolgopolsky.

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The Aztec language (Nahuatl) belongs to the Tano-Aztec family of Indian languages. It is spoken by about 800 thousand people. (1969, estimate). Distributed in Mexico, presumably from the 6th century BC. (associated with the emergence of the Nahua tribe). In the 14-16 centuries. - the language of the Aztec civilization with the beginnings of writing (pictography with elements of hieroglyphics), in the 16-18 centuries. - the language of Christian and secular literature with Latin graphics. For classical A. Ya. 15th-17th centuries and a number of modern dialects are characterized by the lateral affricate tl, glottal stop', rounded kw. The phonological system of the Aztec language reveals the features of the so-called Pacific type: vocalism is relatively poorly developed, consonantism is characterized by the opposition of non-labialized-labialized back, the presence of affricates and glottal stop. The Aztec language has the richest series of plosive consonants in the Uto-Aztec family.

Agglutinative synthetic language, moderate polysyntheticism. A number of affixes join with a change in sounds at the junction of morphemes. Inflection is carried out by suffixes, prefixes and doubling the initial syllable. The syntax is nominative. The name distinguishes between the unmarked form (with suffixes -tli, -tl, -n, etc.), plural, distribution (for many single items), possessive forms (no-siwa-w "my wife" from siwa-tl "wife "). Postsyllables are widely used to express spatial and temporal relations. The verb has subject and object prefixes. In the system of morphology there are special respectful forms (i.e., forms of social orientation). Developed vocabulary.

The modern Aztec language has been heavily influenced by Spanish, especially in vocabulary. The Aztec language is used in elementary school, textbooks, special literature for reading (readers, collections of folklore) are published in it.

• # word boundary
• — affix border
• : two dots next to the letter (hua:n) indicate the longitude
• C consonant
• DO direct object
• IO indirect complement
• k sound k, written c or qu.
• kw kw sound, written cu or uc
• R the first syllable is reduplicated (and the vowel is lengthened) in the plural. (e.g. pilli pl. R-tin means that the plural of pilli would be pi:piltin)
• s sound s, written z or c
• V vowel
• V1, V2, V3, V4 class 1, 2, 3 or 4 verbs
• Vb verb
• Vi intransitive verb
• VR reflexive verb
• Vt transitive verb
• Vtt two-objective verb
• w w sound, written hu or uh

(Nahuatl) - refers to the Tano-Aztec family of Indian languages. In the 14-16 centuries. pictographic writing, from the 16th century. - based on Latin graphics.

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Aztecs, Mayans, Incas. Great Kingdoms of Ancient America Hagen Victor von

Language

The Aztecs spoke the Nahuatl language (pronounced "na-wa-tl").

They did not invent it, did not improve it, since the Toltecs, Chichimeks and many other tribes already spoke this language. But Nahuatl became the language of the empire of communication in Mexico and Central America (just as the Quechua language became the language of the Incas in Peru) after the conquest of certain regions by the Aztecs and thanks to the Aztec merchants, that is, trade with other regions. And when later this language was brought to the Spanish orthography, it received its further development thanks to the church, which used it to translate the foundations of the Christian faith in the form of questions and answers and other religious books, thus expanding the scope of its application.

Nahuatl is part of the Nahua group, one of the eight language groups of the Uto-Aztecan language system. It, especially the language of the Aztecs, has undergone more detailed study than "any other group of languages ​​in the Americas." This was done mainly thanks to the late B.L. Horf, who was not a professional. The Nahuatl language is related to some of the languages ​​​​of the Indians who lived in the southwest of the mainland (Pima, Shoshone, Sonora tribes), which is why some believe that the Aztecs were a warlike tribe of people from this region. There are 700 languages ​​in Mexico; the Nahuatl language, whose distribution area was limited to the central plateau, but was expanded after the conquests of the Aztecs, belongs to one of the five large groups that make up the Penuti macrofamily of languages. Its study is very limited, and people who study it use technical terms among themselves and in their publications that are never used in normal communication. If a non-specialist happens to read a work on the "Origin of the suffix - aphids in the language of the Aztecs" (this suffix the reader will often meet on the pages of this book), he will be just as confused as Alice in Wonderland when she saw the smile of the Cheshire Cat.

Nahuatl is a living language. Thousands of people still speak it, books have been written in it and there are musical recordings; some prominent scientists in Mexico speak it; it is very lively and plastic, which will be seen when considering the classification of wild plants of the Aztecs (see the section "Medicinal plants"). This language was as complex as the ideographic writing of the Aztecs; it was possible to express strong feelings and write poetry on it. And although the first Spaniards considered the suffix - aphids confusing, experts in the 16th century who mastered this language found it clear and harmonious, with a considerable vocabulary.

And although there is no space here to discuss the grammar of the Aztec language, we noted that it contained all of what one author called "linguistic table manners." Our modern grammar took shape shortly before the beginning of the Reformation; before that there had been a lively indifference to syntax and spelling. Therefore, it is so surprising to find any people, such as the American Indians, living so far from the network of communications of the Old World, who created a language with such complex grammar. It featured derivatives and splices "arising from context, and pronunciation without regard to meaning"; the natural result of this was agglutination. It is not known what the Aztecs added to their inherited Nahuatl language, but nevertheless this addition was probably significant, because as a result of their conquest wars, a flood of new things entered the Aztec world, and they must have had some then a tough grammar to accept them into your language with the help of personal and tense endings. One of the first books published in Mexico (in 1555) was a dictionary compiled by Motolinia. Grammars, catechisms, transpositions of texts from the ideographic language of Nahuatl into Spanish orthography followed century after century, until now they are not enough for a serious study of "Aztec literature."

Aztec speech maseually was as earthy as the speech of a man from a plow anywhere else; practical and casual in conversation, he built his speech, which grew out of necessity, which is a living morphology of any language. Ordinary people did not attach much importance to suffixes, endings of person, number, case and gender; but in schools calmecac Mexico City-Tenochtitlan, where they were taught to speak Nahuatl correctly, corrected speech errors and expanded vocabulary so that dignitaries could properly speak with the gods or impress visiting leaders; the Nahuatl language was carefully studied here. That's how it should have been. Those informants who, together with the first Spaniards, were engaged in writing down various texts in the Nahuatl language, knew grammar of your language. This example will suffice: when, in 1529, Sahagún began to record the surviving tales of the Aztecs, he, using his own orthography, wrote in Nahuatl about the sun, the main god of the year, as follows:

Tonatiuh [sun] quautlevanitl

Xippilli, nteutl [god]

Tone, tlaextia motonameyotia,

Tontoqui, tetlati, tetkaati, teytoni, teixlileuh,

Teixtilo, teixcaputzo, teixtlecaleuh.

Sun, eagle, fire arrow,

ruler of the year, god

Illuminates, makes everything sparkle, illuminates everything with its rays.

It gives warmth, burns people, makes them sweat,

Makes people's skin color dark, gives them a tan,

Makes them black as smoke.

Nahuatl could express a lot with a small number of words. And, despite the fact that this language was not as widespread from a geographical point of view as the Quechua language in Peru, which spread for the same reasons, that is, due to the conquest of territories from Chile to Colombia by the Incas, the language of the Aztecs penetrated far enough, from Mexico to Nicaragua.

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From the compilers

We present these notes that were drafted in class during the course of Master Genaro Medina Ramos….

These notes do not attempt to create (or replace) either a grammar or a universal Nahuatl vocabulary. Rather, it reflects the use of the language as it is spoken at the end of the 20th century in communities around Cholula and on the slopes of the Istaxi Huatl volcano, in the area where the teacher lives.

We learned new words from the entire course, sometimes as groups of words on a topic, and sometimes as words we needed to express a concept. We include these words in two places, in layers of words on specific topics (eg body words, colors, etc.) and also in dictionaries that serve as supplements in these notes. In the dictionaries we include all the words that we have learned during the course.

Señor Medina also gives an advanced course in which he uses the most advanced grammar and literature. Unfortunately, we did not have the opportunity to attend the advanced course. Therefore, these notes refer to the basic Nahuatl course.

As with any course, students may misunderstand or make mistakes when they try to write down his course during a lecture. In any case, these notes do not contain too gross errors of this kind, but still we accept full responsibility for any error that they (notes) contain.