What is economic culture.

Detailed solution Paragraph § 12 on social science for students in grade 11, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014

Question 1. Does every person need an economic culture? Economic freedom: anarchy or responsibility? Where are the limits of economic freedom? Is it good to be honest?

Economic culture is a system of values and motives for economic activity, a respectful attitude to any form of ownership and commercial success as a great social achievement, success, rejection of “leveling” moods, creation and development of a social environment for entrepreneurship, etc.

Economic freedom is limited by the laws of the country. There is a list of items prohibited in trade, such as drugs. There is an obligation to pay taxes, an obligation to obtain a license in order to trade certain goods.

Questions and tasks for the document

The author warns us that any stagnation and inconsistency of various spheres of society (subsystems of society) threatens the country with big problems, including relegation to the background, that is, the loss of its leading position in the world, as well as such an unstable situation threatens the Russian people exploitation by other more developed countries.

Question 2. Does Russia need a new socio-cultural order?

It is undoubtedly needed now, because not so long ago we moved away from the idea of socialism. Now the entire social system, as well as the consciousness of people, must get rid of the remnants of the past.

Question 3. What past cultural accumulations associated with the command economy could be sent to the "historical dustbin"?

Each person should receive according to his abilities, otherwise talented people simply will not have an incentive for self-development, and this again threatens to stagnate. Secondly, the emphasis is on the implementation of the plan (quantity), and not on quality - hence the result is the same - stagnation, excess production (no one takes low-quality products).

Question 4. Based on the text of the paragraph, suggest the values of the "new economy" that would become significant elements of the economic culture of the XXI century.

The main directions of the state innovation policy in the conditions of the "new economy" are:

Improving the innovation environment by strengthening the innovative component of all areas of national policies and their integration;

Stimulating market demand for innovation and using the concept of "leading" markets, which involves supporting markets that are most receptive to innovation;

Stimulation of innovations in the public sector, overcoming the bureaucratic conservatism of the public administration;

Strengthening regional innovation policy and expanding cooperation.

SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

Question 1. What are the main elements of economic culture?

The economic culture of a society is a system of values and motives for economic activity, the level and quality of economic knowledge, assessments and actions of a person, as well as the content of traditions and norms that regulate economic relations and behavior. The economic culture of the individual is an organic unity of consciousness and practical activity. It determines the direction of human economic activity in the process of production, distribution and consumption. The economic culture of the individual can correspond to the economic culture of society, ahead of it, but it can also lag behind it.

In the structure of economic culture, the most important elements can be distinguished and presented in the following scheme:

The basis of the economic culture of the individual is consciousness, and economic knowledge is its important component. This knowledge is a set of ideas about the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods, the impact of economic life on the development of society, about the ways and forms, methods that contribute to the sustainable development of society. Modern production, economic relations require a large and constantly increasing amount of knowledge from the worker.

Question 2. What is the significance of the economic orientation and social attitudes of the individual?

A person actively uses the accumulated knowledge in everyday activities, therefore, economic thinking is an important component of its economic culture. It allows you to learn the essence of economic phenomena and processes, to operate with learned economic concepts, to analyze specific economic situations.

The effectiveness of solving economic problems largely depends on the socio-psychological qualities of participants in economic activity. Among them, it is necessary to single out such an important element of economic culture as the economic orientation of the individual, the components of which are the needs, interests and motives of human activity in the economic sphere. The orientation of the personality includes a social attitude and socially significant values. Thus, attitudes are being formed in Russian society to study modern economic theory, to participate in solving various economic problems. The system of value orientations of the individual has been developed, including economic freedom, competition, respect for any form of ownership, commercial success as a social achievement.

Social attitudes play an important role in the development of the economic culture of the individual. A person who, for example, has a mindset for creative work, participates in activities with great interest, supports innovative projects, introduces technical achievements, etc. A formed mindset for a formal attitude to work will not give such results.

Question 3. Is self-interest the only basis for economic choice?

Economic interest is the desire of a person to obtain the benefits necessary to ensure life. Interests express ways and means of satisfying people's needs. For example, making a profit (which is the economic interest of the entrepreneur) is the way to satisfy the personal needs of a person and the needs of production. Interest is the direct cause of human actions.

In most cases, yes, because a person cannot be forced to do what he does not like. Other people can only show a person's interest in something else. But the main choice remains with the person himself.

Question 4. What determines a person's choice of a standard of economic behavior?

The choice of a standard of economic behavior depends on the quality of the factors influencing it, on personal economic viability. The choice of standards of behavior in the economy, the effectiveness of solving economic problems largely depend on the socio-psychological qualities of participants in economic activity. Among them, an important element of economic culture is the economic orientation of the individual, the components of which are the needs, interests and motives of human activity in the economic sphere. The orientation of the personality includes a social attitude and socially significant values.

Question 5. Should economic freedom be restricted?

Economic freedom includes the freedom to make decisions and actions. The individual has the right to decide which type of activity is preferable for him (employment, entrepreneurship, etc.), which form of proprietary participation seems more appropriate to him, in which area and in which region of the country he will show his activity. The basis of the market, as you know, is the principle of economic freedom. The consumer is free to choose a product, manufacturer, forms of consumption. The manufacturer is free to choose the type of activity, its volume and forms.

The boundaries within which economic freedom serves the efficiency of production are determined by concrete historical circumstances. Thus, a modern market economy, as a rule, does not need systematic, brutal violence, which is its advantage. However, the restriction of market freedom for the sake of strengthening the economic situation is practiced in our time. For example, state regulation of a market economy often acts as a tool to accelerate its development.

The economic freedom of the individual is inseparable from his social responsibility. Theorists and practitioners of economics initially drew attention to the contradiction inherent in the nature of economic activity. On the one hand, the desire for maximum profit and selfish protection of private property interests, and on the other hand, the need to take into account the interests and values of society, that is, to show social responsibility.

Question 6. Is a "voluntary marriage" of the economy and ecology possible?

For many years, industrial activity was characterized by irrational use of raw materials and a high degree of environmental pollution. There was an opinion that entrepreneurship and environmental protection are incompatible. However, the strengthening of the global environmental movement, the development of the concept and principles of sustainable development contributed to a change in the attitude of entrepreneurs towards the environment. Sustainable development is the development of society that allows the needs of the present generation to be met without compromising future generations to meet their needs.

An important step in this direction was the creation of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, which included representatives of many of the largest transnational companies in the world. These companies and individual entrepreneurs, who have adopted the principles of sustainable development, are effectively using improved production processes, striving to meet environmental requirements (prevention of pollution, reduction of production waste, etc.) and make the best use of market opportunities. Such companies and businessmen gain advantages over competitors who do not use new approaches to entrepreneurial activity. As world experience shows, a combination of entrepreneurial activity, economic growth and environmental safety is possible.

Question 7. What is the essence and significance of economically competent and morally valuable human behavior in the economy?

One of the most important social roles of the individual is the role of the producer. In the conditions of transition to the information-computer, technological mode of production, the worker is required not only a high level of educational and professional training, but also high morality, a high level of general culture. Modern work is increasingly filled with creative content, which requires not so much discipline supported from the outside (boss, foreman, product controller), but self-discipline and self-control. The main controller in this case are conscience, personal responsibility and other moral qualities.

Depending on how property is acquired (by legally and morally acceptable means or criminal) and how it is used, the social significance of the owner can be manifested either with a plus sign or with a minus sign. You probably know examples of such manifestations.

In the process of self-realization as a consumer, either healthy needs (sports, tourism, cultural leisure) or unhealthy needs (need for alcohol, drugs) are also formed.

The level of development of the main elements of economic culture, in turn, determines the nature and effectiveness of economic activity.

Question 8. What are the difficulties experienced by the new economy in Russia?

Firstly, almost a huge part of the Russian economy depends on the prices of energy resources and minerals in the world markets, as a result, if their prices go down, the Russian economy will lose quite a lot of money.

Secondly, there is a significant stratification of society. The formation of the "middle class" is taking place at an extremely low pace, despite the fact that many people have good incomes, many of them are not sure about the future.

Third: Corruption in Russia continues

Fourth: is the development of small businesses.

TASKS

Question 1. Economist F. Hayek wrote: "In a competitive society, the poor have much more limited opportunities than the rich, and yet the poor in such a society are much freer than the person with a much better financial situation in a society of a different type." Do you agree with this statement?

A person with low material wealth is much more mobile. Nothing is holding him. He can drop everything and leave at any moment (since he has nothing to throw). A rich man is chained to his source of wealth, he is vulnerable to external changes. The rich need to work much harder to maintain and increase their wealth. Stopping the accumulation of capital will lead him to poverty.

Question 2. These are the lines from a letter from your peer to the editor of the newspaper: “Only the mind, only a sober calculation - that's what you need in life. Rely only on yourself, then you will achieve everything. And believe less in the so-called feelings, which also do not exist. Rationalism, dynamism - these are the ideals of our era. What can you agree or disagree with the author of the letter?

One can agree with the author of the letter, but I would highlight the contradictions in the letter. Many problems are not easy to solve with reason (rationalism). Problems sometimes need to be solved physically. And in life, not only the mind is needed. Still, there must be a spark of romanticism in life for a person to achieve success with his soul. Dynamism in the character of today's man must undoubtedly be present, because this is the main feature of a person's desire to win. Hope only for yourself always invigorates a person.

Question 3. “Freedom can only be preserved where it is conscious and where responsibility for it is felt,” says the German philosopher of the 20th century. K. Jaspers. Can we agree with the scientist? Give examples to support his idea. Name the three main, in your opinion, values of a free person.

Freedom is associated with the presence of a person's free will. Free will imposes responsibility on a person and imputes his words and deeds to merit. Freedom gives rise to responsibility primarily for oneself, for one's actions, thoughts and deeds. Responsibility grants freedom to a person: a simple example - when a person is held accountable for his activities, then the Criminal Code is not terrible for him. If everyone thinks that freedom is only the absence of restrictions, then there will be chaos in the world.

The values of a free person: development, freedom of action, freedom of thought.

Question 4. International experts put Russia in 149th place in the world in terms of investment reliability. So, according to domestic experts, more than 80% of Russian businessmen believe that it is better not to break the law. But in practice, more than 90% are faced with optional partners. At the same time, only 60% of them feel guilty. How do you feel about the existence of double morality among the participants in economic relations - for yourself and for a partner? Is it possible to create in the country a system of protection and support for economic behavior that is characterized as reliable, predictable and credible? What would you suggest to do for this?

Often, Russian businessmen have negative economic qualities (waste, mismanagement, grabbing, fraud) outweigh the positive ones. The system of protection and support of economic behavior can and is possible, but first of all, it is necessary to educate the moral principles of future entrepreneurs so that momentary profit is not a priority. It is necessary to raise the level of ethics and economic culture of the individual. The state should provide economic freedom, but with real legal regulation. Participants in economic activity must consciously comply with the moral and legal requirements of society and be responsible for their activities. What can be offered? From childhood, to form the correct moral and ethical standards, for enterprises implementing environmental safety programs, paying attention to the development of their employees, their safety and improving labor protection, introducing new technologies, there should be some kind of incentive in the form of state support, tax benefits. It is also necessary to pay serious attention to economic crimes (so that there is a real punishment for misconduct), the impossibility of evading responsibility.

REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 1

Question 1. How are the economy and other spheres of public life interrelated?

The economic sphere is a set of relations between people that arise during the creation and movement of material goods.

The economic sphere is the area of production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. In order to produce something, people, tools, machines, materials, etc. are needed. - productive forces. In the process of production, and then exchange, distribution, consumption, people enter into a variety of relations with each other and with the product - relations of production. Production relations and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of the life of society: productive forces - people (labor force), tools of labor, objects of labor; production relations - production, distribution, consumption, exchange.

The spheres of public life are closely interconnected. In the history of the social sciences, there have been attempts to single out any sphere of life as determining in relation to others.

Within the framework of real social phenomena, elements of all spheres are combined. For example, the nature of economic relations can influence the structure of the social structure. A place in the social hierarchy forms certain political views, opens up appropriate access to education and other spiritual values. The economic relations themselves are determined by the legal system of the country, which is very often formed on the basis of the spiritual culture of the people, their traditions in the field of religion and morality. Thus, at various stages of historical development, the influence of any sphere may increase.

Question 2. What does economics study?

Economics is the science of the economy, management, relations between people, as well as people and the environment, arising in the process of production, distribution, exchange, consumption of a product, goods, services. Combines features of exact and descriptive sciences.

Economics is a social science. It studies a certain aspect of the life of society and, as such, is closely related to other social sciences: history, sociology, political science, psychology, jurisprudence, etc. In particular, the connection between economics and jurisprudence is due to the fact that in the economic life of society, economic and legal relations are closely intertwined. The economy cannot function normally without an appropriate legal framework - a set of rules governing the activities of economic entities both at the micro and macro levels. At the same time, the very need for appropriate legal norms is generated by the changes taking place in the economic life of society.

Question 3. What is the role of economic activity in society?

Economic activity (economy) plays a huge role in the life of society. First, it provides people with the material conditions of existence - food, clothing, housing and other consumer goods. Secondly, the economic sphere of society's life is a system-forming component of society, a decisive sphere of its life that determines the course of all processes taking place in society. It is studied by many sciences, among which the most important are economic theory and social philosophy. It should also be noted that such a relatively new science as ergonomics, it studies a person and his production activities, with the goal of optimizing tools, conditions and the labor process.

Question 4. How can the producer and consumer make a rational economic choice?

In order for the consumer to make the right choice, he must check and compare all possible offers on the market. Compare price and quality.

In order for the manufacturer to make the right choice, he must check the market for demand for a particular product in the place where he plans to sell it. Also check the solvency of the population in the region.

Question 5. Why is economic growth one of the criteria for progress and economic development?

Economic growth is an increase in the volume of production in the national economy over a certain period of time (usually a year).

Economic growth is understood as the development of the national economy, in which the real volume of production (GDP) increases. A measure of economic growth is the growth rate of real GDP as a whole or per capita.

Economic growth is called extensive if it does not change the average productivity of labor in society. When GDP growth outpaces the growth in the number of people employed in manufacturing, intensive growth takes place. Intensive economic growth is the basis for the growth of the welfare of the population and a condition for reducing differentiation in the incomes of various social strata.

Question 6. What are the features of market regulation of the economy?

With this method of trading, entrepreneurs must compete, which favorably affects the price of goods, sooner or later it decreases. Like in a real market or bazaar.

If there is an overabundance of a certain product on the market, then they simply will not buy it and will not produce it. Everything is regulated in this way.

In addition, in a developed country, there are systems that do not allow entrepreneurs to collude and keep high prices. So, ultimately, market relations are beneficial to buyers.

Question 7. How to make production efficient?

An economically efficient method of production is considered to be one in which the firm cannot increase output without increasing the cost of resources and at the same time cannot provide the same output using fewer resources of one type and without increasing the cost of other resources.

Production efficiency is the sum of the efficiency of all operating enterprises. The efficiency of the enterprise is characterized by the production of goods or services at the lowest cost. It is expressed in its ability to produce the maximum amount of products of acceptable quality at minimal cost and sell this product at the lowest cost. The economic efficiency of an enterprise, in contrast to its technical efficiency, depends on how well its products meet market requirements and consumer demands.

Question 8. What is necessary for business success?

In today's society, a successful business needs start-up capital.

You need to set a goal, make a plan and start implementing it. To be successful in business, you must have certain personal qualities: the ability to communicate with people, connections (you need the support of influential people), intelligence and luck. To achieve certain results, you need to be consistent and constant in your actions, have patience and fortitude. Constantly grow and improve.

Question 9. What laws regulate entrepreneurial activity?

Normative legal acts regulating entrepreneurial activity at the federal level:

Federal normative acts: The Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Codes: Budget Code of the Russian Federation; Tax Code of the Russian Federation; Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Federal Law of July 24, 2007 No. 209-FZ "On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation";

Federal Law of February 25, 1999 No. 39-FZ "On investment activities in the Russian Federation, carried out in the form of capital investments";

Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 08, 2001 No. 128-FZ “On Licensing Certain Types of Activities”;

Federal Law No. 294-FZ of December 26, 2008 “On the Protection of the Rights of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs in the Implementation of State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control”;

Federal Law No. 271-FZ of December 30, 2007 “On Retail Markets and Amendments to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation”;

Federal Law No. 59-FZ of May 2, 2006 “On the Procedure for Considering Appeals from Citizens of the Russian Federation”;

Federal Law No. 129-FZ of August 8, 2001 “On State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs”;

Federal Law No. 14-FZ of February 8, 1998 "On Limited Liability Companies".

Question 10. How does the modern state participate in solving the economic problems of society?

State regulation of the economy - a set of measures, actions used by the state for corrections and the establishment of basic economic processes.

State regulation of the economy in a market economy is a system of standard measures of a legislative, executive and supervisory nature, carried out by authorized state institutions and public organizations in order to stabilize and adapt the existing socio-economic system to changing conditions.

The main goals of state regulation of the economy include:

Minimization of inevitable negative consequences of market processes;

Creation of financial, legal and social prerequisites for the effective functioning of a market economy;

Ensuring social protection of those groups of the market society whose position in a particular economic situation becomes the most vulnerable.

Question 11. Who and how regulates cash flows in the economy?

In a capitalist economy, capital flows from industries with lower rates of return to industries with higher rates of return through the financial instruments of stocks, bonds and equity participation in business, as well as through direct real investment.

The state indirectly regulates these flows through changes in the refinancing rate, government orders, etc.

Question 12. Why does the economy need a labor market?

The labor market is an economic environment in which, as a result of competition between economic agents, a certain amount of employment and wages are established through the mechanism of supply and demand.

The functions of the labor market are determined by the role of labor in the life of society. From an economic point of view, labor is the most important production resource. In accordance with this, two main functions of the labor market are distinguished:

Social function - is to ensure a normal level of income and well-being of people, a normal level of reproduction of the productive abilities of workers.

The economic function of the labor market is the rational involvement, distribution, regulation and use of labor.

The demand for labor is determined by the needs of employers to hire a certain number of workers with the necessary qualifications for the production of goods and services.

The demand for labor is inversely related to the real wage rate, which is defined as the ratio of nominal wages to the price level. In a competitive labor market, the demand curve for labor has a negative slope: as the general level of wages rises, the demand for labor falls.

The supply of labor is determined by the size of the population, the share of the able-bodied population in it, the average number of hours worked by a worker per year, the quality of labor and the qualifications of workers.

The supply of labor depends on wages. The labor supply curve has a positive slope: with an increase in the general level of wages, the supply of labor increases.

Question 13. Why do countries have to trade with each other?

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between state-national economies. World trade is a set of foreign trade of all countries of the world.

Countries are forced to trade with each other because they are forced to exchange with each other the missing resources and products of production.

MT determines what is more profitable for the state to produce and under what conditions to exchange the produced product. Thus, it contributes to the expansion and deepening of the MRT, and hence the MT, involving more and more states in them. These relations are objective and universal, i.e. they exist independently of the will of one (group) person and are suitable for any state. They are able to systematize the world economy, placing the states depending on the development of foreign trade (BT) in it, on the share that it (BT) occupies in international trade, on the size of the average per capita foreign trade turnover.

Question 14. What is the economic culture of the individual?

The basis of the economic culture of the individual is consciousness, and economic knowledge is its important component. This knowledge is a set of economic ideas about the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods, the impact of economic life on the development of society, about the ways and forms, methods that contribute to the sustainable development of society. Modern production, economic relations require a large and constantly growing amount of knowledge from the worker. Economic knowledge forms an idea of economic interrelations in the surrounding world, patterns of development of the economic life of society. On their basis, economic thinking and practical skills of economically competent, morally justified behavior, the economic qualities of a person that are significant in modern conditions, develop.

Question 15. How are economic freedom and social responsibility of economic participants interrelated?

Economic freedom is an opportunity for business entities to choose forms of ownership and the scope of application of their abilities, knowledge, opportunities, profession, methods of income distribution, consumption of material goods.

Social responsibility - a conscious attitude of the subject of social activity to the requirements of social necessity, civic duty, social tasks, norms and values, understanding the consequences of the activities carried out for certain social groups.

Traditionally, culture has been the subject of study in philosophy, sociology, art history, history, literary criticism, and other disciplines, while the economic sphere of culture has practically not been studied. The allocation of the economy as a special sphere of culture will seem justified if we turn to the origin of the very term "culture". It is directly connected with material production, agricultural labor.

At the initial stages of the development of human society, the term "culture" was identified with the main type of economic activity of that time - agriculture. However, the social division of labor, which was the result of the process of development of productive forces, the demarcation of the spiritual and material-production spheres of activity, created the illusion of their complete autonomy. "Culture" gradually began to be identified only with the manifestations of the spiritual life of society, with the totality of spiritual values. This approach finds its supporters even now, but along with this, the point of view dominates, according to which culture is not limited solely to aspects of the superstructural character or the spiritual life of society.

Despite the heterogeneity and heterogeneity of the components (parts) that make up the culture, they are united by the fact that they are all associated with some specific way of human activity. Any kind, way of activity can be represented as a combination of material and spiritual components. From the point of view of the social mechanism of human activity, they are the means of activity. This approach makes it possible to single out the criterion of phenomena and processes of a class of culture - to be a socially developed means of human activity. These can be, for example, tools, skills, clothing, traditions, dwellings and customs, etc.

At the initial stages of the study of economic culture, it can be defined through the most general economic category "mode of production", which is consonant with the definition of culture as a mode of human activity. In the usual political and economic interpretation, the mode of production is the interaction of productive forces that are at a certain level of development and corresponding to this type of production relations. However, bearing in mind the object of study, it is necessary to single out the cultural aspect of the analysis of production forces and production relations.

It is appropriate to pay attention to the negative impact of the long-term dominant technocratic interpretation of economics on the development of the theory of economic culture. Primary attention was paid to technological relations, natural-material indicators and technical characteristics of production. The economy was seen as a machine, where people are cogs, enterprises are parts, industries are nodes *. In reality, the picture looks much more complicated, because the main agent of the economy is a person, especially since, in the final analysis, the goal of socio-economic development is the formation of a person as a free, creative person. In the process of production, as K. Marx rightly noted, there is an improvement in the diverse abilities of a person, “the producers themselves change, developing new qualities in themselves, developing and transforming themselves through production, creating new forces and new ideas, new ways of communication, new needs and a new language.

Modern society, focusing on the management of the economy as a machine through various kinds of spending rates, technical and economic indicators, coefficients, levels, with enviable constancy did not show interest in knowledge about the personal mechanisms of economic motivations, was not focused on the study of economic activity and entrepreneurship of a person who itself is a complex system in which all types of relations intersect: economic, political, ideological, legal and others. Such a simplified approach to understanding the essence and content of the economy, of course, cannot be constructive in terms of the study of economic culture.

From the point of view of the culturological approach, the historically developed properties and abilities of the subjects of activity for work, production skills, knowledge and skills are socially developed means of activity and, according to the selected criterion, belong to the class of phenomena of economic culture.

Economic culture should include not only relations of production, but also the totality of social relations that have an impact on the technological mode of production, material production, and on a person as its main agent. Thus, in a broad sense, economic culture is a set of material and spiritual socially developed means of activity, with the help of which the material and production life of people is carried out.

Structure of economic culture

Structural analysis of economic culture is dictated by the very structure of economic activity, the successive succession of the phases of social reproduction: production itself, exchange, distribution and consumption. Therefore, it is legitimate to speak of a culture of production, a culture of exchange, a culture of distribution, and a culture of consumption. In the structure of economic culture, it is necessary to single out the main structure-forming factor. One such factor is human activity. It is characteristic of the whole variety of forms, types of material and spiritual production. Because of its importance for maintaining basic life processes, labor stands out as the basis for the development of other elements and components of economic culture. Each specific level of economic culture of labor characterizes the relationship of man to man, man to nature (it was the awareness of this relationship that meant the birth of economic culture), the individual to his own labor abilities.

The first level is productive-reproductive creative ability, when in the process of labor it is only repeated, copied, and, only as an exception, by chance, something new is created.

The second level is generative creativity, the result of which will be, if not a completely new work, then at least an original new variation.

The third level is constructive and innovative activity, the essence of which is the natural appearance of the new. This level of ability in production is manifested in the work of inventors and innovators.

Thus, any labor activity is associated with the disclosure of the creative abilities of the producer, but the degree of development of creative moments in the labor process is different. The more creative labor is, the richer the cultural activity of a person, the higher the level of labor culture. The latter, ultimately, is the basis for achieving a higher level of economic culture in general. It should be noted that labor activity in any society - primitive or modern - is collective, embodied in joint production. And this, in turn, finds expression in the fact that, along with the culture of work, it is necessary to consider the culture of production as an integral system.

The culture of work includes the skills of owning tools of labor, conscious management of the process of creating material and spiritual wealth, the free use of one's abilities, the use of the achievements of science and technology in labor activity. The culture of production consists of the following main elements. Firstly, it is the culture of working conditions, which has a complex of components of an economic, scientific, technical, organizational, social and legal nature. Secondly, the culture of the labor process, which finds expression rather in the activities of a single worker. Thirdly, the culture of production, which is determined by the socio-psychological climate in the production team. Fourthly, management culture, which organically combines the science and art of management, reveals creative potential and implements the initiative and enterprise of each participant in the production process, is of particular importance in modern production.

Trends in the development of economic culture

economic culture

There is a general tendency to increase the economic cultural level. This finds expression in the use of the latest technology and technological processes, advanced methods and forms of labor organization, the introduction of progressive forms of management and planning, development, science, and knowledge in improving the education of the working people.

However, a legitimate question arises: is it right to consider economic culture as an exclusively positive phenomenon, is it possible to imagine the path of its development as a straight line on the axis of progress, directed upwards, without deviations and zigzags?

In the ordinary sense, “culture” is associated with a certain stereotype: cultural means progressive, positive, a bearer of good. From the standpoint of the scientific level, such assessments are insufficient and not always correct. If we recognize culture as an integral system, then it becomes necessary to consider it as a dialectically contradictory formation, which is characterized by positive and negative, humane and inhuman properties and forms of manifestation.

For example, one cannot evaluate the laws of functioning of the capitalist economic system as good or bad. Meanwhile, this system is characterized by crises and upsurges, confrontation and class struggle, and such phenomena as unemployment and a high standard of living coexist in it. Among these tendencies there are both positive and negative ones; their natural existence, intensity of manifestation reflect the level of economic culture at the achieved stage of development of social production. However, for a different level of development of production, these trends are not typical.

The objective nature of the progressive development of culture does not mean that it occurs automatically. The direction of development is determined, on the one hand, by the opportunities contained in the totality of conditions that define the boundaries of economic culture, and on the other hand, by the degree and methods of realization of these opportunities by representatives of various social groups. Changes in socio-cultural life are made by people, which means that they depend on their knowledge, will, and objectively established interests.

Depending on these factors, within the local historical framework, recessions and stagnation are possible both in individual areas and in economic culture as a whole. To characterize the negative elements of economic culture, it is legitimate to use the term "low culture", while "high economic culture" implies positive, progressive phenomena.

The progressive process of development of economic culture is due, first of all, to the dialectical continuity of the ways and forms of activity of generations. In general, continuity is one of the most important principles of development, because the entire history of human thought and activity is the assimilation, processing of the valuable and the destruction of the obsolete in the movement from the past into the future. K. Marx noted that “not a single social formation will perish before all the productive forces develop ... and new, higher production relations never appear before the material conditions for their existence in the bowels of the old society mature.”

On the other hand, the progressive development of economic culture is associated with the introduction of innovations into people's lives that meet the requirements of the stage of maturity of the socio-economic structure of society. In fact, the formation of a new quality of economic culture is the formation of new productive forces and new production relations.

As already noted, progressive trends in the development of economic culture are ensured, on the one hand, by the continuity of the entire potential of the achievements accumulated by previous generations, and, on the other hand, by the search for new democratic mechanisms and their economic foundations. Ultimately, in the course of the development of culture, conditions are created that encourage a person to active creative activity in all spheres of public life and contribute to his formation as an active subject of social, economic, legal, political and other processes.

For a long time, in the theory and practice of the economic development of our country, a specific approach dominated, ignoring the person, his individuality. Fighting for progress in the idea, we got the opposite results in reality *. This problem is very acute for our society and is discussed by scientists and practitioners in connection with the need to develop market relations, the institution of entrepreneurship, and the democratization of economic life in general.

Human civilization does not yet know a more democratic and effective regulator of the quality and quantity of manufactured products, a stimulator of economic and scientific and technological progress, than the market mechanism. Non-commodity relations are a step back in social development. This is the basis for non-equivalent exchange and the flourishing of unprecedented forms of exploitation.

Democracy grows not on the soil of slogans, but on the real soil of economic laws. Only through the freedom of the producer in the market is democracy realized in the economic sphere. Continuity in the development of democratic mechanisms is a normal and positive thing. There is nothing shameful in using elements of the bourgeois-democratic experience. Interestingly, the motto of the Great French Revolution of 1789-1794. “freedom, equality, fraternity” was interpreted by market relations as follows: freedom is the freedom of private individuals, freedom of competition for separate owners, equality is the equivalence of exchange, the cost basis of buying and selling, and fraternity is the union of “enemy brothers”, competing capitalists.

World experience shows that for the successful functioning of the market and the economic mechanism, a well-thought-out interconnection of legal norms, competent and effective state regulation, a certain state of public consciousness, culture and ideology are necessary. The country is now going through a period of stormy lawmaking. This is natural, because no democratic system can exist without a legal basis, without strengthening the rule of law and the rule of law. Otherwise, it will have a flawed appearance and a low degree of resistance to anti-democratic forces. However, it is necessary to be aware of the limits of the effectiveness of legislative activity. On the one hand, decisions made in legislative bodies are not always prompt and do not always correspond to more economically rational approaches. On the other hand, we can talk about the strengthening of legal nihilism. Many of the problems we face are not fully resolved in the process of lawmaking. Serious transformations of production and organizational-administrative relations and structures are needed.

For a long time, the state of economic culture was "described" within the strict framework of glorifying socialism. However, as the main downward trend in all economic indicators (growth rates of production and investment, labor productivity, budget deficit, etc.) became apparent, the inoperability of the economic system of socialism became obvious. This made us rethink our reality in a new way and start looking for answers to many questions. Practical steps are being taken towards the market, the democratization of property relations, the development of entrepreneurship, which, undoubtedly, is evidence of the emergence of qualitatively new features of the economic culture of modern society.

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§ 18. Economic culture

Essence and functions

Economic culture is an integral and essential part of the general culture. civilized man- is a person with

developed economic culture. Different scholars define its essence in different ways. However, all these definitions boil down to the fact that economic culture can be considered, like political culture, in the narrow and broad senses of the word.

economic culture in the broad sense of the word - it is a set of material and spiritual means of production activity created by society: machines, structures, cities, roads, etc.; economic knowledge, skills, ways and forms of communication between people, economic intelligence.

economic culture in the narrow sense of the word- this is a typical way of economic thinking and activities of the people, groups, individuals. With its help, people adapt to specific socio-economic conditions.

of its existence. The economic culture also includes a set of economic interests, values, norms, rules, skills, which are the regulators of economic behavior. In other words, economic culture consists of behavioral stereotypes and economic knowledge.

Figuratively speaking, economic culture is the tool, the “language”, with the help of which people can communicate with each other in the process of economic activity and behavior and, accordingly, understand the essence of economic phenomena and processes taking place in a given society and throughout the world.

Each economic era is characterized by its own level and type of economic culture of the population. At the same time, of course, different groups of the population have significantly different levels of economic culture. Thus, economists have theoretical economic consciousness. Government officials, directors, managers, entrepreneurs must have culture of practical economic thinking.

And for the mass consciousness in economic culture, production and consumer motivations are primarily important.

Modern economic culture largely coincides with the civilization, sociality of society. In it, the main role is

takes into account the interests of individuals and groups of people. The traditional "idols" of economic development (profit, quantitative growth) are being replaced by more human goals.

Today's type of market and, moreover, socially oriented economy is already assessed from other positions - as more "concerned", "understanding", "reasonable", "expedient", "useful", more and more corresponding to the interests of each person. Now the foundations are being laid new economic culture: creating conditions in society that provide the necessary social orientations for the behavior of business entities in general and separately - the behavior of decision makers; maintaining a mobile information and communication system; improvement of advertising; organization of the activities of economic and financial institutions (stock exchanges, banks, insurance companies, audit services), etc.

All this should lead to the creation of an information and computer society, in which the diversity of people's needs, the differentiation of their interests is the key to the development of the entire society, the condition for its improvement. The features of such a society will be the multivariate choice of economic decisions based on the satisfaction of a plurality of interests, motives of various economic entities, as well as taking into account many factors and objective conditions: economic, social, economic-psychological, technical.

Economic culture performs several functions: cognitive, applied, educational etc. New economic knowledge stimulates a critical reassessment of old knowledge and

knowledge of trends in the development of society in the future. As for the applied function of economic culture, the activity of the subjects of economic relations largely depends not only on the level of their economic knowledge, but also from the ability to apply them in practice, i.e. from economic consciousness of people.

Economically cultural personality

Being economically cultured is important these days for every person, regardless of whether he works at a state enterprise, is engaged in his own business, or does not work at all. Let's think about what makes economically culturally developed person? Apparently, first of all, the presence critical economic thinking.

The basis of the critical economic thinking of the individual is the understanding of the essence of economic laws, economic processes and phenomena both within the economic system of their country and between different types of economic systems of other states.

Critical economic thinking is not only the result of mastering the course of economics and other academic disciplines. It is also formed in the family, in the immediate social environment, as a system of views and ideas, for example, regarding how to plan and maintain a family budget, how best to spend money, what economic priorities exist, how you can earn a living, what needs to be produced first. turn.

A person always faces specific life, including economic, situations and problems. He needs to strive for a clear statement of the issue, versatile awareness, a holistic consideration of the situation: identifying alternatives; to a consistent, sequential consideration of the parts of a complex whole; analysis of specific situations, actions and deeds of the opponent and competitor, etc.

Economic culture is manifested in the ability to realize their individual abilities in each given specific situation.BUT for this it is necessary to constantly replenish their economic knowledge, find strength, if necessary, change their ideas, areas of activity and even economic interests.

One of the complexes of the economic culture of the individual are certain economic skills, abilities, experience.

economic skills called such actions of the individual, which, as a result of frequent repetitions, are performed quickly, accurately, automatically.

In economic activity, useful skills can be

include computer work, calculations, business analysis, development of a business plan, calculation of the rate and mass of profit, determination of taxes, drawing up a household budget, etc.

Certain skills are also necessary for business communication, independent choice of the object of labor, planning and organizing one's work, buying and selling products, setting prices, creating and popularizing advertising, etc.

The ability of a person to perform a certain economic activity or certain economic actions based on economic skills is called economic skill. For example, even a seller at the Minsk Komarovsky market, not to mention a designer, manager, etc., needs to be able to organize his workplace, his working day, determine the sequence of work to be done, take risks, behave thoughtfully at auction, etc. .

Repeating a certain level of economic skills and abilities is nothing but experience. You can often hear such words: an experienced economist, an experienced entrepreneur, an experienced manager, an experienced consultant, etc. Experience is gained as a result of practical activities.

This means that economic culture is manifested in the presence of functional economic literacy in a person, in knowledge of the basics of economic life not only of a family, enterprise (firm), but of the whole society as a whole.

Economic culture allows you to form such a quality of personality as economic motives of activity.

Motives are the urges of a person to a certain activity. Economic motives determine the direction of a person’s thoughts, his actions, lines of behavior, etc.

In any case, the individual is personally responsible for his own economic behavior.

To answer the question of why a person in a given situation acts in this way, one must know the motives that prompt him to such actions.

Economic motives can be personal and socially significant. Personal motives directly related to human needs. Conscious needs become the leading motive for the behavior of the individual. Awareness of rational needs is impossible without the economic culture of the subject.

The best option is unity, coincidence of personal and public interests. If this takes place in a given society, then the level of economic culture is considered to be the highest.

Creativity is one of the main components of economic culture. creative thinking person faster and deeper

acquires economic knowledge. On the other hand, such an employee is able to more quickly and efficiently find ways out of constantly emerging difficult economic situations.

Creativity as an essential component of economic culture accompanies the work of a person of any profession. Creative activity can manifest itself in the analysis of ways to improve working conditions and sales markets, new forms of organization and remuneration; in the improvement of the means of labor; in the economic analysis of labor results, etc.

The economic culture of any business entity should include humanistic origin. This is especially important in the field of entrepreneurship.

Culture of civilized entrepreneurship

Civilized production and entrepreneurship are moral only when they lead to the improvement of living conditions and to the self-disclosure of the talents and desires of each person.

Ideally, the economic principle of civilized entrepreneurial activity is service to man.

Entrepreneur- creator in the economy, and therefore- in the history of the country. Therefore, all the components of economic culture, as just mentioned, should be inherent in it in the first place. In addition, a modern entrepreneur needs other qualities:

ability to make economic choices- what needs to be produced in the first place and how much, so that the goods, services find their consumer, the ability to use resources efficiently, so that the produced goods are not only competitive, but also accessible to the consumer;

economic activity, which is expressed in individual independence in the decision-making process, in the organization of production, in personal responsibility for the results of their activities.

Along with civilized entrepreneurship in almost any country in one form or another, there is also the so-called "shadow economy. It has created a kind of distorted market.

Here, although entrepreneurialism is combined with the ability to establish contacts with potential counterparties and the skills to collect and use local economic and scientific and technical information (mainly through the dating system and random channels), clearly negative aspects of the economy still prevail: lack of guarantees of a business obligation; aggressiveness, rudeness and pressure on a colleague or partner, which are aggravated as a result of the desire for financial success and profit; legal nihilism leading to criminogenic situations, etc.

In a civilized market, relations between partners must be civilized, that is, mutually beneficial and safe.

Conclusions./. Economic culture is an integral part of the general culture. A civilized society without it is unthinkable. 2. Economic culture is such a "language" with which people can communicate with each other in the process of economic activity and behavior. 3. Each economic epoch has its own level and type of people's economic culture. 4. Economically cultural personality- this is a person who has modern economic knowledge, skills, experience, helping him to navigate well in the existing socio-economic relations and avoid mistakes, wrong economic actions.

Dictionary

"Shadow economy- an economy carried out for the purpose of profit outside the officially existing rules, norms and conditions for doing business.

Economic culture in the narrow sense of the word- a set of economic knowledge, skills, intelligence, ways and forms of communication between people in the process of their socio-economic actions and relationships.

Economically culturally developed personality- a person with a system of knowledge, skills and abilities that allow them to successfully operate in the production and economic sphere.

economic consciousness- a way for a person to reflect economic relations, a form of knowledge and meaningful use of the laws of economics.

A 1. What is economic culture?

2. What does it mean to be an economically cultured person?

3. What is the difference between civilized and "shadow" economies in terms of

culture?

WORKSHOP

THINK

Test your economic knowledge. What is the name of:

The house where money lives and works.
An institution that sells goods in bulk.
A security, a document indicating that the share of the capital and part of the profits of the company belong to you.
A legally permitted medium of exchange that has the property of being exchanged for any commodity.
Part of the total amount of the net profit of a joint stock company, distributed among the shareholders in proportion to the number of shares they hold.
The price at which the share is sold.
The amount of money that a bank lends to a customer for a specific period of time.
Monetary expression of the value of goods, depending on the ratio of supply and demand.
The amount of money that the subject has lent to the bank.

10. A product that is an object of sale (teacher G. Venis)?

WE LISTEN

The higher the culture, the higher the value of labor.

V. Rosher

Time is money. B. Franklin

What matters is not the place we occupy, but the direction in which we are moving.

L. N. Tolstoy

Ponomarev LN et al. Economic culture (essence, direction of development). M., 1987.

Mishatkina T.V., Borozdina G.V. Culture of business communication: Proc. allowance / Under the total. ed. T. V. Mishatkina. Mn., 1997.

Open lesson in social studies in grade 10.

Prepared by social studies teacher Drovnikova T.E.

Lesson: Formation of the foundations of legal culture in the lessons of social science in grades 10.

Economic culture.

During the classes:

I. Organizational moment.

1. Greeting (the beginning of communication between the teacher and students).

2. Determination of absentees (the teacher forms his position on the fact of the student's absence).

3. Checking readiness for the lesson.

4. Organization of students' attention.

5. Equipment preparation.

II. Checking homework p. "The role of the economy in the life of society."

1. Individual survey (item 12), assignments + questions pp. 135,136.

2. Testing for the whole class (7-10 minutes).

III. Message on the topic of studying new material: "Economic culture". (Presentation - include).

Plan.

1. Economic culture;

2. Essence and structure of economic culture;

3. Economic relations and interests;

4. Economic freedom and social responsibility;

5. Market economy;

6. Communication of economic culture and activity;

7. Relationship between economics and law;

8. Reflection of the economy in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Familiarization and study of articles of the Tax, Criminal Codes, closely related to the economy.

1. Economic culture.

Culture (from Latin cultura, from the verb colo, colere - cultivation, later - upbringing, education, development, veneration) is a concept that has a huge number of meanings in various areas of human life. Culture is the subject of study of philosophy, cultural studies, history, art history, linguistics (ethnolinguistics), political science, ethnology, psychology, economics, pedagogy, etc.

Basically, culture is understood as human activity in its most diverse manifestations, including all forms and methods of human self-expression and self-knowledge, the accumulation of skills and abilities by a person and society as a whole. Culture also appears as a manifestation of human subjectivity and objectivity (character, competencies, skills, abilities and knowledge).

Culture is a set of sustainable forms of human activity, without which it cannot be reproduced, and therefore cannot exist.

Culture is a set of codes that prescribe a certain behavior to a person with his inherent experiences and thoughts, thereby exerting a managerial impact on him.

The source of the origin of culture is thought to be human activity, knowledge and creativity.

Consider such a concept as ECONOMIC CULTURE.

Economic culture of society

The system of values and motives for economic activity;

Level and quality of economic knowledge; assessments and actions of a person;

Economic culture of personality

Consciousness;

Practical activities.

2. Essence and structure of economic culture.

Elements of economic culture.

1. Economic knowledge - a set of ideas about the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods, the impact of economic life on the development of society.

2. Economic thinking - knowledge of the essence of economic phenomena and processes, operating with learned concepts, analysis of economic situations.

3. Economic orientation - the needs, interests and motives of human activity in the economic sphere (divided into two types of social attitude and socially significant values).

3. Economic relations and interests.

Relations between people arising from the exchange of products, results of labor or the provision of services, carried out on the basis of a comparative assessment of their relative value.

1. Making a profit 2. Satisfying needs 3. Self-affirmation

4.Economic freedom and social responsibility.

Economic freedom - the right to independently choose the profile, structure and volume of production, terms of sale, prices for products, is achieved by compromise agreements with other market participants.

Social responsibility

1. Striving for maximum profit and selfish protection of private interests.

Moral duty is a cessation Legal norm is universally binding

requirements of public morality a rule of conduct that governs

into the personal imperative of a particular person, public relations, fixed

and voluntary implementation. in law and provided by the state.

Special social and moral-legal

relation of the individual to society as a whole

and to other people.

5. Market economy.

LIMITATIONS:

Competition leads to the emergence of monopolies;

Economic instability: inflation, economic

recession, unemployment;

Unequal distribution of income;

Disinterest in environmental protection.

ADVANTAGES:

The market responds quickly to changes in demand

consumer side;

There is no shortage;

Freedom of producers and consumers;

High adaptability.

6. Communication of economic culture and activity.

Level of economic culture

- Successful fulfillment of social roles.

- The effectiveness of economic activity

Transition to a new mode of production - High morality, high

culture level.

Modern work - Self-discipline, self-control.

Guys, another goal that we pursue in our lessons is the formation of the foundations of a legal culture, civil law education. Now we will deepen our knowledge, try to correlate such a concept as economy with the concept right.

1. Economics and law. (Student's message).

Throughout our lives, we meet a large number of rights, and most importantly, some of them are reflected in the highest legal act of the Russian Federation, the Constitution.

Learn more about the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the economic rights set forth in it.

2. Economy and the Constitution of the Russian Federation. (Student's message).

Guys! What do you think, in what sources can we find articles with economic content?

Tax code.

Criminal Code.

Correctly! And now we will characterize each of these sources.

3. Economy and the criminal code of the Russian Federation. (Student's message).

4. Economy and tax code of the Russian Federation. (Student's message).

Homework Paragraph 13 (retelling), p. 149 work with the document, questions and assignments for it, 1.2 in writing in a notebook p. 150.

"Economic freedom cannot be free from economic concerns; it is the freedom of economic activity, inevitably entailing the risk and responsibility associated with the right to choose."

F. Hayek Austrian economist and philosopher.

Economic culture can be defined as a complex of elements and phenomena of culture, stereotypes of economic consciousness, behavioral motives, economic institutions that ensure the reproduction of economic life.

Economic culture most directly (and this is the most important in this issue) affects the development of the economy. Such influence is carried out through the economic activity of people. The latter, in turn, depends on what they value or not, what they fear or what economic agents strive for, what values they are guided by in their activities. This set of phenomena of consciousness includes the following aspects: economic values(which economic benefits are more or less preferred); economic norms(economic norms of mass behavior); priorities and preferences in the economic sphere(people's choice of certain economic benefits); economic needs(individual, family, group at different levels); motivation of economic behavior(explanations that justify actions and deeds, as well as the choice of values and norms).

Economic culture, like political culture, is embedded in a particular pattern of economic action orientation.

The orientations of the subject of the economic process underlie the typology of economic culture. If there are no specialized economic roles, if they are not separated from religious, political or other orientations, then one can speak of the economic culture of a patriarchal society or a traditional economic culture. The presence of specialized economic institutions, but the low individual activity of the subjects testify to a different type of economic culture - intermediate, but still pre-capitalist.

The key category in the division of human history into stages, types of social systems is differentiation - the distinction between roles, statuses, institutions and organizations specialized in the performance of certain functions, including economic ones, that appear during the evolution of society.

Throughout the history of mankind, two main methods of economic reproduction can be established. Accordingly, two main forms or models of economic culture are defined.

The economic process can be carried out in the form of a "centrally controlled economy", i.e. governed by the plans of a single planner. If the economic unit is small and one person is able to manage it, as is the case in a small closed family, then we are talking about "own subsistence farming." Or a situation in which the economic process is planned on the scale of the whole nation (a natural-communal form of state economy). Both of these varieties belong to the culture of a centrally controlled economy, and therefore, to a closed type of society.

As for socialism, its general economic task, which breaks down into three points: determining the structure of social needs; the distribution of society's resources to meet the needs and the distribution of the product produced - he decided in a natural way, i.e. within the economic culture of a centrally controlled economy.

The basic model of an open, modern society is the economic culture of a market economy, in which numerous individual farms-enterprises and households independently develop plans, enter into economic relations with each other in market forms, and operate on the principle of self-organization. Economic entities' plans are coordinated through prices and exchange values. This economic culture began to take hold as a result of the great social revolutions of the 16th and 18th centuries.

The modern type of economic culture presupposes the existence of an "economic man" with his efficiency, reasonable perception of innovations and self-discipline, with a developed network of specialized economic institutions.

Economic man responds to the greatest extent to the tendency towards the predominance of "formal rationality", corresponds, according to Weber, to the "purposeful rational type of action." The rational setting was established due to economic necessity. Mankind owes its initial training in the field of rational thinking and behavior to the everyday solution of economic problems.

The economic man initiates the rationalization of the way of housekeeping, management in all spheres of social life. In turn, this process has the opposite effect: it rationalizes the way people think, the way they feel and the way of life in general.

Developing the theme of "economic man", A. Smith - the forerunner of modern economic culture - formulated the world-famous concept of the "invisible hand". He convinced his readers that personal incentive was a powerful factor in economic progress. In the classical school of political economy, self-interest was recognized as the main motive for human economic activity. A person realizes this interest only when he renders services to other people, offering his labor and products of labor in exchange. “... In this case, as in many others, he is guided by an invisible hand to a goal that was not at all part of his intentions ... In pursuing his own interests, he often serves the interests of society more effectively than when consciously seeks to do so."

The most important theoretical and practical issue of economic culture - about the motives and incentives for human economic activity - in market conditions is solved in an economic way. The state, according to A. Smith, must:

1) to take over what a private person cannot do or what is not beneficial for a private person - care for public education, public works, development and maintenance of transport and communications, expansion of public services, etc. ;

2) to maintain the "natural order", an important aspect of which is the regime of free competition. In the economic conditions of that time, monopolies could only exist with the help of the state;

3) to protect the life, freedom and property of citizens, relying on such regulators as the determination of the minimum wage, political institutions, judicial authorities.

The characteristic of the economic culture of the "market economy" includes the main components of economic democracy, also called the "economy of participation".

The main forms of the participation system include: a) participation in profits or "success of the enterprise"; b) owned; c) in control.

A radical transformation in property relations, the search for the optimal balance of power and property, finding the measure of permissible intervention of politics and politicians in economic processes will create real opportunities for the formation and strengthening of modern economic culture, which will allow Russia, like any other post-socialist state, to become a composite, organic part of the civilized world.