The gymnasium where Nekrasov studied. Biography of Nekrasov: the life path and work of the great folk poet

Very short biography (in a nutshell)

Born December 10, 1821 in Nemirov, Podolsk province. Father - Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov (1788-1862), lieutenant. Mother - Elena Andreevna Zakrevskaya (1801-1841). In 1832 he entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium. From 1839 to 1841 he studied at St. Petersburg University. He died on January 8, 1878, at the age of 56 in St. Petersburg. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg. The main works: “Who should live well in Russia”, “Grandfather Mazai and hares”, “Frost, red nose”, “Russian women”, “Peasant children”, “Grandfather” and others.

Brief biography (detailed)

Nikolai Nekrasov is a Russian poet, writer, essayist and classic of Russian literature. In addition, Nekrasov was a democratic revolutionary, head of the Sovremennik magazine and editor of the Domestic Notes magazine. The most famous work of the writer is the poem-novel "To whom in Russia to live well."

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on December 10, 1821 in Nemirov into a noble family. The writer spent his childhood in the Yaroslavl province. At the age of 11, he entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium, where he studied for 5 years.

The writer's father was a rather despotic person. When Nikolai refused to become a military man at the insistence of his father, he was deprived of material support.

At the age of 17, the writer moved to St. Petersburg, where, in order to survive, he wrote poems to order. During this period he met Belinsky. When Nekrasov was 26 years old, together with the literary critic Panaev, he bought the Sovremennik magazine. The magazine quickly gained momentum and had a great influence in society. However, in 1862 the government forbade its publication.

While working at Sovremennik, several collections of Nekrasov's poems were published. Among them are those that brought him fame in wide circles. For example, "Peasant Children" and "Pedlars". In the 1840s, Nekrasov also began to collaborate with the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine, and in 1868 he rented it from Kraevsky.

During the same period, he wrote the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", as well as "Russian Women", "Grandfather" and a number of satirical works, including the popular poem "Contemporaries".

In 1875, the poet became terminally ill. In recent years, he worked on a cycle of poems "Last Songs", which he dedicated to his wife and last love, Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova. The writer died on January 8, 1878 and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg.

The writing

The work of N.A. Nekrasov constitutes an entire era in the history of Russian literature. His poetry was an expression of a new time, when the outgoing class of nobles was replaced by raznochintsy in the public life of the country. For the poet, the concepts of the Motherland and the working people - the breadwinner and defender of the Russian land - merged together. Therefore, Nekrasov's patriotism is so organically connected with a protest against the oppressors of the peasants.
In his work, N. Nekrasov continued the traditions of his great predecessors - M. V. Lomonosov, K. F. Ryleev, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, who considered “civil dignity” to be the highest.

Back in 1848, in one of the poems, the author compares his poetry with the image of a peasant woman. His muse is close to the troubles and suffering of ordinary people. She herself is one of many thousands of the destitute and oppressed:

Yesterday at six o'clock
I went to Sennaya;
They beat a woman with a whip,
A young peasant woman.
Not a sound from her chest
Only the whip whistled, playing,
And I said to the Muse: “Look!
Your own sister."

With this poem, Nekrasov began his journey in poetry, from which he never turned back. In 1856, the second collection of the poet was published, which opened with the poem "The Poet and the Citizen", printed in a larger font. This, as it were, emphasized the role of the verse in the collection.

“A noble and powerful thing. So the motive of his entire muse is buzzing, ”wrote one of the poet’s contemporaries A. Turgenev, having become acquainted with the works of this book.
"The Poet and the Citizen" is the most vivid, clear and definite expression of Nekrasov's civic position, his understanding of the goals and objectives of poetry ... The poem is a dialogue between the Poet and the Citizen, from which it becomes clear that the Citizen sensitively captures the changes taking place in society.

“What time has come,” he says with enthusiasm. The citizen believes that it is the duty of everyone to society not to be indifferent to the fate of their homeland. Moreover, this is the duty of the poet, whom nature and fate have awarded with talent and who must help discover the truth, kindle the hearts of people, lead them on the path of truth.

“Smash the vices boldly,” calls the Citizen of the Poet.

He tries to awaken the indifferently sleeping soul of the Poet, who explains his social passivity by the desire to create "real", "eternal" art, far from the burning issues of our time. Here Nekrasov deals with a very important problem generated by the new era. This is the problem of opposing socially significant poetry to "pure art". The dispute between the heroes of the poem is an ideological one, a dispute about the poet's life position, but it is perceived more broadly: not only a poet, but any citizen, a person in general. A true citizen "as his own, on his body wears all the ulcers of his homeland." The poet should be ashamed

In a time of grief
The beauty of valleys, skies and seas
And sing sweet affection.

Nekrasov's lines became an aphorism:

You may not be a poet
But you have to be a citizen.

Since then, every true artist compares the true value of his work by them. The role of the poet-citizen especially increases during periods of great social storms and social upheavals. Let's look at today. With what passion, despair and hope, with what fury our writers and poets, artists and artists rushed to fight obsolete dogmas for the creation of a renewed, humane society! And even though their views are sometimes diametrically opposed and one cannot agree with everyone, the attempt itself is noble, albeit with difficulty, making mistakes and stumbling, to find the right way to move forward. For them, "citizen dignity" is as high as in the Lomonosov, Pushkin and Nekrasov times.

"The most sincere and beloved" Nekrasov called "Elegy" - one of his last poems. In it, the poet reflects with deep bitterness on the causes of disharmony in society. A life has been lived, a wise, philosophical understanding of being has come to Nekrasov.
But the disenfranchised position of the people, their life, the relationship between the poet and the people still worries the author.

Let the changing fashion tell us
That the theme is the old "suffering of the people"
And that poetry must forget it,
Don't believe me guys!
She doesn't age
he claims.

Answering all those who hesitated and doubted that poetry could somehow seriously affect people's lives, he wrote:

But everyone go to battle! And fate will decide the fight ..

And Nekrasov, until the last moments of his difficult life, remained a warrior, striking at the tsarist autocracy with every line of his works.
Nekrasov's muse, so sensitively responding to someone else's pain and someone else's joy, has not laid down her poetic weapons even today, she is at the forefront of the struggle for a free, happy, spiritually rich person.

Most of Nekrasov's lyrics are devoted to the theme of the suffering of the people. This topic, according to the author in the poem "Elegy", will always be relevant. He understands that the question of restoring social justice will be raised for many more generations and that while the people are “dragging in poverty”, the Muse will be the only companion, support, inspirer. Nekrasov devotes his poetry to the people. He affirms the idea that victory goes to the people only if everyone goes into battle.

Let not every warrior harm the enemy,
But everyone go to battle! And fate will decide the battle ...
I saw a red day: there is no slave in Russia!
And I shed sweet tears in tenderness ...

With these lines, the author calls for the struggle for freedom and happiness. But by 1861 the question of the freedom of the peasants had already been resolved. After the reform on the abolition of serfdom, it was believed that the life of the peasants went along the path of prosperity and freedom. Nekrasov, on the other hand, sees the other side of this aspect, he poses the question as follows: “The people are freed, but are the people happy?” This makes us wonder if the people have gained real freedom?
In the poem "Elegy", written at the end of his life, Nekrasov, as it were, sums up his reasoning on the subject of the appointment of the poet and poetry. Nekrasov devotes the main place in his poetry to describing the life of the people, their difficult fate. He's writing:

I dedicated the lyre to my people.
Perhaps I will die unknown to him,
But I served him - and my heart is calm ...
But still, the author is oppressed by the thought that the people did not respond to his voice, remained deaf to his calls:
But the one about whom I sing in the evening silence
To whom are the dreams of the poet dedicated,
Alas! he does not heed - and does not give an answer ...

He is worried about this circumstance, and therefore he sets himself the task of becoming a "denunciator of the crowd", "its passions and delusions." He is ready to go through a difficult and thorny path, but to fulfill his mission as a poet. Nekrasov writes about this in his poem "Blessed is the gentle poet ...". In it, he shames the lyricists who remain aloof from the most "sick", the most urgent and controversial problems of the peasantry. He ridicules their detachment from the real world, their wandering in the clouds, when such troubles are happening on earth: children are forced to beg, women take on the overwhelming burden of the breadwinner of the family and work from dawn to dusk.
The author claims that in any, even the most difficult times, the poet is not free to ignore what the Russian people are most worried about. A real poet, according to Nekrasov:

Having armed his mouth with satire, he goes through a thorny path
With his punishing lyre.

It is precisely such a poet that will always be remembered, although they will realize later how much he did ...
Poems on the theme of the appointment of the poet and poetry occupy an important place in Nekrasov's lyrics. They once again confirm his boundless devotion to the Russian people, love for him, admiration for his patience and diligence, and at the same time the pain that the author experiences, seeing his inaction, resignation to his cruel fate. All his work is an attempt to "wake up" the spirit of the people, to make them understand how important and good freedom is, and that only with it the life of peasants can become truly happy.

The name of one of the brightest writers of the 19th century is familiar to everyone. Such works as “To whom it is good to live in Russia” and “Grandfather Mazai and hares” are part of the school curriculum of every modern student. Nekrasov's biography includes information known to all admirers of his work.

For example, he is considered not only a poet, but also a publicist. This is a revolutionary democrat, head and editor of the journals Otechestvennye Zapiski and Sovremennik. Lover of card games and hunting. Nekrasov's biography knows many other interesting facts. Our article is dedicated to them.

Who is he?

The native city of the future poet was Ukrainian Nemyriv, where he was born in 1821. Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich was born into the family of a military man and the well-bred daughter of a wealthy tenant. According to the poet's memoirs, the parents' marriage was not happy. The mother was always presented as a sufferer, experiencing her female lot. The writer devoted many works to her. Perhaps her image is the only positive hero of Nekrasov's world, which he will carry through all his work. The father will also become the prototype of individual heroes, but more despotic.

Growing up and becoming

After his father retired, Aleksey Sergeevich became a police chief - that was the name of the head of police before. Little Nikolai often traveled with him on business. During this time, he saw a lot of death and poverty. Subsequently, the writer Nekrasov reflected the difficulties of the peasant people in his poems.

In the Yaroslavl gymnasium, he will study until the 5th grade. The first verses will be written in a specially created notebook. Most of the poet's early works are full of sad images and impressions. When he turns 17, his father, who dreamed of a military career, will send his son to a noble regiment.

Nekrasov's first independent decision was the desire to enter St. Petersburg University. This was facilitated by acquaintance with students who became good friends. He failed the exam, enrolling in the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer. For two years, Nekrasov attends lectures and does not abandon his job search - an angry Nekrasov Sr. refused to help him financially. During this period, the poet experiences terrible suffering, left homeless, and even hungry. In an overnight shelter for 15 kopecks, he wrote a petition for someone. This was the first episode of his life when the future profession brought money.

Finding your direction

The hardships were not in vain for the writer. He himself understood what the hardships of life are. Nekrasov's life soon improved. Literary Gazette published his works, and he himself worked diligently in all directions: he wrote vaudeville, alphabets, poetry and prose.

The first collection of poems "Dreams and Sounds" Nekrasov released on his own savings. Criticism about the book was divided equally - some considered it commendable, others spoke unflatteringly. Like Gogol, the frustrated Nekrasov bought up and then destroyed almost all of its copies. In our time, "Dreams and Sounds" has acquired the status of a literary rarity, which is extremely difficult to find.

Recognition follows failure

The fact that the poems were not sold out made the writer think, to study the reason for his defeat. Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich discovered a new genre - prose. He came on easier. In it, the author reflects life experience, impressions of the city, where he seeks to show all his classes. These are peddlers, officials, deceived women, usurers and the poor. Not stopping there, Nekrasov introduces a humorous subtext, which became the basis of several subsequent works.

The creative upsurge of the writer falls on the release of his own almanacs. Nekrasov's life does not seem to him without publishing, which he associates with the rental of Sovremennik in 1847. Many talented poets moved to the magazine, including Belinsky, who was always the first to get acquainted with Nekrasov's new works and gave his feedback. Among those for whom Sovremennik became a launching pad were: Turgenev, Ogarev, Ostrovsky, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Saltykov-Shchedrin and others. Everyone contributed something of his own, making Sovremennik the best literary publication. Nekrasov himself is published in it, remaining its leader.

Satire is a way to laugh at society

The writer's creative path is invariably associated not only with the search for himself, but also for other directions in which to work. Nekrasov's biography cannot ignore the love of satire, which he discovered in the later years of his work. A number of satirical works have been published. In this genre, the writer exposes social foundations, describes topical topics with subtlety, uses the methods of sincere intonations and vaudeville components. In a word, he deftly uses the richness of the Russian language, using the grotesque, sarcasm, farce and irony.

At this time, “Who in Russia should live well” is born. The poem on a peasant theme touches on the main idea - feeling freedom, does the Russian people experience happiness? In 1875, the poet falls ill. Telegrams and letters from readers come to him, which gives new inspiration for his latest works. A huge number of people came to the funeral at the Novodevichy cemetery. Among them was Dostoevsky, who called Nekrasov the third writer after Pushkin and Lermontov. Dates of Nekrasov's life - November 28, 1821 (born) - December 27, 1877 (died).

personal happiness

What can be said about a person who felt and saw with his own eyes all the misfortunes of the peasants and the working class, to whom he devoted so much to his works? Was he happy himself?

Of course, Nekrasov's biography provides information that the poet loved Avdotya Panaeva, the wife of the writer Ivan Panaev. Their relationship has gone down in history as one of the strangest. And although Ivan Panaev was known as a reveler, his wife remained a decent woman. At first, she rejected both Nekrasov and Dostoevsky, who was also in love with her. And soon she confessed to the reciprocal feelings for the first. Nekrasov moved into her house, forming a love triangle Nekrasov-Panaeva-Panaev. So they lived for 16 years. The birth of Nekrasov's son and his imminent death are connected with the death of Panaev. The poet falls into depression, which served as a break in relations at the initiative of Avdotya.

The village girl Fyokla Viktorova became the new chosen one of the writer. The age difference was 25 years. He gave the uneducated woman the name Zinaida. He takes her to theaters and tries to enlighten her in every possible way.

Place in literature

Every writer leaves his mark. Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich was one of the brightest authors of the 19th century, who left a legacy of many works endowed with depth and philosophy. Libraries, museums and other cultural institutions bear his name. The central streets of many Russian cities are named after the writer. Monuments and postage stamps are dedicated to him. According to many writers, his work was not fully appreciated during his lifetime. However, this loss is replenished in our time.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a Russian writer and poet who made the whole world admire his works.

Origin

Nikolai Nekrasov was born into a noble family, which at that time had a fairly large fortune. The birthplace of the poet is the city of Nemirov, located in the Podolsk province.

The writer's father, Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov, was a military officer and a wealthy landowner who was very fond of gambling and cards.

The mother of N. Nekrasov, Elena Zakrevskaya, came from a wealthy family, the head of which was a respected person. Elena was distinguished by her broad outlook and impressive beauty, so Zakrevskaya's parents were against marriage to Alexei, but the wedding took place against the will of her parents.

Nikolai Nekrasov loved his mother very much which can be seen in the works "Last Songs", "Mother" and in other poems and poems. It is the mother who is the main positive person in the world of the writer.

Childhood and education of the poet

The writer spent his childhood with his brothers and sisters in the Greshnevo estate, which belonged to his family.

Young the poet saw how ordinary people suffer under the yoke of the landowners. This was the inspiration for his future works.

When the boy turned 11 years old, he was sent to the gymnasium, where he studied until the 5th grade. Nekrasov studied poorly, but his first poems already filled the pages of notebooks.

Serious step. The beginning of creativity

The next step for N. Nekrasov is to move to St. Petersburg, where he expressed a desire to attend lectures at the university.

The writer's father was a strict and principled man who wanted his son to become a military man. Son went against the will of his father, depriving themselves of financial assistance and respect from the family.

In a new city to survive I had to earn money by writing articles. This is how the beginning poet met the famous critic Belinsky. After a couple of years, Nekrasov becomes the owner of the famous literary publication, which had a great influence, Sovremennik, but soon the censorship closes the magazine.

Active activity of the writer. Contribution to literature

Having earned a significant amount of money, Nekrasov decides to publish his first collection of poems "Dreams and Sounds". The collection did not please the people, so it was a complete failure, but the poet did not get upset and took up writing prose works.

The Sovremennik magazine, in which Nikolai Nekrasov edited and wrote texts, greatly influenced the life of the writer. At the same time, the poet creates several collections of personal poems. For the first time fame was brought to Nekrasov by his creations "Peasant Children" and "Pedlars".

The Sovremennik magazine showed the world such talented people as I. Goncharov and other writers and poets. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky became known to the whole world thanks to Nikolai Nekrasov, who decided to print them on the pages of the magazine.

In the 40s of the 19th century, another publication, Domestic Notes, began to collaborate with Nikolai Nekrasov.

Young Nekrasov saw how hard it was for a simple peasant, so this did not go unnoticed in the writer's works. A striking feature of Nekrasov's work is the use of colloquial speech in works: poems and stories.

Nekrasov, over the last ten years of his life, has published many famous works about the Decembrists and ordinary people: “Who is good in Russia”, “Grandfather”, “Russian Women” and others.

Writer's death

In 1875, N. Nekrasov was diagnosed with intestinal cancer. The poet dedicates his last collection "Last Songs", created in terrible agony, to Zinaida Nikolaevna - his wife.

On December 27, 1877, Nikolai Nekrasov overcame the disease. The grave of the writer, who made a huge contribution to literary life, is located in St. Petersburg.

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Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov came from a noble, once rich family. Born on November 22, 1821 in Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province, in Ukraine, where at that time the regiment in which Nekrasov's father served was quartered. A passionate and passionate man, Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov really liked women. Alexandra Andreevna Zakrevskaya, a Varshavian, daughter of a wealthy holder of the Kherson province, fell in love with him. Parents did not agree to marry a well-educated daughter to a poor, poorly educated army officer; the marriage took place without their consent and was not happy. The poet always spoke of the mother as a sufferer, a victim of a rough and depraved environment. In a number of poems, especially in "Last Songs", in the poem "Mother" and in "Knight for an Hour", Nekrasov painted a bright image of the one who brightened up the unattractive environment of his childhood with her noble personality. The charm of memories of his mother was reflected in the work of Nekrasov by his unusual participation in the female share. None of the Russian poets did so much for the apotheosis of wives and mothers. Soon, Major Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov retired and in the fall of 1824 returned with his family to their native places. In Greshnev, he began the ordinary life of a small estate nobleman, who had only 50 souls of serfs at his disposal. Nekrasov's father is a man of strong temper and despotic character, he did not spare his subordinates. The peasants under his control got it, the household members had enough grief with him, especially the poet's mother, a woman of a kind soul and a sensitive heart, smart and educated. Warmly loving children, for the sake of their happiness and peace, for the sake of their future, she patiently endured and, to the best of her weak strength, softened the arbitrariness that reigned in the house. Serf-owning tyranny in those years was a common, almost universal phenomenon, but from childhood it deeply wounded the soul of the poet, because the victim was not only himself, not only the Greshnev peasants and courtyards, but also the poet’s beloved “blond-haired, blue-eyed” mother. “This ... was a heart wounded at the very beginning of his life,” Dostoevsky said about Nekrasov, “and this wound that never healed was the beginning and source of all his passionate, suffering poetry for the rest of his life.”

But Nekrasov also inherited some positive qualities from his father - strength of character, fortitude, enviable stubbornness in achieving the goal:

As demanded by the father's ideal: The hand is firm, the eye is true, the spirit is tested.

From Alexei Sergeevich, the poet from childhood was also infected with a hunting passion, the same one that later gave him a happy opportunity for a sincere, cordial rapprochement with a peasant. It was in Greshnev that Nekrasov's deep friendship with the peasants began, which later nourished his soul and creativity throughout his life:

It's nice to meet in the noisy capital with a friend in winter,

But to see a friend walking behind a plow in the village in the summer

A hundred times nicer...

So Nekrasov wrote in the summer of 1861 in Greshnev, where he often came after reconciliation with his father. A huge family (Nekrasov had 13 brothers and sisters), neglected cases and a number of processes on the estate forced his father to take the place of police officer. During trips, he often took Nikolai Alekseevich with him. The police officer's arrival in the village always marked something unhappy: a dead body, collecting arrears, and so on. - and a lot, thus, lay in the sensitive soul of the boy of sad pictures of national grief. In 1832, Nekrasov entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium, where he reached the 5th grade. He studied poorly, did not get along with the gymnasium authorities (partly because of satirical rhymes), and since his father always dreamed of a military career for his son, in 1838, 16-year-old Nekrasov went to St. Petersburg to be assigned to a noble regiment. The matter was almost settled, but a meeting with a gymnasium friend, a student Glushitsky, and acquaintance with other students aroused in Nekrasov such a thirst to learn that he ignored his father's threat to leave him without any financial assistance and began to prepare for the entrance exam. Father quarreled with son

I left my father's house as a child

(For glory, I was in a hurry to the capital) ...

On July 20, 1838, sixteen-year-old Nekrasov set off on a long journey with a "cherished notebook". Against the will of his father, who wanted to see his son in a military educational institution, Nekrasov decided to enter the university. Upon learning of his intention, Alexei Sergeevich became furious, sent a letter to his son threatening to deprive him of any material support and assistance. But the father's tough temper clashed with the son's determined temper. There was a gap: Nekrasov was left alone in St. Petersburg, without any support and support. A life began that was completely different from the life of an ordinary noble son. The future poet himself chose a thorny path for himself, more typical of a poor commoner who makes his way through his labor.

He did not pass the university exams due to poor preparation at the Yaroslavl gymnasium and entered the philological faculty as a volunteer. From 1839 to 1841, Nekrasov stayed at the university, but almost all the time he spent looking for work. Nekrasov suffered a terrible need, not every day he had the opportunity to dine for 15 kopecks.

“Exactly three years,” he later said, “I felt constantly, every day, hungry. More than once it got to the point that I went to a restaurant on Morskaya Street, where I was allowed to read newspapers, even if I didn’t ask myself anything. You used to take a newspaper for show, and you yourself would move a plate of bread to yourself and eat. Even Nekrasov did not always have an apartment. In search of earnings at the beginning of life in St. Petersburg, Nekrasov often came to Sennaya Square, where ordinary people gathered: artisans and artisans traded their products, peasants from the surrounding villages and villages sold vegetables and dairy products. For a penny fee, the future poet wrote petitions and complaints to illiterate peasants, and at the same time he listened to popular rumor, learned the innermost thoughts and feelings that wandered in the minds and hearts of working Russia. With the accumulation of life impressions, there was an accumulation of literary forces, already based on a deep understanding of social injustice.

Questions about the report:

1) What family did N.A. Nekrasov?

2) How did the relationship between the parents develop in the Nekrasov family?

3) What character traits did the future poet inherit from his father, and which from his mother?

4) What career did Nekrasov's father predict for his son?

5) Why the first years of N.A. Nekrasov in St. Petersburg is often called "Petersburg ordeals"?