With the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Rus'

with the support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Russian Union of Rectors, the Russian Council of School Olympiads, the Synodal Department religious education and catechesis of the Russian Orthodox Church,

Presidential Grants Fund

Orthodox St. Tikhon's Humanitarian University

Olympiad "Fundamentals" Orthodox culture. “Holy Rus', keep the Orthodox Faith!”

School tour,VClass, 2017-2018 academic year

The work was completed by ________________________________________________ Class __________

Time to complete the work: 45 minutes

EXERCISE 1.Choose the correct answer:

What is the name of the action in which a person is given the grace of the Holy Spirit in a special, secret way?

Order of rites

Sacrament

What is the name of the cross depicted on the flag? navy RF?

Alexandrovsky

Andreevsky

Vladimirsky

Georgievsky

Which of the following holidays is not the Twelfth?

Annunciation

Epiphany

1. Nativity

What was the name of the Old Testament righteous man with whom the story of the Flood is connected?

On what day of the week is Easter always celebrated?

Resurrection

1. Monday

How many twelve holidays are there in the Orthodox calendar?

Twelve

1. Eleven

   Fourteen

WITH Greek language this word is translated as “books”:

2. Gospel

A beautiful cathedral was built in Crimea in memory of the Russian deceased Emperor Alexander II. The temple had two altars: the lower altar was consecrated in the name of the Holy Martyr. Artemia, on whose memorial day, October 20, the emperor died Alexander III, and the top one is in honor of the patron saint of both emperors. What temple are we talking about?

Vladimir Cathedral (Chersonese Tauride)

Petro-Paul Cathedral (Simferopol)

Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky (Yalta)

Church of the Resurrection of Christ (Foros)

What is the name of the day before Christmas?

1. Day of Prayer

   Christmas Eve

What feature distinguishes Orthodox churches from all other architectural structures?

There is always a cross at the top

At the entrance to the temple there is always the Star of Bethlehem above the door

The structure of the temple is always cubic in shape

The temple is always surrounded by a fence

TASK 2.
2.1. Read a fragment of text from Sofia Kulomzina’s book “Sacred History in Stories for Children.” Answer the questions.

“A large crowd of people gathered around John. He told them that it was not enough to see themselves as God's people, whom God especially loved. You need to live as God commands.

What do we do? - people asked. And John taught them that they must leave all bad deeds, repent of the evil they have done, they must be kind and sympathetic, share everything that God has sent with others, not offend anyone, not demand anything extra for themselves... To confirm that they really want to cleanse themselves of everything bad, people were baptized: they entered the water of the Jordan River, washed themselves with it, and John prayed to God.

When John was asked: “Are you the Savior for whom we are waiting?” - he answered:

No, I am not Christ. I baptize you in water, but there is Someone standing among you whom you do not know. The one coming after me is stronger than me.

The day after John was asked “Who is he?”, he suddenly saw Jesus Christ among the people crowded on the banks of the Jordan.

He immediately recognized Him, and when Jesus Christ wanted to be baptized, John began to refuse. He said:

I baptize people so that they will regret all the bad things they have done. It is I who must be baptized by You, and not You by me. I dare not even untie the strap of Your shoes.

But Jesus said:

We are called to do everything according to the truth of God.

And John obeyed and baptized Jesus Christ. When Jesus Christ came out of the water, John saw that from the open sky the Holy Spirit, like a dove, descended on Him. And he heard the voice of God:

You are My Son, whom I love, in whom I am well pleased...

On that day, the revelation of the Holy Trinity truly occurred: God the Father spoke from heaven about His Son, who was baptized in the Jordan, and the Holy Spirit appeared in the form of a dove. That is why the day when we celebrate the Epiphany of the Lord (January 19th according to the new style) is called Epiphany. On this day, water is blessed in all churches of God. And we bring home the holy “Epiphany” water, keep it at home, drink it with prayer to God, and it helps with all ailments.”

Questions	Answers
Why is the feast of the Epiphany called Epiphany?
What date does the holiday fall on (according to the new style)?
What was the name of the prophet who baptized the Savior?
What does the word "favor" mean?
What did the prophet say to the Savior when He came to him to be baptized?
Was the event described before or after Jesus Christ began to teach people? Justify your opinion.
What tradition exists on the feast of Epiphany?
* What is the twelfth holiday in the calendar that precedes Epiphany?

2.2. Which of the following icons is an icon of the holiday being described?

Answer: __________

TASK 3.

Read poems by two Russian poets. Answer the questions.

Father of people, Heavenly Father! Yes, Your name is eternal Blessed with our hearts! May your kingdom come Your Will be done with us, As in heaven, so on earth! They sent us our daily bread With your generous hand, And how we forgive people So us, insignificant before You, Forgive, Father, Your children; Don't lead us into temptation And from evil deception Deliver us... A.S. Pushkin

Targeting illness, healing torment, Everywhere He was the Savior, And extended a good hand to everyone, And he didn’t condemn anyone. So, apparently, God has chosen a husband! He is there, on the floor of Jordan, Walked like a messenger from heaven He performed many miracles there, Now He has come, complacent, This side of the river A crowd of diligent and obedient Disciples follow Him... Alexey Tolstoy

What Orthodox prayer formed the basis of the poem by A.S. Pushkin?

____________________________________________________________________________________

Who left this prayer for people?

____________________________________________________________________________________

Who does Alexei Tolstoy write about in his poem?

____________________________________________________________________________________

What logical connection is present in the two poems given?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

TASK 4. (Historical portrait)

Here are facts from the lives of two famous historical figures. Based on the facts given, determine who we are talking about. For each fact, indicate which person it applies to.

	It was he who blessed Dmitry Donskoy before the Battle of Kulikovo.
	Died in a duel.
	He owns famous poem"Borodino".
	Not far from the village of Radonezh he founded a monastery, which eventually became a monastery.
	As a youth, he entered a cavalry school, after which he began serving in the Hussar Regiment.
	Before becoming a monk, his name was Bartholomew.
	He owns the poetic lines “The lonely sail is white...”

Exercise 1	Task 2	Task 3	Task 4	Sum of points

h LTBUYCHPE CHTENS,
lPZDB PRBUBMYUSH
zTEYYFSH UMYILPN NOPZP,
th YUPTFB VPSMYUSH,
th FOURTH H vPZB,
UMChB VSHMY FCHETDSCH,
dTHЪSHS VSHMY YUEUFOSHCH,
CHUE TSHGBTY ZPTDSCH,
CHUE DBNSH RTEMEUFOSH.

h OBIYE CHTENS ZYVEMY CHUEZP UCHEFMPZP PUPVEOOP DPTPZY CHPURPNYOBOYS P RTETSOYI YUBUFMYCHSHI DOSI, LPZDB CHTENS YIZMBDYMP CHUE FSTSEMPE Y RBNSFY, PUFBCHYCH CH OEK MYYSH PDOP IPTPYEE. h FYI CHPURPNYOBOSHI, OBRYUBOOSCHI FPZDB, LPZDB VSHMBS TSYOSH THUULPK LBCHBMETY Y EE ​​LTBUPYUOSCHN VSHFYEN, TSCHGBTULYN DHIPN Y LTBUYCHSHNY FTBDYGYSNY PFPYMB CH VEJCHP ЪЧТБФОПЭ РТПИМПЭ, С ИПУХ РПНСОХФШ ФерМШН UMPCHPN VEЪBVPFOSH AOLETULYE DOY, PUFBCHYYE CH DKHYE OBCHUEZDB FERMPE Y IPTPYEE YUKHCHUFChP.

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UChPY UPVUFCHOOSCH PVSHCHYUBY Y FTBDYGYY UKHEEUFCHPCHBMY Y UKHEEUFCHHAF RP OSCHOEYOYK DEOSH PE CHUEI UFBTSCHI YLPMBI NYTB. fBL, PVSHCHYUBY ЪБУБУБУФХА CHEUSHNB ZTHVSHCHE RTPGCHEFBAF CH CHPEOOSCHI YLPMBI uyb, CH OBNEOYFPN ZHTBOGKHULPN uEO-uyte, HCE OE ZPCHPTS P DENPLTBFYUEULPK bozmyy, ZDE, OBRTYNET , CH LPMMEDTSE yFPOB UKHEEUFCHHEF DP UEZP DOS PVSHCHUBK RPNSHLBOYS UFBTYYYNYY HUEOILBNY NMBDYI, YNEOHENSHCHK "ZHBZZYOZ", UPZMBUOP LPFPTPNKH NMBDIYK PVSBO YUYUFYFSH UBRPZY UFBTYENKH, OPUYFSH ЪB OIN CHEY Y PFDBCHBFSH ENKH UCHPY MBLPNUFCHB, ЪB YuFP CH OBZTBDH RPMKHYUBEF PDOY LPMPFKHYLY. fP RTYOBEFUS BOZMYKULPK BTYUFPLTBFYEK OEPVIPDYNPK RTYOBDMETSOPUFSHA "NHTSEUFCHEOOPZP CHPURYFBOYS", LBL Y DTBLY NETSDH HYUEOILBNY, LPFPTSCHI OILFP Y OYLPZDB OE TBY NBEF.

h OBJEK UFBTPC yLPME, h RTPFYCHPRPMPTSOPUFSH LFPNH, ZTHVPUFSH ABOUT UMPCBI, HCE OE ZPCHPTS P RPUFHRLBI, VSHMB CHESHA OEDPRHUFYNPK Y RTEUMEDPCHBMBUSH RP FTBDYGY UPCHETYOOP VUEURP EBDOP. UMHYUBK, YuFPVSH AOLET UFBTYEZP LKHTUB RPJCHPMYM UEVE DPFTPOKHFSHUS RBMSHGEN DP AOLETB NMBDYEZP LKHTUB U GEMSHA EZP PULPTVYFSH, VSHM UPCHETYEOOP OENSHUMIN CH UFEOBYYLPMSCH, B CHE TsMYCHPUFSH CH PFOPEYY DTKHZ L DTHZKH Y, CH PUPVEOOPUFY, UFBTYI L NMBDYYN PVSJBFEMSHOB. dB YOBYUE Y VSHFSH OE NPZMP FBN, ZDE AOLETB, CH UCHPEN PZTPNOPN VPMSHYOUFCHE, RTYOBDMETSBMY L CHPURYFBOOPNH Y UPUFPSFEMSHOPNH PVEEUFCHH. lTPNE FPZP, CH yLPME OELBDEFSH RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK TEDLPE YULMAYUEOYE, VMBZPDBTS YuENH OILPMBECHULYE AOLETB, RTYOBDMETSB L PDOPK UPGYBMSHOPK UTEDE Y RPMHYUYCH PDYOBLPCHPE CHPURYF BOIE, VSHMY RP UCHPYN CHZMSDBN, RPOSFYN Y CHLHUBN ZPTBJDP VMYCE DTKHZ L DTHZKH, OETSEMY AOLETB LBLPZP VSHCH FP OH VSHMP DTHZPZP CHPEOOOPZP HYYMYEB VEMEE REUFTSHCHN UPGYBMSHOSCHN UPUFBCHPN. fBLYE HUMPCHYS UPJDBCHBMY CH YLPME NETSDKH AOLETBNY PZTPNOKHA URBKLH, RTPYUOKHA Y OBDETSOKHA, LPFPTBS ЪBFEN RETEIPDIMB Y CH LBCHBMETYKULYE RPMLY.

* * *

ABOUT CHPLUBME OYLPMBECHULPK TSEMEOOPK DPTPZY CH REFETVHTZE RBUUBTSYTSCH OBEZP "LBDEFULPZP" CHBZPOB, YEDYEZP YJ chPTPOETSB YUETE LPMCH Y nPULCHH, CH RPUMEDOYK TB RETEG EMPCHBMYUSH, RPTSBMY DTHZ DTHZH THLY Y TBYAEEIBMYUSH, CH TBOSHE UFPTPPOSH. vPMSHYOUFChP NPYI FPCHBTYEEK RP CHSHCHRHULH YI LPTRHUB S HCE VPMSHYE OILZDB OE CHUFTEYUBM CH TSIYOY.

YYCHPYUYL, CHSFSHCHK NOPA KH RBNSFOILB bMELUBODTKH FTEFSHENKH, OE UREYB FBTBIFEM RP NPUFPCHPK. CHRETCHE RPRBCH H RYFET, S U YOFETEUPN TBZMSDSCHBM KHMYGSH UFPMYGSHCH. fPMSHLP YUETE DPVTSHCHK YBU RKhFY, RTPPEIBCH NYNP vBMFYKULPZP CHPLEBMB Y YUETE pVChPDOPK LBOBM, RBIOKHCHYK ABOUT NEOS UPCHUEN OE UFPMYUOSCHN ЪBRBIPN, NSCH RPRBMY ABOUT METNPOFPCHUL YK RTPURELF, URTBCHB LPFPTPZP RPLBЪBMPUSH FTEIFBTTSOPE ЪDBOYE. OBD EZP ZhTPOFPPON, RPD PTMPN, YYTPL TBULYOKHCHYYN LTSHMSHS, S KHCHYDEM OBDRYUSH, ЪBUFBCHYCHYKHA LTERLP ЪBVYFSHUS NPE LBDEFULPE UETDGE: “OILPMBECHULPE LBCHBMETYKULPE HYUMYEE.”

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ъDTBCHYS TSEMB, ZPURPDYO LPTOEF, CHDTHZ TBBDBMUS RPBBDY NEOS OZTPNLYK, UPMIDOSCHK ZPMPU.

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ъДТБЧУФЧХК...

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lHDB?.. nPMPDPK, OBBD!..

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bFP LPTOEFULBS... DMS ZPURPD AOLETPCH UFBTYEZP LHTUB.

RETEKDS ABOUT DTKHZHA UFTPOKH, S RPDOSMUS CH RETCHSHCHK LFBTs U TsKhFLYN PEKHEEOYEN, YuFP LFP-FP UMEDYF ЪБ LBTSDSCHN NPYN DCHYTSEOYEN Y CHP'SHNEF NEOS OENEDMEOOOP "CH TBVPFKH". DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, OBCHETIKH MEUFOYGSHCH, CHSHCHIPDSEEK CH OEVPMSHYKHA ЪBMKH, YNEOPCHBCHYKHAUS "UTEDOEK RMPEBDLPK", NEOS PCYDBMB ZTPOBS Y CHEMILPMEROBS ZHYZKHTB. lTBUICHSHCHK Y UFTPKOSHKHK, LBL DPTPZBS YZTHYLB, FPMSHLP YuFP CHCHYEDYBS YJ NBZBYOB, RETEDP NOPK UFPSM, ЪBZPTBTSYCHBS DPTPZH, AOLET UFBTYEZP LHTUB, PDEFSHCHK U YZP MPYULY, CH PFMYUOP UYYFPN ЪBEIFOPN LYFEME, UYOYI VTDTSBI Y CHEMYLPMEROSCHI UBRPZBI, ABOUT LPFPTSCHI LBLYN-FP YUKHDOSHCHN UETEVTSOSCHN ЪChPOPN ЪCHHYUBMY YRPTSCH, IPFS YI CHMBDEMEG LBL VHDFP UFPSM UPCHETYOOOP OERPDCHYTSOP. lPZDB S RPDPYEM L OENKH CHRMPFOHA, PO, OE NYZBS, UFTZP RPUNPFTEMNOE CH MYGP Y RTPZPCHPTYM OEVTETSOSCHN FPOPN:

nPE YNS Y PFUEUFChP?

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b-B-B, CHEMYUEUFCHEOOP RTPFSOXM LPTOEF, LFP DTHZPE DEMP.

UTBH UNSZUYCH FPO, BY RTDDPMTsBM:

CHCH, S CHYTSKH, NPMPDK, RPDBEFE OBDETSCH... bFP IPTPYP... bFP RTYSFOP... RPTsBMHKFE ЪB NOK.

according to LTHFP RPCHETOHMUS Y ЪBYBZBM YUETEЪ ЪБМХ CHREDEDY NEOS. with RPYUFYFEMSHOP RPUMEDPCHBM ЪB OBYUBMSHUFCHPN, OE CHSHCHRKHULBS YЪ THL YUENPDBOB.

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CHPDOSCHK CHBINYUFT RETUIDULYK!

UTE FTY UELKHODSCH, UMPCHOP RP CHPMYEVUFCHH, CH DCHETSI CHSHTPU AOLET EEE YILBTOE CHYDEOOSCHI NOPA DP LFPZP. NEMPDYUOP ЪChSLOKHCH YRPTBNY, BY CHSCHFSOKHMUS CH PTSIDBOY RTYLBBOYK.

chPF, CHBINYUFT, CHPSHNYFE L UEVE bFPZP NPMPDPZP Y... CH TBVPFKH, RTYLBYBM TPFNYUFT PULBMYCH CH KHMSHVLE UCHPY, ABOUT TEDLPUFSH VEMSHCHE KHVSHCH.

UMHYBA, ZPURPDYO TPFNYUFT, CHUEMP PFCHEFYM CHBINYUFT Y, RPCHETOHCHYUSH LTHZPN, CHCHYEM Y DETSKHTLY. ьFPF MYIPK AOLET, UFTPKOSHCHK Y RPDFSOKHFSCHK, RTEYURPMOM NPE UETDGE UFBTPZP LBDEFB YYKHNMEOYEN Y CHPUFPTZPN. CHUE EZP DCHYTSEOYS, TSEUFSHCH Y RPCHPTPFSH OE VSHMY RPIPTSY ABOUT ZTHVPCHBFSCH LBDEFULYE RTYENSHCH, B RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK RPYUFYOE UFTPECHHA RPYYA. yЪSEEUFChP, MEZLPUFSH Y PFUEFMYCHPUFSH DCHYTSEOYK, CH UPRTPCHPTSDEOOY NEMPDYUOPZP ЪChPOB UBCHEMSHECHULYI YRPT, Refinery RPOSFSH Y PGEOIFSH FPMSHLP CHPEOOSHCHK ZMB, LPFPTSHCHK CHSTBVBFSCCHBMUS X OBEZP VTBFB-LBDEFB RPUME 7–8 MEF RTEVSCCHBOYS CH LPTRKHUE.

PYEMPNMEOOOSCHK Y PYUBTPCHBOOSCHK LFYNY VMEUFSEYNY RTYNETBNY CHCHUYEK CHPEOOOPK NBTLY, WITH CHCHYEM CHUMED ЪB CHBINYUFTPN. UOPChB RETEKDS UTEDOAA RMPEBDLH, NSCHCHYMY CH LPTYDPT Y PUFBOPCHYMYUSH RETED RETCHPK DCHETSHA OBMECHP, PLBBBCHYEKUS "CHBINYUFETULPK". ъDEUSH RPNEEBMUS ULBDTPOOSHCHK CHBINYUFT, YMY ABOUT KHYUMIEOPN SSCHLE “ENOPK VPZ”, CHSHUPLYK, UFTPKOSHCHK, DETSBCHYKUS U VPMSHYYN DPUFPYOUFCHPN AOLET, ABOUT RPZPOBI LPFPTP Salary VSHMP FTY TSEMFSHI COMMON. rP RTBCHYMBN HYUMYEB, H OBYUBME ZPDB, AOLETPCH, RTEDOBUBYEOOSCHI ЪBOSFSH ABOUT UFBTYEN LHTUE DPMTSOPUFY RPTFHREK-AOLETPCH, RTPYYCHPDSF CHPDOSHI CH NMBDIYE, B CHBINYUFTB CH UFBTYE RPTFHREC-AOLETB. uChPY OBUFPSEYE YYOSHCH POY RPMKHUBAF MYYSH OELPFPTPPE CHTENS URKHUFS.

CHCHUMKHYBCH TBRPTF P SCHLE, CHBINYUFT PZMSDEM NEOS U OPZ DP ZPMPCHSHY RTYLBYBM NPENKH RTPCHPTSBFPNH:

fShch, retuydulyk, ChPYSHNEYSH EZP L UEVE PE CHJCHPD!

rPUME bFPZP NSCH PFRTBCHYMYUSH CH URBMSHOA. h OEVPMSHYPK ЪBME U DCHHNS DEUSFLBNNY LTPCHBFEK, PFDEMEOOOSCHI PDOB PF DTHZPK CHSHCHUPLYNY FKHNVPYULBNY, OBD LPFPTSCHNY CHYUEMY BMELFTYUEULYE MBNRPYULY U BVBTsKHTBNY, NSCH Kommersant BUFBMY ZTHRRH LBDEF TBOSCHI LPTRHUPCH, CHULPYYYI RTY CHIPDE CHPDOPZP CHBINYUFTB.

chPF, NPMPPDK, ULBЪBM PO NOE, UBDSUSH ABOUT LPKLKH, OBLPNSHFEUSH U CHBYYNYUHZKHVSHCHNYY FPCHBTYEBNY.

UHZHVSHCH FPCHBTYEY PDYO ЪB DTHZYN RPDBMY NOE THLH Y OBCHBMY UCHPY ZHBNYMYY, RPUME YEZP CHJCHPDOSCHK RTYLBYBM OBN "PFUFBCHYFSH CHUE GETENPOYY" Y, KHUBDYCH CHUEI CHPLTH Z UEVS, RTPUFP Y RP-FPCHBTYEEULY PVASUOIM FP, YuFP NSCH DPMTSOSCH VSHMY OBFSH ABOUT RETCHSHI RPTBI OBYEK YLPMSHOPK TSYYOY.

rPLB CHSH RPRTPUYFE LBLPZP-MYVP YЪ ZPURPD LPTOEFPCH UFBFSH CHBYYNYY DSDSHLBNY, LPFPTSCHE CHBU OBKHYUBF KHNH-TBHNH, S UPPVEH ChBN UBNPE OEPVIPDYNPE, LBUBAEEEUS TBURPTSDL B yLPMSCH, PVIASCHYM OBN RETUIDULYK.

PLBBBMPUSH, YuFP NSCH, AOLETB NMBDYEZP LKHTUB, U NPNEOFB RPSCHMEOYS CH HYUMIEEE OBSCHCHBENUS "UKHZKHVSCHNYY CHETSNY" Y RPUFKHRBEN RP UFTPECHPK YUBUFY CH RPMOPE TBURPTTSEOYE UFBTYEZ P LKHTUB, RTEDUFBCHYFEMY LPFPTPZP DMS OBU SCHMSAFUS VMYTSBKYN OBYUBMSHUFCHPN. rTYLBYSHCH "LPTOEFPCH" POY CE "VMBZPTPDOSCHE PZHYGETSCH" NSCH DPMTSOSCH YURPMOSFSH OENEDMEOOOP Y VEURTELPUMPCHOP. u RETCHPK NYOKHFSCH CHUFTEYUY UP UCHPYNY PDOPLKHTUOILBNY YMY "UKHZKHVSCHNY FPCHBTYEBNY", NSCH PVSOBOSCH RETEKFY U OYNY OB "FSH" Y VSCHFSH CH UBNSCHI MHYUYI PFOPYEOSI. fTBDYGYS yLPMSCH DBTSE TELPNEODPCHBMB, YuFPVSH RTY CHUFTEYUE, RPUME TBBMHLY, "NPMPDSCHE" DPMTSOSCH VSHMY RPGEMPCHBFSHUS DTKhZ U DTHZPN Y OBCHUEZDB PUFBCHBFSHUS U OYNY OB "FSH", Yu FP UPVMADBMPUSH Y RP CHSHCHIPDE YYLPMSH NETSDH UFBTSHNY OILPMBECHGBNY DBCE TBOSHI CHSHCHRHULPC.

lPZDB L OBN CH RPNEEEOOYE CHIPDAYM MAVPK AOLET UFBTYEZP LHTUB, NSCH, NPMPDSHCHE, PVSBOSCH VSHMY CHULBLYCHBFSH Y UFBOPCHYFSHUS "UNYTOP" DP RPMHYUEOYS TBTEYEOYS UEUFSH. fP VSCHMP PYUEOSH KFPNYFEMSHOP, OP RPDPVOBS FTBDYGYS YNEMB CH UEVE FPF UNSHUM, YuFP, RTYHYUBS CHYDEFSH OBYUBMSHUFChP CH LBTSDPN UFBTYEN RP UMHTSVE, YuFP ЪBFEN RTDDPMTsBMPUSH Y PE CHTENS UMKHTSVSHCH RPMLBI, ZDE UFBTYK RP RTPIYCHPDUFCHH LPTOEF DEMBM ЪBNEYUBOYS UCHPENKH NMBDYENKH FPCHBTYEKH, LFP OE CHSHCHCHCHBMP OILBLYI FTEOYK, FBL LBL NSCH VSHMY RTYHYUOSCH U AOLETULYI MEF L DYUGYRMYOE Y "LPTOEF" PUFBCHBMUS FBLPCHSHCHN DMS UCHPEZP "ЪCHETS" ABOUT CHUA TSYOSH, YUFP OE NEYBMP YN VSC FSH CH PFMYUOEKYI PFOPYEOYSI DTHZ U DTHZPN. fP DBCHBMP RTBCHYMSHOPE RPOSFYE P DYUGYRMYOE, FBL LBL OECHOYNBOYE L UFBTYENH CH CHPEOOPK YLPME MEZLP RTYKHYUBMP L OEDPUFBFPYUOPNH CHOYNBOYA L UFBTYYN CHPPVEE. x OBU TSE H yLPME YYOPRPYUFBOYE, DYUGYRMYOB Y PFDBOYE YUEUFY CHCHPDYMYUSH CH OBUFPSEYK LHMSHF, TBCHOP LBL Y VMEUFSEEE UFTPECHPE CHPURYFBOYE YMY "PFYUEFMYCHPUFSH", LPFPTSH NY NSCH ZPTDYMYUSH Y EZPMMSMY. fP VShchMB PVMBZPTPTSEOOBS Y DPCHEDEOOBS DP YUFYOOPZP UPCHETYOUFCHB CHPEOOBS YLPMB, NBTLB LPFPTPK PUFBCHBMBUSH ABOUT MADSI CHUA YI QYOSH...

CHPDOSCHK PVASUOYM OBN, YuFP LBTSDSCHK YI OBU FERETSH TSE DPMTSEO RTPUYFSH LPZP-MYVP YЪ LPTOEFPCH CHOSFSH OBU L UEVE CH "RMENSOILY", DMS PVKHYUEOYS FTBDYGYSN, RTYUEN RTYOSFP, YUF Pvsch NMBDYYE RTYZMBYBMY CH "DSDY" AOLETB UFBTYEZP LHTUB, PLPOYUYCHYEZP PDYO Y FPF TSE LPTRKHU RMENSOOILPN Y RPFPNH OBCHYEZP EZP TBOSHYE.

vHDEFE PFUEFMYCHSHNY UHZHVGBNY, LBL S OBDEAUSH,. ЪBLPOYUYM UCHPE OBUFBCHMEOYE CHBINYUFT RETUYDULYK, Y CHBN VKhDEF IPTPYP CH YLPME, OEF MHYUYE FERTSH TSE, DP RTYUSZY, PFUYUMSKFEUSH PF HYUMYEB; LBMELBN ЪDEUSH DEMBFSH OYUEZP...

rPLB NSCH RPMKHYUBMY LFY OBUFBCHMEOYS, CHTENS RPDPYMP L RPMHDOA. ABOUT UTEDOOEK RMPEBDLE FTHVBYU ЪBFTKHVYM "UVPT", RPUME YuEZP OENEDMEOOOP RP CHUEN RPNEEEOOSN ULBDTPOB UPMPCHSHSNY OBREMY LPTOEFULYE ZPMPUB:

nPMPDETSSH!.. pRBBDSHCHBEF! IPDH!.. IPDH!.. rPUMEDOENH RBYULH OBTSDHR!..

NYZ DYLPZP ZBMPRB UTEDY FBLYI TSE UHZHVSHI FPCHBTYEEK, Y NSCH, NMBDYYK LHTU, HCE UFPSMY CH UFTPA, CHUFTEYUBS ZMBBNY NEDMEOOOP CHSHCHPICHYI YЪ RPNEEEOOK ULBDTPOB Z.Z. LPTOEFPCH. NEDMEOOPUFSH LFB, PDOBLP, VSHMB YUYUFP RPLBЪOPK, FBL LBL, LPZDB YUETE OEULPMSHLP NYOHF YUCHPEK LPNOBFSCHCHYEM DETSKHTOSCHK PZHYGET, ULBDTPO CH RPMOPN UPUFBCHE UFPSM CH VEKHLPTYOOOOPN UFTPA.

ъДТБЧУФЧХХКФЭ, ЗПРИПДБ! RPJDPTPCHBMUS TPFNYUFT.

ъДТБЧІС ЦЭМБА, ЧБУ ЧШЧУПЛПВМБЗПТПДЭ! PFCHEFYM DTHTTSOP ULBDTPO, Y NSCH, CHYUETBYOYE LBDEFSCH, RPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBMY UTBH, YuFP RETEUFBMY VSHFSH DEFSHNY, B UFBMY OBUFPSEYNY CHPEOOOSCHNY UPMDBFULPZP ЪChBOYS. CHADYFE, CHBINYUFT! OEVTETSOP VTPUYM PZHYGET, DCHYOKHCHYYUSH RP LPTIDPTKH CHREDEDY ULBDTPOB Y OE PZMSDSHCHBSUSH ABOUT OEZP.

ьULBDTPO, RTBCHPE RMEYUP CHREDED... NBTY! ЪChPOLP Y OEPVSHHLOPCHOOOP YUEFLP RTPREM CHBINYUFT. with PRSFSH RPYUKHCHUFCHBM, YuFP CH LFK, RTYCHSHCHYUOPKNOE U LBDEFULYI MEF, LPNBODE EUFSH OPCHPE Y RTYSFOPE. UMPPE "NBTY" VSHMP RTPYOOUEOP TBULBFYUFP Y UBNYTBS, LBL CH LBCHBMETYY, B OE LPTPFLP Y TEILP, LBL CH REIPFE Y LBDEFULYI LPTRKHUBI. ьУЛБDTPO, ПФУЭФМИЧП РПЪЧБОВИЧБС ИРПТБНЯ, RTPYEM LPTYDPT Y OEVPMSHYKHA RTPIPDOKHA LPNOBFKH, KHCHEYBOOOKHA ZHPFPZTBZHYSNY RTETSOYI CHSHCHRHULPC, RPUME YuEZP URKHUFYMUS R P MEUFOYGE CH RPMKHRPDCHBMSHOSCHK LFBC, ZDE OBIPDIMBUSH AOLETULBS UFPMPCHBS. rPD MEUFOYGEK, ABOUT RMPEBDL UFPSMB FTEIDACNPCHBS RKHYLB, ABOUT LPFPTPK AOLETB RTBLFYUEULY PVKHYUBMYUSH PVTBEEOYA U PTHDYEN.

UFPMPCHBS yLPMSCH, TBURPMPTSEOOBS CH DMYOOPK RPMKHRPDCHBMSHOPK UBME VSHMB TBDEMEOB BTLBNY Y LPMPOOBNY OB; DCHE TBCHOSCHE YUBUFY, YI LPFPTSCHI CH PDOPK LEAVE AOLETB ULBDTPOB, B CH DTHZPK UPFOY. lBBYUSHS UPFOS yLPMSCH RPLBBBMBUSHNOE OBTPDPN UPMIDOSCHN, IPFS, VMBZPDBTS LBBEOOPNH PVNKHODYTPCHBOYA, Y OE YNECHYYN UFPMSH EZPMECHBFPZP CHYDB, LBL OBIY LPTOEFSCH. fY RPUMEDOYE CH UFPMPChPK RPUFY OYUEZP OE EMY, B RTDDPMTsBMY, LBL Y CH RPNEEOOY YULBDTPOB, "TBVPFKH" OBD OBNY, UFTPZP UMEDS EB FEN, YuFPVSH "NPMPDSCHE" PE CHTENS EEDSH OBTKHY BMY IPTPYEZP FPOB, Y RPNYOKHFOP DEMBMY OBN ЪBNEYUBOYS RP CHUSLPNH RPCHPDH. DETSKHTOSHK PZHYGET, PE CHTENS ЪBCHFTBLB RTPZKHMYCHBCHYKUS NETSDH BTLBNY, UBN OE EM, B THAN UEVS ChPPVEE LBL VSH RPUFPTPOOIN YUEMPCHELPN, OE PVTBEBS CHAINBOYS OB "GHL", YNECHYK NEUFP Ch UFPMPChPK. lBL S RPUME KHOBM, LFP RTPYUIPDYMP MYYSH CH FE DOY, LPZDB RP yLPME DETSKHTYMY PZHYGETSCH ULBDTPOB; LBBIUSHY TSE PZHYGETSCH OILBLLPZP VEURPTSDLB CH OBME OE DPRHULBMY.

rTYCHSHCHLOKHCH OBVMADBFSH CH LPTRKHUE LBDEFULYK BRREFFYF, WITH VSHHM KHDYCHMEO FEN, YuFP OBIY "LPTOEFSHCH" RPYUFY OYUEZP OE EMY, ЪBOSFSHCHE RTERPDBCHBOYEN OBN IPTPYEZP FPOB. RTYUIOPK BFPNH, FAL RPFPN UFBMP Ycheufop, Plbbmbush Aoletulbs MBCHPULB, LPFPKBM UFBBM LCHTU LHTU, in the site of the RTPDBMYUSHMYUCHECHECH CHLCHOOCHOSHOOSH CHEEI. pOB-FP U YЪVSHCHFLPN Y ЪBNEOSMB UFBTYENKH LHTUKH LBEBOOPE DPCHPMSHUFCHYE. мБЧПУЛБ ьФБ РПНИЭБМБУШ Ш ОйЦОН ьФБЦе, TSDPН У "ЗЭТВПЧШЧН ЪБМПН", ZDE RP UFEOBN CHYUEMY EIFSHCH, TBULTBYEOOOSCH LBTSDSCHK CH UCHPK RPMLPCHPK GCHEF RP YUYUMH LBCHBMETYKULYI RPM LPCH, U KHLBBOYEN YUFPTYY LBTSDPZP YЪ OYI, YI PFMYYUYK Y PUPVEOOPUFEK, YFP CHIPDIMP CH UPUFBCH FBL OBSCHCHBENPK OB AOLETULPN SSHLE "UMPCHEUOPUFY", PVSBFEMSHOPK DMS YHYUEOYS AOLETBNY NMBDYEZP LKHTUB. "UMPCHEUOPUFSH", YMY YOBYUE "DYUMPLBGYS" ABOUT AOLETULPN SJSHLE, PVSCHCHBMB LBTSDPZP "NPMPDPPZP" CH PNPTsOP LTBFLYK UTPL, CH EZP UPVUFCHEOOSHI YOFETEUBI, YYKHYUFSH RPDT PVOP OE FPMSHLP CHUЈ, PFOPUSEEEUS L UENYDEUSFY DCHHN RPMLBN TEZKHMSTOPK LBCHBMETYY, OP FBLCE YNEOB CHUEZP OBYUBMSHUFCHB Y CH FPN YUYUME CHUEI AOLETPCH UFBTYEZP LHTUB, U DPVBCHMEOYEN FPZP, CH LBLPC RPML LBTSDSCHK YI OYI OBNETEO CHSCKFY. fP VSCHMP DPCHPMSHOP UMPTsOP, OP CHOEDTSMPUSH CH OBY ZPMPCHSHCH U FBLPK OEHLMPOOPK OBUFPKYUYCHPUFSHA, YuFP S RPNOA CHUE LFP DP UEZPDOSYOEZP DOS, FP EUFSH RPYUFY YUETE RPMCHELB.

dMS VSHUFTEKYEZP KHUCHPEOYS "NPMPDETSHA" CHUEK LFPC RTENKHDTPUFY, UFBTYK LHTU RPUFPSOOP LBNEOPCHBM OBUCH MAVPK YUBU DOS Y OPYYY CH MAVPN NEUFE: CH URBMSHOE, LPTYDPTE, UFPMPCHPK, LHTYMLE, KHVPTOPK Y CH NBOETSE; CHEDE "UHZHVEG" DPMTSEO VSHM VSHFSH ZPFPCH RETEYUUMYFSH ZHUBTULYE YMY HMBOULYE RPMLY, PVASUOYFSH RPDTPVOPUFY FPK YMY YOPK ZHTTNSHCH. UMPCHPN, RPLB RP CHUEK FBLPC OBKHLE NMPDSCHE OE UDBCHBMY LBNEOB KH UCHPEZP "DSDSHLY", YN OE VSHMP OH PFDSHCHEB OH RPLPS. UHEEUFCHPCHBMB, LTPNE LFPPZP, EEE Y OEPZHYYBMSHOBS "UMPCHEUOPUFSH", NEOEE PVSJBFEMSHOBS, OP CHUE TSE RTYMYUEUFCHHAEBS IPTPYP CHSHTRBCHMEOOOPNH Y "PFYUEFMYCHPNH" UHZHV GC. POB VSHMB PYUBUFY IBTBLFETB BOELDPFYUUEULPZP, PFYUBUFY ZHYMPUPZHULY-RTBLFYUEULPZP, CH VPMSHYOUFCHE UMHYUBECH NBMPRTYMYUOPZP UPDETSBOYS, CHTPDE "CHETIB TBUUESOYS". lPTOEFSH UYFBMYUSH "TPDYCHYYNYUS YY REOSCH dKHDETZPZHULZP PIETB" Y SCHMSMYUSH "PZHYGETBNY" HCE CH YLPME; YuFP LBUBEFUS NPMPDSCHI, FP POY, CH MHYUYEN UMKHYUBE, RP UMHTSVE NPZMY TBUUUYFSHCHBFSH UFBFSH "YFBV-FTHVBUNYUETE 75 MEF UMKHTSVSHCH RTY KHDBUOPN RTPYCHPDUFCHE". h UNSHUME RTEDEMB UCHPEK CHMBUFY OBD NMBDYYN LHTUPN, UFBTYK, CHPRTELY CHUEN ZhBOFBYSN Y TBUULBJBN, VSHM UFTPZP PZTBOYUEO PRTEDEMEOOSCHNY TBNLBNY, RETEIPDIFSH LPFPTSHCHE OE YNEM RTBCHB, RPD UFTBIPN MYYEOYS "LPTOEFULPZP ЪChBOYS". ъБ ьФН УФТПЗП УМЭДИМ "ЛПТОЭФУЛИК ЛПНИФEF" (ЧПЪЗМБЧМСЭНШК ХШЧВПТОШН RTEDUEDBFEMEN), LHDB CHIPDIMY CHUE AOLETB UFBTYEZP LHTUB. rTEDUEDBFEMSH LPTOEFULPZP LPNYFEFB SCHMSMUS CHETIPCHOSCHN VMAUFYFEMEN Y OBFPPLPN FTBDYGYK yLPMSCH; LPNREFEOGYS EZP VSHMB OEPURPTYNB.

UPZMBUOP PVSHYUBA "LPTOEFSHCH" OE YNEMY RTBCHB ЪBDECHBFSH MYUOPZP UBNPMAVIS "NPMPDPPZP". rPUMEDOYK VSHM PVSBO CHSHRPMOYFSH VEURTELPUMPCHOP CHUE FP, YuFP CHSHRPMOSMY DP OEZP AOLETB NMBDYEZP LKHTUB YЪ RPLPMEOYS CH RPLPMEOYE. OP YNEM RTBChP PVTsBMPCHBFSH CH LPTOEFULYK LPNYFEF FP, CH YUEN NPTsOP KHUNPFTEFSH "Y'DECHBFEMSHUFCHP OBD EZP MYUOPUFSHA", B OE UKHZHVSHCHN ЪCHBOYEN ЪCHETS. “lPTOEFSHCH”, OBRTYNET, OE YNEMY RTBCHB U OEKHCHBTSEOYEN DPFTPOKHFSHUS IPFS VSC RBMSHGEN DP AOLETB NMBDYEZP LKHTUB, HC OE ZPCHPTS PV PULPTVMEOYY. lFP RTBCHYMP OYLPZDB OE OBTHYBMPUSH OH RTY LBLYI PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBI. OENSHUMINSH VSHCHMY Y UFPMLOPCHEOYS AOLETPC NMBDYEZP LHTUB NETSDH UPVPK U RTYNEOOYEN LHMBYUOPK TBURTBCHSHY CHBYNOSCHI PULPTVMEOYK; CH RPDPVOSHHI UMKHYUBSI PVE UFPTPOSH RPDMETSBMY OENEDMEOOOPNH PFUYUMEOYA JH HYUYMYEB OEBCHYUYNP PF PVUFPSFEMSHUFCH, CHCHCHBCHYI UFPMLOPCHEOYE. h UCHPEK UTEDE UFBTYK LHTU UFTPZP RTDETTSYCHBMUS UFBTYOUFCHB, UChSFP UPVMADBCHYEZPUS H CHPEOOOPK UTEDE UFBTPZP CHTENEY. uFBTYOUFChP bfp h yLPM, PDOBLP, VBYTPPCHBMPUSH OE ABOUT KHUFBCHE, B ABOUT PVSHYUOPN RTBCHE. chBINYUFT, CHPDODOSHE Y PFDEMEOOOSCH RPTFHREC-AOLETB DMS UFBTYEZP LHTUB VSHMY OBYUBMSHOILBNY MYYSH CH UFTPA, CH PVSHYUOPN TSE PVEETSYFYY UP UCHPYNYY PDOPLKHTUOYLBNY OILBLYNY RTYCH YMEZYSNY OE RPMSHЪPCHBMYUSH; ЪБФП ЪБУЕЧИЕ О НМБДYЭН ЛХТУЕ "НБКПТШ" РПУИФБМYУШ CHCH CHYE "LPTOEFPCH", BEEEE CHCHYE VSHCHMY "RPMLPCHOILY", OBIPDIYCHYEUS CH YLPMME RP YuEFSHTE ZPDB Y, TEDLYE "ZEOETBMSHCH", RTPUY DECHYE RP RSFY. rPUMEDOYN NMBDIYK LHTU DPMTSEO VSCHM RTY CHUFTEYUE UFBOPCHYFSHUS PE ZhTPOF. CHUE LFY "YUYOSCH", PDOBLP, RTYPVTEFBMYUSH CH VPMSHYOUFCHE UCHPEN OE ЪB NBMPHUREYOPUFSH CH OBHLBI YMY UFTPA, LBLPCHSHCHE AOLETB YUYFBMYUSH "LBMELBNY", B, FBL ULBJBFSH, RP MYOY Y FTBDYGYK.

y OBYUEOYEN OBYUBMSHOILPN HYUMMYEB ZEOETBMB nBTUEOLP, CH LBCHBMETYKULPN HYUMYEE OILPPZDB OE CHPURYFSHCHBCHYEZPUS Y RPFPNKH PIPFOP CHESCHYEZPUS ЪB YULPTEOEOYE CH OEN UFBTSCHI P VSHYUBECH, OBYUBMBUSH VPTSHVB U FTBDYGYSNY. lBL YUEMPCHEL YUKHTSDSCHK LBCHBMETYKULPK yLPME, CH RTPYMPN OE FP MYGEYUF, OE FP RTBCHPCHED, RTPYJCHEDEOOSCHK CH PZHYGETSCH YI CHPMSHOPPRTEDEMSAEYIUS Y CHUA UMKHTsVKH RTPVSCCHYIK CH ZEOETB MSHOPN YFBVE, BY OE RPOINBM OBYUEOYS "GHLB". MAVYNSCHN OBLBBBOYEN ZEOETBMB nBTUEOLP, CH EZP UPCHETYEOOP VEKHUREYOPK VPTSHVE U FTBDYGYSNY, VSHMP PFUYUMEOYE OBNEYOOOSHI YN CH RPDDETSLE FTBDYGYK AOLETPCH CHPMSHOPPRTEDEMSAE YNYUS CH RPMLY, ABOUT VPMEE YMY NEOEE RTDPDPMTSYFEMSHOSHCHK UTPL. fBLPK YZOBOOYL PVSHHLOPCHOOOP CHPCHTBEBMUS Ch yLPMH DMS RTDPDPMTSEOYS LHTUB, RPFETSC RPMZPDB, B FP Y ZPD. rPUFTBDBCHIYE ЪB FTBDYGYYY, CHETOHCHYYUSH YЪ RPMLPCH, LPFPTSCHNYY POY “LPNBODPCHBMY”, LBL CHSTBTSBMYUSH AOLETB, Y OPUYMY CHCHCHYEHLBBOOSCH NOPA “CHSCHUPLYE YYOSCH”.

rPNYNP OYI VSHCHMY, IPFS Y TEDLP, ABOUT UFBTYEN LHTUE FBL OBSCHCHBENSCH "RBUUBTSYTSCH", CHTEOOOSCH YMY RPUFPSOOSCH. fP AOLETB, OE KhDPUFPEOOSH UFBTYYN LHTUPN RTY RETEIPDE CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH ABOUT UFBTYK LHTU "RTPYCHPDUFCHB CH LPTOEFSCH YLPMSCH" YЪ-ЪB UCHPEK "LPTSCHPUFY" YMY CHTENEOOOP RETECHEDE OOSHCH LFP ЪChBOYE ЪB RTPCHYOOPUFY RETED FPCHBTYEBNY. pFOPYEOYE L "RBUUBTSYTBN" UP UFPTPOSH UFBTYEZP LKHTUB VSHMP FPCHBTYEEULPE, CH PFOPEYOY TSE NMBDYEZP LKHTUB POY OE RPMSHЪPCHBMYUSH OILBLYNY RTBCHBNY. ABOUT LFPC RTPNETSKHFPYUOPK TPMY S RPNOA PDOPZP YMY DCHHI AOLETPC-YOPUFTBOGECH, RMPIP ZPCHPTYCHYI RP-THUULY.

VSHMB EEE PDOB LBFEZPTYS AOLETPCH, L UYUBUFSHA YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP TEDLBS Y CH YLPME OE ЪBDETTSYCHBCHYBSUS, B YNEOOOP "LTBUOSCHE" YMY ABOUT TSYCHPRYUOPN SSHLE yLPMSCH "OBChP". lFP ZPURPDB, RSHFBCHYYEUS "CH YUKHTSPK NPOBUFSHTSH RTYKFY UP UCHPYN KHUFBCHPN", OE CEMBCHYE RPDYYOSFSHUS PVSHCHYUBSN Y FTBDYGYSN yLPMSCH. sing VSHCHUFTP YUYUEEBBMY YHYUYMYEB, OE DPTsDBCHYYUSH RETEIPDB ABOUT UFBTYK LHTU.

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rPLYOKHFSH YLPMH Y CHETOKHFSHUS, LBL ZPCHPTYFSHUS, B RETCHPVSHFOPE UPUFPSOYE, VSHMP NPTsOP CH FEYUEOYE RETCHSHCHI DCHHI NEUSGECH RTEVSCCHBOYS CH OEK, DP RTYOEUEOOYS RTYUSZY NMBDYN LHTUP N. rPUME LFPPZP AOLETB HCE UYFBMYUSH ABOUT DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPK CHPEOOOPK UMKHTSVE Y HKFY YY HYYMYEB NPZMY MYYSH CHPMSHOPPRTEDEMSAEINYUS CH RPML. rPFPNH-FP CH RETCHSH DHB NEUSGB RTEVSHCHBOYS ABOUT NMBDYEN LHTUE FBL FSCEMP Y RTYIPDYMPUSH “NPMPDETSY”, LPFPTHA “ZOKHMY Y CH ICHPUF Y CH ZTYCHH”, DBVSH ЪBUFBCHYFSH UMBVSCHI ZHYYU EULY Y NPTBMSHOP HKFY YY KHYYMYEB. uTEDUFChP LFP VSHMP TSEUFPLPE, OP CHETOPE Y YURSHCHFBOOPE; VMBZPDBTS FBLPK UYUFENE, YJ UFB RPUFKHRBCHYI O NMBDIYK LHTU, DP RTYOSFYS RTYUSZY, RETECHPDYMYUSH CH HYUYMYEB DTHZPZP TPDB PTKhTSYS PF 15 DP 25%; PUFBCHBMPUSH OE VPMEE 75–80 YuEMPCHEL, LPFPTSCHEY RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK OPTNBMSHOSCHK UPUFBCH NMBDYEZP LKHTUB OYLPMBECHULPZP LBCHBMETYKULPZP HYUMYEB CH NYTOP CHTENS.

dTEUUYTPCHLB, LPFPTPK NSCH RPDCHETZBMYUSH CH RPNEEEOOY YLPMSCH DOEN Y OPIUSHA, VSHMB TSEUFPLBS Y PFMYUBMBUSH VPMSHYYN TBOPPVTBYEN. h OEE CHIPDAYMY Y LMBUUYUEULYE RTYUEDBOYS, CHSHRPMOSCHIYEUS PE CHUEI KHZMBY Y RTY CHUEI UMKHYUBSI DMS TBCHYFYS "YMAЪB" Y "YEOLEMEK", Y VEUYUMEOOSCH RPCPTPFSH OBRTBCHP, OBMECH P Y LTHZPN, YUFPVSH DPCHEUFY OBUKH "PFYUEFMYCHPUFSH" DP UPCHETYEOUFCHB, Y NOPZPE.DTHZPE. lHTYFEMSHOBS LPNOBFB, URBMSHOY, LPTIDPTSH Y CHUE RTPYUYE RPNEEEOYS VSHMY RPUFPSOOPK BTEOPK LFYI UBOSFYK. DETSKHTOSH PZHYGETSCH, RPUHFPYUOP OBIPDICHYEUS CH RPNEEEOOY ULBDTPOB, DEMBMY CHYD, YuFP OYUEZP OE EBNEYUBAF, FBL LBL RPOINBMY Y GEOYMY YFKH UYUFENKH, UPYUKHCHUFCCHBMY EK Y UBNY EA CH UCHPE CHTENS VSHCHMY CHPURYFBOSHCH. oBDP RTY LFPN PFDBFSH RPMOHA URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH UFBTYENKH LHTUKH CH FPN, UFP ON VHI DTEUUYTPCHLY NPMPDETSY OE TSBMEM OH UCHPEZP CHTENEY, OH UYM, OH PFDSCHIB. y KhFTB Y DP CHYUETB NPTsOP VSCHMP OBVMADBFSH RPCHUADH LBTFYOH FPZP, LBL "LPTOEFSHCH", TBUUFBCHYCH LBVMHLY Y ЪBRKHUFYCH THLY CH LBTNBOSCH TEKFKH, FTKhDYMYUSH OBD NPMPDETSHA PE UM BCHH yLPMSch. fBLPK FTHTSEOIL PVSHHLOPCHOOOP OBUYOBM U FPZP, YuFP, TBCHEDS LBVMHLY, LPTPFLP ЪCHSLBM YRPTBNYY LPNBODPCHBM:

nPMPDETSSH!.. h FBLF NPYN YRPTBN DP RTYLBBOYS.

oENEDMEOOOP LPNOBFB OBRPMOSMBUSH CHPLTHZ OEZP YuEFLP “ChTBEBAEYNYUS BCHFPNBFBNY. h URBMSHOSI OELPFPTSHCHE RETEKHFPNYCHYEUS LPTOEFSH DBCHBMY UEVE PFDSCHI, NPMPDSCHI CHRTPUEN, OE LBUBCHYYKUS. pFDSCHIBAEYK "PZHYGET" METSBM ABOUT LPKLE, B TSDPN U OIN DCHB YMY FTY "UHZHVGB", CH YOFETEUBI TBCHYFYS "YEOLEMEK", NEFPDYUOP RTYUEDBMY DETSB THLY ZHETFPN CH VPLB. fPMSHLP RPUME DECHSFY YUBUPCH CHEYUETB, RETED FEN LBL MPTSYFSHUS URBFSH, CH ULBDTPOE RTELTBEBMUS CHUSLYK RHL, Y AOLETB NMBDYEZP LHTUB NPZMY PFDSCHIBFSH, MECB O LTPCHBFSI, YUF BFSH Y DEMBFSH CHUE, YUFP YN KHZPDOP, OILEN Y OYUEN OY FTECHPTSYNSCHE. RETED UOPN, Ch 10 YUBUPCH CHEYUETB, AOLETB NMBDYEZP LHTUB VSCHMY PVSBOSH ULMBDSCHBFSH ABOUT OYLPK FKHNVPYULE, UFPSEEK X OPZ LBTSDPK LTPCHBFY, UCHPA PDETSDKH Y VEMSHE CH RTBCHYMSHOSHCHE LCHBD TBFSH, .RTYUEN OITSOIN Y UBNSHCHN VPMSHYYN VSHM LYFEMSH, ЪBFEN, CHUE KHNEOSHIBSUSH CH TBNETBI, TEKFKHSHCH, LBMSHUPOSCHY OPULY. rPOBYUBMKH, RPLB AOLETB NMBDYEZP LHTUB OE OBVYCHBMY UEVE THLH CH LFPN DEME, "LCHBDTBFSCH" VSHMY OEDPUFBFPYuOP RTBCHYMSHOSHNYY FPZDB UMKHYUBMPUSH, YuFP DETSKHTOSHCHK RP ULBDTPO X RPTFHREK-AOLET VKHDIM CHYOPCHOILB Y BUFBCHMSM EZP RTY UEVE ЪBOPChP ULMBDSCHBFSH LCHBDTBFSCH, CH OBLBBOYE DBCHBS ENKH PDYO YMY DCHB OBTSDB .

ABOUT SYSHLE YLPMSCH, FP EUFSH PUPVPN LBCHBMETYKULPN TsBTZPOE, ABOUT LPFPTPN AOLETB ZPCHPTYMY NETSDH UPVPK, RPYUFY CHUSLPE RPOSFYE Y CHUSLBS CHEESH H HYUMYEOPN PVEETSYFFY OPUYM Y UCHPY PUPVSHCHE OBYNEOPCHBOYS. fBL, OBYUBMSHOIL yLPMSCH OBSHCHBMUS "UFP RSFSHDEUSF VPMSHYPE", LPNBODYT ULBDTPOB "UFP RSFSHDEUSF NBMPE", YOURELFPT LMBUUPCH, RPMLPCHOIL ZEO. YFBVB u. “UFP RSFSHDEUSF LBRPOYTOPE”, UFBTYK CHTBYU “UFP RSFSHDEUSF LMYUFYTOPE”, B UNEOOSCH PZHYGETSCH “DCHBDGBFSH YEUFSH”. l IYNYY, BTFYMMETYY, ZhPTFYZHYLBGYY Y RTPYYN "OELBCHBMETYKULIN" OBHLBN NPTsOP VSHMP PFOPUIFSHUS U OEVTETSOPUFSHHA, ЪBFP OBHLY, YNECHYYE RTSNPE PFOPYEOYE L UMKHTSVE LBCHBMETY Y, LBL EBDB, CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLB, CHPEOOP-UBRETOPE DEMP, YRRMPZYS Y DT. DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY YHYUBFSHUS OE ЪB UFTBI, B ЪB UPCHEUFSH Y NBOLYTPCHBFSH YNY YMY ABOUT AOLETULPN SYSHLE “NPFBFSH”, UYUYFBMPUSH OERPCHPMYFEMSHOSHCHN; Y NPMPDETSSH ЪB RPRSHFLY L LFPNH UFTPZP OBLBSCHCHBMBUSH UFBTYYN LKHTUPN. LBDEFSCH, RETECHEDEOOSCH H yLPMH RP PLPOYUBOYS LKHTUB, UYUYFBMYUSH RTYVSCCHYYYYY FBLLPZP-FP “VPMPFB”, PPLPOYUCHYYE UTEDOA YLPMKH H YFBFULPN HYUEVOPN ЪBCHEDEOY YUYUMYM YUSH "RTYVSCCHYYYNYU CHPLIBMB". YRPTSCH Y LIFEMS NPZMY VShchFSH FPMSHLP KH "LPTOEFPCH"; FE CE RTEDNEFSCH ABOUT AOLETBI NMBDYEZP LHTUB YNEOPCHBMYUSH "LHTFPYULBNY" Y "RPDLPCHLBNY". ъBD AOLETB NMBDYEZP LKHTUB OBSCCHBMUS "LTKHRPN" Y FBL LBL RPMBZBMPUSH UYUYFBFSH, YuFP NMPPDK EJJFSH OE KHNEM Y RPFPNKH OBFYTBM UEVE LFH YUBUFSH FEMB, FP RTY LBCDPC RPL HRLE YuEZP VSHCH FP OU VSHMP CH AOLETULPK MBCHPULE ENKH CHTHYUBMBUSH PVSBBFEMSHOSHCHN RTYMPTSEOYEN LTPIPFOBS VBOPULB CHBEMYOB DMS UNBLY CHPPVTBTSBENSHCHI RPCHTETSDEOOK .

nPMPDPZP, PVOBTTHTSYCHYEZP OERTYMYUOSCHK BRREFFYF ЪB LBEBOOSHCHN UFPMPN, Z.Z. LPTOEFSH, YUFPVSH OBKHYUYFSH RTYMYYUYA, RPUME PVEDB CHEMY CH MBCHPYULH Y FBN ЪBLBFSHCHBMY ENKH "ULTYRLH"; POB ЪBLMAYUBMBUSH CH FPN, YuFP EZP LPTNYMY TBOBOSCHNY CHLHUOSCHNY CHEBNY, OP CH FBLPN RPTSDLE, YuFP PO TBOP YMY RPЪDOP LPOYUBM "RPEDLPC CH TYZKH", ENKH MAVEЪOP RTEDMBZBMY RPUME BTVHЪB LIMSHLY, ЪBFEN LEZHYT, CHYOPZTBD, TPUFVYZH Y F. D.

yYUEFSHTEI DCHETEK, CHEDYI CH URBMSHHOY ULBDTPOB, ZDE AOLETB TBURPMBZBMYUSH RPCCHPDOP, DCH VSHCHMY "LPTOEFULYNY", TBCHOP LBL Y RPMPCHYOB ETLBM-FTANP, FBN UFPSCHYI. rPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS YNY NMBDIYK LHTU OE YNEM RTBCHB. FP TSE UBNPE PFOPUYMPUSH Y L LHTYMLE, ZDE ABOUT RPMH YNEMBUSH VPTPJDB, RP RTEDBOYA RTPCHEDOOBS YRPTPK METNPOFPCHB Y RPFPNH YNEOPCHBCHYBSUS "metNPOFPCHULPK", ЪB LPFPTHA " ЪCHETSN» DPUFHR VShchM ЪBRTEEEO.

h OYLPMBECHULPN LBCHBMETYKULPN HYUMYEE, LPFTPPE n. A. METNPOFPCH PLPOYUM CH 1834 ZPDH, LHMSHF EZP RPDDETSYCHBMUS FTBDYGYSNY; UBNPNH RPFKH RTYRYUSCHCHBMPUSH BCHFPTUFChP NOPZYI FTBDYGYK, UKHEEUFCHPCHBCHYI CH YLPME NPEZP READING. ABOUT AOLETULPN SSHLE EZP YOBYUE OE OBSCHCHBMY LBL "LPTOEF METNPOFPCH". dBCE OBU UNEOOSCHK PZHYGET, FBLCE CH UCHPE CHTENS, PLPOYUCHYK YLPMH, ABOUT UFTPECHSHI OBOSFYSI LPNBODPCHBM OBN:

pF RBNSFOILB LPTOEFKH METNPOFPCHH RP MYOY CH GERSH... VEZPN NBTY!

h yLPME UKHEEUFCHPCHBM NHJEK YNEOY RPFB, ZDE VSHCHMY UPVTBOSCH TEMYLCHYY EZP RTEVSCCHBOYS CH HYUMYEE Y RETCHSHCHE RTPY'CHEDEOYS, OBRYUBOOSCH CH OEN. RBNFOIL METNPOFPCHH VSHM PFLTSCHF CH 1913 ZPDKH, OP CH NPE CHTENS ABOUT RSHEDEUFBME UFPSM FPMSHLP NBBLEF EZP VAUFB. ZhPTNB yLPMSCH VSHMB YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP OBTSDOPK Y LTBUYCHPK Y OE YNEMB OYUEZP PVEEZP U DCHHNS DTHZYY LBCHBMETYKULYYYUYMYEBNY EMYUBCHEFZTBDULYN Y FCHETULINE, OPUY CHYYNY KHMBOULKHA ZHTNKH. ьULBDTPO OPUYM NHODYT Y LYCHET DTBZKHO OBRPMEPOPCHULZP CHTENEYU BODTEECHULPK ZCHBTDEKULPK ЪCHEDPK, YuETOSCHK NHODYT U LTBUOSCHN MBGLBOPN, LTBUOP-YUETOSHCHK RPSU Y DMYOOSH VTALY- YPUUETSH U LTBUOSCHNY ZEOETBMSHULINY MBNRBUBNY RTY VPFYOLBI U RTYVYCHOSCHNY YRPTBNY. VEMBS ZCHBTDEKULBS RPTFKHRES YBILYY Y VEMSHCHE BNYCHESCH RETYUBFLY, OPUINSCHE RTY CHUEI ZHTNBI PDETSDSCH, DBCE CH NBOETSE, DPRPMOSMY UFH UFYMSHOHA LBTFYOKH. pVSHCHDEOOOPK ZHTNPK VSHMB BMBS VEULPSHCHTLB U YUTOSCHNY LBOFBNY, ЪBEIFOSCHK LYFEMSH, UYOYE TEKFKHSHCH U LTBUOSCHN LBOFPN RTY CHSHCHUPLYI ITPNPCHSCHI UBRPZBI YYRPTBI. yBYLB, RPTFHRES Y RPSU OBDECHBMYUSH RPCHETI LIFEMS Y UETPK, UCHEFMPZP FPOLPZP UHLOB, YYOEMY.

h yLPME VSHMP RTYOSFP OPUYFSH UPVUFCHOOPE PVNHODYTPCHBOYE, UFTPZP RTDETTSYCHBSUSH ZHTNSCH, YuFP SCHMSMPUSH DPChPMSHOP UMPTsOPK "OBKHLPK". lBJEOOPZP PVNHODYTPCHBOYS UFBTYK LHTU OE OPUYM OYLPZDB, B NMBDIYK FPMSHLP CH UFEOBY yLPMSCH. uPVUFCHEOOPE PVNHODYTPCHBOYE RPDYYOSMPUSH UMEDHAEIN RTBCHYMBN: YYOEMSH DPMTSOB VSHFSH FBLPK DMYOSCH, YUFPVSH DPIPDIFSH DP YRPT. rPLTPK LBTSDPK YUBUFY PVNHODYTPCHBOYS VSHM UFTPZP PRTEDEMEO Y CHUE RPTFOSH UFPMYGSHCH, TBVPFBCHYE ABOUT YLPMH, OBMY FY RTBCHYMB, LBL "pFYUE oby". bFYYLEF, RPTFKHRES Y RPSU DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY VSHFSH PVSBBFEMSHOP LBEOOSCHNY, CHSHCHVEMEOOSH NEMPCHPK LTBULPK, ​​FBL LBL PFOPUYMYUSH L chSHCHUPYUBKIE KHUFBOPCHMEOOOPK ZhPTNE ZCHBTDEKULPK LBCBM ETYY Y RPFPNH OILBLYE ZhBOFBYY CH LFPC PVMBUFY OE DPRKHULBMYUSH Y FTPZP LBTBMYUSH, yRPTSCH VSHCHMY, LBL CHCHCHYE ZPCHPTYMPUSH, NBTLY OBNEOYFPZP UBCHEMSHHECHB Y, OEEB CHYUYNP PF YI TBOPCHYDOPUFY, YЪDBCHBMY NEMPDYUOSCHK "NBMYOPCHSHCHK" ЪChPO, IPFS Y TBMYUOSHI FPOPCH, OBUYOBS PF UPMYDOPZP VBTYFPOB Y DP OETsOPZP DYULBOFB.

dPChPEOOOSCHK REFETVHTZ IPTPYP OBBM Y MAVYM LTBUPYUOSCHI OILPMBECHULYI AOLETPCH, LPFPTSCHI DBNSH OBSHCHBMY "OBY LTBUOSCHE YBRPULY". dBCE FBLPC RTPFPYCHOIL CHUSLPK CHPEOEYOSCH, LBL RYUBFEMSH-ZTBZH SWORD OILPMBECHYU fPMUFPK, UPZMBUOP ЪBRYUPL EZP DPYUETY, PDOBTDSCH, RTYEIBCH YЪ REFETVHTZB, CH CHPUFPTZ E ULBUBM CHUFTEFYCHYYN EZP DPNBIOYN:

« lBLYI S UEKYBU DCHHI LBCHBMETYKULYI AOLETPCH CHYDBM ABOUT OECHULPN!.. YuFP ЪB NPMPDGSHCH, YuFP ЪB ZHYZKHTSCH... H YYOEMSI DP RSF, LBLBS UCHETSEUFSH, TPUF, UYMB... Y CHDTHZ, LB L OBTPYUOP, OBCHUFTEYUKH OBN ZEOETBM!.. eUMY VSC CHCH FPMSHLP CHYDBMY, LBL POY PLBNEOEMY NZOPCHEOOP, ЪCHSLOKHMY YRPTBNY, LBL RPDOEUMY THLY L PLPMSCHYKH. bi, LBLPE CHEMILPMERYE, LBLBS RTEMEUFSH!..”

LBTSDSCHK YBZ AOLETB, LBL CH UFEOBY YLPMSCH, FBL Y CHOE EE, LBTsDBS NEMPUSH EZP VShchFB UFTPZP PRTEDEMSMYUSH Y TEZMBNEOFYTPCHBMYUSH PVSHCHYUBSNY Y FTBDYGYSNY. yLPMB CH GEMPN, OBUYOBS U LPNBODYTB ULBDTPOB Y LPOYUBS RPUMEDOYN MBLEEN, RPDNEFBCHYN DPTFCHBT, FBLCE THLPCPDYMBUSH LFYNY OERYUBOSCHNY RTBCHYMBNY, UMBZBCHYNYUS UBNY UPVPK, UTEDY MADEK TBOPIBTBLFETOSCHI Y TBOPNSCHUMSEYI, RTYOKHTSDEOOOSHI ZPDBNY TSYFSH VPL P VPL...

yuete OEULPMSHLP DOEK RPUME RTYEDB CH HYUMYEE, NEOS Y OULPMSHLYI, RTYEIBCHYI PDOPCHTEENOOOP CH YLPMH, LBDEF TBOSHI LPTRKHUPCH, CHCHBMY CH GEKIZBKH DMS RPMHYUEOYS AOL ETULPZP PVNHODYTPCHBOYS Y UDBYUY LBDEFULPZP. fBN, CH DMYOOOPK RPMKHRPDCHBMSHOPK LPNOBFE, ZKHUFP RTPRBIYEK OBZhFBMYOPN, OBU CHUFTEFYM UFBTSHCHK LBRFEOBTNHU, CHUSH CH YECHTPOBYY U VBLBNY BMELUBODTPCHULZP READING. BY CHETSMYCHP Y OE UREYB, RTY RPNPEY BUUYUFEOFB-RPTFOPZP, RPDPVTBM OBN ЪBEIFOSCHE LIFEMS, UYOYE TEKFKHSHCH Y CHSHCHUPLYE UBRPZY, KhCHSHCH, VEЪ YRPT. fY RPUMEDOYE, RTEDNEF OBUYI LBDEFULYI NEYUFBOYK, NMBDYENH LHTUKH CHSHCHDBCHBMYUSH CH YODYCHYDHBMSHOPN RPTSDDL OE TBOSHY DCHHI-FTEI NEUSGECH, RP NETE KHUREIPCH LBTSDPZP AOLETB CH E ЪDE. RETCHSHCHK Y NPMPDSCHI, RPMKHYYCHYK YI, RPMKHYUBM PVSHHLOPCHOOOP CH RPDBTPL PF UCHPEZP "DSDSHLY" UETEVTSOSCHE YRPTSCH, Y EZP RPЪDTBCHMSM CHEUSH UFBTYIK LHTU.

LUFBFY ULBJBFSH, RPMKHYUBM PF UCHPEK UNEOSHCH CH RPDBTPL VTEMPL ЪПМПФХА TERХ ФПФ, LFP RETCHSHCHN RBDBM CH NBOETSE U LPOS.

lBL UBNP PVNKHODYTPCHBOYE, UYYFPE YЪ RTELTBUOPZP NBFETYBMB Y UYDECHIEE OBU CHEUSHNB RTYMYUOP, CH PFMYYUYE PF "RTYZPOLY" CH LBDEFULYI LPTRKHUBI, FBL Y PVHCHSH, IPFS Y LB EOOOSCH, VSHMY IPTPYY. CHUMED ЪB PVNHODYTPCHBOYEN OBN CHSHCHDBMY YBYLY Y LBTBVIOSCH LBCHMETYKULPZP PVTBGB, RTYYUEN CH YBYLBI, U CHOKHFTEOOEK YI UFPTPOSCH, YNEMYUSH RBSBCH DMS YFSHLB, ABOUT LBCBMET YKULPK CHYOFPCHLE CH UFTPA OE OPUYCHYEZPUS. yBYLY DPMTSOSCH VSHMY CHYUEFSH CH YZPMPCHSHE LTPCHBFEK CH URBMSHOE; YuFP TSE LBUBEFUS CHYOFPCHPL Y RPDUKHNLPCH L. OIN, FP POY UFPSMY CH PUPVSCHI UFPYLBI, OBIPDYCHYIUS CH LPTIDPTE LBTSDPZP CHJCHPDB.

h yLPME PF UFBTSCHI READEO UPITBOYMUS PVSHCHUBK DBCHBFSH ABOUT LBTSDSCHE 5–6 AOLETCH PDOPZP MBLES. rPUMEDOYE YUYUFYMY OBN UBRPZY Y KHVYTBMY LTPCHBFY, PDOPCHTEENOOOP CHEDBS Y OBIYN UPVUFCHEOOSCHN PVNKHODYTPCHBOYEN, DMS LPFPTPZP UKHEEUFChPCHBM UREGYBMSHOSCHK GEKIZBKH. lBL MBLESN, FBL Y CHEUFPCHSHCHN, IPDYCHYYN ЪB AOLETULYNY LPOSNY, LBTSDSCHK YЪ AOLETPCH RMBFYM TsBMPCHBOSH. chPPVEE OBDP ULBJBFSH, YUFP TSIYOSH AOLETPCH CH OYLPMBECHULPN LBCHBMETYKULPN HYUMYEE FTEVPPCHBMB OELPFPTSCHI UTEDUFCH, LBL CH UBNPK YLPME, FBL Y EEE VPMSHYE CH PFRHULH; RP FTBDYGYY OBN, OBRTYNET, OE TBTEYBMPUSH IPDAYFSH REYLPN RP KHMYGBN UFPMYGSHCH, RPMBZBMPUSH EDYFSH ABOUT YICHPYUYLE YMY CH BCHFPNPVYME, OP OH CH LPEN UMHUBE OE CH FTBNCHBE ; RPUMEDOEE UFTPZP LBTBMPUSH FTBDYGYSNY. oENBMP UFPYMP RPUEEOOYE OBNY NEUF TBCHMEYUEOYK Y RTPYUYE KhDPChPMSHUFCHYS CH PFRHULKH (NEOOEE ULTPNOPPZP IBTBLFETB), FBL YuFP TBUIPDSH UPUFBCHMSMY OILBL OE NOSHIYE 65–70 THVMEK CH NEUSG...

h RETCHHA TSE UTEDH NPezP RTEVSCCHBOYS Ch yLPME NPK "DSDSHLB" LPTOEF vPTYU lPUFSHMECH, U LPFPTSCHN NSCH VSHMY OE FPMSHLP PDOPLBIOILBNY RP LPTRKHUKH, OP Y UIDEMY DP EDSHNPZP LMBUUB ABOUT PDOPK ULBNEKLE, RPCHEM NEOS Y rTYVSHCHFLPCHB, CHCHYEDYEZP PDOPCHTENEOOOP UP NOPK YЪ OBEZP LPTRHUB CH yLPMH, CH VEMSCHK ЪBM OITSOEZP LFBTSB, LKHDB CH LFPF DEOSH YJ ZPDB CH ZPD SCHMSMYUSH RPUFBCHEYLY, YUFPVSH NSCH NPZMY UEVE ЪBLBBBFSH UPVUFCHEOOSCHK AOLETULYK ZBTDETPV. h VEMPK ЪBME U LPMPOOBNY NSCH ЪBUFBMY GEMSHK TSD RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK UFPMYYUOSHI RPTFOSCHI, UBRPTSOYLPCH, ZHHTBTSEYUOYLPCH Y F. R. UREGYBMYUFPCH. CHUE LFP VSHCHMY OBNEOYFPUFY REFETVHTZB CHEMYLYE BTFYUFSH UCHPEZP TENEUMB, RTYUEN RPYUFY LBTSDSCHK YЪ OYI UREGYBMYYTPCHBMUS ABOUT LBLPK-OYVHDSH PDOPK YUBUFY PVNKHODY TPCHBOYS. fBL PLBBBMPUSH, YuFP UBRPZY OKTsOP ЪBLBLBSCHBFSH KH NEEBOOPCHB, YYOEMSH KH rBGB Y F. D. ъDEUSH TSE, U PZTPNOSCHN PFLTSCHFSHCHN SEYLPN CHUECHPNPTSOSCHI YRPT, UFPSM Y RTEDUFBCHY FEMSH UBCHEMSHECHB, ABOUT FPCHBT LPFPTPZP NSCH, "NPMPDSCHE", RPLB UFP, VTPUBMY MYYSH CHPUIEEOOOSCH CHOPTSCH, OE YNES EEE RTBCHB ABOUT LFP MHYUYEE HLTBYE OYE LBCHBMETYUFB.

yuete OEDEMA UYAEIBMYUSH CHUE AOLETB PVPYI LHTUPCH Y TSYOSH hYUYMYEB CHPIMB CH OPTNBMSHOHA LPMEA. DMS OBU, NPMPDETSY, OBYUBMYUSH KHYMEOOOSCH UFTPECHSHCHE HYUEVOSH UBOSFYS, RTYUEN RETCHSHCHN RPUCHSEBMPUSH OE NEOEE FTEI YUBUPCH UKHFLY, PF YuEZP RTY OBMYUYY FPK "TBVPFSCH", LPFPTPK OBU RPDCHE TZBMY Z.Z.LPTOEFSH DPVBCHPYuOP, L CHYUETH OSHMY NHULKHMSH Y MPNYMP LPUFY. fTHDOPCHBFP VSHMP Y CH NBOETSE, ZDE OBUY UNEOOSCHK PZHYGET ZCHBTDYY TPFNYUFT yYRETZUPO, VEMPVTSCHUSCHK YCHED U VEUGCHEFOSCHNYIIPMPDOSHCHNY ZMBBIBNY, VHLCHBMSHOP OE OB MY CBMPUFFY OWYUPTSDEOOYS. fP VShchM MYIPK LBCHBMETYUF, UMPNBCHYYK L UCHPE CHTENS ABOUT RBTZHPTUOPK PIPF CH pZHYGETULPK LBCHBMETYKULPK YLPME PVE OPZY Y RPFPNH CH REYEN UFTPA ITPNBCHYYK UTBH ABOUT PVE UFPTPOSCH. hRPTOP RTEUMEDHS GEMSH PFPVTBFSH YЪ OBU URPUPVOSHI L UMHTSVE H LBCBMETYY Y BUFBCHYFSH PFLBBBFSHUS PF bFPZP OERTYZPDOSHI YMY, LBL ON CHSTBTSBMUS, "LBMEL", TPFNYUFT RTYNEOSM CHEUSHNB TSEUFPLJE RTYENSCH.

rP KHUFBCHH PVHYUEOYS LBCHBMETYUFB NSCH DPMTSOSCH VSHHMY UOBYUBMB YJKHYUFSH RTBCHYMB RPUBDLY O DETECHSOOPK, CH OBFKHTBMSHOKHA CHEMYUYOKH, LPVSHCHME, ЪBFEN OB TSYCHPK MPYBDY, KHRTBCHMEOYA EA, URETCHB ABOUT LPTDE, RPFPN ABOUT KHDEYULE, VEU UFTENSO ABOUT UEDMA, UP UFTENEOBNY, ABOUT NHODIFKHLE, VEJ PTKhTSYS, U PTHTSYEN Y, OBLPOEG, CH RPMOPN RPIDDOPN UOBTSCEOYY RTY RYLE. nsch DPMTSOSCH VSHMY FBLCE RTSHCHZBFSH YUETE RTERSFUFCHYS CHETIPN ABOUT LPOE, RPUEDMBOOPN PDOPC RPRPOLPK, ЪBFEN CH UEDME. DEMBMPUSH CHUE LFP DMS FPZP, YUFPVSH RTYKHUYFSH NPMPDPZP AOLETB DETSBFSHUS ABOUT MPIBDY OE RTY RPNPEY UFTENSOY RPCHPDB, B PDOYNYYYEOLEMSNYY YYMAЪPN, FP EUFSH UPVUFCHEOOSCHNY RT YTPDODOSCHNY UTEDUFCHBNY, OE FBL, LBL LFP DEMBAF ZPTPDULYE MAVYFEMY CHETIPCHPK EDSHCH. ABOUT NMBDYEN LHTUE AOLETKH OE RPMBZBMPUSH YNEFSH DMS EDSH PRTEDEMOOHA MPYBDSH. BY VSHM PVSBO NEOSFSH LPOS LBTSDHA EDKH, YUFPVSH RTYKHYUIFSHUS KHRTBCHMSFSH MPIBDSHA CHPPVEE.

h RETCHSHCHK DEOSH OBYEK CHETIPCHPK EDDSCH NSCH CHPYMY H NBOETS U DKHYECHOSCHN FTEREFPN, SCHUFCHEOOP CHYDOSCHN ABOUT MYGE LBTSDPZP. h RTEDNBOOETSOYLE OBU HCE TsDBMB LPNBODB "CHEUFBUEK", DETSBCHYI UNEOKH LTHROSCHY LTBUICHSHCHI ZOEEDCHI LPOEK. RTPCHPDYCHYK DOY OBRTPMEF CH UEDME ABOUT RUPCSHCHI PIPFBI, UTBH UPPVTBICH CHUE "ЪB" Y "RTPFYCH", RTSNP OBRTBCHYMUS L OEVPMSHYPK, YЪSEOPK LPVShchMLE, CH TBUYUEFE, YuFP O OEKNOE VKhDEF MEZUE CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHBFSH. FYGEK "CH NBOETSE. OE KHUREMY NSCHCHSHTCHOSFSHUS RETED OIN CH LPOOPN UFTPA, LBL PO , EIIDOP KHUNEIBSUSH CH KHU, NYZOKHM HOFETH LPOPCHPDPCH, LPFPTSCHK OENEDMEOOOP CHCHCHEM YЪ RTEDNBOOETSOILB PZTPNOPZP LPOS Y RTYLBBM NOE ABOUT OEZP RETEUEUFSH, LBL RTBChPZHMBOZPCHPNH. TY CHZMSDE ABOUT LFPP CHETVMADB X NEOS KHRBMP UETDGE, “oBYV”, LBL EZP ЪCHBMY, VEKHUMMPCHOP VSCHM UBNPK CHSHCHUPLPK MPIBDSH H YLPM Y UBDYFSHUS ABOUT OEZP, HTSE OE ZPCHPTS PVP CHUEN PUFBMSHOPN, VSHMP GEMSHCHN RTEDRTYSFYEN: S OE NPZ U YENMY DPOEUFY OPZKH DP EZP UFTENEOY Y LBTSDSCHK TB VSCHM RTYOKH TsDEO URKHULBFSH TENEOSH RKHFMYEB, YUFPVSH CHDEFSH OPZH CH UFTENS. » VSHM UMYYLPN CHEMIL O FSCEM, YuFPVSH VTBFSH RTERSFUFCHYS; BY ЪБЧБМИЧБМ И И О ЪНМА, B Ъ FBL OBSCCHBENPZP "LPOCHETFB", UPUFPCHYEZP YЪ TEEL, UFBCHYCHYIUS LTEUF-OBLTEUF Y RTYLTSHFSHI FTEFSHEK, LBTSDSCHK TB DEBM ZTHDH DTPCH, YuFP RTYCHPDYMP yYRETZUUOB CH OEYUFPCHUFChP.

lPOEK OBYI CH RETCHSHCHK DEOSH LFPC NBOETSOPK EDSH RPUEDMBMY RPRPOBNY, FHZP PVMYCHBCHYYNYI YI USCHFSHCHE URYOSCH, Y S EDCHB PICHBFSHCHBM YEOLEMSNY NPZP ZYZBOFB. rPLB UNEO YMB YBZPN, CHUE VSHMP VMBZPRPMKHYuOP, OP EDCHB TPFNYUFT RPDBM LPNBODH "TSCHUSHA", LBL NSCH CHUE UTBЪKH RPYUKHCHUFChPCHBMY OEKHDPVUFChP RPMPTSEOYS. yEOLEMEK, TBHNEEFUS, OH KH LPZP YЪ OBU OE VSHMP Y VSHFSH OE NPZMP. rПФПНХ ДЧПЭ ГЪ УНЭОШХ UTBХ “ЪБТШЧМИ TERХ”, B CH DBMSHOEKYEN, LPZDB NSCH RETEYMYY ABOUT ZBMPR, OBYUBMPUSH KhCE OBUFPSEEE “YЪVIEOYE NMBDEOGECH”.

UMPTBDOP KHUNEIBSUSH CH HU, yYRETZUPO RTYLBBM OBN ЪБЧСЪБФШ ХЪМПН РЧПДШС ABOUT YEE KH LPOEK Y, TBUUFBCHYCH THLY CH UFPTPOSH ABOUT HTPCHOE RMEYU, RTSHCHZBFSH YUETE VBTSHET, LPFPTSH K CHOUMY CH NBOET CHEUFBUY. prshchfosche y fteoytpchboosche LPOY YMY RP LTHZKH, LBL ЪBCHEDEOOSCH, UPCHETYOOOP OE PVTBEBS CHAINBOYS ABOUT UCHPYI VEURPNPEOSCHI CHUBDOYLPCH Y FPMSHLP LPUS KHNOSHNY ZMBEBNY CH UFPTPOH EBD PLPCH, RBDBCHYI PDYO ЪB DTHZYN. ABOUT LFPC RETCHPK EЪDE CH PRIMLY NBOETSB, UNEYBOOSCH U LPOULYN OBCHPЪPN, MEZMB RPMPCHYOB UNEOSHCH. tPFNYUFT, ABOUT CHUE LFP FPMSHLP RTYSFOP KHMSHVBCHYKUS, ЪBNEFOP PTSYCHYMUS, CH THLBI KH OEZP PFLKHDB-FP RPSCHYMUS DMYOOSHCHK VYU, LPFPTSCHN ON OBTPYUOP UFBM ZPTSYUYFSH MPYBDEK. u LFPPZP NPNEOFB, FP CH PDOPN, FP CH DTHZPN KHZMH NBOETSB, RPYUFY VEURTETSHCHOP UFBMY TBDBCHBFSHUS ЪCHHLY ZTHЪOP RBDBCHYI FEM, LBTSDPE YЪ LPFPTSCHI RPDOINBMP FHYUH PRYMP L.

l LPOGKH RETCHPZP DCHHIYUBUPCHPZP KHTPLB yYRETZUPO TBUPYEMUS PLPOYUBFEMSHOP. EZP DMYOOSHCHK VYU ЪBUCHYUFEM RP CHPDHIH Y U CHUEMSCHN CHPRMEN: “ЪBTBOEE YЪCHYOSAUSH!” BY UFBM MPCHLP RPRBDBFSH LPOGPN VYUB OE FPMSHLP RP LPOSN, OP Y RP AOLETULINE MSTSLBN CH FKHZP OBFSOKHFSHI TEKFKHBI. u PDOPK Y VPKLYI LPVShchM, DBCHYEK RTY LFPN OEPTSYDBOOKHA "UCHEYULH", MEZLPK RFBIPK UPTCHBMUS YUETE EE ZPMPCHH Y ZTHJOP YMEROKHMUS OPUPN CH OBChP LBLPC-FP NPMPDK YUEMPCHEL Y Kommersant YFBFULYI, SCHYCHYKUS CH HYUMYEE PDEFSCHN CH OEKHLMATSKHA YUETLEULKH SCHOP NPULPCHULZP YIFSHS. rPDOSMUS PO CHEUSH CH RSHMY Y, CHSHRMAOKHCH YЪP TFB PRIMLY, U DPUFPYOUFCHPN ЪBSCHYM yYRETZUPOH, YuFP RPUME RPDPVOPZP OBD OIN YЪDECHBFEMSHUFCHB Ch yLPME PUFBCHBFSHUS OE TSEMBE F. TPFNYUFT, OBUNEYMYCHP PULBMYCH ЪХВШЧ, LTYLOKHM CH PFCHEF ABOUT CHEUSH NBOETS:

ulbfetfsha DPTPZB!

"nPULPCHULYK YUETLEU" RTSNP YЪ NBOETSB ЪBLLPCHSHMSM RPDBCHBFSH TBRPTF PV "PFYUYUMEOYY".

lPZDB NSCH RPFOSHHE Y PIBMEMSHCHE, U DTPTSBEYNY PF OBRTSCEOYS THLBNY Y OPZBNY, OBLPOEG, CHETOHMYUSH CH RPNEEEOOYE CHJCHPDB, RPUME LFPC RETCHPK OBEK RTBLFYLY "EЪDSCH", FP EEE RSFETP P FLBUBMYUSH PF DBMSHOEKYEK YUEUFY OEUFY LBCHBMETYKULHA UMKHTSVKH Y RPDBMY TBRPTFB P RETECHPDE YI CH BTFYMMETYA. PUPVEOOOP FTHDOP RTYYMPUSH ABOUT RETCHSHCHI RPTBI FTEN NPMPDSHCHN MADSN, RPRBCHYYN CH yLPMH "U CHPLJBMB", B YNEOOOP UFKHDEOFKH-ATYUFKH Y DCHHN MYGEYUFBN, OE YNECHYYN OILBLPZP RPOSFYS P H PEOOPC UMHTSVE. fPMSHLP PDYO YI OYI CHSHCHDETTSBM GEMSHCHK NEUSG, RTPYUYE TSE PZTBOYUYUMY UCHPE RTEVSHCHBOYE CH LBCHBMETYY PDOPK OEDEMEK....

rPNYNP EDSHCH, YUEFSHTE TBBB CH OEDEMA NSCH ЪBOYNBMYUSH CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLPK, PE CHTENS LPFPTPK UPMDBF-CHEUFBU ZPOSM ABOUT LPTDE RP RTEDNBOETSoilKH FPMUFKHA Y URPLKOKHA MPYBDSH, ABOUT AOLETULPN SJSHLE "YLBMKH", YEDYKHA LPTPFLYN, TPCHOSCHN ZBMPRPN, RPUEDMBOOKHA RMPULYN UEDMPN, U DCHHNS RBTBNY THUEL ABOUT OEN URETEDY Y UBDY. aOLETB DPMTSOSCH VSHMY, DETSBUSH UB LFY THYULY, CHULBLYCHBFSH ABOUT IPDKH CH UEEDMP Y RTPDEMSHCHBFSH ABOUT OEN ZYNOBUFYUEULYE HRTBTSOEOYS, OERTYCHSHYUOPNH YUEMPCHELH LBBBCHYYEUS GYTLPCHSHCHNY OPNETBNY, OP CH DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY OE RTEDUFBCHMSCHYE UPVPK OYUESP FTHDOPZP. OBDP VSHMP FPMSHLP RTDPDEMSHCHBFSH YI, OE FETSS FENRB ZBMPRB Y HYUIFSHCHBS GEOFTPVETSOPE DCHYTSEOYE, F. E. OE FETSFSH OBLMPOB CHOKhFTSH LTHZB. rPOBYUBMH NPMPDETSSH, RPLB OE KHUCHPIMB LFYI "BLUIPN", NOPZP RBDBMB, B PDYO RTY NOE DBTSE UMPNBM OPZKH. with UBN PDOBTSDSCH, TsEMBS RPLBJBFSH OPNET CHOE KHUFBCHB, RPFETSM TBCHOPCHUEY KHRBM, RPTCHBCH UCHSLY ABOUT LPMEOY, YuFP DBEF YUKHCHUFChPChBFSH UEVS DP UEZP DOS. fB CE CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLB ЪBFEN RTPYCHPDYMBUSH AOLETBNY CH LPOOPN UFTPA CH NBOETSE, YOPZDB RTY RPMOPK RPIDDOPK UEDMPCHLE, PVNHODYTPCHBOYY PTTHTSYY, YuFP VSCHMP, LPOYUOP, ZPTBBD P FTHDOEE Y FTEVPCHBMP VPMSHYPK RTBLFYLY.

lTPNE EDSHCH Y CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLY, yYRETZUPO ETSEDOECHOP ZPOSM OBU ABOUT ZYNOBUFYLH Y UFTPECHPE HYUEOYE "REYYNY RP-LPOOPNH". pVKHYUBM UFTEMSHVE YI RKHMENEFB Y CHYOFPCHLY Y LPCHLE MPYBDEK. h UFTPECHPN PFOPYEOY OBN, .LBDEFBN, FBLCE RTYYMPUSH RETEHYUYCHBFSHUS ЪBOPChP, FBL LBL UFTPK LBCHBMETYY PFMYUBEFUS PF REIPFOPZP FEN, YuFP CH REIPFE CHUE RETEUFTPEOYS PUOP CHBOSCH ABOUT TBUYUEFE RP DECH Y YUEFSHTE, FPZDB LBL CH LBCBMETYY RP FTY Y YEUFSH, OE ZPCHPTS HCE P RTYENBI U YBYLPK Y CHYOFPCHLPK. REYYK UFTPK "RP-LPOOPNKH" ЪBLMAYUBEFUS CH FPN, YuFP, DBVSH DBTPN OE KHFPNMSFSH LPOEK OE UPVYTBFSH CHNEUFE VPMSHYI LPOOSCHI UPEDYOEOYK, DMS YuEZP OHTSOP CHTENS Y NEUFP, AOLETB, RPUTEDU FCHPN DCHHI YUEMPCHEL, DETSBEYI JB DCHB LPOGB RILKH, YЪPVTBTSBAF UPVPK CHCHPDSH Y ULBDTPOSCH . yBYYUOSHE RTYENSCHY CHMBDEOOYE RYLPK NSCH RTPCHPDYMY UOBYUBMB ABOUT DETECHSOOPK LPVSHCHME, YuFPVSH OE RPTHVYFSH RP OEPRSCHFOPUFY TSYCHHA; FPMSHLP RTYCHSHCHLOKHCH L YBYYYUOSCHN RTYENBN CH UEDME, RETEUBTSYCHBMYUSH ABOUT OBUFPSEKHA MPYBDSH. OP DBCE Y RTY OBMYYUYY FBLYI RTEDPUFPPTTSOPUFEK NOPZYE LPOY NMBDYEZP LHTUB VSHMY OE ЪBUFTBIPCCHBOSH PF KHCHEYUYK Y OPUYMY ABOUT UEVE UMESH OEKHDBYUOSHI YBYYEUSHI HDBTPCH CH CHYDE PFTH VMEOOOSCHY OBDTHVMEOOSCHI LPOGPCH KHYEK. UFTPECHSHCHE ЪBOSFYS OBUYOBMYUSH UTBЪKH RPUME ЪBCHFTBLB Y YMY DP YUEFSHTEI YUBUPCH RPRPMKHDOY. rPUME PVEDB, VSHCHYEZP CH RSFSH YUBUPCH, NSCH ZPFPCHYMYUSH L TEREFYGYSN, UDBCHBMY YI RTPZHEUUPTBN Y CHSHRPMOSMY RTPYUYE “LBRPOPYTOSHCHE PVSBOOPUFY”. "lBRPOYTBNY" CH HYUMYEE, ABOUT AOLETULPN SJSHLE.YNEOPCHBMYUSH OE FPMSHLP LMBUUOSCH RPNEEEOYS, OP Y... HVPTOSHCHE, LBLPCHPE PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHP, YJ ZPDB CH ZPD, RTYCHPDYMP CH OEDPHNEOOYE TBBDTBTSEOYE RTPZHEUUPTB ZHTTFYZHYLBGYY YOTSEOETB-RPMLPCHOILB l. lBL FPMSHLP CH UCHPYI MELGYSI, CH OBYUBME ZPDB ABOUT NMBDYEN LHTUE, BY DPIPDM DP CHPRPTUB P LTERPUFOSCHI LBRPPOYTBI, LMBUU PICHBFSHCHBM OEKHDETSINSHCHK UNEY. lPZDB ON ЪBFYIBM, RPVMEDOECHYK PF OEZPDPCHBOYS RPMLPCHOIL LMBM -HEM Y, PVETOKHCHYUSH PF DPULY, ABOUT LPFPTPK YUETFYM RMBO LTERPUFY, ZPCHPTYM:

h YUEN DEMP, ZPURPDB? CHEDSH RPDPVOSHK VBMBZBO RTPIUIPDYF YJ ZPDB CH ZPD, EDCHB S RTPIЪOPYKH UMPP ""LBRPPOYT "."tBDY vPZB PVIASUOFE NOE, YUFP CHSC OBIPDIFE UNEYOPZP CH LFPN UMPCHE?. .

OYLFP Y AOLETPCH, PDOBLP, OE VTBMUS PVIASUOYFSH RPMLPCHOILH, YuFP ABOUT TsBTZPOE yLPMSCH EZP LMBUU RTYTBCHOYCHBMUS L RTEVSHCHBOYA CH... HVPTOPK.

at 1890 ZPDB Y DP NPEZP READING OYLPMBECHULPE LBCHBMETYKULPE HYUMMYEE TBDEMSMPUSH ABOUT DCH YUBUFY: LBCBMETYKULHA YMY "ULBDTPO" Y LBBUSH YMY "UPFOA", PVAEDYOOOSCHI PWAYN ABOUT YUBMSHOILPN KHYYMYEB, OP YNECHYI LBTSDBS UCHEA ZHTNKH Y UCHPK PZHYGETULYK UPUFBCH PE ZMBCHE U LPNBODITBNY ULBDTPOB Y UPFOY. pVEYNY VSHMY GETLPCHSH, UFPMPCHBS Y LMBUUSCH. CHUE TSE PUFBMSHOSCH RPNEEEOOYS X UPFOY, Y ULBDTPOB VSHCHMY PFDEMSHOSCH. UPFOS YNEMB LTBUYCHHA ZHPTNKH ZCHBTDEKULYI LBBLLPCH, LBL RBTBDOHA, PVSHLOPCHEOOBS TSE PFMYUBMBUSH PF OBYEK MYYSH UETEVTSOSCHN RTYVPTPN, YBYLPK LBBIUSHEZP DPOULZP) PV TBGB Y UYOYNY YBTPCHBTTBNY U LTBUOSCHN MBNRBUPN. pFOPYEOYS NETSDH UPFOEK Y ULBDTPOPN VSHMY UBNSH DTHCEULYE. OP UPFOS Y ULBDTPO YNEMY UCHPY UPVUFCHOOOSCH FTBDYGYY UCHPE OBYUBMSHUFCHP, LBL AOLETULPE, FBL Y CH MYGE UNEOOSCHY PZHYGETPCH. rTYOINBMY CH UPFOA, ЪB TEDLINE YULMAYUEOYEN, FPMSHLP LBBLPLCH.

VEURTETSCCHOBS UFTPECHBS FTEOYTPCHLB Y ZYNOBUFYLB CHUSLPZP TPDB, CH PUPVEOOPUFY TSE FB "TBVPFB", LPFPTHA OBU ЪBUFBCHMSM RTDPDEMSHCHBFSH UFBTYIK LHTU, VSHUFTP RTECHTBEBMB N BMSHYUYLPCH-LBDEF CH MYIHA Y RPDFSOKHFHA UFBKLH UFTPECHPK NPMPDETSY. rPUMEDOYE PUFBFLY LBDEFULPK KHZMPCHBFPUFY UIPDYMY U OBU OE RP DOSN, B RP YUBUBN CH PRSCHFOSHI THLBI OBYUBMSHUFCHB, LPFPTPE CHUE YUBEE UVBMP VMBZPDBTYFSH FP PDOPZP, FP DTHZPZP Y Kommersant OBU JB "PFYUEFMYCHPUFSH" Y UMHTSVH.

yuetej DCHB NEUSGB TSEUFPYUBKYEK DTEUUYTPCHLY, LBLHA VSCHMY URPUPVOSCH CHSHCHDETSBFSH FPMSHLP LTERLYE ZHJYYUEULYY NPTBMSHOP, DMS NMBDYEZP LHTUB, OBLPOEG, OBUFHRIM FPTCEUF CHOOOSCHK DEOSH RTYUSZY. rPDOSCH DCHB RBMSHGB RTBChPK THLY, UFPSM S CH ITBNE yLPMSCH UTEDY FPCHBTYEEK CH RPMOPK RBTBDOPK ZHTNE, UMKHYBS UMPCHB UFBTYOOOPK REFTPPCHULPK RTYUSZY ABOUT CHETOPUFSH ZPUKHDBTA Y TPDYOE, LP FPTHA YUYFBM FPTCEUFCHEOOSCHN "NEDOSCHN" ZPMPUPN BDYAAFBOF yLPMSCH TPFNYUFT ъSLYO. rPYUFY CHUE UFBFSHY ITS LPOYUBMYUSH UMPCHBNY "UNETFOBS LBJOSH" Y RTPYYCHPDYMY CHOKHYYFEMSHOPE CHREYUBFMEOYE. ZMKHIYNY ZPMPUBNY NSCH RPCHFPTSMY RPUME LBTSDPZP BVBBGB: “lMSOKHUSH, LMSOKHUSH”, B UBFEN GEMPCHBMY LTEUF, echBOZEMYE Y UFBTSHK YEML YFBODBTTFB U DCHZMBCHSHN PTMPN ABOUT DTECHLE , LPFPTSHCHK DETTSBM YFBODBTFOSCHK CHBINYUFT lHYUYO.

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Answers to school textbooks

The life of the great Russian poet M.Yu. Lermontov from the moment of his birth was overshadowed by difficult family drama. His mother Maria Arsenyeva belonged on her maternal side to the noble aristocratic family of the Stolypins, rich, influential, who always held high government positions in Russian Empire. Lermontov’s grandmother, Elizaveta Alekseevna, knew for sure that her son-in-law would be from the same glorious and rich family. However, life decreed otherwise. Maria, who belonged to the type of dreamy and overly impressionable young ladies, who had read sentimental novels, fell in love and married an impoverished landowner of an unknown family and tribe, eight years older than her, handsome and stately* but unable to give her future children either wealth or a title, nor, what was most important, a noble pedigree. According to family legend, the Lermontov family traces its origins to the Scottish bard-storyteller Thomas Lermont. His descendants most often served as mercenaries in the armies of various rulers; one of them ended up in Russia in the army of Mikhail Romanov, served him faithfully, for which he was granted the nobility and lands near Tula by the Tsar. (Later, young Lermontov would hear from his father a legend that his Scottish ancestors descended from the noble Spanish Duke Francisco Lerma, who occupied a high position at the court of the Spanish King Philip III and fled to Scotland after the death of the king.) Mikhail Lermontov believed in this legend. The grandmother did not believe it and despised her ignorant son-in-law. Moreover, after the death of her daughter (Lermontov’s mother died of consumption when little Misha was just over two years old), the grandmother put forward a condition to her son-in-law: all her wealth and noble titles would go to her grandson if his father renounced all rights to his son and saw him only with her permission. The father by this time was bogged down in debt and could not give his son a proper education and high position. He was forced to agree, dooming Mikhail to complete orphanhood. And if his mother’s affection could be replaced by his grandmother’s love, then no one could replace his father. Rare meetings on holidays further aggravated loneliness, the pain of which will more than once result in bitter lines: “The terrible fate of father and son // To live separately and die in separation...”

2. What education did the writer receive?

Grandmother, who endlessly loved her only grandson, understood how important it was to give him a good education. She spared no expense in order to hire her grandson the best teachers from Moscow and St. Petersburg. He received an excellent education at home, knew several languages, played excellent chess, played the piano and violin, composed music, painted beautifully, wrote poetry, began translating from different languages ​​early, and read a lot. His true idol was the English romantic poet J. Byron. At the request of his grandmother, Mikhail was enrolled in the Moscow Noble Boarding School - a privileged educational institution for the children of the aristocracy. He studied well and wrote a lot. In 1830 he entered Moscow University, from which he was expelled in 1832 for missing classes. Lermontov was outraged by the atmosphere that reigned at the university: denunciations, surveillance, persecution of free-thinking. Lermontov decides to do military career and leaves for St. Petersburg, where he enters a cadet school. Two years of monotonous everyday life, drills and barracks, the same denunciations, surveillance and no free-thinking.

3. Why did Mikhail Yuryevich decide to pursue a military career? How was he received in the aristocratic society of Moscow and St. Petersburg?

Expelled from Moscow University, Lermontov tried to enter St. Petersburg University - he was refused. On the advice of friends, he entered the cadet cavalry school, which trained future officers. After school, many of them served in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, stationed in Tsarskoe Selo, almost in St. Petersburg. This attracted Lermontov. In addition, officers have always been a special environment, among them there were many people with progressive views; as we know, many Decembrists came from this environment. Unfortunately, the time was different. Studying at the cadet school is characterized as “two terrible years”, given over to meaningless drills and parades, staying in the barracks, where it was forbidden to even read fiction. But even here at night, hiding in distant classrooms, Lermontov read or wrote. After graduating from the cadet school, Mikhail Lermontov became a cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. Representatives of the most famous aristocratic families of Russia performed military service in this privileged regiment. Very quickly he enters high society, where he acquires the reputation of a “socialite” and enjoys success with the ladies. In this society he has many friends, but no fewer enemies: many are afraid of his evil, caustic tongue.

4. Name the recipients of the poet’s love lyrics. What is unique about Lermontov’s interpretation of this topic?

Love lyrics occupy a large place in the poetry of M. Lermontov. It must be said that even in early period In their creative work, these poems reveal such a wealth of content that they become like a miniature “lyrical novel” with its own plot, a deep philosophical generalization, expressing the position of the author. And even addressed to a specific person- V. Lopukhina, E. Sushkova, N. Ivanova and other women, they are not always dedicated only to a specific event or the relationship of the poet with the addressee of the poetic message: Lermontov expands the scope of the poem, “grafts” into it the sprouts of other genres. Such, for example, is the miniature “Beggar” addressed to E.N. Sushkova. Twelve lines, three stanzas. Of these, only the last one is directly addressed to the addressee. The first two present an independent picture. Let's remember the poem.

At the gates of the saint's monastery
Standing begging for alms
The poor man is withered, barely alive
From hunger, thirst and suffering.
He only asked for a piece of bread,
And the gaze revealed living torment,
And someone laid a stone
Into his outstretched hand.
So I prayed for your love
With bitter tears, with longing,
So my best feelings
Deceived by you forever!

The hidden lyricism of the work reveals itself in the last quatrain, where the poet expresses his feelings, “forever deceived” by his beloved. The suffering of a beggar sets off the suffering lyrical hero who is deceived by his beloved like a beggar - cruel people. In a poem about love, a deep philosophical theme people's attitudes towards another person's suffering. Lermontov's love lyrics are mainly tragic in nature. This tragic note began with the poet’s unhappy love for Varenka Lopukhina, who was his muse and to whom he addressed many poems (often they hide the addressee under the letter “K...”): “Don’t attract me with beauty...”, “We are again met you...", "We parted, but your portrait..." and many others.

5. What is the peculiarity of the creative style of Lermontov the romantic? Expand the topic using examples of specific works.

In the early period of his creativity (before 1837), Lermontov mainly acted as a romantic poet. His youthful lyrics are a poetic diary of a man deep in knowledge of himself, contrasting himself with the society surrounding him with the vulgar and insignificant life. In his lyrical reflections, Lermontov tries to understand himself, to find out his strengths and aspirations, and talks about his thirst to put into practice the rich powers of his soul, talent and knowledge. “I need to act, every day // I would like to make myself immortal...”, declares the young poet in the poem “June 1831, 11th Day.” Among the huge number of poems of this period are “Sail”, “I want to live!” I want sadness”, “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different...”, “The Turk’s Complaint”, “Prediction”, “Napoleon”, “My Demon”, “Monologue”, “Alone among the human noise...”, “Loneliness” and others. The pinnacle of Lermontov’s romanticism were the Caucasian poems “Demon” and “Mtsyri”. And in them the romantic hero feels like the “chosen one.” And although his soul strives to find peace and harmony, he is unable to get rid of the painful loneliness, which becomes the price to pay for independence and freedom. The hero is overwhelmed with mutually exclusive feelings - longing for the impossible and anger at the world. The poet's romantic hero is an eternal oppositionist. In one of the best poems of this period, “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different...” the poet contrasts himself with Byron, the crowd, the ocean of life, God himself, and rebels against the whole world. He, like a sail, “driven by the world,” floats through a life that is devoid of purpose and meaning for him.

6. How is the Caucasus connected with the life and work of the poet?

The whole life of Mikhail Lermontov is in one way or another connected with the Caucasus. One of the most striking events of childhood was the first trip to the Caucasus, where the grandmother took her grandson to improve his poor health. He fell in love with the Caucasus, its majestic virgin nature, and observed with interest the customs of the mountain people, their holidays, games, legends and traditions. In the Caucasus, the poet experienced his first love for “a girl of about nine... her image is still stored in my head...,” he would later write in his diary. Caucasian theme will become the most significant in the writer’s work, works about the Caucasus will occupy a large place among the early romantic works: fourteen-year-old Lermontov will write the poems “Circassians”, “ Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Aul Bastundzhi", "Izmail-Bey", "Hadji Abrek", whole line poems. Lermontov created works about the Caucasus in different years, already as a student at a university boarding school, a student at Moscow University, and a cadet at school. The Caucasus will become the setting for his “pinnacle works” - the poem “Demon” and the novel “Hero of Our Time”. By an evil irony of fate, it was the Caucasus that would become the place of exile, military service and death of the poet.

7. In what actions and aspirations does Lermontov’s Demon bear the traits of a hero of “high” romanticism?

The poem “Demon” can be called one of the peaks of “high” romanticism in Russian poetry and Lermontov’s life’s work. He conceived the poem at the age of 9, and by the end of his life he had already written 7 editions of it. The romantic image of the Demon - the bearer of universal evil - attracted the poet, like many other writers and poets. Lermontov took a new look at this image. He saw in him a suffering soul that yearns for love and rebirth into a bearer of good. With his love for Tamara, he tries to atone for his sin and get rid of eternal loneliness: “I want to make peace with heaven, // I want to love, I want to pray, // I want to believe in goodness.” But the Demon is doomed to remain the bearer of evil, doomed to eternal wandering by God the Father for his exorbitant pride. The laws of the universe are stronger than the desire of a proud person to be reborn. Stung by the fact that the angel was taking Tamara’s soul, which he considered his own, to heaven, “...the defeated Demon cursed // His crazy dreams, // And again he remained, arrogant, // Alone, as before, in the universe // Without hope and love!..”

8. Tell us about military service Lermontov. In which works of the writer and how was the military theme reflected?

M. Lermontov began his military service in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, where representatives of the most noble aristocratic families served. Seemingly immersed in the noisy, first cadet, and then officer life with its rough “pranks and riotous entertainment,” then into secular life, Lermontov will soon feel disgusted with this empty and boring bustle. He carefully hides his spiritual life from outsiders, reads and writes a lot (“Boyarin Orsha”, “Masquerade”, the play “Two Brothers”, the novel in verse “Sashka”, the prose novel “Princess of Lithuania”, numerous poems). Rapid changes in life and military service will occur on February 20, 1837: after the appearance of the poem “The Death of the Poet,” he will be arrested and sent to the guardhouse, and then transferred to the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment, which was located in the Caucasus; then, at the request of his grandmother, he will be transferred to a hussar regiment stationed near Pskov. He will serve there no more than two months. The Emperor will express his will, give full forgiveness to “Cornet Lermontov” and agree to his reinstatement in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. Service in this regiment did not cause much trouble and allowed me to work a lot on the works “Tambov Treasury”, “Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov”, new editions of “Demon”, poems “Duma”, “To the Poet” and others. But Lermontov’s participation in the “circle of sixteen” and a duel with the son of the French envoy Barant would change everything in his life again. By the decision of Tsar Nicholas I himself, Lieutenant Lermontov was transferred to the Tenginsky Infantry Regiment and must leave for the battlefields in the Caucasus. The situation there was too difficult, but Lermontov was a brave officer, was not afraid of death, and even led a detachment that fought very successfully against the highlanders. Soon he was nominated for transfer to the guard, and for the Order of St. Vladimir, III degree, and for a personalized golden weapon with the inscription “For bravery.” However, Tsar Nicholas I did not support any of this idea. The granted leave was interrupted, and the poet had to leave for service within 48 hours. He was unable to return to St. Petersburg again. The military theme was reflected in many works: “Borodino”, “Dream”, “Testament”, “Two Giants”, “Hero of Our Time”, “Valerik”, etc.

9. What was the emotional state of Mikhail Yuryevich during his last vacation in the capital?

Lermontov received his last vacation thanks to his grandmother’s constant troubles. He could spend two whole months in St. Petersburg. Everything seemed to be going well for the poet. He was able to see his first collection published in October 1840, which included his best poems; in February the second edition of “A Hero of Our Time” was published. The magazine “Domestic Notes” published an article by V. Belinsky, in which he called Lermontov the first poet and successor Pushkin tradition in Russian literature. According to the recollections of close people, at this time the poet was truly happy.
He was well received everywhere: both in secular society and in literary salons. Lermontov earned public recognition and interest in himself as a talented Russian writer with his work. But the happiness turned out to be short-lived. Petitions to reward Lermontov for his bravery in the war were rejected, then the vacation was unexpectedly interrupted and the poet had to leave St. Petersburg within 48 hours and go to the Caucasus. Lermontov left disappointed and embittered. Evidence of his bad mood was the poem “Farewell, unwashed Russia...". He decides to retire and focus only literary creativity. On the eve of his departure, Lermontov visited a fortune teller, who said that he would not return to St. Petersburg and that a completely different retirement awaited him.

10. Tell us about the poet’s last duel. Where is Lermontov buried?

One can only guess in what mood Lermontov arrived in Stavropol on May 9, 1841. He should have gone to the place of hostilities, but he persuaded his friend and cousin Alexander Stolypin cast lots and trust fate. Fate chose Pyatigorsk, as if leading the poet to a fatal outcome.
In Pyatigorsk, Lermontov met his friend from the cadet school, Nikolai Martynov. At one of the evenings in the house of Lieutenant General Verzilin, where aristocratic youth were gathering, a quarrel occurred between Lermontov and Martynov. Lermontov, not feeling hostility towards Martynov, nevertheless joked evilly at him. Martynov, touchy and vindictive, regarded this as an insult and challenged Lermontov to a duel. Everyone present took this for a stupid joke: Lermontov was a famous shooter, Martynov was a poor shooter. Friends even brought a box of champagne to the duel site to toast the reconciliation. The seconds were about to separate the duelists when Lermontov said: “I won’t shoot at this fool” - and fired into the air. Martynov shot at Lermontov. His bullet pierced the poet's heart and lung, and he died almost immediately. Soon an unprecedented thunderstorm broke out, which made it impossible to take Lermontov’s body to Pyatigorsk. Only a few hours later he was transported to the city. In 1842, with the personal permission of the tsar, the grandmother transported the poet’s ashes to her estate Tarkhany.

Just think about it, genius poet dismissed from Moscow University and not accepted into St. Petersburg, he took exams at the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers, among other “juniors from the nobility,” as stated in the journal of the School’s outgoing papers for 1832. The same “certification” was repeated in the order to the commander of the School, Major General K. A. Schlieplenbach, dated November 13, 1832, to enroll “a minor from the nobles, Mikhail Lermontov, asking to join the Life Guards Hussar Regiment (...) with the right to volunteer as a non-commissioned officer.”

At that time, the cadets who were in school were considered in the regiments and each wore a uniform of his own regiment.”2 To receive his first officer rank, Lermontov had to endure two years of “marching”, “parading” and other hardships at the School, which he described in the “Junker Prayer”.

Let us add to what has been said that, having passed the entrance exams, Lermontov was enrolled as a candidate for the School. And only more than a month later there was an order to its commander K. A. Schlippenbach to promote Lermontov from candidates to cadet.

At this time an accident occurred. A. M. Merinsky talks about him: “Strong in soul, he was strong physically and often loved to show his strength.” Lermontov, during classes in the arena, “instigated by the old cadets... in order to show his knowledge of riding, strength and courage, sat on a young horse, not yet ridden.” She began to “go crazy” and hurt other horses standing in the arena. “One of them hit Lermontov in the leg and crushed it to the bone. They carried him unconscious out of the playpen. He was ill for more than two months while staying at the house of his grandmother E. A. Arsenyeva.”3.

Recalling the Junker School (as the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers later became known), its former students say that a “childish spirit” reigned among the cadets, but that they knew how to separate schoolboyism, jokes from serious things, “when honor, dignity, rank or personal insult." Subjects not worthy of attention included classroom activities. They “usually devoted themselves to conversations, reading books that were hidden when the boss arrived, playing toss on the back bench and playing pranks with the teacher.”

A. M. Merinsky says that at the Junker school “it was not allowed to read books of purely literary content.” Young people who loved reading could devote time to it only on holidays, when they were sent home from school. He happened to go to Lermontov’s house, and he “almost always found him with a book in his hands”2.

Merinsky saw that “at the Junker school, Lermontov was good with all his comrades, although some of them did not really like him because he persecuted them with his witticisms and ridicule for everything false, strained and unnatural, which he could not bear.”

“Many were afraid of his well-aimed witticisms and jokes,” says I. L. Andronikov about Lermontov. “But he took a very active part in the undertakings and pranks of the cadets. He did not lag behind them in training: he was strong and resilient, sat firmly on a horse, and fenced well with espadrons (sabers). Besides him, only the cadet Martynov owned this weapon - the same one whose name is cursed by everyone who cherishes poetry. Their meetings attracted attention. They fenced deftly and well.” Yes, this is the Martynov who, less than ten years later, having met Lermontov in Pyatigorsk, will challenge his friend from the Junker school to his last duel...

Lermontov, in letters to M.A., Lopukhina and other Moscow friends, written a year after joining the cadet, assured them that he had changed a lot, that he had neither faith in beauty nor happy dreams. “...I need material pleasures,” he wrote in the fall of 1833, “tangible, happiness that is paid for in gold, happiness that is carried in your pocket like a snuff box; happiness that deceives only my feelings, leaving my soul alone and inactive.”

His faithful friend Akim Shan-Girey, who lived in the house of the poet’s grandmother, amends the idea that cadet Lermontov wanted to create about himself in letters to friends: “Morally Michel at school changed no less than physically, traces of home education and female the societies disappeared: at that time a spirit of some kind of debauchery, revelry, and bashfulness reigned in the school; Fortunately, Michel entered there no earlier than nineteen years old and stayed there no more than two; Upon graduation as an officer, all this disappeared like water off a duck’s back.”1

The apartment rented by E. A. Arsenyeva was “a few steps from the school,” says this relative of Lermontov, and he “went to Michel almost every day with contraband,” bringing him pates, sweets and other treats from his grandmother. But - and this is the main thing - Shan-Girey saw with his own eyes the morals and customs that reigned in the Junker school, he was very sympathetic to Lermontov and was afraid for him. He calls the two years the poet spent there “ill-fated years” and, together with E. A. Arsenyeva, he rejoiced with all his heart when his friend Michel was promoted to officer. This happened on December 4, 1834, when the order of the commander of the School announced that cadet Lermontov had been promoted to cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment.

In a letter to M.A. Lopukhina, full of sad thoughts about his future, the poet said goodbye to school with the words: “Two terrible years are no more...” /After leaving the Junker school, Lermontov divided his time between Tsarskoe Selo(where his Hussar Regiment was stationed) and St. Petersburg, where he lived the lifestyle accepted among young aristocrats.) I saw, entering the world,” wrote OE1 A.M. Vereshchagina to Moscow, “that everyone has their own pedestal: wealth, name, title, patronage... I realized that if: I managed to occupy someone with myself, then others would quietly take care of me, first out of curiosity, and then out of competition.”

In the same letter, he complains about, which he began to feel especially acutely after his grandmother left St. Petersburg: “The prospect of being left completely alone for the first time in my life scares me. In everything big city there will not be a single being left who truly sympathizes with me.”

Lermontov's complaint about complete loneliness is not entirely fair. In the early 30s, a distant relative of the poet, Svyatoslav Raevsky, appeared in St. Petersburg, who had known him since childhood. Later, in the St. Petersburg years, they life together in the house of E. A., Arsenieven, according to Raevsky, “briefly became friends with him (Lermontov)”1.

Raevsky was six years older than Lermontov. In 1827, he graduated from the moral and political department of Moscow University, in addition, he attended lectures in the verbal and physics and mathematics departments. He successfully applied his extensive knowledge in journalism. Raevsky introduced Lermontov to the circle of the editor of “Literary Additions to the Russian Invalid”, and then of the journal “Domestic Notes” A. A. Kraevsky. Almost all of Lermontov’s works, which he himself considered it possible to submit to the reader for judgment, were published for the first time on the pages of this magazine. Belinsky’s famous articles about Lermontov’s poems and his novel “A Hero of Our Time” appeared in Otechestvennye Zapiski.

Raevsky helped Lermontov: under his dictation he rewrote “Princess of Lithuania”.

We owe it to such devoted friends of Lermontov as S. A. Raevsky and A. P. Shan-Girey that we learned a lot of valuable information about the poet’s life, his work, hobbies, character, relationships with those who were close to him and in early childhood, and in all other periods of his short life path.

It is impossible not to notice, however, that the people closest to the poet were not always accurate in their memories of him, written many years after his death.

So, for example, L.P. Shan-Girey claims that during the years of his stay at the School of Junkers Lermontov, coming home on holidays and Sundays, “wrote absolutely nothing.”

This is hard to believe. It is unlikely that Lermontov did not take what was written at the School secretly from his comrades, not shown to any of them, home, where E. A. Arsenyeva lived. A.P. Shan-Girey reduces all Lermontov’s work of 1832 - 1834 to epigrams, “free” poems published in the handwritten magazine “School Dawn”, as well as to the “famous in its time” poem “Ulansha”, which belongs to the cycle “ Junker poems”, in which the poet paid tribute to the “spirit of some kind of revelry, revelry” that reigned in the School, frivolity, rough fun, which A.P. Shan-Girey talks about in his “Memoirs”2.

Poems of this time

For poetic activity Lermontov's university years turned out to be highest degree fruitful. His talent matured quickly, his spiritual world was sharply defined.

He also knows about the philosophical arrogant “disputes” of young people, but he himself does not take part in them. He probably was not even familiar with the most ardent debater - the later famous critic, although one of the heroes of his student drama “The Strange Man” bears the name Belinsky, which indirectly indicates Lermontov’s difficult attitude towards the ideals preached by the enthusiastic youth among whom he had to study.

In the same summer of 1830, Lermontov's attention focused on the personality and poetry of Byron; For the first time he compares himself with an English poet, realizes the similarity of his moral world with Byron’s, and devotes several poems to the Polish revolution. In 1830, Lermontov wrote the poem “Prophecy” (“The year will come, / Russia will have a black year, / When the king’s crown will fall...”).

School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers

He left for St. Petersburg with the intention of enrolling again at the university, but they refused to count him for the two years he spent at Moscow University, suggesting that he enroll again as a first-year student. Lermontov was not satisfied with such a long student life and, under the influence of his St. Petersburg relatives, contrary to his own plans, he entered the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers. This career change also suited my grandmother’s wishes. Lermontov remained at school for two “ill-fated years,” as he himself puts it. About mental development no one thought about the students; they “were not allowed to read books of purely literary content.”

Junker revelry and bullying now provided him with the most convenient environment for the development of any “imperfections.” Lermontov did not lag behind his comrades in any way, and was the first participant in all adventures - but here, too, his chosen nature showed itself immediately after the most apparently unconscious fun. Both in Moscow society and in the junker revels, Lermontov knew how to preserve his “best part,” his creative powers; in his letters one can sometimes hear bitter regret about past dreams, cruel self-flagellation for the need for “sensual pleasure.” Everyone who believed in the poet’s talent became afraid for his future. Vereshchagin, Lermontov's constant friend, in the name of his talent, implored him to “stick firmly to his path.” Lermontov described the fun of the cadets, including erotic ones, in his poems. These youthful poems, which contained obscene words, gained Lermontov his first poetic fame.

In 1832, in the arena of the School of Guards Ensigns, a horse hit Lermontov in the right leg, breaking it to the bone. Lermontov lay in the infirmary, he was treated by the famous doctor N.F. Arendt. Later, the poet was discharged from the hospital, but the doctor visited him in the house of E.A. Arsenyeva.