M p lazarev message briefly. Mikhail Lazarev

Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich (1788-1851)- Leading figure Navy Russia first half of XIX century, scientist-navigator, famous Russian naval commander. In 1819-1821. traveled around the world, during which the sixth continent of the world, Antarctica, was discovered. In 1832 he became chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet. Russian Empire. For his contribution to the development of the Russian fleet, he was promoted to admiral and awarded the highest state awards.

Biography

Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev was born in the Vladimir province on November 14, 1788. The son of the ruler of the Vladimir vicegerency, nobleman Pyotr Gavrilovich Lazarev (later a senator, privy councilor), brother of Vice Admiral Andrei P. Lazarev (senior) and Rear Admiral Alexei P. Lazarev (junior) . Their mother is Anna Andreevna Jacobi.

In January 1800, the father of the Lazarev brothers died, and by the attitude of Adjutant General Kh. A. Lieven on February 6 of the same year, the brothers were identified in the Marine cadet corps.

On February 20, 1800, the brothers were enrolled in the corps as ordinary cadets, where they received their education. The abilities of Lazarev 2nd (Mikhail) and a keen interest in everything related to the military maritime affairs, immediately attracted the attention of the corps command.

On June 3, 1803, M. Lazarev was promoted to midshipmen, and on June 7 of the same year, after completing practice on the ship Yaroslav, he was sent, along with 30 other best pupils of the corps, to volunteer in the English fleet (he was 15 years old).

January 8, 1806 M. Lazarev was promoted to midshipman of the English fleet. Five years of continuous navigation on his ships in the Northern and mediterranean seas, in the Atlantic, and on the ships of the East India Company in the Indian and Pacific Oceans were an excellent maritime school for Mikhail Petrovich.

In May 1808 he was promoted to midshipman - the first officer rank.

On June 6, 1808, M. Lazarev was sworn in as an officer, excluded from the lists of the corps and sent at the age of 20 for further service in the Baltic Fleet.

First Russian Antarctic Expedition

In 1819, under the leadership of Captain 2nd Rank F.F. Bellingshausen, an expedition was equipped for scientific purposes to explore the waters of the South Arctic Ocean. It included the sloops Vostok, under the command of F. Bellingshausen, and Mirny, under the command of M. Lazarev (he was appointed commander on March 27, 1819).

The expedition left Kronstadt on July 15, 1819 and returned safely on August 5, 1821, having completed over 49,500 miles of navigation and spent 751 days on the campaign, 527 of them under sail. Swimming took place in difficult polar conditions: among the ice mountains, with frequent storms. The expedition visited waters that had not yet been visited by anyone, and for quite a long time after it no ship approached as close to the South Pole as the Russian sloops Vostok and Mirny.

On January 28, 1820, the sloops Vostok and Mirny, despite the difficult ice conditions, approached Antarctica for the first time. This day is considered the day of the discovery of Antarctica. Russian sailors were the first in the world to discover a new part of the world, Antarctica, refuting the opinion of the English traveler James Cook, who claimed that there is no mainland in the southern latitudes, and if it exists, it is only near the pole, in an area inaccessible to navigation. A week later, the expedition reached the South Shetland Islands. Russian navigators, passing along the entire southern coast of South Shetland, proved that it consists of a ridge of high rocky islands covered with eternal snow. On August 5, 1821, M. Lazarev returned to Kronstadt from his second round-the-world voyage, which ended with the discovery of the sixth part of the world - Antarctica. Upon his return, on August 17, 1821, M. Lazarev was promoted through the rank to captain of the 2nd rank and, in addition, his pension was kept as an additional salary for the rank of lieutenant, in which he was at sea.

The voyage of the "Vostok" and "Mirny" is a remarkable contribution to the history of geographical discoveries. Russia was assigned priority in the discovery of a number of Antarctic lands.

Command of the frigate "Cruiser"

In March 1822, M. Lazarev was appointed commander of the frigate "Cruiser". August 29, 1822 the frigate "Cruiser" went to the third circumnavigation to the shores North America for the protection of territorial waters from predatory fishing and the fight against smuggling. His brother Lieutenant Commander Andrey Lazarev also participated in this flood, commanding the Ladoga sloop. From this voyage, M. Lazarev returned safely on August 17, 1825. Upon his return, he was promoted to the rank of captain of the 1st rank on September 13, 1825, awarded the order Vladimir 3 st. and he was kept, in addition to his salary, a salary according to the rank of captain of the 2nd rank in which he sailed.

Command of the Black Sea Fleet

In 1826, Mikhail Petrovich was appointed commander of the 12th naval crew and the new linear 74-gun ship "Azov" under construction in Arkhangelsk.

In 1827, the commander of the Azov, Lazarev, was appointed part-time chief of staff of the squadron, equipped for a campaign in the Mediterranean Sea.

In the period from August 20 to October 18, a separate squadron (including "Azov") under the command of Rear Admiral L.P. Heyden, allocated to support the national liberation movement of the Greeks, made the transition along the route: Portsmouth - Palermo - Messina - Zante Island - Navarino Bay.

On October 20, 1827, the famous Battle of Navarino took place, in which the Russian, English and French squadrons took part. But the Russians bore the brunt of the battle and played a major role in the defeat of the Turkish-Egyptian fleet. The enemy lost battleship, 13 frigates, 17 corvettes, 4 brigs, 5 fireships and other vessels. The Azov, commanded by Lazarev, was in the center of a curved battle line of four battleships. And it was here that the Turks sent their main blow. The battleship "Azov" had to fight simultaneously with five enemy ships, all of them were destroyed by well-aimed artillery fire "Azov". For the Battle of Navarino, the battleship "Azov" and the 12th naval crew were awarded the highest award - the stern St. George flag. M. Lazarev December 22, 1827 was promoted to rear admiral for "distinction".

In 1831-1832. M. Lazarev took an active part in the work of the committee for the formation of the fleet to correct the states of armament and stocks of military vessels and to develop a new regulation on the management of the Black Sea Fleet. He personally contributed whole line proposals for improving shipbuilding and ship armament.

From May 22 to September 14, 1831, M. Lazarev commanded a detachment of ships cruising in the Gulf of Bothnia in order to protect the Finnish coast from foreign military smuggling.

From October 1831 to June 1832, Mikhail Lazarev presided over the Commission for the Correction of States on the armament and supply of military vessels. On February 17, 1832, he was appointed chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet, and the following year, its commander. Mikhail Petrovich was approved in this position on January 12, 1835, and was Commander of the Black Sea Fleet for 18 years.

Title page of the Atlas of the Black Sea.

M. Lazarev was the first to organize a two-year expedition of the frigate "Skory" and the tender "Hurry" with the aim of inventorying the Black Sea, which resulted in the publication of the first sailing direction of the Black Sea. In October 1842, work was completed on compiling and publishing the Atlas of the Black and Azov Seas.

October 22, 1843 Mikhail Petrovich "for distinction" was promoted to admiral. Under his leadership, the sailing Black Sea Fleet became the best in Russia. Significant progress has been made in shipbuilding. Lazarev personally oversaw the construction of each new large ship.

Under Lazarev, the number of ships of the Black Sea Fleet was brought to a full complement (15 battleships, 7 frigates and the corresponding number of steamships and small ships). Artillery has been greatly improved. In Nikolaev, taking into account all the achievements of technology of that time, the admiralty was built; the construction of the Admiralty near Novorossiysk began.

Under the personal supervision of Lazarev, plans were drawn up and the area was prepared for the construction of the Admiralty in Sevastopol and docks were built. In the Hydrographic Depot, reorganized according to his instructions, many maps, sailing directions, regulations, manuals were printed and detailed atlas Black Sea. The depot also printed books on naval matters.

last years of life

In 1843, Lazarev felt the first signs of a serious illness, but did not pay any attention to them. The disease began to increase rapidly, and Lazarev still did not want to leave his beloved business. Finally, by the beginning of 1851, the stomach cancer that Lazarev suffered from had developed to such an extent that the admiral could hardly take any food. Lazarev surrendered control of the fleet and left for Vienna, where he died on April 23, 1851, never showing any sign of his terrible suffering.

His ashes were transported to Russia and interred in Sevastopol in the Vladimir Cathedral. M. P. Lazarev, P. S. Nakhimov, V. A. Kornilov and V. I. Istomin, all three of his students, are buried in the basement of this Cathedral in the form of a cross with their heads to the center of the cross.

In 1867, in this city, then still lying in ruins after Crimean War 1853-1856, the grand opening of the monument to Lazarev took place. At the opening of this retinue of His Majesty, Rear Admiral I. A. Shestakov said brilliant speech, in which he vividly outlined the merits of the famous admiral in creating the Russian fleet and the high qualities of Russian sailors.

perpetuation of memory

The St. Petersburg Naval Assembly in memory of the remarkable Russian admiral M.P. Lazarev in 1995 established silver medal, which is awarded to employees of the sea, river and fishing fleet, educational institutions, research institutes and other naval organizations that have made a great contribution to the development of the fleet, made significant voyages, and also take a significant part in the creation of equipment for the fleet and were previously awarded the Gold badge Maritime Assembly. The Russian people lovingly keep the memory of the outstanding Russian admiral, deservedly placing him among the best naval commanders of our Motherland. October 24, 2008 at the House of Scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on the initiative of the military history section, round table on the topic: “Admiral Lazarev is an active builder of the Black Sea Fleet. History and Modernity".

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Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev

Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev

Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev was born on November 3 (14), 1788 in the noble family of a senator, a representative of the side branch of the Armenian aristocratic family of Abamelek-Lazarev, the ruler of the Vladimir vicegerency. Shortly before his death, in 1800, the senator appointed three sons - Andrei, Mikhail, Alexei - to the Naval Cadet Corps.

st. Manezhny dead end, 2a


st. Manezhny dead end, 2v
On the site of house number 2a on a high earthen rampart (now Manezhny dead end) stood wooden house where the family of the civil governor Lazarev lived.

In the place where Gagarin Street intersects with the Manezhny Dead End, there was the house of the civil governor, where the future Admiral Mikhail Lazarev was born in 1788.
In 1793, the Lazarev family moved to Georgievskaya Street (now, and the dilapidated house on Tsaritsynskaya Street was broken in 1794.

The city of Vladimir, Georgievskaya, 3. Until 1797, the future Admiral Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich lived in this house.




But the memorial plaque is installed on the house number 26 on Bolshaya Moskovskaya Street.

In 1803, he passed the exam for the rank of midshipman, becoming the third best student out of 32 students. In December 1805 he was promoted to the first officer rank - midshipman.
Among 30 best graduates Corps sent to England, where he served as a volunteer in the Navy until 1808 to get acquainted with the formulation of naval affairs in foreign ports. For five years he was in continuous navigation in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
In 1808-1813. served in the Baltic Fleet. Participated in Russian-Swedish war 1808-1809 and Patriotic war 1812

Trip around the world

In 1813, Lieutenant Lazarev received a new appointment - to command the Suvorov sloop, setting off on a round-the-world voyage.
The ship "Suvorov", on which Lazarev was assigned, belonged to the Russian-American company, created by Russian industrialists at the end of the 18th century. The company's mission is to improve the use natural resources Russian America. The company was extremely interested in regular sea communication between St. Petersburg and Russian America and spared no expense to equip round-the-world expeditions.
At the beginning of October 1813, preparations for the journey were completed, and at dawn on October 9, the Suvorov departed from the Kronstadt raid.

Swimming M.P. Lazarev on the sloop "Suvorov" in 1813-1815

At the beginning of the journey they were met strong winds and thick fogs, from which the Suvorov had to take refuge in the Swedish harbor of Karlskrona. Having passed the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak straits (between Denmark and the Scandinavian Peninsula) and successfully avoiding the attack of the French and Danish warships allied to them, Lazarev safely brought the Suvorov to the English Channel.
In Portsmouth, the ship made a stop that dragged on for three whole months. February 27, 1814 "Suvorov" moved away from the Portsmouth raid and rushed to the south. Two weeks later, Lazarev's ship was already approaching the island of Madeira, a Portuguese colony off the coast of Africa. On April 2, the Suvorov crossed the equator, and on the evening of April 21 entered the bay of Rio de Janeiro. May 24 "Suvorov" left Rio de Janeiro and went to Atlantic Ocean heading east. Then he went around Africa from the south and, having passed through the Indian Ocean, rounded Australia from the south.
On August 14, 1814, the Suvorov entered Port Jackson Bay and headed for Sydney. When approaching the harbor, the Suvorov was greeted with a thunder of artillery salute. So the governor of the colony of New South Wales, which belonged to the British at that time, greeted Russian sailors on the occasion final victory over Napoleon.
Moving away from Australia, "Suvorov" went along Pacific Ocean to the east, again approaching the equator. On September 28, the outlines of land appeared ahead. However, on the map available to Lazarev, there were no signs of land, and only when approaching more close quarters and examining these places, Lazarev realized that in front of him was a group of coral islands rising above the surface of the ocean and interconnected by coral bridges. These islands were covered with shrubs and trees. Lazarev gave the name of Suvorov (Suvorov Atoll) to the newly discovered islands.
Having completed the survey of the islands, the Suvorov again continued its journey with a deviation to the north. On October 10, the equator was crossed.
In November, Lazarev's ship approached the center of Russian America - the port and settlement of Novo-Arkhangelsk. Here Lazarev was met by the manager of the Russian-American Company A.A. Baranov, who expressed gratitude to him for the safety of the goods entrusted to him.
The Suvorov stayed in Novo-Arkhangelsk for the winter. After the end of the winter, the Suvorov was loaded with food and goods, and on the orders of A.A. Baranova Lazarev headed for one of the islands of the Aleutian group (Unalashka) and the Pribylov Islands located next to it. Having unloaded the cargo entrusted to him, he took on board the furs prepared by local industrialists. Lazarev's ship stayed on the road for just over a month. The cargo taken on board in Unalaska was to be delivered to Kronstadt, having previously returned to Novo-Arkhangelsk.
At the end of July, the Suvorov left Novo-Arkhangelsk. Now his path to Kronstadt lay along the banks of the Northern and South America around Cape Horn. Lazarev still had to make a stop in the Peruvian port of Callao to resolve a number of issues related to the affairs of the Russian-American Company.
After calling at the port of San Francisco, the Suvorov moved to the coast of Peru. During the three-month stay in the port of Callao, Lazarev and the officers got acquainted with the life of the city and port.
Passing in stormy weather through the Drake Passage and past the dangerous Cape Horn, Lazarev ordered to turn northeast into the Atlantic Ocean. He did not stop in Rio de Janeiro, but made only a short stop at the island of Fernando de Noronha. Here, on the Suvorov, the damage caused by the storm was repaired, and the ship headed for the shores of England. On June 8, he was already in Portsmouth, and after another five weeks he returned to Kronstadt.

Journey to the South Pole

In March 1819, Lazarev was appointed to command the Mirny sloop, which was to sail to South Pole as part of an Antarctic expedition. Lazarev took over the direct leadership of all preparatory work.
On June 4, Captain 2nd Rank F.F. Bellingshausen arrived, who was entrusted with both the command of the Vostok sloop and the leadership of the entire expedition. A month after his arrival, Vostok and Mirny left the Kronstadt roadstead and moved towards the South Pole.
"Mirny", built according to the project of Russian engineers and, moreover, sufficiently fortified by Lazarev, showed its brilliant qualities. However, the Vostok, built by British engineers, was still qualitatively inferior to the Mirny, despite all the efforts of Lazarev to make it just as hardy.
For participation in the Antarctic expedition, Lazarev was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank, bypassing the rank of lieutenant commander.

Command of the frigate "Cruiser"

While Lazarev was on a polar expedition, the situation in the region of Russian America escalated. The actions of British and American smugglers assumed an ever wider scope. Novo-Arkhangelsk was covered by the Apollo ship, the only military vessel of the Russian-American Company, but it could not ensure the security of all Russian territorial waters in this area. Therefore, it was decided to send the 36-gun frigate Kreyser and the sloop Ladoga to the shores of Russian America. The command of the frigate was assigned to Lazarev, and the command of the Ladoga was assigned to him. younger brother Andrew.
On August 17, 1822, the ships under the command of Lazarev left the Kronstadt raid. The expedition began in severe storms, forcing Lazarev to make a stop in Portsmouth. Only in November did they manage to leave the harbor and head for the Canary Islands, and from there to the coast of Brazil. The voyage to Rio de Janeiro took place in exceptionally favorable conditions, but after sailing from the capital of Brazil, the elements raged again. A hurricane rose in the sea, storms began, accompanied by snow. Only in mid-May, the Cruiser managed to approach Tasmania. Then the frigate Lazarev headed for Tahiti.
In Tahiti, the Cruiser met with the Ladoga, with which it broke up during storms, and now, according to the order received earlier, each ship with the cargo entrusted to it sailed its own course. "Ladoga" - to the Kamchatka Peninsula, "Cruiser" went to the shores of Russian America.
For about a year, the Cruiser spent off the coast of northwestern America, guarding the Russians. territorial waters from smugglers. In the summer of 1824, the “Cruiser” was replaced by the “Enterprise” sloop that arrived in Novo-Arkhangelsk under the command of Lieutenant Commander O.E. Kotzebue. October 16 "Cruiser" left Novo-Arkhangelsk.
As soon as the Cruiser went out to sea, the hurricane broke out again. However, Lazarev's ship did not take refuge in the harbor of San Francisco, but withstood the storm on the high seas. On August 5, 1825, the Cruiser approached the Kronstadt raid.
For exemplary performance of the task, Lazarev was promoted to captain of the 1st rank. But the captain of the Cruiser insisted that not only he and his officers, but also all the sailors of his ship, participants in the most difficult campaign, receive awards.

Service in the Black Sea Fleet

February 27, 1826 M.P. Lazarev was appointed commander of the 12th naval crew and the 74-gun ship "Azov" under construction in Arkhangelsk. After the construction was completed, on August 5 - September 19, 1826, MP Lazarev led the transition of a detachment of ships, consisting of Azov, Ezekiel and Smirny military transport, from Arkhangelsk to Kronstadt.
June 10 - October 6, 1827, commanding the ship "Azov", made the transition from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean Sea. Here, on October 8, 1827, being the commander of the Azov, M.P. Lazarev took part in the Battle of Navarino. Fighting with five Turkish ships, he destroyed them: he sank two large frigates and one corvette, burned the flagship under the flag of Tagir Pasha, forced the 80-gun ship of the line to run aground, after which he set it on fire and blew it up. In addition, "Azov" under the command of Lazarev destroyed the flagship of Muharrem Bey.
For participation in the Battle of Navarino, Lazarev was promoted to rear admiral and awarded three orders at once (Greek - "Commander's Cross of the Savior", English - Bani and French - St. Louis, and his ship "Azov" received the St. George flag.
In 1828-1829. led the blockade of the Dardanelles; in 1830 he returned to Kronstadt and commanded a detachment of ships of the Baltic Fleet.
In 1832, Lazarev became chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet. In February - June 1833, commanding a squadron, he led the expedition of the Russian fleet to the Bosporus, as a result of which the Unkyar-Iskelesi Treaty of 1833 was concluded. From 1833 - the chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and the ports of the Black Sea, and in the summer of 1834 - commander Black Sea Fleet and commander of the ports of Sevastopol and Nikolaev. In the same year he was promoted to vice admiral.
Commanding the Black Sea Fleet, Lazarev became its true reformer. He entered completely new system training sailors directly at sea in an environment as close as possible to combat.
The states of the warships of the Black Sea Fleet were fully equipped and equipped with more than High Quality. Under Lazarev, the Black Sea Fleet received more than 40 sailing ships. Lazarev also ordered 6 steam-frigates and 28 steamships for his fleet. The first iron steamer was built on the Black Sea and training for service on steam ships began.
However, Lazarev was not limited only to the technical re-equipment of the Black Sea Fleet. In Sevastopol, the Maritime Library was reorganized, the Assembly House was built, and a school for sailor children was opened. Under Lazarev, admiralty buildings were built in Nikolaev, Odessa, Novorossiysk, and the construction of an admiralty in Sevastopol began.
Using his experience gained on long trips, Lazarev set up the work of a hydrographic depot, which begins to publish maps and atlases of the Black Sea. The merits of Lazarev to Russian science were also appreciated by the Russian Geographic Society by electing him as an honorary member. He was also elected an honorary member of the Marine Scientific Committee, Kazan University and other scientific institutions.
The special merit of Lazarev in the training of people who glorified the Russian fleet and Russia during the years of the Crimean (Eastern) War of 1853-1856. Admiral Lazarev enjoyed influence as Technical Specialist and mentor of young officers. He advocated equipment Russian fleet steam-powered ships, but the technical and economic backwardness of Russia at that time was the main obstacle on this path. He also acted as a mentor to such famous Russian naval commanders as Nakhimov, Kornilov, Istomin and Butakov.
Shortly before his death, on his last visit to St. Petersburg, the admiral was at the reception of Nicholas I. After a warm welcome, wanting to show the admiral his attention and respect, the sovereign said: "Old man, stay with me for dinner." “I can’t, sir,” answered Mikhail Petrovich, “I gave my word to dine with Admiral G..” Having said this, Lazarev took out his chronometer, looked at it and, impulsively getting up, said: “You are late, sir!” Then he kissed the perplexed emperor and quickly left the office ...

In Vienna, Admiral Lazarev's illness worsened sharply. There was no hope of saving his life. Those around the admiral begged him to write a letter to the sovereign and entrust his family to him. “I never asked anything from anyone for myself in my life,” the dying Lazarev answered, “and now I won’t ask before I die.”
He died on April 23 (11 according to the old style) April 1851. He was buried in the crypt of the Vladimir Cathedral in the city of Sevastopol (at that moment the construction of which had just begun). His students and followers Admirals Nakhimov, Kornilov, Istomin are also buried there.
Mikhail Petrovich had a son - Peter.

Perpetuating the memory of M.P. Lazareva

In 1867, a monument to Mikhail Lazarev was erected in Sevastopol.

Monument to Mikhail Lazarev in Sevastopol

On September 12, 1996, a monument to one of the founders of the city, Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, was unveiled in Novorossiysk.

Monument to Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev in Novorossiysk

In Novorossiysk, a monument was erected to the founders of the city M.P. Lazarev, N.N. Raevsky and L.M. Serebryakov.
- On the railway station Lazarevskaya (Lazarevsky district of Sochi) a bust of Admiral Lazarev was erected.

Bust of Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev in Lazarevsky

In Veliky Novgorod, on the Monument "1000th Anniversary of Russia" among 129 figures of the most prominent personalities in Russian history(for 1862) there is a figure of M.P. Lazarev.

M.P. Lazarev at the Monument "1000th Anniversary of Russia" in Veliky Novgorod

In St. Petersburg, at the Baltic Shipyard in 1871, the first Russian battleship Admiral Lazarev was launched. In addition, the name "Admiral Lazarev" in different time was assigned to three more large ships of the Russian Navy: the light cruiser of the modified Svetlana project, later the Krasny Kavkaz; light cruiser project 68 bis; heavy nuclear missile cruiser of project 1144, originally named "Frunze".

Battleship coastal defense"Admiral Lazarev" on the Great Kronstadt roadstead, late 1890s

In 1994, the Bank of Russia issued a series of commemorative coins "The First Russian Antarctic Expedition".

Coin of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation

In 2004, a Memorial plaque the work of the sculptor Chernoglazov.

Memorial plaque in Vladimir on the house number 26 on Bolshaya Moskovskaya street

Admiral Lazarev Square is located in the northern part of the city of Vladimir, at the intersection of Tchaikovsky, Krasnoarmeyskaya, Builders Avenue. The name was given in 2000 in honor of Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. An example of an unsuccessful memorial naming: the place has nothing to do with the name outstanding person. From the point of view of urban planning, Lazarev Square is not a square, it is just a road junction.

In 2008, Aeroflot airline named one of its Airbus A320 aircraft “M. Lazarev.

House of the Governor of the Vladimir Viceroyalty (House of Admiral Lazarev)

In Vladimir, a place is known where the house once stood, in which the outstanding Russian naval commander, one of the discoverers of Antarctica, Admiral M.P., was born. Lazarev.
This is the house of the ruler of the Vladimir governorship. Once it stood on Tsaritsynskaya Street (now Manezhny dead end), between houses 1-3. Here in 1788 his son Mikhail, the future famous Russian naval commander, was born. On the plan of the city of 1778, stored in the archive Vladimir region, the governor's house under construction is indicated here, not far from the Lybid river. The house was wooden, with a plank roof, with an L-shaped extension along the Proezzhy ravine (now Erofeevsky Spusk). After a fire in 1789, the house was badly dilapidated, and in 1790 the governor and his family moved to another house, more suitable for housing.

Russian naval commander, navigator and explorer, admiral. In 1834 - 1851 he commanded the Black Sea Fleet, took part in the Caucasian War.

Family and early military career

Born November 3, 1788 in Vladimir. Father, Pyotr Gavrilovich Lazarev, Senator, Privy Councilor. By an imperial decree of January 25, 1800, the future naval commander and his brothers Alexei and Andrei were admitted to the Naval Cadet Corps.

In 1803 he was sent to the English fleet, where for 5 years he was in continuous navigation in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, North and Mediterranean seas.

In 1808 - 1813 he served in the Baltic Fleet, participated in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808 - 1809 and the Patriotic War of 1812.

World travel

In 1813 - 1816, on the ship "Suvorov" owned by the Russian-American Company, he made his first round-the-world voyage from Kronstadt to the coast of Alaska and back through Peru and Cape Horn, discovering Suvorov Atoll.

In 1819 - 1821 M.P. Lazarev took part in a round-the-world expedition under the command of F. F. Bellingshausen, commanded the Mirny sloop and was an assistant to the expedition leader. During the Bellingshausen-Lazarev expedition, Antarctica and a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean were discovered.

Since 1822 M.P. Lazarev commanded the frigate "Cruiser", on which he carried out his third circumnavigation (1822-25), conducting wide Scientific research meteorology, ethnography, etc.

Since 1826, the captain of the 1st rank M.P. Lazarev was appointed commander of the 74-gun battleship Azov.

In 1827, M.P. Lazarev was appointed chief of staff of the squadron of Rear Admiral L.P. Heyden, sent to the Mediterranean to jointly with the French and English squadrons to assist Greece, which had rebelled against the Turkish yoke.

October 8, 1827 allied fleet under the general command of the English admiral E. Codrington attacked and destroyed the Turkish-Egyptian fleet in the Navarino Bay. For distinction in the battle of Navarino M.P. Lazarev was promoted to Rear Admiral.

During Russian-Turkish war 1828 - 1829 Lazarev was the chief of staff of the Russian squadron that carried out the blockade of the Dardanelles. After the conclusion of the Adrianople Peace, M.P. Lazarev, commanding a squadron of ten ships, returned to Kronstadt.

Command of the Black Sea Fleet

In 1830 - 1831. M.P. Lazarev took part in the work of the Committee for the renewal of armament of military courts and the development of regulations on the management of the Black Sea Fleet.

Since 1832 M.P. Lazarev - Chief of Staff of the Black Sea Fleet.

In February - June 1833 M.P. Lazarev, commanding a squadron, led the Expedition of the Russian fleet to the Bosphorus in 1833, as a result of which the Unkar-Iskelesi Treaty was concluded.

Since 1833 M.P. Lazarev became the chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and the ports of the Black Sea, as well as the military governor of Sevastopol and Nikolaev. Under Lazarev, 16 linear and over 150 other ships and vessels were built at the Black Sea shipyards, ships with iron hulls were launched for the first time and steam frigates were put into operation. In Sevastopol, under Lazarev, an admiralty was established, a dock and workshops, Aleksandrovskaya, Konstantinovskaya, Mikhailovskaya and Pavlovskaya batteries were built.

Under the leadership of M.P. Lazarev, the Black Sea Fleet took part in the Caucasian War.

In 1838 - 1840 M.P. Lazarev, at the head of the squadrons of the Black Sea Fleet, organized and carried out landings on the shores of the Caucasus at Tuapse, Psezuap, Subashi, Shapsuho. M.P. Lazarev paid great attention theoretical preparation and planning landing operations providing fire support. Has been installed close connection between the fleet and the command of the ground forces.

The landed troops created the Black Sea coastline, which, with the support of ships cruising at sea, blocked the delivery of weapons and many vital materials to the Circassians, which had a serious impact on the course of hostilities in Northwestern Caucasus. One of the fortifications of the line was named Lazarevsky (now the Lazarevsky microdistrict of the city of Sochi).

At the same time, a number of modern Circassian activists - for example, Asfar Kuek or Majid Chachukh - repeatedly spoke out against M.P. Lazarev accusations of indiscriminate use of force during the landing, including against the Circassian civilian population.

"Admiral Lazarev ... is a hero, he did a lot for Russia, but the fact is that in 1838 he killed Shapsugs here - children, women", Asfar Kuek said.

M.P. died. Lazarev April 11, 1851 from stomach cancer. He is buried in the Vladimir Cathedral of Sevastopol.

Modern assessments of M.P. Lazareva

From the point of view of traditional Russian historiography, M.P. Lazarev is one of the most honored sailors of the Russian fleet, admiral, traveler, discoverer. He made a great contribution to the development of maritime affairs; he personally or with his participation discovered Antarctica and many islands in the Pacific Ocean.

However, the role of M.P. Lazarev in the Caucasian War is not interpreted so unambiguously.

In 2003, the Circassian public protested sharply against the restoration of the monument to M.P. Lazarev in the village of Lazarevskoye.

The decision of the executive committee of the International Circassian Association stated: "Consider the decision of the bodies of the local government Sochi on the installation of a monument to Admiral M.P. in the ethnic homeland of the Circassians. Lazarev, a direct participant in the hostilities against the indigenous population, which led to the mass death of the civilian population and national tragedy Circassians".

Sources:

1. Orlov A.S., Georgiev N.G., Georgiev V.A. Historical dictionary. 2nd ed. M., 2012.
2. Shikman A.P. Figures national history. Biographical guide. Moscow, 1997
3. Mikhail Lazarev. Biography - Peoples.ru website.
4. Kovalevsky N.F. History of Russian Goverment. Biographies of famous military leaders of the 18th - early 20th centuries. M. 1997
5. Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. - Website "CHRONOS - The World History in the Internet".
6. Caucasian chronicles. Shapsugs. - Radio Liberty, March 9, 2004
7. Svetlana Turialai. War monument. - "Izvestia", 1.08.2003

Russian naval commander and navigator, admiral (1843), holder of the Order of St. George IV class for long service (1817) and discoverer of Antarctica. Brother of Vice Admiral Andrey Petrovich Lazarev.

Born into a noble family of Senator Pyotr Gavrilovich Lazarev, ruler of the Vladimir governorship. Shortly before his death, in 1800, the senator appointed three sons - Andrei, Mikhail, Alexei - to the Naval Cadet Corps.

In 1803, he passed the exam for the rank of midshipman, becoming the third best student out of 32 students.

In December 1805 he was promoted to the first officer rank - midshipman.

Among the 30 best graduates of the corps, he was sent to England, where he served as a volunteer in the navy until 1808 to get acquainted with the organization of naval affairs in foreign ports. For five years he was in continuous navigation in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1808-1813 he served in the Baltic Fleet.

Participated in the Russian-Swedish War of 1808-1809 and the Patriotic War of 1812.

Trip around the world

In 1813, Lieutenant Lazarev received a new assignment - to command the Suvorov sloop, setting off on a round-the-world voyage around the globe.

The ship "Suvorov", on which Lazarev was assigned, belonged to the Russian-American company, created by Russian industrialists at the end of the 18th century. The company's task was to improve the use of the natural resources of Russian America. The company was extremely interested in regular sea communication between St. Petersburg and Russian America and spared no expense to equip round-the-world expeditions.

At the beginning of October 1813, preparations for the journey were completed, and at dawn on October 9, the Suvorov departed from the Kronstadt raid.

At the beginning of the journey, they were met by strong winds and thick fogs, from which the Suvorov had to take refuge in the Swedish harbor of Karlskrona. Having passed the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak straits (between Denmark and the Scandinavian Peninsula) and successfully avoiding the attack of the French and Danish warships allied to them, Lazarev safely brought the Suvorov to the English Channel.

In Portsmouth, the ship made a stop that dragged on for three whole months. On February 27, 1814, the Suvorov withdrew from the Portsmouth raid and rushed south. Two weeks later, Lazarev's ship was already approaching the island of Madeira, a Portuguese colony off the coast of Africa. On April 2, the Suvorov crossed the equator, and on the evening of April 21 entered the bay of Rio de Janeiro. On May 24, the Suvorov left Rio de Janeiro and entered the Atlantic Ocean.

On August 14, the Suvorov entered Port Jackson, which belonged to the British. When approaching the harbor, the Suvorov was greeted with a thunder of artillery salute, which the governor of the island greeted the Russian sailors on the occasion of the final victory over Napoleon.

"Suvorov" sailed across the Pacific Ocean, again approaching the equator. On September 28, the outlines of land appeared ahead. However, on the map available to Lazarev, there were no signs of land, and only when approaching a closer distance and examining these places, Lazarev realized that in front of him was a group of coral islands rising above the surface of the ocean and interconnected by coral bridges. These islands were covered with shrubs and trees. Lazarev gave the name of Suvorov to the newly discovered islands.

Having completed the survey of the islands, "Suvorov" again continued his journey to the north. On October 10, the equator was crossed.

In November, Lazarev's ship approached the center of Russian America - the port and settlement of Novo-Arkhangelsk. Here Lazarev was met by the manager of the Russian-American Company, A. A. Baranov, who expressed his gratitude to him for the safety of the goods entrusted to him.

The Suvorov stayed in Novo-Arkhangelsk for the winter. After the end of the wintering, the Suvorov was loaded with food and goods, and on the orders of A. A. Baranov, Lazarev headed for one of the islands of the Aleutian group (Unalashka) and the Pribylov Islands located next to it. Having unloaded the cargo entrusted to him, he took on board the furs prepared by local industrialists. Lazarev's ship stayed on the road for just over a month. The cargo taken on board in Unalaska was to be delivered to Kronstadt, having previously returned to Novo-Arkhangelsk.

At the end of July, the Suvorov left Novo-Arkhangelsk. Now his path to Kronstadt lay along the coasts of North and South America, bypassing Cape Horn. Lazarev still had to make a stop in the Peruvian port of Callao to resolve a number of issues related to the affairs of the Russian-American Company.

After calling at the port of San Francisco, the Suvorov moved to the coast of Peru. During the three-month stay in the port of Callao, Lazarev and the officers got acquainted with the life of the city and port.

Passing in stormy weather through the Drake Passage and past the dangerous Cape Horn, Lazarev ordered to turn northeast into the Atlantic Ocean. He did not stop in Rio de Janeiro, but made only a short stop at the island of Fernando de Noronha. Here, on the Suvorov, the damage caused by the storm was repaired, and the ship sailed to the shores of England. On June 8, he was already in Portsmouth, and after another five weeks he returned to Kronstadt.

Journey to the South Pole

In March 1819, Lazarev was appointed to command the Mirny sloop, which was to sail to the South Pole. Lazarev took over the direct supervision of all the preparatory work. He was preparing not only his own sloop, but also the second, which was also to take part in the voyage to the shores of Antarctica. The sloops were insulated, strengthened the hull fastening, double-skinned and replaced the old sails with new ones. Lazarev also personally engaged in the selection of team members to participate in the expedition.

On June 4, Captain 2nd Rank F.F. Bellingshausen arrived, who was entrusted with both the command of the second Vostok sloop and the leadership of the entire expedition.

A month after his arrival, Vostok and Mirny left the Kronstadt roadstead and moved towards the South Pole.

The energetic actions of Lazarev in preparing the sloops for a long voyage bore fruit. "Mirny", built according to the project of Russian engineers and, moreover, sufficiently fortified by Lazarev, showed its brilliant qualities. However, the Vostok, built by British engineers, despite all the efforts of Lazarev to make it as hardy as the Mirny, was still inferior in quality to the second sloop. This was one of the reasons why they had to stop exploring the South Pole and start preparing for the return to Kronstadt.

For participation in the Antarctic expedition, Lazarev was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank, bypassing the rank of lieutenant commander.

Command of the frigate "Cruiser"

While Lazarev was on a polar expedition, the situation in the region of Russian America escalated. The actions of British and American smugglers assumed an ever wider scope. Novo-Arkhangelsk was covered by the Apollo ship, the only military vessel of the Russian-American Company, but it could not ensure the security of all Russian territorial waters in this area. Therefore, it was decided to send the 36-gun frigate Kreyser and the sloop Ladoga to the shores of Russian America. The command of the frigate was assigned to Lazarev, and the command of the Ladoga was assigned to his younger brother Andrei.

On August 17, 1822, the ships under the command of Lazarev left the Kronstadt raid. The expedition began in severe storms, forcing Lazarev to make a stop in Portsmouth. Only in November did they manage to leave the harbor and head for the Canary Islands, and from there to the coast of Brazil.

The voyage to Rio de Janeiro took place in exceptionally favorable conditions, but after sailing from the capital of Brazil, the elements raged again. A hurricane rose in the sea, storms began, accompanied by snow. Only in mid-May, the Cruiser managed to approach Tasmania. Then the frigate Lazarev headed for Tahiti.

In Tahiti, the Cruiser met with the Ladoga, with which it broke up during storms, and now, according to the order received earlier, each ship with the cargo entrusted to it sailed its own course. "Ladoga" - to the Kamchatka Peninsula, "Cruiser" went to the shores of Russian America.

For about a year, the Cruiser spent off the coast of northwestern America, guarding Russian territorial waters from smugglers. In the summer of 1824, the “Cruiser” was replaced by the “Enterprise” sloop that arrived in Novo-Arkhangelsk under the command of Lieutenant Commander O. E. Kotzebue. October 16 "Cruiser" left Novo-Arkhangelsk.

As soon as the Cruiser went out to sea, the hurricane broke out again. However, Lazarev's ship did not take refuge in the harbor of San Francisco, but withstood the storm on the high seas. On August 5, 1825, the Cruiser approached the Kronstadt raid.

For exemplary performance of the task, Lazarev was promoted to captain of the 1st rank. But the captain of the Cruiser insisted that not only he and his officers, but also all the sailors of his ship, participants in the most difficult campaign, receive awards.

Service in the Black Sea Fleet

On the next year Lazarev was appointed commander of the 12th naval crew. He was entrusted with the personal supervision of the construction of the warship "Azov" in Arkhangelsk. After the construction was completed, Lazarev was appointed commander of the Azov, and after the transfer of a detachment of ships from Arkhangelsk to Kronstadt, a new appointment awaited him. Lazarev was transferred to the Black and then to the Mediterranean Sea. Here in 1827, commanding the Azov, MP Lazarev took part in the Battle of Navarino. Fighting with five Turkish ships, he destroyed them: he sank two large frigates and one corvette, burned the flagship under the flag of Tagir Pasha, forced the 80-gun ship of the line to run aground, after which he set it on fire and blew it up. In addition, "Azov" under the command of Lazarev destroyed the flagship of Muharrem Bey. For participation in the Battle of Navarino, Lazarev was promoted to rear admiral and awarded three orders at once (Greek - "Commander's Cross of the Savior", English - Bani and French - St. Louis, and his ship "Azov" received the St. George flag.

In 1828-1829 led the blockade of the Dardanelles; in 1830 he returned to Kronstadt and commanded a detachment of ships of the Baltic Fleet.

In 1832, Lazarev became chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet. In February - June 1833, commanding a squadron, he led the expedition of the Russian fleet to the Bosphorus, as a result of which the Unkar-Iskelesi Treaty of 1833 was concluded. ports of Sevastopol and Nikolaev. In the same year he was promoted to vice admiral.

Commanding the Black Sea Fleet, Lazarev became its true reformer. He introduced a completely new system of training sailors directly at sea in an environment as close as possible to combat.

The states of the warships of the Black Sea Fleet were fully manned and equipped with higher quality artillery. Under Lazarev, the Black Sea Fleet received more than 40 sailing ships. Lazarev also ordered 6 steam-frigates and 28 steamships for his fleet. The first iron steamer was built on the Black Sea and training for service on steam ships began.

However, Lazarev was not limited only to the technical re-equipment of the Black Sea Fleet. In Sevastopol, the Maritime Library was reorganized, the Assembly House was built, and a school for sailor children was opened. Under Lazarev, admiralty buildings were built in Nikolaev, Odessa, Novorossiysk, and the construction of an admiralty in Sevastopol began.

Using his experience gained on long trips, Lazarev set up the work of a hydrographic depot, which begins to publish maps and atlases of the Black Sea. The merits of Lazarev to Russian science were also appreciated by the Russian Geographical Society, electing him as its honorary member. He was also elected an honorary member of the Marine Scientific Committee, Kazan University and other scientific institutions.

A special merit of Lazarev in the training of people who glorified the Russian fleet and Russia during the Crimean (Eastern) War of 1853-1856.

Shortly before his death, on his last visit to St. Petersburg, the admiral was at the reception of Nicholas I. After a warm welcome, wanting to show the admiral his attention and respect, the sovereign said: "Old man, stay with me for dinner." “I can’t, sir,” answered Mikhail Petrovich, “I gave my word to dine with Admiral G..” Having said this, Lazarev took out his chronometer, looked at it and, impulsively getting up, said: “You are late, sir!” Then he kissed the perplexed emperor and quickly left the office ...

In Vienna, Admiral Lazarev's illness worsened sharply. There was no hope of saving his life. Those around the admiral begged him to write a letter to the sovereign and entrust his family to him. “I never asked anything from anyone for myself in my life,” the dying Lazarev answered, “and now I won’t ask before I die.”

He was buried in the crypt of the Vladimir Cathedral in the city of Sevastopol (at that moment the construction of which had just begun). His students and followers Admirals Nakhimov, Kornilov, Istomin are also buried there.

Memory

USSR stamp, 1987

Admiral Lazarev was influential as a technical specialist and mentor to young officers. He advocated equipping the Russian fleet with steam-powered ships, but the technical and economic backwardness of Russia at that time was the main obstacle on this path. He also acted as a mentor to such famous Russian naval commanders as Nakhimov, Kornilov, Istomin and Butakov.

In 1867, a monument to Mikhail Lazarev was erected in Sevastopol,

A bust of Admiral Lazarev was erected at the Lazarevskaya railway station (Lazarevsky district of Sochi).

In St. Petersburg, at the Baltic Shipyard in 1871, the first Russian battleship Admiral Lazarev was launched.

In 1994, the Bank of Russia issued a series of commemorative coins "The First Russian Antarctic Expedition".

Born in the Vladimir province, far from the seas, on November 14, 1788, in the family of the ruler of the Vladimir governorship. From childhood, Mikhail dreamed of the profession of a sailor, of the endless sea and ocean spaces. His dreams began to come true in 1800, when he, along with two brothers, was assigned to the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg. In May 1803, he received the rank of midshipman and, among the best graduates of the corps, was sent to Royal Navy Great Britain, where he studied maritime science as a volunteer for five years. Until 1808, he gained experience by sailing on various ships in the Mediterranean and North Seas, in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

This was the first, but not the last circumnavigation of Lazarev. Already in 1819, commanding the Mirny sloop as part of a round-the-world Antarctic expedition under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen, he set sail for the South Pole. During this expedition, a new continent was discovered - Antarctica and several islands. The voyage ended in 1821, for participation in the expedition Lazarev received military rank captain of the second rank and was appointed to command the frigate "Cruiser", on which in 1822-1825 he made the third circumnavigation.

After all these around the world travel begins the rapid career of Lazarev as a naval commander. Already in 1826, he was appointed commander of the Azov ship, on which he took part in the Navarino battle against the Turkish-Egyptian fleet. For his services in this battle, Lazarev was promoted to Rear Admiral. Subsequently, Lazarev occupied high military posts and in 1834 became commander of the Black Sea Fleet, since 1843 - admiral. In this post, he did a lot for the fleet and ports.