Pictures of the earth's poles. At the South Pole of the Earth

Already in the 70s, the first photographs of the North Pole appeared with its huge hole in the center of the earth round shape. So why were these facts hidden from the public eye?

Most satellite images of both poles were obscured or blurry. But the good news is that today there are more and more pictures and videos showing that these holes exist.

The South Pole turned out to be even more interesting. Judging by the photographs of 1992, it turns out that the hole occupies 1/3 of the entire Antarctic, swallowing 18 parallels.

Theories that the Earth is hollow and inhabited inside were put forward as early as the 19th century. That the North and South Poles are the entrances to the underworld. The next hypothesis was that inside the planet there is its own sun, which supports the inner life.

Science of the 20th century completely refuted these ideas, referring to the fact that knowing the mass of the earth, the thickness earth's crust and other indicators, they are groundless. Well, just in case, I hid information about huge holes at both poles of the globe.

But the research was still going on. In 1947, Vice Admiral Richard Byrd led an expedition to the North Pole. He noticed a bright patch of color. When approaching, it seemed to him that he saw forests, rivers, meadows with animals that looked like mammoths. Then he saw unusual flying machines and beautiful city with crystal buildings. And what was the strangest thing was the air temperature, which rose to +23 degrees Celsius - it was absolutely impossible for North Pole.

In his diary, the vice-admiral wrote that he communicated with the inhabitants of the underworld, who in their development were ahead of earthlings by thousands of years. Representatives inner world turned out to be similar to people, but more beautiful and more spiritual. They had no wars and had their own resource of energy. Bird was further told that they had tried to establish contact with people earlier, but all their attempts were misunderstood, that part of their equipment was destroyed. After that, they decided that they would contact the outside world only in the event of its probable self-destruction. The residents of the "inner" earth showed all their achievements and escorted Richard to the "outer" world. Upon returning home, it turned out that the aircraft had used fuel for 2750 km.

Until the end of his life, Vice Admiral Byrd was under constant supervision and he was advised not to tell anyone what he saw.

It would seem that a strange hobby is to travel to the poles of our planet. However, for the Swedish entrepreneur Frederik Paulsen, this has become a real passion. He spent thirteen years to visit all eight poles of the Earth, becoming the first and so far the only person who made it.

Achieving each of them is a real adventure!

Geographic South Pole - a point located above the geographic axis of rotation of the Earth

The geographic South Pole is marked by a small sign on an ice-filled pole that is moved annually to compensate for the movement. ice sheet. During the solemn event, which takes place on January 1, a new sign of the South Pole, made by polar explorers last year, is installed, and the old one is placed at the station. The sign contains the inscription "Geographic south pole", NSF, date and latitude of installation. The sign, erected in 2006, was stamped with the date that Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott reached the Pole, and small quotes these polar explorers. The flag of the United States is placed next to it.

Close to the geographic South Pole is the so-called ceremonial South Pole - a special area set aside for photography by the Amundsen-Scott station. It is a mirrored metal sphere, standing on a stand, surrounded on all sides by the flags of the countries of the Antarctic Treaty.

June 1903. Roald Amundsen (left, wearing a hat) makes an expedition on a small sailboat

Gyoa to find the Northwest Passage and pinpoint the exact location of the north magnetic pole along the way.

It was first opened in 1831. In 1904, when scientists took measurements a second time, it was found that the pole had moved 31 miles. The compass needle points to the magnetic pole, not the geographic one. The study showed that over the past thousand years, the magnetic pole has moved considerable distances in the direction from Canada to Siberia, but sometimes in other directions.

The geographic coordinates of the North Pole are 90°00′00″ north latitude. The pole has no longitude, since it is the point of intersection of all meridians. The North Pole also does not belong to any time zone. The polar day, like the polar night, here lasts for about half a year. The depth of the ocean at the North Pole is 4,261 meters (according to measurements by the Mir deep-sea submersible in 2007). average temperature at the North Pole in winter - about -40 ° C, in summer it is mostly about 0 ° C.

This is the north pole moment of the geo dipole magnetic field Earth. Now it is located at the point 78° 30′ N, 69° W, near Tul (Greenland). The earth is a giant magnet, like a bar magnet. The geomagnetic North and South Poles are the ends of this magnet. The north geomagnetic pole is located in the Canadian Arctic and continues to move in a northwesterly direction.

The North Pole of Inaccessibility is the northernmost point in the Arctic Ocean and the farthest from the earth on all sides

The North Pole of Inaccessibility is located in the pack ice of the North Arctic Ocean at the greatest distance from any land. The distance to the North Geographic Pole is 661 km, to Cape Barrow in Alaska - 1453 km and equal distance 1094 km from the nearest islands - Ellesmere and Franz Josef Land. The first attempt to reach the point was made by Sir Hubert Wilkins by plane in 1927. In 1941, the first expedition to the Pole of Inaccessibility was carried out by plane under the leadership of Ivan Ivanovich Cherevichny. The Soviet expedition landed 350 km north of Wilkins, thereby being the first to directly visit the north pole of inaccessibility.

The south magnetic pole is the point on the earth's surface where the earth's magnetic field is directed upward.

People first visited the South Magnetic Pole on January 16, 1909 (British Antarctic Expedition, Douglas Mawson located the pole).

At the magnetic pole itself, the inclination of the magnetic needle, that is, the angle between the freely rotating needle and earth's surface, is equal to 90º. From a physical point of view, the South magnetic pole of the Earth is actually the north pole of the magnet, which is our planet. The north pole of a magnet is the pole from which lines of force magnetic field. But to avoid confusion, this pole is called the south pole, since it is close to the South Pole of the Earth. magnetic pole shifts several kilometers per year.

At the South Geomagnetic Pole, which was first reached by the sledge-tractor train of the Second Soviet Antarctic expedition under the leadership of A.F. Treshnikov on December 16, 1957, the Vostok scientific station was created. The South geomagnetic pole turned out to be at an altitude of 3500 m above sea level, at a point 1410 km away from the Mirny station located on the coast. This is one of the harshest places on Earth. Here, the air temperature for more than six months a year is below -60 ° C. low temperature- 89.2 ° C.

The South Pole of Inaccessibility is the point in Antarctica, the furthest from the coast of the Southern Ocean.

This is the point in Antarctica, the most distant from the coast of the Southern Ocean. There is no general opinion about the specific coordinates of this place. The problem is how to understand the word "coast". Either draw a coastline along the border of land and water, or along the border of the ocean and ice shelves of Antarctica. Difficulties in determining the boundaries of land, the movement of ice shelves, the constant influx of new data and possible topographical errors, all this makes it difficult precise definition pole coordinates. The Pole of Inaccessibility is often associated with the Soviet Antarctic station of the same name, located at 82°06′ S. sh. 54°58′ E e. This point is located at a distance of 878 km from the south pole and 3718 m above sea level. Currently, the building is still located in this place, a statue of Lenin is installed on it, looking at Moscow. The place is protected as historical. Inside the building is a visitor's book, which can be signed by a person who has reached the station. By 2007, the station was covered with snow, and only the statue of Lenin on the roof of the building is still visible. You can see it for miles.

Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen was born (July 16, 1872 - June 18, 1928) - Norwegian polar traveler and record holder, "Napoleon of the polar countries" in the words of R. Huntford.
First person to reach the South Pole (December 14, 1911). First person (with Oscar Wisting) to visit both geographic poles planets. The first traveler to make sea ​​crossing Northwest Passage(along the straits of the Canadian archipelago), later made the transition by the North-East route (along the coast of Siberia), for the first time closing the circumnavigation distance beyond the Arctic Circle. One of the pioneers in the use of aviation - seaplanes and airships - in Arctic travel. He died in 1928 while searching for the missing expedition of Umberto Nobile. He had awards from many countries of the world, including the highest award of the United States - gold medal Congress, numerous geographical and other objects are named after him.

Oranienburg, 1910

Unfortunately, his dream - to conquer the North Pole - was not given to come true, as Frederick Cook was ahead of him. This American polar explorer was the first to reach the North Pole on April 21, 1908. After that, Roald Amundsen radically changed his plan and decided to direct all his forces to conquer the South Pole. In 1910 he went to Antarctica on the Fram.

Alaska, 1906

But still, on December 14, 1911, after a long polar winter and an unsuccessful exit in September 1911, the expedition of the Norwegian Roald Amundsen was the first to reach the South Pole. Having made the necessary measurements, on December 17, Amundsen was convinced that he was really in the very middle point pole, and 24 hours later, the team headed back.

Svalbard, 1925

Thus, the dream of the Norwegian traveler, in a sense, came true. Although Amundsen himself could not say that he had achieved the goal of his life. That wouldn't be entirely true. But, if you think about it, no one has ever been so diametrically opposed to his dream, in literally the words. All his life he wanted to conquer the North Pole, but turned out to be a pioneer to the South. Life sometimes turns everything inside out.

In 1968, the American meteorological satellite ESSA-7 transmitted strange images to Earth that baffled scientists. In the photographs in the region of the North Pole, a huge hole of the correct round shape is clearly visible.

The authenticity of the photographs is not in doubt. But how to explain this phenomenon? Several hypotheses have been put forward. For example, skeptics believe that this is not a hole at all, but a play of light and shadow, the result of the planet's tilt in relation to sunbeams. But supporters of the Hollow Earth theory were sure that the ESSA-7 image showed the opened entrance to the dungeon. But most scientists have a different opinion.

School problem about the pool

From the school bench we know that the mighty warm North Atlantic Current, the continuation of the Gulf Stream, climbs far to the north, into the Arctic. But what draws him to the North Pole? Geography textbooks explain this phenomenon by the rotation of the Earth.

However, another powerful current (only cold) rushes into the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait from Pacific Ocean. If it were controlled by the rotation of the Earth, the current would move east along Alaska and across the Beaufort Sea to the shores of Canada. And contrary to the theory, it carries its waters to the northwest, gravitating, again, to the North Pole.

And now the school problem about the pool. Water enters the Arctic Ocean, as it were, through three "faucets". The largest, with warm water, from the Atlantic - 298 thousand cubic kilometers per year. Second, with cold water, from the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait - 36 thousand cubic kilometers per year. The third is the fresh flow of the rivers of Siberia and Alaska - 4 thousand cubic kilometers per year.

In total, 338 thousand cubic kilometers of water flows into this basin annually. And the discharge occurs across the Atlantic, through the Faroe-Shetland Canal, which passes only 63 thousand cubic kilometers per year. There are no other known stocks. Meanwhile, the water level in the Arctic Ocean is not increasing. Where does the "excess" water go?

Spiral movement

In 1948, by order of Stalin, a high-latitude air expedition "North-2" was organized under the leadership of Alexander Kuznetsov, head of the Main Northern Sea Route. It included Pavel Gordienko, Pavel Senko, Mikhail Somov, Mikhail Ostrekin and other polar explorers.

The expedition was carried out in complete secrecy. Messages about her in the media mass media did not have. The materials of the expedition were declassified only in 1956.

On April 23, 1948, the expedition members took off on three planes from Kotelny Island, heading for the North Pole. During the flight, experienced polar explorers were alerted by the view under the wing: too much open water, which is not typical for such high latitudes at this time of the year.

At 16:44 Moscow time, the planes landed on a large ice floe. It was visited by people who became the first undisputed conquerors of the North Pole.

Having descended from the ladder, the expedition members looked around - and were very surprised. Gloomy grey sky not cold at all. The weather is like a thaw during the winter in the middle lane.

But there was no time to think about this oddity for a long time: you need to set up camp, set up tents to rest after a hard flight, and then start observing.

However, there was no rest. The life of the polar explorers was saved by the fact that a sentry prudently left outside noticed a crack that split the ice shell right under the ski of the chassis of one of the aircraft. The people who poured out of the tents at the alarm signal watched with horror how the yawning black rift was growing before their eyes. A swift stream of water seethed in it, from which steam came.

The huge ice floe broke into pieces. People rushed away, picked up by a mighty current. A hummock with a red banner crowning the conquered "point zero" disappeared in the swirling foggy darkness. And the unimaginable happened around.

The ice was rushing at an incredible speed, - Pavel Senko, a specialist in the study of the Earth's magnetic field, later said, - as it can only be imagined on a river in an ice drift. And it continued like this for more than a day!

At first, the sextant showed that the ice floe with the expedition was rapidly drifting south. But further measurements showed that the direction of movement is changing all the time. Finally, one of the polar explorers guessed that they were drifting around the pole, describing circles with a diameter of about nine nautical miles.

Once a seal swam past the ice floe and even tried to get on it, but the speed of the stream did not allow it. Where did he come from at the pole? After all, seals live only near the borders of the Arctic Circle.

Soon, the polar explorers were horrified to see that the radius of the circles described by the ice floe was constantly decreasing. That is, the trajectory of movement is a centripetal spiral. People seemed to be drawn into a giant funnel, the center of which was at the point of the North Pole.

On the third day of the drift, when there was almost no hope of salvation, it suddenly became colder, and the circulation slowed down at the same time.

Gradually, the fragments of ice tightly rubbed against each other, froze and again became a solid monolithic shield. The miraculously saved expedition was able to return to the mainland.

Frightened submarine

AT early XXI century, marine geologist, University of Hawaii professor Margo Edwards, who led the work on creating a detailed map of the Arctic Ocean floor, managed to access secret report from the archives of the US Navy.

She learned that in the 1970s an American submarine was mapping the seabed near the North Pole. But the submariners failed to complete this task to the end.

The crew was frightened by the constant strong rumble coming from the depths of the ocean. In addition, some powerful force was constantly striving to divert the submarine from the course. She seemed to be being sucked into a giant whirlpool. Not wanting to further tempt fate, the commander decided to leave the dangerous area.

We thought that we already knew almost everything about the structure of our planet, but it turns out that we were wrong, concludes Margot Edwards.

Rescuer death

In 1998, Andrey Rozhkov, an experienced scuba diver, a world-famous rescuer, who was called the pride of the Russian Emergencies Ministry, organized his own expedition to the North Pole.

She prepared very carefully, all the details of the upcoming operation to the smallest detail were worked out during numerous training dives under the ice. Therefore, Andrey Rozhkov had no doubts about the success of what he had planned.

On April 22 (that is, half a century after the Sever-2 expedition), Rozhkov and five of his comrades arrived at the North Pole.

They cut a well for scuba divers, strengthening its walls in case of a break and ice shifts. Rozhkov and his partner were lowered into an ice well and went under water. Soon the partner surfaced, as planned.

Andrei continued diving, wishing not only to be the first scuba diver at the Pole, but also to conquer a depth of 50 meters. And that was also the plan. Underwater equipment had the necessary margin of safety. The last signal from Rozhkov came when he reached 50.3 meters.

What exactly happened next, no one knows. He did not rise to the surface. The partner tried to come to the aid of a friend. However, immediately after the dive, he was picked up by such a swift current that the scuba diver was forced to signal upward to rise.

The rate of circulation remained unchanged for about a day. There was no question of any new immersion. Andrei Rozhkov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation.

Will there be subtropics in Siberia?

What is this polar funnel? Hypothetically Russian researcher Kirill Fatyanova, in the time immemorial of Hyperborea, it functioned constantly, not allowing a huge ice cap to grow on the pole, threatening the planet with “overturning” and flood as a result of this (we refer those who are interested to his book “The Tradition of Hyperborea”).

After the planetary war between Hyperborea and its colony Atlantis, both continents sank to the bottom of the sea, the circulation of currents was disturbed, and the polar whirlpool disappeared. But in the 20th century, it periodically began to resume its activities, and now this is happening more and more often. What does this promise the Earth? Perhaps the climate will indeed return to the Cenozoic era, when there were subtropics in Siberia.

Antarctica is the most severe climatic region Earth. The lowest recorded temperature is -89.2 °C.
Now the northern hemisphere is waiting for winter, and summer is coming to Antarctica, and teams of researchers from all over the world are heading here to take advantage of the (relatively) warm season. Among them are Russian scientists who in February 2012 penetrated into the relic subglacial Lake Vostok, which had been isolated from the outside world for millions of years. This unique reservoir is located at a depth of about 3,700 meters below the surface of the glacier, and this Arctic summer it is planned to send a robot deep into the lake to collect water and sediment samples from the bottom.

This report presents photographs from the mysterious world of Antarctica, because those who have visited this icy continent call the Antarctic adventure the trip of a lifetime.

Polar stratospheric clouds or mother-of-pearl clouds in Antarctica on January 11, 2011. At 25 kilometers, they are the highest of all cloud types. They are only found in the polar regions when the temperature in the stratosphere drops below 73°C. You can learn about other unusual cloud formations in the article "Rare types of clouds."

IceCube Lab. This is a neutrino detector with the world's largest telescope, located in the ice of the mysterious world of Antarctica. Scientists are trying to unravel the mysteries of tiny particles called neutrinos, hoping to shed light on how the universe came to be.

South Pole Telescope (SPT). The official goal of the American device is to study the microwave and radiation background of the Universe, as well as to detect dark matter. January 11, 2012.

This is also a south polar telescope, only in dark time days. Its weight is 254 tons, height - 22.8 meters, length - 10 meters:

It looks like dirty snow. In fact, these are penguin colonies at Cape Washington. Photo taken with high altitude November 2, 2011.

Emperor penguins are the largest modern species the penguin family. They can dive to depths of over 500 meters and stay underwater for up to 15 minutes.

Full moon on DeLaca Island, named after a biologist who worked in his field in the early 1970s.

Northern Lights at McMurdo Station, July 15, 2012. McMurdo Antarctic Station is the largest settlement, port, transport hub and Research Center in the Antarctic. About 1,200 people live there permanently. Located next to the Ross Glacier.

Buildings on south pole and almost full moon, May 9, 2012. Red lights are used outside to minimize "light pollution" that interferes with various telescopes.

moon and south Polar Lights above the IceCube lab we've already talked about. Amundsen-Scott Antarctic Station, August 24, 2012.

Under ground! The digital optical module is lowered into the ice mass. It is part of the IceCube laboratory - a neutrino detector.

majestic beauty The Arctic Peninsula is the northernmost part of the mainland of Antarctica, about 1,300 km long.

Hey! Leopard seal on the hunt on Ross Island in the Ross Sea, November 22, 2011. This is the southernmost island land of the planet (excluding mainland Antarctica).

Antarctic McMurdo Station, November 2011.

Portrait. Member of the American Antarctic Program near McMurdo Station, November 1, 2012.

Satellite communications dishes at Amundsen-Scott Antarctic Station ( American program), August 23, 2012. The station is located at an altitude of 2,835 meters above sea level, on a glacier that reaches a maximum thickness of 2,850 meters. Average annual temperature- about? 49 Celsius; varies from?28 Celsius in December to 60°C in July.

Tests of the prototype of the Martian space suit. Created by NASA from over 350 various materials, costs about $100,000. Antarctica, March 13, 2011.

Interesting snow formations that look like footprints. They usually appear after a storm in Antarctica.

Russian Antarctic station "Vostok", located in the central part of Antarctica. Photo taken in 2005.

Aerial view of the Russian antarctic station"East". Our scientists at the beginning of 2012 made a big breakthrough in the study of Antarctica. Now we will tell about it.

On February 5, 2012, Russian scientists managed to penetrate the relic subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica, which had been isolated from the outside world for 14 million years.

Lake Vostok in Antarctica is hidden under 4 km of ice. To reach the water, scientists had to drill a well 3,766 meters deep! Exploring Lake Vostok plays huge role in the study of climate change in recent millennia. According to scientists, living organisms can live in the waters of the lake, although the water pressure there is more than 300 atmospheres.

The expanses of Antarctica. Except for tracked vehicles, you can’t often pass here, November 27, 2011.