Lesson summary "Geography as a science. Travel and geographical discoveries"

The meaning of geography. In the modern world, geographical knowledge is becoming a daily necessity for people in their work and household activities - from the choice of place of residence and food (produced in different parts of the globe) to the election of leaders of the country.

Geography is one of the oldest sciences on Earth! Physical geography is a natural science that comprehensively studies the natural component of the geographical envelope as a whole and the nature of its components. How science evolved in the 20th century. Geography The economic and social geography of the world is a social science that studies the territorial organization of human society.

Scientists: Eratosthenes of Cyrene (BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, first introduced the term "geography", first determined the size of the Earth. Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm Humboldt () - German naturalist and traveler, scientist - encyclopedist. Came to understand physical geography as an independent science. Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm Humboldt () - German naturalist and traveler, scientist - encyclopedist. Came to understand physical geography as an independent science. Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov () - Russian scientist encyclopedist. Introduced the term "economic geography" into science. Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov () - Russian scientist encyclopedist. Introduced the term "economic geography" into science. Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky () is a classic of Russian geography. Founder of the school of economic geography. Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky () is a classic of Russian geography. Founder of the school of economic geography.

Geographers and their work Specialty Examples of types of employment Physical geography, world geography Forecaster, geologist, oceanologist, soil scientist, diplomat, travel agency employee, agricultural development specialist. Economic geography Business location expert, market researcher, transport manager, logistics specialist, real estate agent, consulting firm employee. Regional Geography Area specialist in a government agency, business representative, guidebook writer. Cartography and geographic information system Cartographer, surveyor, geographic information system specialist, land surveyor, map publisher. Geography of Culture and PopulationDiplomat, consulting firm specialist, peacemaker. Nature managementEnvironment manager. Prosecutor's office. Geographical educationSchool teacher, university lecturer, textbook author. Editor of educational literature.

Geographical Science Methods Historical Ecological Modeling Mathematical Historical Ecological Modeling Mathematical Geophysical Geochemical Sociological Economic Geophysical Geochemical Sociological Economic Descriptive - the oldest and most important. Expeditionary Literary-cartographic Descriptive - the oldest and most important. ExpeditionaryLiterary-cartographic general scientificConcrete-scientificspecific

Geographers are involved in solving such issues: How to protect the atmosphere and the oceans from pollution? To what extent is humanity provided with resources and is it threatened by “resource hunger”? Is overpopulation a threat to the world? What are the land resources of our planet and the best ways to explore them. Is overpopulation a threat to the world? What are the land resources of our planet and the best ways to explore them

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1 TOPIC 1. Geography as a science. Sources of geographic information Geography is a single complex of sciences that study the geographic envelope of the Earth and focus on identifying spatial and temporal patterns. The main objects of study of geographical sciences are the geosphere (biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and soil cover) and geosystems (landscapes, natural zones, biogeocenoses). Economic geography studies the distribution and development of productive forces in close connection with natural and ecological conditions (productive forces include two factors: labor power and means of production, objects and tools of labor). According to homogeneous objects of study (industry structure), the following are distinguished: geography of natural resources and nature management; population geography; geography of the economy: geography of management and infrastructure; commercial geography; humanitarian geography: socio-political geography. Methods of economic geography: 1) general scientific methods are used in sciences that have a related object or subject: mathematical methods: constructive calculations; economic and mathematical models; optimization models; predictive methods; statistical methods: technical and economic calculations; graph-analytical method; economic and statistical analysis; correlation method; 2) specific methods developed and applied directly in geography: economic zoning, energy production cycles, territorial production complexes. Geographic information is understood as a set of spatially coordinated data and (or) knowledge about geosystems or their elements, about the relationships and interconnections existing between them. Types of information sources: textual presentations; various documents; statistical data; cartographic materials and other graphic images; aerial and space photographs. Main sources of geographic information: Visual observations; eyewitness accounts; Geographic maps and atlases; Reference books, textbooks; Popular science and encyclopedic literature; Special computer programs, Internet; Artistic works, articles of magazines and newspapers; Television, radio and other sources. one

2 TOPIC 2. Modern political map of the world. Classification and typology of countries The political map of the world (PCM) is a geographical map that shows the countries of the world, territories of countries, borders and their capitals. On RMB > 230 countries. A sovereign state is a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs (textbook, p. 9). 1. Delimitation definition of boundaries on the map. 2. Demarcation definition and designation of boundaries on the ground with special boundary signs. A colony is a dependent territory that is under the rule of a foreign state (metropolis), without independent political and economic power, governed on the basis of a special regime (island states in the Pacific Ocean). Disputed territories: Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Western Sahara, Kuril Islands, Nagorno-Karabakh. Unrecognized or partially recognized states of the territory that have independently declared their sovereignty without the consent of the UN. Examples: Republic of Northern Cyprus, Kosovo, Taiwan. Stages of PKM formation 1. Ancient (until the 5th century AD) emergence and collapse of the first states: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Carthage, Ancient Egypt. 2. Medieval (fifth to 16th centuries) emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia: the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, Persia, China, England, Spain, Byzantium. Great geographical discoveries. The largest metropolitan areas are Spain and Portugal. 3. New (16th-19th centuries) emergence and establishment of capitalism in the world: England, France, the Netherlands, Germany. Colonial seizures of territories in America, Asia, Africa. 4. The latest (first half of the 20th century) changes associated with World Wars I and II. The collapse of the colonial system, the formation of socialist states. The collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, the division of the Ottoman Empire. 5. The modern (second half of the 20th century to the present) emergence of the world socialist system, the formation of independent states in Asia and Africa, the collapse of the socialist system, changes on the map of Europe and Asia. Unification of Germany (GDR+FRG). The collapse of the USSR (1991), Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia. Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 57 sovereign states, 2000 Classification of countries BY TERRITORIAL AREA: 1. Giant countries (S> 3 million km²): Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India . 2. Medium countries: Belarus, Republic of Korea, Kenya. 3. Dwarf countries: Vatican, San Marino, Mauritius, Barbados. BY POPULATION: 1. Giant countries (N > 100 million people): China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Russia, Japan, Mexico and the Philippines (textbook, p. 388, table 14). 2. Middle countries: Tunisia, Poland, Latvia, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Australia, New Zealand. 3. Small countries and microstates: Vatican, Andorra, Nauru. 2

3 BY GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION (INDICATE EXAMPLES OF COUNTRIES INDEPENDENTLY): 1. Inland (land, have no access to the sea): 2. Coastal (have access to the sea). 3. Island: 4. Peninsular: 5. Archipelago countries: Typology of countries Criteria: GDP gross domestic product (Write textbook definition, p. 11). HDI/HDI Human Development Index/Human Development Index (Write textbook definition, p. 11). Subgroups of countries: Write out from the textbook a subgroup of countries of each type, with Socialist states: China, North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam. DZ: Textbook, p. 9 14, studying the lecture notes, assignments in a notebook, SR 1, 20 countries and capitals of Europe. View video lesson 3

4 TOPIC 3. The state structure of the countries of the world. The influence of international relations on the political map. "Hot spots" of the planet Forms of government Write out from the textbook, with the definition of the concepts of "republic", "monarchy", "theocratic monarchy" Fill in the tables Forms of government of the Republic Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Constitutional Absolute Forms of administrative-territorial structure Unitary Federal International politics 1. International terrorism ( Al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas, etc.). 2. Regional and local conflicts (NATO military operation in Yugoslavia in 1999, in Afghanistan in 2001, in Iraq in 2003, in Libya in 2011, problems in the Gaza Strip, in unrecognized Kurdistan). 3. Struggle for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Nuclear powers: Russia, USA, China, France and Great Britain. "Semi-legally" or potentially nuclear weapons are possessed by India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea. DZ: textbook, s, studying the lecture notes, assignments in a notebook, SR 2. 4

5 TOPIC 4. Number and reproduction of the population. Demographic policy Reproduction of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality, natural increase, as a result of which there is a natural movement of the population and a change of generations. The natural movement of the population changes in the ratio of births and deaths. Natural population growth is the ratio of births and deaths for a certain period (per year). EP = P - C World average EP = 1.2% per year Depopulation decrease in population due to narrowed reproduction, natural population decline. Leaders in terms of population n/a Countries of the world with the largest population Million people in 2008 1 China 1.338 2 India 1.148 3 USA Indonesia Brazil Pakistan Bangladesh Nigeria Russia Japan Mexico 110 Complete the following tasks Write down the countries with the lowest rates of SP, less than 1% per year (at least 7, atlas, p. 8) 3. Fill in the table “Types of population reproduction” Comparable features Birth rate Mortality rate Natural increase (NU) Share of children Share of older people Subgroups countries within the type (with examples) according to the EP Direction of demographic policy I type of reproduction of the DZ: textbook, p, study of the lecture notes, assignments in the notebook, SR 3. II type of reproduction 5

6 TOPIC 5. Composition and structure of the planet's population. Settlement and migration Sex composition: the ratio of men and women in the population In the world of men - 50.4%, women - 49.6% Using maps of the atlas, p. 10, complete the following tasks. 1. Write out 5 countries with a numerical predominance of the male population. 2. Write out 5 countries with a numerical predominance of the female population. 3. Write down 5 countries with an approximately equal ratio of men and women. Age composition: children (0-14 years old), adults (15-59 years old), elderly (over 60 years old) 4. List 5 countries with a high proportion of children. 5. List 5 countries with a high proportion of older people. Ethno-linguistic composition of the population Races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, Australoid. Е+Н=mulattos Е+М=mestizos Н+М=sambo Using the maps of the atlas (p. 9-12), textbook (68-69), fill in the tables Uninational Binational Multinational Largest language families Language families Largest peoples Indo-European Americans Russians Brazilians Mexicans Punjabis Biharis State languages ​​State(s) language(s) Countries World Religious composition Religions Christianity 1) Orthodoxy 2) Catholicism 3) Protestantism Islam (Muslim) Buddhism 1) 2) 3) Countries National 6

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I stage. Acquaintance and study of theoretical material.

1.1 Introduction: geography as a science. Methods of geographical research and sources of geographical information.

You can't do politics and economics without knowing geography.

Every scientific discipline contributes to shaping our understanding of the world. The role of geography in the system of sciences is unique, since only it gives an idea of ​​both the nature of our planet and human society, and forms the image of a particular territory. Geographical knowledge and skills are one of the necessary elements of culture.

♦ How did geography as a science develop?

Already the ancient peoples possessed certain geographical knowledge. The first written information about this that has come down to us dates back to the 4th-3rd millennium BC. e. These are basically territory maps.

A special place in the history of geography belongs to the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. The main incentives for travelers at that time were the search for new trade routes and military conquests.

In the XVII-XIX centuries. geography developed most intensively in foreign Europe and Russia. Along with the discovery and description of new lands, geographers were looking for patterns in the placement of geographical objects. The breadth and depth of geographical research of that time can be judged by the example of the works Carl Ritter and Peter Semenov-Tyan-Shansky.

Geographic Mosaic: K. Ritter and P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky

K. Ritter (1779-1859) - German geographer, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He developed the comparative method in geography, applying it to the study of landforms. In explaining social phenomena, he joined the school as

called geographical determinism, proving the decisive influence of nature on the fate of peoples. The main work is "Geography". During the lifetime of the scientist, 19 volumes devoted to Asia and Africa were published. P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914) - Russian traveler, geographer, botanist, entomologist, statistician, public figure and statesman. In 1856-1857. made a trip to the Tien Shan, established the non-volcanic origin of the mountains, discovered a vast glacial region, explored the lake. Issyk-Kul, compiled the first layout of the Tien Shan ranges. For these studies in 1906, he received the prefix Tien-Shansky to the surname. Compiled the "Geographical and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire". He was the initiator of the first general census of the population of Russia. Proposed a zoning scheme for Russia. Together with the historian V. I. Lamansky, he directed the multi-volume edition “Russia. A complete geographical description of our fatherland. He was a member of many Russian and foreign scientific societies. He published a three-volume "History of half a century of activity of the Russian Geographical Society".

The main goals of modern geography are the geographical substantiation of the rational territorial organization of society and nature management, the creation of a strategy for the environmentally safe development of civilization. The most important spheres of interest in geography are the processes of interaction between man and nature, the patterns of placement and interaction of the components of the geographic environment and their combinations at the local, regional, national (state), continental, oceanic and global levels.

♦ What elements form the system of scientific knowledge in geography?

As in any other science, geography has its own system of scientific knowledge. Well-known domestic geographer Vladimir Maksakovskiy formulated their characteristics.

Doctrine- a set of theoretical provisions (theories, concepts, etc.). An example is the doctrine of the biosphere, noosphere, nature management, the origin of cultivated plants, soils, geographic envelope, geographic zoning, PTK, etc.

Theory- a system of basic ideas in a particular branch of knowledge. An example is the theory of lithospheric plate tectonics, economic zoning.

Law- a necessary, essential, stable, recurring relationship between phenomena in nature and society. An example is the laws of origin and geographical distribution of soils of the world, developed by a famous Russian soil scientist Vasily Dokuchaev.

regularity- compliance with the law, consistent manifestation of the law.

Concept- a set of the most essential elements of the theory, point of view, the main idea for understanding the essence of certain processes and phenomena. In economic geography, the concept of the supporting frame of the territory, put forward in the middle of the 20th century, is known. Nikolay Baransky, concept of big cycles Nikolai Kondratiev and etc.

Hypothesis- an assumption about the causes of any phenomena, not verified and not confirmed by experiment. Examples: the hypotheses of the formation of the solar system, the drift of the continents, the stabilization of the population of the Earth, etc.

concept- a thought that reflects the essential properties, connections and relationships of objects and phenomena; considered as an element of doctrines, theories, concepts and hypotheses.

Term- a word or phrase denoting a concept and fixing it in a summary. Concepts and terms are the language of science. Mastery of geographical terminology is the first step to mastering geographical culture.

♦ What sources contain geographic information?

In modern geographical science, as in all spheres of human activity, the flow of information is constantly increasing. There are various sources for obtaining geographic information: statistical, cartographic, historical documents, scientific literature, encyclopedias, periodicals, the Internet, etc.

The modern world is developing very quickly, the situation is changing literally before our eyes. Internet sources can be widely used for up-to-date information. For example, general trends in the socio-economic development of the world, its individual regions and countries can be considered on the basis of UN data (http://www.un.org/russian). Operational information about the population and economy of Russia is contained on the website of the Federal State Statistics Service (http://www.gks.ru). To obtain the most complete and objective information, you need to use several different sources.

♦ What methods of geographical research exist?

As in any other science, there are various research methods in geography. Some of them are typically geographical, others are general scientific (Fig. 2).

A special place among the methods of geographical research is occupied by geographic forecasting, which has always been the traditional method in geography. Without a forecast, it is impossible to imagine the prospects for the development of any country or territory. In order to determine the changes in a particular territory that may occur as a result of human activities, scientists create a hypothesis for the future development of the object. For example, a geographic forecast has been created for the development of the situation in the Aral Sea basin, where various problems are closely intertwined.

Program. Geo-10. Bustard

Introduction.

Geography as a science. Methods of geographical research. Sources of geographic information.

The unique role of geography in the system of sciences: the formation of the image of a particular territory. The main goal of modern geography is to substantiate the ways of rational organization of society, to study the processes of interaction between nature and society in a particular territory.

History of the development of geographical science; main stages.

The structure of modern geography; physical - geographical and social geographical sciences, cartography.

Elements of scientific knowledge: teachings, theories, laws, concepts, hypotheses, concepts and terms.

Sources of geographical information: expeditionary observations, historical documents, statistics, mass media (periodicals, radio, television, Internet), educational materials (textbooks, atlases, reference books, etc.).

Methods of geographical research: descriptive, comparative, cartographic, statistical, modeling, geoinformation.

Key words and expressions: science, structure of geography, methods of scientific research, sources of geographical information.

^ Geographical picture of the world

Nature and man in the modern world

1. The value of the natural environment for humans. The influence of the natural environment on the anthropological characteristics of a person, his way of life, economic activity (including the specialization of the economy).

The history of the relationship between nature and man. The constant expansion of human encroachment on nature. Formation of the noosphere. Teachings of V.I.Vernadsky about the noosphere.

Key words and expressions: natural environment, geographic environment, appropriating economy, producing economy, noosphere.

^ Natural conditions and natural resources - the basis of economic development.

Classification of natural resources according to the nature of their use: for industry, agriculture and human recreation (recreational). The concept of natural resource potential.

Geographical space, its main types (land, world ocean, airspace) and features (size, geographical position, natural diversity, ecological state).

Territory as the main resource for economic development. The main areas of use of the territory: for human habitation, for housekeeping, the basis of the geographical division of labor, the sphere of geopolitical interests of various countries. The concept of effective territory.

Features of the space of the World Ocean; its natural specificity, political and economic significance.

The concept of resource availability of territories and countries of the world.

Key words and expressions: natural conditions, natural resources, natural resource potential (NRP), geographic space, space of the World Ocean, resource availability

^ Practical work #1. The resource availability of individual countries and regions has pronounced geographical features.

^ Practical work #2. Territory as a resource. On the example of two countries, show the specifics of the territory, its influence on various aspects of the life of the country, the ability to use benefits or turn disadvantages into advantages.

Purpose: development of geographical thinking for orientation in the problems of the territorial organization of society. Ability to work with cartographic sources of information, analyze, draw conclusions.

^ 3. Geography of nature management

The development of mankind as a history of the relationship between man and nature. The concept of nature management. Rational and irrational nature management. Typology of countries according to nature management features. Negative consequences of irrational nature management; depletion of many types of natural resources and deterioration of their quality. The main methods of rational nature management: economic, technological, sanitary and hygienic.

Key words and expressions: rational and irrational nature management, methods of rational nature management.

^ World population

Number and reproduction, sex and age composition of the world population

Dynamics of the world population in the XX-XXI centuries. Types of population reproduction: traditional, transitional and modern. Features of the natural movement of the population in countries of three types of reproduction. The concept of demographic transition and its socio-economic basis. Demographic policy and its main types (restrictive, stimulating). Age structure of the population of various regions of the world; "mature" and "young" regions. The aging of the nation and the rejuvenation of the population are in the age structure of the world population. Life expectancy of the population, and its regional differences. The paradox of the sex composition of the world population: the predominance of the male population in the world and the predominance of the female population in most countries of the world. Sex and age pyramids and their analysis.

Keywords and expressions: population reproduction, traditional, transitional and modern types of population reproduction, demographic transition, demographic policy, age and sex structure of the population, life expectancy of the population, sex and age pyramids.

geographical nomenclature.

Regions and countries of the world with the maximum proportion of the male population: ^ Southwest Asia, China and India. Maximum proportion of the female population: CIS countries. Countries of the world with the highest life expectancy of the population (2007): Andorra, Japan, San Mariino, Singapore, Sweden. Countries of the world with the lowest life expectancy of the population (2007): Swaziland, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho.

^ Practical work. Reproduction. Types of demographic transition.

Purpose: analysis of gender and age pyramids, determination of the country's place at certain stages of the demographic transition.

Geographical pattern of the world population

Geographical history of human settlement on the planet. The main features of the modern distribution of the population. Population density and differences; areas of high population density. Three types of population distribution: urban, rural, nomadic; their world geography.

The concept of urbanization, its main stages (forming, developed and mature urbanization), and their specificity. Urbanization in developed and developing countries. Population migrations, their criteria and types. Internal and external, permanent and temporary migrations.

Key words and expressions: population resettlement, population distribution, population density, types of population distribution, population migration, refugees.

geographical nomenclature. Countries of the world with the highest population density: Bangladesh, Republic of Korea, Netherlands, Lebanon, Rwanda, India. Microstates: Monaco, Singapore, Gibraltar, Malta.

Countries of the world with a minimum population density: ^ Greenland, Australia, Namibia, Mauritania, Mongolia.

Countries of the world with the maximum share of the urban population: Singapore, Belgium, Kuwait, Uruguay, Iceland, Qatar, Australia.

Countries of the world with a minimum share of the urban population: ^ East Timor, Bhutan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Malawi, Solomon Islands.

Countries of mass emigration of the population: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, Iran, Mexico.

Countries of mass immigration of the population: ^ USA, Germany, Canada, Australia.

Practical work.

1. The relationship between the level of socio-economic development of the country and the proportion of the urban population.

2. According to many scientists, "the city is a contradiction to its surrounding nature." Therefore, models of certain "Ecopolises" - ideal cities - always arose. What do you think, what basic requirements should an ecopolis meet in order not to conflict with the environment and the nature of man himself? The result of the work can be presented in the form of an Essay, a project.

^ 3. Humanity - a mosaic of races and peoples

The racial composition of the world's population and its regional characteristics.

The concept of ethnicity (people). Ethnic processes in the modern world: unification, separation, consolidation. The national composition of the world's population; one - two - and multinational countries. Classification of the peoples of the world according to the linguistic principle; main language families and groups and features of their placement.

Key words and expressions: race, people (ethnos), national composition of the population

geographical nomenclature. Uninational countries of the world: Japan, Czech Republic, Hungary, Egypt, Germany, North Korea, Republic of Korea, Libya.

Binational countries of the world: ^ Belgium, Canada, Cyprus.

Multinational countries of the world: India, Indonesia, Philippines, Russia, Switzerland.

Modern geography of religions

Religion, its geographical types (world, ethnic, traditional religions). Origins and modern geography of distribution of the main religions. Geography of pilgrimage to holy places. Features of the religious composition of the population of the countries of the world. Temple buildings as an element of the cultural landscape; their main types.

Key words and expressions: world, ethnic and traditional religions, pilgrimage.

geographical nomenclature. Countries with the highest number of believers:

Catholics - Brazil, Mexico, USA

Protestants - USA, Nigeria, UK

Orthodox - Russia, Ukraine, Romania

Muslims - Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh

Buddhists - China, Japan, Thailand

Hindus – India, Nepal, Bangladesh

Judaists - USA, Israel, Russia.

^ 5. Level and quality of life of the population

The level and quality of life as the main criteria that determine the living conditions of people. The main indicators of the standard of living of the population: the size of income, the size of production per capita. rich and poor countries of the world. The level of poverty, justice in the distribution of incomes of the population. The quality of life of the population and its components: economic, environmental and social. Human Development Index (HDI) as an indicator of the quality of life of the population.

Key words and expressions: level and quality of life of the population, human development index (HDI).

geographical nomenclature. Countries of the world with the maximum value of manufactured products per capita (GDP per capita): Luxembourg, Bermuda, Equatorial Guinea, UAE, Norway, Ireland, USA.

Countries of the world with the minimum value of manufactured products per capita (GDP per capita): ^ Malawi, Somalia, Comoros, Solomon Islands, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi.

Countries with the highest HDI: Norway, Iceland, Australia, Luxembourg, Canada, Sweden, Switzerland.

Lowest HDI countries in the world: ^ Niger, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Mali, Chad, Guinea Bissau.

Geography of the world economy

Features of the development of the modern world economy

The concept of the world (world) economy; main stages of its development.

Factors in the formation of the world economy: globalization, internationalization, scientific and technological revolution (STR), socialization. Scientific and technical progress and scientific and technological progress. Scientific and technical potential and its components. Globalization as a worldwide process; its manifestations in the economic, political and social spheres of modern society. World economy in the era of globalization; wide development of transnationalization and economic integration processes. Geographical aspects of economic integration and activities of transnational corporations (TNCs). Major integration associations. Man in the modern world economy.

Key words and expressions: world (world) economy, globalization, scientific and technological revolution (STR), transnationalization, transnational corporations (TNCs), scientific and technical potential, economic integration, socialization.

geographical nomenclature. Membership of the largest integration associations:

EU (European Union) - Austria, Belgium, UK, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Finland, France, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus.

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) - Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines.

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) - USA, Canada, Mexico.

LATIN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF INTEGRATION (LAI) - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Chile and Ecuador.

^ 2. Farm Location Factors

Concepts about the factors of location of production.

The main factors in the location of the economy and their characteristics: territory, natural resource potential, economic and geographical position, labor resources, consumer, transport and communications, scientific and technical potential. Changing the role of factors in the process of historical development of the economy. Types of industrial areas: old industrial, new industrial areas, areas of concentration of the latest industries. State regional policy.

Key words and expressions: economic location factors, old industrial areas, new industrial areas, areas of concentration of the latest industries, state regional policy.

geographical nomenclature.

Industrial areas that arose on the basis of mining: ^ Ruhr in Germany, Donbass in Ukraine, West Siberian in Russia.

Metropolitan industrial areas: London, Paris, Tokyo.

Maritime industrial areas: Marseilles in France, New Orleans in the USA, Rotterdam in the Netherlands.

^ 3. "Who's Who" in the Global Economy

Countries of the world in the world economy. The main economic indicators that determine the place of the country: size (scale), structure, pace and level of economic development. Indicators of the size of the economy: gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP); leading countries in terms of GDP. The structure of the economy and the ratio of the most important sectors of the economy (agriculture, industry and non-productive spheres) in terms of employment and the value of manufactured products. Differences in the pace of economic development in the countries of the world at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries; their social and economic conditionality. The main indicators characterizing the level of economic development of the country: GDP per capita, labor productivity, the share of science-intensive products in production and exports, etc.

Keywords and expressions: gross output, gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), size and structure of production, pace and level of economic development.

geographical nomenclature. Countries of the world that have:

Largest economies: USA, China, Japan, India, Germany.

The largest GDP per capita: Luxembourg, Bermuda, Equatorial Guinea, UAE, Norway, Ireland, USA.

The highest rates of economic development: China, Ireland, Singapore, Malaysia, India.

The highest share of agriculture in the economy: Myanmar, Tanzania, Burundi, Laos, Guinea-Bissau.

The highest share of industry in the economy: Algeria, Angola, UAE, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iraq, Libya.

^ 4. Geography of branches of the world economy. World agricultural production

The value of agricultural production. Countries are leaders in agricultural production. The structure of production in world agriculture and its regional differences. Structure and geography of world crop production; the leading role of grain and industrial crops (main crops). Geography of world animal husbandry; features of the placement of cattle breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding. The level of development of agriculture and its indicators (labor productivity, production per capita and unit of agricultural land, the level of mechanization and chemicalization, the country's self-sufficiency in food, etc.).

Key words and expressions: structure and level of development of agriculture, food self-sufficiency.

In the production of agricultural products - USA, China India, Brazil, Indonesia, Russia

In grain production - China, USA, India, Russia, France

By number of cattle - India, Brazil, China, USA, Argentina

By number of pigs - China, USA, Brazil, Germany

By number of sheep - China, Australia

Agricultural exports - USA, France, Canada

For imports of agricultural products - USA, Japan, Germany.

^ Practical work. Major agricultural regions of the world. Specialization. The influence of various factors on placement and specialization. Working with atlas maps, comparison and analysis.

Working with a c / c with a final summary.

^ 5. Mining industry of the world

Mining industry in the world economy. Structure of extraction of mineral raw materials; the special role of the fuel of metal ores. Changes in the structure of production and geography of the world fuel industry. Features of the geography of mining of mineral raw materials. Countries are leaders in mining; "major mining powers". Actual problems of the development of the mining industry in the world: resource availability, rational use, sharp fluctuations in prices for raw materials, etc.

Key words and expressions: major mining powers, resource endowment.

geographical nomenclature. Major mining powers: USA, Russia, China, Australia, Canada, South Africa.

^ 6. Manufacturing industry of the world

The role of the manufacturing industry in the global economy. Features of the geography of the world manufacturing industry; the leading role of Asian countries, countries - leaders. Progressive shifts in the structure of the manufacturing industry; the leading role of mechanical engineering and the chemical industry. The structure of world engineering; the special importance of the automotive industry (its modern geography).

Key words and expressions: manufacturing industry, manufacturing industry structure.

geographical nomenclature. Countries - leaders:

In the global manufacturing industry - ^ China, USA, Japan, Germany, India

In car production - Japan, USA, China, Germany, Republic of Korea.

Practical work. On shifts in the location of industries under the influence of modern factors. Analysis of placement dynamics??? for a certain amount of time???

^ 7. Non-manufacturing sphere. Transport

The place of the non-productive sphere in the world economy. The structure of the non-productive sphere: services, finance, transport and communications, domestic trade, management. Features of the geography of individual sectors of the non-productive sphere. Main types of business and consumer services; their geography. Transport system of the world; its geography; influence of scientific and technological revolution; the role of individual modes of transport. Provision of transport routes. Transport network configuration types. Geography of world cargo flows. The level of transport development and its indicators.

Key words and expressions: non-production sphere, post-industrial era, services, global transport system, availability of transport routes, transport network configuration.

geographical nomenclature. Countries - leaders in terms of the size of the merchant fleet - Panama, China, Liberia, Malta, Russia.

The largest seaports in the world are Shanghai, Singapore, Rotterdam.

Countries of the world with the longest railway network - ^ USA, Russia, China, India.

Practical work. Work with cartographic information - comparison of two regions of the world - features of the location and configuration of transport routes and the reasons for this.

^ 8. Modern information economy

Development of the information economy and information industry in the post-industrial era. Structure and geography of the information economy. Main types of information services. Types of research and production centers: technopolises, cities of science, technology parks; their geographical specificity.

Key words and expressions: information economy, information industry, information services, technopolises, technoparks, cities of science.

geographical nomenclature. The largest cities of science are Railay (USA), Tsukuba (Japan), Southern Ile-de-France (France), Novosibirsk, Zelenograd (Russia).

International economic relations

^ 1. Modern world economic relations

International geographical division of labor (MGRT) as the basis for the development of international economic relations (IER). Proceedings of N.N. Baransky. International specialization of production and its types: intersectoral, subject, technological and detailed. Detailed specialization and international cooperation of production. The extent of countries' participation in the IER; the leading role of the leading countries (USA, Japan, China, Germany). Degree of participation of countries in the IER; different levels of “openness” of their economies. The concept of the international competitiveness of countries; factors that determine it. The main forms of international economic relations: international specialization and cooperation of production, foreign trade in goods, foreign trade in services (financial relations, trade in scientific and technical knowledge, international tourism, international labor market).

Key words and expressions: international geographical division of labor (IGDT), international economic relations (IER), international specialization and cooperation of production, scope and degree of participation of countries in the IER, competitiveness, "openness" of the economy, forms of IER, foreign trade in goods and services.

geographical nomenclature. Intersectoral raw material specialization of the countries of the world:

Raw wood - Myanmar, Laos, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Agricultural products - Ethiopia, Paraguay, Afghanistan, Chad

Fish and seafood - Greenland, Iceland.

Countries with the highest level of "openness" of the economy: Singapore, Liechtenstein, UAE, Belgium, Ireland.

Countries with a minimum level of "openness" of the economy: Ethiopia, India, USA, Brazil, Japan.

^ 2. Foreign trade in goods

The dynamic development of foreign trade as evidence of the further internationalization of production. Progressive shifts in the structure of foreign trade - a constant increase in the share of finished industrial products and a decrease in the share of raw materials. Features of the geography of world foreign trade; the leading role of Europe and Asia and the leading countries (USA, China and Germany). Main trade flows: intra-European and intra-Asian trade. Balance (balance) of foreign trade; factors of its formation and economic role. The level of development of foreign trade.

Key words and expressions: export, import, balance (balance) of foreign trade, geography of foreign trade.

geographical nomenclature.

The main exporters of goods are China, Germany, and the USA.

The main importers of goods are ^ USA, China, Germany.

Countries with the largest foreign trade surplus are China, Germany, Russia.

Countries with the largest negative balance of foreign trade - ^ USA, UK, Spain.

Practical work. Features of the geography and structure of foreign trade in goods based on the analysis of statistical data.

^ 3. International Financial Relations

International financial relations (IFI) as a combination of three world markets - currency, credit and investment. The concept of currency; types of currencies (national, foreign, collective, reserve). The main collective currency is the euro and the geography of its distribution. The US dollar and the euro are the main reserve currencies of the world. Geography of world currency trade. Foreign exchange reserves and gold reserves of the countries of the world; sources of their formation and economic role. The role of international loans in the development of the economy; public and private lending. External debt of the countries of the world; the reasons for its formation and the possibility of liquidation. The world investment market and its geography. New global financial centers and the specifics of their activities ("tax havens" and offshores).

Key words and expressions: currency and its types (national, foreign, collective, reserve). Currency, credit and investment market, foreign debt, "tax haven", offshore.

geographical nomenclature.

Countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves - ^ China, Japan, Russia, Taiwan, Republic of Korea.

The most important currency trading centers are London, New York, Tokyo.

Countries with gold reserves - ^ USA, Germany, France, Italy.

The countries with the largest external debt are Brazil, Russia, Mexico, China.

Large offshore centers - Gibraltar, Hong Kong, Panama, Liberia.

^ 4. International tourism

The economic role of international tourism. Classification of types of tourism - seaside, sea cruise, skiing, educational, religious pilgrimage, etc.; their geography.. The main tourist flows are intra-European, American-European. Regions and countries leaders in international tourism; the leading role of Europe, European countries (France, Spain and Italy), as well as the USA and China.

Key words and expressions: types of tourism - seaside, sea cruise, skiing, educational, religious pilgrimage.

geographical nomenclature. The main areas and countries of seaside tourism are the Mediterranean; Spain, Italy, France.

The main areas and countries of ski tourism - ^ Alpine region; Austria, Switzerland.

The main areas of sea cruise tourism are the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, and Oceania.

The cities most visited by tourists are ^ Paris, London, Rome, Athens, Vienna, Venice.

Centers of religious pilgrimage - Rome (Vatican), Jerusalem, Mecca, Varanasi.

Countries that receive the most foreign tourists - ^ France, Spain, USA, Italy, China.

Many Faced Planet

General characteristics of regions and countries of the world

Geographic regions of the world

Concept of geographic region and sub-region. Parts of the world as historical and geographical regions of the world; their geographical heritage and geographical specificity. Geographic heritage as elements of culture and civilization that have had a great influence on the modern geographical features of the region. The geographical specificity of the region as a historical and geographical analysis of the spatial pattern of the distribution of the population and economy. Features of the composition of each region of the world. The place of regions in the modern world.

Key words and expressions: region, subregion, historical and geographical region, geographical heritage, geographical specificity.

geographical nomenclature. Historical - geographical regions of the world - Europe, Asia, America, Africa, Australia and Oceania.

^ 2. Geopolitical image of the world

The concept of geopolitics. Components of geopolitics: determining the scope of the country's geopolitical interests, building a system of relations with various countries, developing methods for ensuring the interests of the state. Spheres of geopolitical interests of various countries of the world and methods for ensuring the geopolitical interests of the country - economic, political, military, cultural, etc. Geopolitical position of the countries of the world and its components - economic and military power, resource potential, etc. The current geopolitical situation in the world. Political geography as a branch of geographical science.

Key words and expressions: geopolitics, geopolitical position of the country, political geography, political and geographical position.

geographical nomenclature. The geopolitical leaders of the modern world are the USA, Russia, China, Japan, Great Britain, France, Germany, India.

^ 3. Diversity of the countries of the world

Political map as a "political portrait of the world"; its features. States and countries on the political map. Features of the territory of countries - geographical location, size, configuration. The state structure of the countries of the world: forms of government (republics and monarchies) and territorial - state structure (unitary countries and federations). The specifics of the state structure of some countries of the world are absolute and theocratic monarchies, Commonwealth countries, etc. Unrecognized states on the world map.

Key words and expressions: political map, country, state, dependent country (territory), territory configuration, state system, republic, absolute and limited monarchy, unitary and federal state, unrecognized state.

geographical nomenclature. Unrecognized states - Northern Cyprus, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Western Sahara.

Practical work. (Optional)

1. Assessment of the geopolitical position of the country.

2. Comparative assessment of the geopolitical position of the two countries.

The ability to find and analyze the factors that determine the geopolitical position of the country, to work with various sources of information (maps of different content, the media), to draw evaluation conclusions based on the application of the acquired knowledge.

^ Foreign Europe - the huge role of a small region

Foreign Europe in the modern world

Place of Foreign Europe: small territory and population, limited natural resource potential, large economic and military potential, great geopolitical weight. Political map and changes on it in the second half of the twentieth century. High degree of population of the territory. "Aging of the nation" and mass immigration. Mature urbanization; largest agglomerations and megalopolises. Homogeneity of the ethnic and religious composition of the population of most countries. Ethnic and confessional problems and conflicts. Large economic potential, leading positions in the system of international economic relations. Europe is the zone of the most active integration processes. Influence of integration on the geography of the economy of the region.

Key words and expressions: political map, international organizations, "aging of the nation", immigration, mature urbanization, economic integration.

geographical nomenclature. Membership of the European Union and NATO. Member countries of the Schengen Agreement between which there is no customs and border control: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.

^ 2. Historical and geographical features of the formation of the European economic space

Features of the geographical (spatial) pattern of the European economy: a high degree of development of the territory, a single economic space. The main stages in the formation of the European economic space: the beginning of our era, the periods of early and developed feudalism, the era of late feudalism and the Great Geographical Discoveries, the 13th - 19th centuries, the first and second half of the 20th century. Modern spatial pattern of the European economy; main economic core, main economic areas, economic axis.

Key words and expressions: geographical (spatial) pattern of the economy, economic area, economic core, economic axis.

geographical nomenclature. European economic leaders of past eras:

Beginning of our era - Roman Empire

Early feudalism - Frankish state

Developed feudalism - urban republics of Northern Italy (Venice, Genoa, Florence), Hanseatic League

Late feudalism - Spain, Portugal, England, the Netherlands

XIII - XIX centuries. – England, France, Germany, Italy, Russia

^ Practical work. The territorial structure of the European economy.

Based on the analysis of the maps of the textbook, the atlas, give an analysis of the territorial structure of the European economy. To conclude, what natural-geographical, economic, political factors contributed to the formation of the TLC of Europe?

^ 3. Internal geographic differences in Overseas Europe

Natural, political and socio-economic differences within Foreign Europe. Geographic sub-regions and their specificity.

Key words and expressions: geographical sub-region, international specialization of the economy.

geographical nomenclature. Geographic sub-regions of Foreign Europe - Northern, Middle, Southern and Eastern Europe.

^ Northern Europe

Northern Europe: coastal position; marine, forest, hydropower resources; small population and high living standards; old (fishing, forestry, shipping, etc.) and new (oil and natural gas production, electronics, etc.) branches of international specialization of the economy.

^ 4. Norway - the natural environment in human life

Natural conditions and natural resources as the basis for the emergence and development of the Norwegian economy. The special role of the sea in the life of Norwegians. Traditional types of economy: marine and forestry, mining and metallurgical production. Development of fisheries, maritime transport, pulp and paper and aluminum industries. The oil age in the life of Norway; changes in the structure of the economy and a new international specialization of the country; a significant increase in the standard of living of the population. Features of the distribution of the population and the economy of the country: the special role of coastal areas and the metropolitan agglomeration.

Key words and expressions: traditional types of economy, maritime economy, oil and gas complex, spatial pattern of distribution of population and economy.

geographical nomenclature. Northern Europe, North Sea. Oslo metropolitan area. "Oil Capital" - Trondheim.

^ Middle Europe

Geographical appearance of Central Europe: significant population, mass immigration; large economic potential and the leading role of the countries of the subregion in the world economy and international economic relations, large-scale development of all major industries; ecological problems.

^ 5. Germany - "the economic locomotive of Europe"

Historical, geographical and social factors of Germany's transformation into a European leader. Prolonged political fragmentation of Germany; late industrialization. The split and unification of Germany in the second half of the twentieth century. Geographical position of Germany in Europe: "key" central position, a high degree of neighborhood (a large number of neighboring countries). Limited natural resource potential of the country; significant resources of coal and potash salts; favorable agro-climatic resources. Large population; "zero" population growth and mass immigration. Traditional labor skills of the population. The growing role of the German language in the modern world. Large scale and high level of development of the country's economy. High exportability of production; active participation in the system of international economic relations. "Polycentric" spatial pattern German