Lunar soil brought by the Americans. Lunar soil brought by the Americans from the moon is not real

It is believed that the Americans brought back 378 kg of lunar soil and rocks from the Moon. At least that's what NASA says. This is almost four centners. It is clear that only astronauts could deliver such an amount of soil: no space stations can do it.

The rocks have been photographed, transcribed, and are regular extras on NASA's "lunar" films. In many of these films, the astronaut-geologist of Apollo 17, Dr. Harrison Schmidt, who allegedly personally collected many such stones on the Moon, acts as an expert and commentator.

It is logical to expect that with such lunar wealth, America will shock them, demonstrate them in every possible way, and even to someone, and will roll off 30-50 kilograms from the bounty of their main rival. Nate, they say, explore, make sure of our successes ... But for some reason it just doesn’t work out with this. We were given little soil. But “ours” (again, according to NASA) received 45 kg of lunar soil and stones.
Astronaut Garrison Schmitt collects lunar soil (NASA archive)

True, some particularly caustic researchers have made a calculation according to the relevant publications of scientific centers and could not find convincing evidence that these 45 kg reached the laboratories of even Western scientists. Moreover, according to them, it turns out that at present no more than 100 g of American lunar soil roams from laboratory to laboratory in the world, so that usually the researcher received half a gram of rock.T. e. NASA treats lunar soil like a stingy knight treats gold: it stores treasured centners in its cellars in securely locked chests, giving researchers only miserable grams. The USSR did not escape this fate either.

In our country at that time, the leading scientific organization for all studies of lunar soil was the Institute of Geochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now - GEOKHI RAS). The head of the meteoritics department of this institute, Dr. M.A. Nazarov reports: “The Americans transferred to the USSR 29.4 grams (!) of lunar regolith (in other words, lunar dust) from all the Apollo expeditions, and from our collection of Luna-16, 20 and 24 samples it was issued abroad 30.2 g. In fact, the Americans exchanged lunar dust with us, which any automatic station can deliver, although the astronauts should have brought heavy stones, and it is most interesting to look at them.

What is NASA going to do with the rest of the lunar "good"? Oh, it's a song. “In the United States, a decision has been made to keep the bulk of the delivered samples completely intact until new, more advanced methods of studying them are developed,” write competent Soviet authors, from whose pen more than one book on lunar soil has come out. “It is necessary to spend the minimum amount of material, leaving intact and uncontaminated most of each individual sample for study by future generations of scientists,” explains the NASA position of the American specialist J. A. Wood.

Obviously, the American specialist believes that no one will ever fly to the Moon, neither now nor in the future. And therefore, it is necessary to protect centners of lunar soil more than the eyes. At the same time, modern scientists are humiliated: they can examine every single atom in a substance with their instruments, but they are denied confidence - they have not matured. Or the snout did not come out. NASA's persistent concern for future scientists is more like a convenient excuse to hide a disappointing fact: there are no moon rocks or centners of lunar soil in its pantries. Another oddity: after the completion of the "lunar" flights, NASA suddenly began to experience an acute shortage of money for their research. Here is what one of the American researchers writes as of 1974: “A significant part of the samples will be stored as a reserve at the space flight center in Houston. Reductions in funding will reduce the number of researchers and slow down the pace of research.”

Having spent $25 billion to deliver lunar samples, NASA suddenly discovered that there was no money left for their research... The story of the exchange of Soviet and American soil is also interesting. Here is a message dated April 14, 1972 from the main official publication of the Soviet period, the Pravda newspaper: “On April 13, representatives of NASA visited the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The transfer of samples of lunar soil from among those delivered to Earth by the Soviet automatic station "Luna-20" took place. At the same time, a sample of lunar soil obtained by the crew of the American Apollo 15 spacecraft was handed over to Soviet scientists. The exchange was made in accordance with the agreement between the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and NASA, signed in January 1971. Now we need to go through the deadlines. July 1969 Apollo 11 astronauts allegedly bring 20 kg of lunar soil. The USSR does not give anything from this amount. The USSR does not yet have lunar soil at this point.

September 1970 Our station "Luna-16" delivers lunar soil to Earth, and from now on, Soviet scientists have something to offer in exchange. This puts NASA in a difficult position. But NASA expects that in early 1971 it will be able to automatically deliver its lunar soil to Earth, and in January 1971, an exchange agreement has already been concluded based on this. But the exchange itself does not occur for another 10 months. Apparently, something went wrong with the US with automatic delivery. And the Americans are beginning to pull the rubber.

July 1971 In good faith, the USSR unilaterally transfers 3 g of soil from Luna-16 to the USA, but receives nothing from the USA, although the exchange agreement was signed six months ago, and NASA supposedly already has 96 kg of lunar soil (from Apollo 11, Apollo 12 and Apollo 14). Another 9 months pass. April 1972 NASA finally hands over a sample of lunar soil. It was allegedly delivered by the crew of the American Apollo 15 spacecraft, although 8 months have passed since the Apollo 15 flight (July 1971). By this time, 173 kg of moon rocks (from Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14 and Apollo 15) allegedly already lie in the pantries of NASA. Soviet scientists receive from these riches a certain sample, parameters which is not reported in the Pravda newspaper. But thanks to Dr. M.A. Nazarov, we know that this sample consisted of regolith and did not exceed 29 g in mass. It is very likely that until about July 1972, the United States did not have real lunar soil at all. Apparently, somewhere in the first half of 1972, the Americans got the first grams of real lunar soil, which was delivered from the Moon automatically. It was only then that NASA showed a willingness to make an exchange.

And in recent years, the lunar soil of the Americans (more precisely, what they pass off as lunar soil) has begun to disappear altogether. In the summer of 2002, a huge number of samples of lunar matter - a safe weighing almost 3 centners - disappeared from the storerooms of the museum of the NASA American Space Center. Johnson in Houston. Have you ever tried stealing a 300 kg safe from the space center grounds? And do not try: too hard and dangerous work. But the thieves, on the trail of which the police went surprisingly quickly, succeeded easily. Tiffany Fowler and Thad Roberts, who worked in the building at the time of the loss, were arrested by FBI and NASA special agents in a Florida restaurant. Subsequently, the third accomplice, Shae Saur, was taken into custody in Houston, and then the fourth participant in the crime, Gordon McWater, who facilitated the transportation of stolen goods. The thieves intended to sell the priceless evidence of NASA's lunar mission for $1000-5000 per gram through the site of the Mineralogical Club in Antwerp (Holland). The value of the stolen, according to information from across the ocean, was more than $1 million.

A few years later - a new misfortune. In the United States, in the Virginia Beach area, two small sealed plastic disc-shaped boxes containing samples of meteorite and lunar material, judging by the markings on them, were stolen from a car by unknown attackers. Samples of this kind, according to Space, are being transferred by NASA to special instructors "for training purposes." Before receiving such samples, teachers undergo a special briefing, during which they are taught how to properly handle this US national treasure. And the “national treasure”, it turns out, is so easy to steal... Although it does not look like a theft, but a staged theft in order to get rid of evidence: there is no ground - there are no “uncomfortable” questions.

AND A LITTLE WHY...

If the "lunar program" of the United States marked such an "unprecedented breakthrough", then why was it so urgently curtailed? Moreover, this haste is emphasized by the Americans themselves, who are quite loyal to the official version of events. “Despite all the lessons learned from the Apollo program, it has vanished from the American scene with astonishing speed,” writes the author of NASA. The Complete Illustrated History by Michael Horn. There is no answer to this question, except for the thoughtful reasoning that she, they say, fulfilled her task: "shattered the illusion of Soviet technical superiority and showed that the American economic model has its merits" (again we quote M. Gorn). In other words, the Moor has done his job - the Moor can leave.

Again, if the alleged moon landing did happen, why didn't it lead to a breakthrough in the American space program? Why, after more than 40 years, the United States, supposedly proving its superiority, is forced to completely curtail the flights of its falling ones from an unprecedented (for such a "technologically advanced" country) frequency of "shuttles" and, almost humiliatedly, are forced to ask for Russian "Unions" so that they "thrown" to the ISS?

Further. Whenever designers manage to create a workable product (for example, a rocket engine), it will be in production for a long time, constantly improving. And the Americans, claiming that 40 years ago they created the F-1 liquid-propellant jet engine with a thrust of 600 tons for their lunar program, currently have the Soviet RD-180 engine with a thrust of 390 tons as the most powerful rocket engine, although they should have improved theirs long ago. the mythical F-1 up to a thrust of at least 1000 tons. But they couldn't. Or was there nothing to improve?

The list of these questions can go on and on, and there is no clear, reasonable answer to them. And it won't, because it's impossible to prove something that didn't exist. It is impossible to prove that the Americans were on the moon. Just because they never flew there. And most importantly, many in the world are well aware of this. They have known for a long time and everyone understands perfectly. And in the USSR it was understood, and in the West. However (for various reasons) they did and continue to pretend that they believe in the American fairy tale about the people on the moon. At least they silently accept it.

They accept it, despite the abundance of facts that irrefutably testify that the "lunar program" of the United States is nothing more than a grandiose hoax, dictated by painful state pride and the need to correspond to the status of "the only superpower on the planet", a sort of "flagship of mankind".

Back on Earth. Chapter 16

American lunar soil - rich soil for doubt

According to NASA, astronauts brought back about 380kg of lunar soil and rocks from the Moon. . Photos of these stones are presented in NASA images, in scientific monographs of scientists (ill. 1a), these stones illustrate the "lunar" films of NASA. In such films, one can see Dr. Harrison Schmidt (ill. 1b) as an expert, who, being an A-17 astronaut, allegedly personally collected these stones on the Moon. However, believing in his stories is hindered by the fact that the “lunar” geologist posed for an obviously dubious “lunar” photograph of terrestrial origin (ill. 1c).

Fig.1. Moon (?) stones:

a)NASA image http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/lores/S72-37210.jpg ; b) geologist astronaut Dr. Harrison Schmidt talks about moon rocks; in) someone called "astronaut geologist Harrison Schmidt" poses in a dubious scene "on the moon" (Chapter 12 http://www.htm)

Three Soviet automatic stations at that time delivered from the Moon only regolith (small particles from the near-surface layer) with a total weight of 300 g, while astronauts could bring large samples with a total weight of those same centners. Defenders report that NASA donated about 45kg of lunar soil and moon rocks to Western scientists . However, the authors analyzed relevant publications and could not be sure that these 45 kg reached the laboratories. According to the author, at present, no more than 100 g of American lunar soil roams from laboratory to laboratory in the world, so “usually, the researcher received 0.5 g of rock ... in the form of a separate fragment ...” . True, in the monograph [ 18 ] several photos of large lunar rocks of the type ill.1a are shown at once, but under all the photos there is an eloquent caption “NASA image”. We recommend that the interested reader familiarize himself with the cited works. We are interested in how much and what kind of lunar soil NASA handed over to Soviet scientists. Because Western, and, moreover, American scientists are representatives of a too interested party.

29 g of regolith by Soviet scientists is not an argument in favor of landings

In the USSR, the Institute of Geochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was appointed the leading scientific organization for all studies of lunar soil. This role is assigned to him today (now - GEOKHI RAS). Head of the meteoritics department of this institute, Dr.Sciences M.A. Nazarov (ill. 2) reports that “The Americans transferred to the USSR 29.4 g of lunar regolith from all the Apollo expeditions, and 30.2 g were issued abroad from our collection of Luna-16, 20 and 24 samples” .

Fig.2.Dr. M.A. Nazarov (information portal "LifeNews")

This is a very important message. If only because we simply do not have other generalizing information on this subject. Let us pay attention to the fact that such important information emanating from the bowels of the parent organization has so far been published only on the Internet. A message on the Internet - strictly speaking, not a document. Today it is, but tomorrow it may disappear without a trace. The well-known skeptic Yu.I. Mukhin tried to get a written answer from GEOKHI on this subject. He turned to GEOKHI with a request to inform:

“a) when and how much lunar soil was sent from the USA to your institute;

c) who else in the USSR received samples of lunar soil from the USA for research.

GEOKHI declined to give a written answer to the questions asked.

It turns out that everything closes on the respected doctor M.A. Nazarov.So, the respected doctor reported that the USSR received 29.4 g of lunar regolith from the USA. So be it, but how does such an exchange prove that the Americans have those 380 kg they are talking about?

How come that, according to NASA, Western European scientists, who had nothing to offer in return, were allegedly given whole moon rocks, and Soviet scientists, who had their own real lunar soil, were given grams and only regolith?According to the author, this suggests that something is wrong with the American moon rocks. The supposedly moonstones were not handed over to the person who is most interested in verifying their authenticity. And 29 g of lunar regolith is not an argument. After all, three Soviet automatic stations in 1970-1976. Together they delivered only about 300 g of regolith from the Moon to Earth, and no one says that Soviet cosmonauts landed on the Moon.

This conclusion has recently received interesting confirmation. Here is what is written in the message with an intriguing title:« Moon rock delivered by Apollo 11 turned out to be a cheap fake » : « Dutch experts analyzed the "moonstone", officially, through the State Department, donated to the Prime Minister of the Netherlands Willem Dries as US Ambassador William Middendorfduring the visit of the Apollo 11 astronauts to the country - October 9, 1969. After the death of Mr. Driz, the relic, insured for $ 500 thousand, became an exhibit of the museum Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. And only now, studies of the "moonstone" have shown thatUS gift turned out to be a simple fake - a piece of petrified wood».

Fig.3.American "moon rock" - a gift from "Apollo 11" to the Dutch prime minister turned out to be a petrified piece of wood;http://cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2009/08/28/359642#

Only a month has passed since the presentation of the piece of wood to the Dutch Prime Minister, and the United States decided to organize a mass donation of "lunar soil" to all countries - 135 UN members. In this action, they have already provided that the "lunar samples" can be reached only by breaking the gift (and who will decide on such a scandal?). “In November 1969, four months after the landing of Apollo 11, then US President Richard Nixon ordered that NASA allocate about 250 fragments of “moon rock” and, on their basis, made boards (shields) on which they were to be attached acrylic balls with four samples of lunar rock tightly sealed inside". Now "moon" pebbles were presented in tightly sealed plexiglass balls (ill. 4), as well as in similar cylinders. The donation procedure was repeated in 1972, when, according to NASA, the last "landing on the moon" (A-17) was carried out.

But somehow it turned out that “today, the location of only about 13% gift "moonstones" series A-11 and A-17.(This is) unprecedented situation in world museum practice”. It’s as if a powerful vacuum cleaner is turned on somewhere, taking away precisely the American “moon rocks” to nowhere.

Fig.4.In such tightly sealed solid plexiglass containers, NASA representatives solemnly handed over to all 135 UN member countries some pebbles, supposedly delivered by astronauts from the moon.

http://bolshoyforum.org/forum/index.php?page=142#tp-comment http://www.collectspace.com/images/aoe/aoe_chaffee.jpg http://www.vtmagazine.vt.edu/winter07/images/moonrock.jpg

Even the astronauts who allegedly brought these very stones from the Moon for NASA are not trusted by NASA to store them. (Suddenly they will give it to some inquisitive researcher? ). Here is an interesting post on the subject : “Tuesday marks the 35th anniversary of the first manned landing on the moon. The anniversary will be celebrated with a ceremony at the Washington Aerospace Museum, where the participants of the three American space exploration programs - Mercury, Gemini and Apollo, and the legendary television journalist Walter Cronkite, who covered them, will be presented with fragments of a stone brought by astronauts from the moon. From 1961 to 1973, 34 Americans flew into space as part of these programs. 25 of them are still alive. Lunar shards encased in Plexiglas discs and mounted on memorial plaques will only be awarded symbolically. American law prohibits individuals from owning material brought back from the Moon, but astronauts will have the right to choose a museum or other institution in which the fragment will be exhibited on their behalf.

And in order to completely discourage too persistent and too naive scientists from asking NASA for moon rocks not for looking through plexiglass, but for scientific research, the following interesting legend was invented.

40 years of caring for "future generations of scientists"

"The decision has been made in the United States to keep the bulk of the delivered samples completely intact until new, more advanced ways of studying them are developed." . "It is necessary to spend the minimum amount of material, leaving intact and uncontaminated most of each individual sample for study by future generations of scientists" - explains the position of NASA, an American specialist J. A. Wood .

Poor modern scientists and their recent predecessors and teachers. They could examine every single atom in matter with their instruments, but they were denied confidence.

Poor future scientists. They have in the XX I -m, and possibly in XXII th century, of course, there will not be such beautiful ships and rockets as the Apollos and Saturn V of the 20th century were. And they won't be able to get fresh moon rocks on the moon. But NASA took care of them: it didn’t give moon rocks to its contemporaries, but left them for them. It should be noted that over the past decades, many geologists, contemporaries of "lunar" flights, have passed away. They left the student benches, worked for decades and the next generations of scientists managed to grow old, and NASA is still waiting and waiting for these future generations. An excellent legend to hide the fact that there are no moonstones in her storerooms. Because tomorrow never comes.

And if this legend of care does not work for someone, then there is another intelligible explanation at the ready: moon rocks are not issued from storage, because there is no money for their research. Here is what the author of the book writes as of 1974 :

"A significant portion of the samples will be stored as a reserve at the Space Flight Center in Houston, the reduction in appropriations will reduce the number of researchers and slow down the pace of research." Do you feel? 25 billion dollars was spent on delivering lunar samples, and they forgot to set aside money for their research on these same samples. But even a thousandth of the named billions would be enough. True, the well-known skeptic A. Kudryavets spoke more decisively about the sudden lack of money: “Why do we need some special funding for the study of lunar soil? Wouldn't there be specialists in the world who are ready to conduct a thorough analysis of alien cobblestones at their own expense? For that matter, some of the soil could be put up for auction, and the proceeds could be used for study. It does not look like the enterprising genius of the Americans, who gave in to an elementary task. In addition, NASA does not get tired of repeating - it acted for all mankind. So what's the problem? Let him, not in words, but in deeds, finally share the fruits of his activities with all of humanity ... There is no such soil in the declared quantities, and this is not a doubt, but a fact.

***

In general, the American lunar soil is a very rich ground for doubts and even for more decisive conclusions. This is the main conclusion of this chapter.

P. S. Americans could deliver a small amount of lunar soil to Earth using automatic stations

And where did the Americans get lunar soil at all, even in grams, if they were not on the moon? This question comes up quite often. Let's not bypass it.

As we know, within two years before the flights of the "lunar" Apollos, five American automatic vehicles of the "Surveyor" type made a soft landing on the Moon. Here is what is written about these devices on the NASA website (translated by the author of the book) : Program Summary. A total of 5 machines performed 6 separate chemical analyzes of the surface and near-surface samples…”.

These data were used as the basis for simulating lunar soil samples, the author believes. . In connection with this opinion, it is interesting to learn howJ. Frondel, a prominent American specialist in the field of lunar mineralogy, begins his book :

“On July 25, 1969, the opening of the first container with rock samples delivered to Earth by the Apollo 11 crew was broadcast on national television ... When the moment came for the opening of the container, the television program was suddenly interrupted. As if a veil was hastily thrown over a disappointing spectacle... » . How similar it is to the fact that someone at the last moment noticed a certain “blunder” and urgently interrupted the transmission. "Mistakes" are always possible, especially when earthly stones are presented as moon ones. And yet, at first, the risk of exposure was not very high, since at the time of the first "landing" there was not a single scientist, including the Soviet one, who would have seen the real lunar soil. But when such a soil appeared (Luna-16, 1970), and comparative studies began, signs of a fake American lunar soil began to accumulate. . And the Americans desperately needed real lunar soil.

G.L. Gaise (ill. 5a), author of the book "The Dark Side of Apollo" believes that the Americans, without too much publicity, delivered a certain amount of lunar soil to Earth using automatic stations in order to present it as soil brought by astronauts . According to the author of the book, this happened already after the first "landing" of Americans on the moon, proclaimed in July 1969. If this were not so, if the Americans already had real lunar soil that July, would they have given the Prime Minister of the Netherlands a petrified piece of wood (ill. 3)?

Fig.5. a) the Americans delivered a certain amount of lunar soil to Earth with the help of automatic stations, - says Heriot Geise, author of the book “The Dark Side of Apollo”; b) withoperation diagram of the ladle installed on the Surveyor-3 apparatus; in) furrows in the lunar surface layer, dug by the Surveyor-3 bucket, the image was transmitted by an automatic television camera

In the early 60s, the Americans were already planning the automatic delivery of lunar soil to Earth. . And some facts indicate that this plan was carried out. Here are the relevant excerpts from NASA's chronology of successful Surveyors :

1966 May 30 - Surveyor 1 - Mass: 269 kg ; 1967 Apr 17 - Surveyor 3 - Mass: 283 kg ; 1967 Sept. 8 - Surveyor 5 - Mass: 279 kg;

1967 Nov 7 - Surveyor 6 - Mass: 280 kg; 1968 Jan 7 - Surveyor 7 - Mass: 1036 kg .

"Surveyor-3" in April 1967, he dug with a special ladle in the lunar soil (ill. 5b, c) . NASA claims that this method was used to study the mechanical properties of the lunar soil. But these properties can be studied with an object of any shape, even a simple rod, while a ladle is naturally associated with scooping up soil. That is, on Surveyor-3, apparently, the first test of the lunar soil sampling device for future automatic delivery took place. The operation of the ladle was monitored and controlled using an automatic television camera, which transmitted the corresponding images to Earth.

Surveyor-5 after the landing on the command from the Earth, he turned on the engine again, and Surveyor-6 not only turned on the engine again, but also took off at 4m . According to NASA , this was done to study the impact on the lunar soil of the gas jet from the landing engines. But this operation could have another purpose: "Surveyers - 5 and 6" learned to take off from the moon.

Surveyor-7, which is very curious, was more than three times heavier than its predecessors and had approximately the same mass (1.036 tons) as our Luna-16, 20 and 24. And by the way, it was "equipped with a grab bucket for scooping up soil".

After the Surveyor-7 landing, the Surveyor program was officially terminated, although before that it was already planned to send the Surveyor-8,9,10 devices . And the Americans seem to have forgotten about the task of automatically returning samples of lunar soil to Earth. But what prevented the Americans from sending new "Surveyers" to the Moon already without publicity, in order to back up with at least a handful of real lunar soil reports about quintals of lunar samples allegedly collected by astronauts?

After all, they have already done so much in this direction. They tested on the moon a ladle controlled from the Earth. We tried the jumps of the apparatus. There is also a lot left - the return of soil to Earth. But wasn't NASA specialists able to do this? Yes, they lagged behind the USSR in terms of the implementation of some stages of the study of the moon by automatic machines. But not much. For example, Surveyor-1, making a soft landing on the Moon, lagged behind Luna-9 by only 4 months. And the first American lunar satellite, Orbiter-1, also appeared just 4 months after the first Soviet one, Luna-10. In 1970, the USSR for the first time carried out the automatic delivery of lunar soil ("Luna-16"). And why, after some time, the United States could not repeat this success of the USSR?

As we now know, the surface of the Moon is mostly covered with fine dust. But it cannot be ruled out that, digging in this dust, the Surveyor's bucket could stumble and pick up several small moon pebbles. From this point of view, the reports available in the press about the transfer to Western scientists of small moonstones of several tens or even a couple of hundred grams should not be surprising. The main rocks of the Moon according to information from the geologist Lebedev N.V. have a density slightly higher than 3g/cm3. So a pebble weighing 200 g has a volume of only 65 cm 3 and a transverse size of ~ 4 cm. Such a pebble will fit in a ladle. And, apparently, in order not to initiate such arguments, the Americans preferred their most severe critics (Soviet scientists) to hand over 29.4 g of fine lunar powder - regolith. (They say we also have large stones, but they are not about your honor).

1. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/flight-summary.txt and http://gosh100.boom.ru/moon1.htm

7. Yu.I. Mukhin. "Antiapollo". US moon scam. – M.: Yauza, Eksmo, 2005, 432 p.

8. Yu.I. Mukhin. "Were Americans on the Moon?" No. 48/345 "Duel".

9. Yu.I. Mukhin. "Were Americans on the Moon?" No. 20/368 "Duel"

10. D. Kropotov. "Were Americans on the Moon?" "Duel", No. 8/357

11. "Lunar Soil from the Sea of ​​Abundance", M., Nauka, 1974

12. I.I. Cherkasov, V.V. Shvarev. Soil of the Moon. M., Nauka, 1975, 144 p.

13. Soil from the continental region of the Moon. M., Nauka, 1979, 708s

14. Lunar soil from the Sea of ​​Crises, M., Nauka, 1980, 360s.

15. Cosmochemistry of the Moon and planets. M., Nauka, 1975, 764 p.

16 . I.I. Cherkasov, V.V. Shvarev. "Ground science of the Moon", M., Nauka, 1979 p.149

17. J. A. Wood, "Cosmochemistry of the Moon and Planets", M., Nauka, 1975, p.s.31,

18. J. Frondel. Mineralogy of the Moon. M. "Mir", 1978. p.11

19. M. A. Nazarov. Were Americans on the moon? http://www.meteorites.ru/menu/press/moonusa.html

http://www.epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/getlend/obl.html and

32. http://supernovum.ru/public/index.php?doc=169 at the end of the article a brief note about N. V. Lebedev

The soil sample brought back from the Moon by American astronauts is most likely of terrestrial origin. This seemingly honest, at first glance, conclusion was reached by an international group of researchers who published an article in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

Scientists from Sweden, Australia, the United States and Britain found in a sample of regolith brought to Earth in 1971 by the Apollo 14 crew, felsite inclusions with zircon grains of clearly terrestrial origin. The researchers came to the conclusion that this rock was formed in an oxygen-rich environment and, presumably, water space, and there is no oxygen on the Moon at all, no water in liquid form either. Another proof of the real origin of the investigated sample of the mineral is that it was created under pressure conditions of about 6.9 thousand bar, and on the Moon this type of conditions can exist only at a depth of 167 kilometers. The Americans, who allegedly visited the Earth's satellite, "did not dig" so deeply.

The scientific publication provides a few more proofs of this kind, which we will omit, since everything is clear without them. Therefore, let us immediately turn to the conclusion: “The chemical composition of zircon in this sample ... is strikingly similar to the elements found on Earth. Among other things, the sample contains quartz, which makes it an even more unusual find.”

Why is this done?

"Unusual find"? This phrase appeared in an article in a scientific journal is far from accidental. It turns out that it is “unusual” because the characteristics of the corresponding sample are absent ... in other minerals brought by the Apollos. We are talking about about 400 kilograms of "lunar" soil.

How do respected Western scientists explain this unusualness? Did they really dare to expose the grandiose American hoax with flights to the moon in order to lose a significant part of the grants and get a lot of other troubles on their heads? Unfortunately no. Only geniuses can afford this, as discussed below. These did not dare to do so. They found explanations that were quite suitable for the laymen for both this particular case and the "excuse" for the entire American lunar scam.

Firstly, unusual, Earth-like conditions could also have arisen on the Moon - in a small area and in a narrow period of time. Secondly, the studied rock fragment of quartz, feldspar and zircon weighing about two grams is a deviation from the norm.

The "lunar epic" of the United States was a fiction, as well as 400 kilograms of "lunar soil" allegedly delivered from a satellite to Earth. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

But the simplest explanation, and thirdly, is that this sample came to the Moon with a meteorite from the Earth about four billion years ago, when our planet collided with an asteroid, which could be accompanied by an ejection of terrestrial matter into outer space. In general, a large celestial body crashed into the Earth, fragments scattered in all directions. Something hit the moon, and then returned to Earth with the American astronauts. How many miracles happen?

At the same time, scientists do not question that the rest of the soil is really lunar. It even turns out that this “earthly” exception only confirms this: everything was honest, there was no deceit, the Americans were on the moon and collected pebbles for earthlings there. And they even managed to get such a rare specimen among them, which first made a trip from here to the moon, and then back to Earth. Aye well done!

And this is after numerous cases of forgery with American “moon” soil and stones (which the Americans generously gave to museums and handed over to respected people) were established and recorded in various countries, their earthly origin was proved. Moreover, some people gifted with these cynical fakes were really offended.

Yes, thoughtful readers were greatly disappointed by this international group of scientists. Obviously not geniuses.

Valuable recognition from David Gelernter

A real genius can afford to say everything and as it is, without fear for the consequences. We witnessed this a year and a half ago. Then Yale University professor David Gelernter, science adviser to US President Donald Trump, in an interview with Science Today openly admitted what the “conspiracy theorists” ridiculed by the townsfolk had long guessed: there were never American astronauts on the moon.

How can we organize an American manned orbital mission to Mars by the mid-2030s if we have never even flown to the Moon?

Professor Gelernter bluntly asked the question, whom the American Time magazine calls “archigeny” and included among the 100 most influential people of the 21st century.

Calling the idea of ​​landing and even flying American astronauts to the moon "ridiculous," the scientist continued:

The Apollo moon landing is the biggest hoax in human history, worse than all this global warming nonsense.

This was said by a man whom The New York Times calls a "rock star" in computer science and "one of the brightest and most insightful computer scientists of our time."

Yale University professor David Gelernter, who is called a genius in his homeland, convincingly exposed the US “moon scam”. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

In a book published a few years ago, Gelernter wrote in this connection:

The Apollo missions were supposed to be the first human event to pass the Van Allen belt, which was one of several radiation hazards known to mission planners, but even today NASA scientists admit they cannot get past the Van Allen belts. If NASA scientists…honestly admit that they still haven’t figured out how to properly protect a spacecraft from radiation in the Van Allen belt, how the hell did we send people into space wearing aluminum foil spacesuits? And during the peak of solar activity. The answer is very simple: it never happened!

For those who did not believe him, Gelernter continued: “In the modern era, we have never been outside the Earth's magnetic field, all human spaceflight took place in low Earth orbit (LEO) or below. Even the International Space Station conducts all of its operations in LEO. Why is that? This is because orbits greater than low can lead to early destruction of electronic components due to intense radiation and charge buildup.” He meant that flights outside the Earth's magnetic field are extremely dangerous for humans.

The magnetic and gravitational fields of the Earth are slowed down by high-energy particles of the cosmic wind, filtering the hard ultraviolet and X-ray radiation of the Sun. Therefore, without very serious protection, astronauts, even if they somehow miraculously got to the Moon, would not be able to walk, jump, run, play baseball and ride there "with the breeze" on the lunomobile - tens of kilometers from the lunar module in search of the most exotic stones and soil samples. And this is in light aluminum spacesuits on the lunar surface bombarded by direct sunlight. Even the thin walls of the Apollo would not have been saved from them ...

By the way, Russian researchers Alexander Popov and Yuri Mukhin wrote about the same thing, and with an amazing evidence base, in their books - “Americans on the Moon. Great breakthrough or space scam? and "US Space Scam". They are on the Internet, written in Russian, anyone can read them if they want. From these books it follows that the Americans first flew into space on the Shuttle - all previous manned flights were a hoax. The Americans have never had, just as they do not now, a rocket to fly to the Moon, appropriate space engines (the United States is still buying Soviet-Russian RD-180s), a used lunar module, experience in space docking, return to Earth at a second space velocity .

Nothing bothers you?

Take a closer look at how Soviet and American cosmonauts and astronauts returned from space. The Soviets are in descent vehicles black with soot, half-dead, in a pre-infarction state, barely able to walk. The Americans were different. The American descent vehicles gleamed in the sun, and the astronauts, who were in them in more crowded conditions and, according to legend, had been in them longer than their barely alive Soviet colleagues, deftly and independently climbed out and, with a vigorous, springy step, walked along the deck of an aircraft carrier to report to their superiors about successful completion of the mission. Cheerful, smiling, full of strength and health. Which is not surprising - in fact, dummy rockets without crews were sent into space, descent vehicles were dropped into the ocean from American transport aircraft, to which there are witnesses. Therefore, well-rested in a secluded place, the astronauts had no difficulty in putting on a show with their arrival on Earth after space exploits.

Therefore, all the "original" photographs and photographic materials relating to the "lunar epic" of the United States, which the Americans have 400 kilograms of "lunar" soil (possibly, only with the exception of a small real part delivered to Earth according to the Soviet model using automatic descent vehicles) are the most banal earthly fakes. Because, in fact, the "lunar Odyssey" of the United States is the merit, rather, of Hollywood than NASA. Even with regard to the flights around the Earth of the first spacecraft with astronauts, the Skylab orbital station, as well as the American part of the Soyuz-Apollo mission (the Soviet part was real).

This is indicated, in particular, by the American flag waving in the wind and sagging under the force of gravity on the Moon, which has no atmosphere. The shadows of astronauts and "moon" stones cast in different directions, which indicates the lighting of the shooting pavilion with several spotlights. This is the absence of craters on the surface of the satellite from the rocket engines of the lunar modules. As well as the stars in the sky, which, on the contrary, should have been very clearly visible. Or sand wetted with water instead of lunar soil, as evidenced by the nature of the traces of the astronauts and the lunar car. Fake stones as part of props with Hollywood marks. Impossible position of the Sun above the horizon in the places of "landings". And this is only a small part of the "inconsistencies" in the American "lunar epic". How it actually went is described in the film Capricorn 1, in which the Moon was replaced by Mars. As you can see, the Americans not only fool their own and the international layman, but also laugh at him. All this also explains why NASA, in the ideal American order, periodically "loses" the most important images and samples of the "lunar" soil, and then finds them in a much more decent form, gradually improving the fakes.

In general, the United States has Velcro and Teflon pans left from the “lunar program”, while Russia, which lost the lunar race for political reasons, has the Soyuz and Proton rockets, the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, on which even now , if you sacrifice the health of astronauts and take a chance, you can fly to the moon, the technology for creating reliable orbital stations. Therefore, let's close the question once and for all, were the Americans on the moon, and what did they bring to Earth from there.

One of the most famous American astronauts, Buzz Aldrin, finally admitted that he had not flown to any moon - they are trying to turn his testimony either into senile dementia or as a joke. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

Otherwise, they would widely celebrate their successes in the exploration of space and the moon and would not quickly send their lunar artists to rest, into complete obscurity. Many of them, by the way, are still alive, but they avoid journalists in every possible way, kiss the bottle, and sometimes get into a fight when they are asked to swear on the Bible that they really were on the moon. True, one "moonwalker", Buzz Aldrin, recently elegantly admitted that he did not actually fly there ...

bitter residue

However, the United States may not be particularly ashamed of this global deception, committed during the years of the Cold War with the USSR, which had to be won, since the "moon scam" helped them defeat the enemy who took part in it, who agreed in exchange for political (detente) and material ( good for the sale to the West of oil, gas, etc.) benefits to embark on the path of self-destruction. First, his much more advanced lunar program, and then everything else. The United States may well present this deal not as a deception and shameless swindle of the whole world, but as a cunning move that led to the defeat of the USSR in the Cold War. It is also naive to believe that Moscow in the foreseeable future will also recognize this and announce that the Americans did not walk on the moon. A non-disclosure agreement, scientific and economic interests that connect some figures in the space industry with the United States - this is a guarantee. In Moscow, they knew everything perfectly and kept this secret no less carefully than in the United States. And after the convergence failed, and Washington returned to the confrontation with the USSR, and after he was gone. Alas, the truth is “more toxic” for Moscow even more than for Washington.

And now many will pretend that the explanation of an international group of scientists about a fragment of an terrestrial mineral abandoned by an ancient cataclysm to the Moon puts everything in its place: there is American “lunar” soil on Earth, they were there.

A small ball, rapidly cutting through the thickness of the atmosphere, was approaching the Earth. Here the parachute dome opened - a fast run turned into a smooth descent. Finally, the native Earth - a ball with precious lunar soil landed safely 80 kilometers southeast of the city of Dzhezkazgan of the Kazakh SSR. So on September 24, 1970, the wonderful flight of the Soviet automatic station Luna-16 ended.

And this historic flight began on September 12, 1970: launched at 4:26 pm Moscow time, the automatic explorer, after 70 minutes, started to the Moon from the orbit of an artificial satellite of the Earth. The last stage of the launch vehicle brought the station so accurately onto the flight path to the Moon that only one correction (correction) of the trajectory was required instead of the two planned. The correction of the trajectory allowed Luna-16 to reach the calculated point of the circumlunar space, where the station's onboard engine was turned on and its movement was slowed down; thanks to the braking impulse under the influence of lunar gravity, the station switched to a circular orbit around the moon with a height of 110 kilometers. For the next two days, the station maneuvered in circumlunar space in order to move into a pre-landing orbit. "Luna 16" successfully completed maneuvers and switched to an elliptical orbit around the Moon, moving along this orbit, it moved away from the surface of the Moon at a maximum distance of 106 kilometers, and then approached it at a minimum distance of 15 kilometers. It was from this orbit that the Luna-16 station descended at the calculated point (for this, the onboard engine was turned on again) and began to descend in order to land on the lunar surface.

Model Luna 16 in the museum

The station softly landed at 8:18 Moscow time on September 20, 1970 in the area of ​​the Sea of ​​Plenty.

After landing, the station began a program of scientific research. On command from the ground, an automatic soil intake was activated. This is a unique mechanism that, through complex manipulations, brought the electric drill into contact with the surface layer, ensured drilling of the soil to a depth of 35 centimeters, taking the soil and placing it in the container of the return vehicle.

And then came one of the most crucial stages - the lunar soil had to be delivered to Earth. On September 21, at 10:43, on command from the Earth, the engine of the Luna-Earth rocket was turned on, and the space rocket with the return vehicle was launched from the Moon. For the first time in the history of astronautics, an automaton was launched from another celestial body in the solar system to return to Earth.

The space rocket engine was turned off when the speed reached 2708 m/s, after which the rocket with the return vehicle switched to a ballistic flight trajectory towards the Earth. To ballistic - this means that after the engine was turned off, the rocket moved only under the influence of the gravitational force of the Moon first, and then the Earth. And what was needed was the greatest accuracy of launching onto a trajectory that would not need to be corrected and, moving along which, the rocket would meet the Earth. And not just met, but entered the atmosphere over a certain point on the globe, in order to later land in a given area of ​​the Soviet Union. The rocket brilliantly coped with its tasks, and the lunar soil was safely delivered to Earth.

Lunar soil brought by astronauts from the Moon is not real. This conclusion was reached by Professor Nemchin from the School of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Curtin University, which he spoke about at pages of Earth and Planetary Science Letters , revealing the main US scam of two centuries.

Apparently, the lunar soil "brought by American astronauts" has earthly origin. The researchers published their thesis in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Scientists consider questionable sample number 14321. It weighs 1.8 grams and is very different from others that have been brought to Earth.

Investigated paid attention to blotches zircon. They established that the breed was formed in an oxygen rich environment. Moreover, the environment can even be one. In addition, for lunar magma, the temperature of zircon formation too low. Finally, thirdly, the pressure on the Moon during the formation of the sample should have been prohibitively high. As much as possible? Scientists think this is strange.

Finally, in support of their theory of the terrestrial origin of the soil, scientists talk about the age of the rock, which generally agrees with terrestrial data. Alexander Nemchin sure in their research.

According to the official version of NASA, as a result of six antics on the surface of the Moon, 382 kg of lunar soil were delivered to Earth as part of the Apollo program. Part of it consisted of large fractions (stones), part of small ones. Below is a list of allegedly successful American missions and the weight of lunar soil delivered "from the Moon" by each of them.

Mission Mass Year
Apollo 11 22 kg 1969
Apollo 12 34 kg 1969
Apollo 14 43 kg 1971
Apollo 15 77 kg 1971
Apollo 16 95 kg 1972
Apollo 17 111 kg 1972

And here is the chronology of the appearance of Soviet lunar soil on Earth and its weight.

Mission Mass Year
Luna-16 101 g 1970
Luna 20 55 1972
Luna-24 170 g 1976

The history of the exchange of Soviet and American soil is also interesting. Here is a message dated April 14, 1972 from the main official publication of the Soviet period - the Pravda newspaper:

“On April 13, NASA representatives visited the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The transfer of samples of lunar soil from among those delivered to Earth by the Soviet automatic station "Luna-20" took place. At the same time, a sample of lunar soil obtained by the crew of the American Apollo 15 spacecraft was handed over to Soviet scientists. The exchange was made in accordance with the agreement between the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and NASA, signed in January 1971."

Now we need to go through the deadlines. July 1969 Apollo 11 astronauts allegedly bring 20 kg of lunar soil. The USSR does not give anything from this amount. The USSR does not yet have lunar soil at this point.

September 1970 Our station "Luna-16" delivers lunar soil to Earth, and from now on, Soviet scientists have something to offer in exchange. This puts NASA in a difficult position. But NASA expects that in early 1971 it will be able to automatically deliver its lunar soil to Earth, and in January 1971, an exchange agreement has already been concluded based on this. But the exchange itself does not occur for another 10 months. Apparently, something went wrong with the US with automatic delivery. And the Americans are beginning to pull the rubber.

July 1971 In good faith, the USSR unilaterally transfers 3 g of soil from Luna-16 to the USA, but receives nothing from the USA, although the exchange agreement was signed six months ago, and NASA supposedly already has 96 kg of lunar soil (from Apollo 11, Apollo 12 and Apollo 14). Another 9 months go by.

April 1972 NASA finally hands over a lunar soil sample. It was allegedly delivered by the crew of the American Apollo 15 spacecraft, although 8 months have passed since the Apollo 15 flight (July 1971). By this time, 173 kg of moon rocks (from Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14 and Apollo 15) allegedly already lie in NASA pantries.

Soviet scientists receive from these riches a certain sample, the parameters of which are not reported in the Pravda newspaper. But thanks to Dr. M.A. Nazarov, we know that this sample consisted of regolith and did not exceed 29 g in mass.

It is very likely that until about July 1972, the United States had no real lunar soil at all. Apparently, somewhere in the first half of 1972, the Americans got the first grams of real lunar soil, which was delivered from the Moon automatically. It was only then that NASA showed a willingness to make an exchange.

And in recent years, the lunar soil of the Americans (more precisely, what they pass off as lunar soil) has begun to disappear altogether. In the summer of 2002, a huge number of samples of lunar matter - a safe weighing almost 3 centners - disappeared from the storerooms of the museum of the NASA American Space Center. Johnson in Houston. Have you ever tried stealing a 300 kg safe from the space center grounds?

A few years later - a new misfortune. In the United States, in the Virginia Beach area, two small sealed plastic disc-shaped boxes containing samples of meteorite and lunar material, judging by the markings on them, were stolen from a car by unknown attackers. Samples of this kind, according to Space, are being transferred by NASA to special instructors "for training purposes."

Before receiving such samples, teachers undergo a special briefing, during which they are taught how to properly handle this US national treasure. And the “national treasure”, it turns out, is so easy to steal... Although it does not look like a theft, but a staged theft in order to get rid of evidence: there is no ground - there are no “uncomfortable” questions.

And finally, after a man without a spacesuit was found in the picture taken during the landing of astronauts on the moon, a scandal erupted. This is not the only inconsistency. in the conquest of the moon by the Americans.

Left, reflection on the mirrored glass of an Apollo astronaut's helmet on the Moon.