Why is the prefix written with in the word. Spelling of pre and pre prefixes: a rule from a new textbook of the Russian language

In order to write words that begin with PRE- or PRI- without errors, you need to learn the following rule.

In most words, the choice of the vowel I or E depends on the meaning of the prefix.

The prefix PRI- can mean:
1. Spatial contiguity, proximity: COASTAL, SCHOOL.
2. Approximation, joining: COME, LEAN, STICK.
3. Incompleteness of action: SHUT THE DOOR, DOWN, BEAUTY.
4. Bringing the action to the end: SHOOT, INVENT.

The prefix PRE- can express:
1. A high degree of quality or action and have a meaning close to the meaning of the word "very": PREVIOUS, LONG, PREVENT.
2. A meaning close to the meaning of the prefix PER-: TO TRANSFORM, TRANSFORM, OBSTRUCTION.

This rule has two notes:
1. It is necessary to distinguish between spellings of words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning:
DESPECT (hate) - DESPECT (give shelter), KNEEL (kneel) - BEND (branch), SUFFER (difficulties, misfortunes) - GROW TOGETHER (to circumstances), TRANSIENT (moment) - COMING (postman),
STAY (be) - ARRIVE (approach).
2. There are words in which the spelling of a vowel cannot be explained by the above rule. These are Russian words in which the prefix is no longer singled out (for example, NATURE, REASON, CLAIMS, DEVICE, SECURATE, PREPONA, REVERSE), as well as borrowings (PRESIDIUM, PREAMBLE, PREPARATION, PRIVILEGE, PRIMITIVE, PRIVATE, PRIORITY). In such cases, in order to avoid mistakes, you need to use a dictionary.

Prefixes "pre" and "at" in some words

1. Contempt / disdain

With the first word, everything is clear, but the second is used much less frequently. Contempt is care. To contemplate means to give shelter and food. In the dictionary, this verb is marked "obsolete." In the 18th-19th centuries, institutions that were engaged in guardianship and guardianship were called the house of charity.

It is easy to explain in the second word. There is a hint of approach, acceptance, attachment.

2. Betray / give

It is possible (but not necessary) to betray a friend, but to give meaning. In the second case, the motive for joining is again visible.

3. Bow / bow

You can bow your head or kneel. And to bend, for example, a branch to the ground (to bring closer, therefore, closer).

4. Pretend / Pretend

You can make a dream come true. And here the prefix is excellent in meaning with re- (a dream is REBORN and becomes a reality). But you can pretend to gate (CLOSE, the motive of incomplete action: close, but not completely).

5. Endure / get used to

To endure is almost the same thing as to endure. That is, to endure, to wait, to survive. So, you need the prefix pre-.
And to get used to is to bring the action to the end and (again) get closer to what you endure.

6. Transient / coming

The transient is that which passes, passes.
And the one who comes is the one who comes, approaches. For example, a train coming to this platform. Or a child coming to kindergarten.

7. Multiply/multiply

These words are very difficult to distinguish, this is noted even in reference books. It is believed that to multiply is to multiply a lot, and to multiply is to add a little. But these are rather shades of the same meaning, so they are often confused.

8. Successor/Receiver

Dmitry Medvedev was once called the successor of Vladimir Putin - the powers of the president were transferred to him. But not a receiver! Remember: the receiver is a machine, not a person.

Spelling of words with prefixes PRE- and PRI-

In order to write words that begin with PRE- or PRI- without errors, you need to learn the following rule.

In most words, the choice of the vowel I or E depends on the meaning of the prefix.

The prefix PRI- can mean:
1. Spatial contiguity, proximity: COASTAL, SCHOOL.
2. Approximation, joining: COME, LEAN, STICK.
3. Incompleteness of action: SHUT THE DOOR, DOWN, BEAUTY.
4. Bringing the action to the end: SHOOT, INVENT.

The prefix PRE- can express:
1. A high degree of quality or action and have a meaning close to the meaning of the word "very": PREVIOUS, LONG, PREVENT.
2. A meaning close to the meaning of the prefix PER-: TO TRANSFORM, TRANSFORM, OBSTRUCTION.

This rule has two notes:
1. It is necessary to distinguish between spellings of words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning:
DESPECT (hate) - DESPECT (give shelter), KNEEL (kneel) - BEND (branch), SUFFER (difficulties, misfortunes) - GROW TOGETHER (to circumstances), TRANSIENT (moment) - COMING (postman),
STAY (be) - ARRIVE (approach).
2. There are words in which the spelling of a vowel cannot be explained by the above rule. These are Russian words in which the prefix is no longer singled out (for example, NATURE, REASON, CLAIMS, DEVICE, SECURATE, PREPONA, REVERSE), as well as borrowings (PRESIDIUM, PREAMBLE, PREPARATION, PRIVILEGE, PRIMITIVE, PRIVATE, PRIORITY). In such cases, in order to avoid mistakes, you need to use a dictionary.

An exercise

1. Korotkov did not hear, although he fell with his ear to the keyhole. (M. Bulgakov, "Diaboliad")
2. Dasha climbed with difficulty onto the stove, covered herself with her coat, picked up her legs. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
3. So, I got down and went to my unit. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
4. Having overcome a headache, he all gathered for the last fight. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
5. This Kuzma Kuzmich, still in the carriage, looked at Dasha - for some reason she was to his liking. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
6. The siskin was constantly chirping and jumping, and the cage was constantly swaying and trembling. (According to I. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons")
7. He moved his hat to the back of his head, holding the rifle. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
8. Instead of sunflowers, beckoning the sun into the small windows of huts, only rotten stems stick out. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
9. At this moment, the boat started. (I. Turgenev, "On the Eve")
10. Let grief give you firmness. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
11. Doesn't this property consist in the fact that there are fewer traces of lordship in them than in us? (I. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons")
12. But I can't feel low, the last of all. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
13. Why assume in advance that I am an enemy? (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
14. You will have to lag behind all your habits; there, alone, you will be forced to work ... (I. Turgenev, "On the Eve")
15. I, despite numerous vicissitudes, have never known misfortune. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
16. A further track record is provided with the passport. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
17. At that moment A.V. entered the room, and the conversation stopped. (I. Turgenev, "On the Eve")
18. Insarov read Elena's note - and immediately began to put his little room in order. (I. Turgenev, "On the Eve")
19. Agrippina walked, as if knitted, step by step - behind her husband. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
20. I know a nasty tavern where they will give us a nasty dinner. (I. Turgenev, "On the Eve")
21. Kuzma Kuzmich was lining up on a bench under the stove and also could not fall asleep right away - smacking, muttering. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
22. And you talk to him and despise him at the same time. (I. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons")
23. Ivan Ilyich, without moving, slightly opened his eyelids. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
24. The expression of her eyes was flattering. (I. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons")
25. You have at least seven spans in your forehead - you have not ascended science, and you will always make a mistake. (According to A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
26. And the girl is written badly. (I. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons")
27. You, my friend, I advise you to botanize: this is the best thing you can think of. (According to I. Turgenev, "On the Eve")
28. You seem to be a smart person: what are we going to do? (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
29. And good peasants will fool your father without fail. (I. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons")
30. The singer gave herself up to the wave that lifted her, her face changed. (I. Turgenev, "On the Eve")
31. Bring him to me, I'll interrogate him myself. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
32. Elena could no longer carelessly give herself up to the feeling of her happiness. (I. Turgenev, "On the Eve")
33. She put the lamp on the table, lowered the light, sat down. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")
34. And N.P. took out the proverbial pamphlet from the back pocket of his coat. (I. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons")
35. There he saw her for the first time, she seemed to him as red as spring. (A. Tolstoy, "Walking through the torments")

The exercise was prepared by D. Zhuzhleva and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).

To do this, in the Russian language there are four assignments of words, when writing or pronouncing which a person may have problems.

The first is the meaning of adjacency or closeness to something or to something. These are the words: “coastal” (village), “” (site).

The second is or joining something to something. Examples: "come" (to the city), "lean" (against the wall), "glue" (wallpaper).

The third is the meaning of the incompleteness or incompleteness of some action. For example, “close” (the door behind you), “crouch” (entering the door), “embellish” (story).

Fourth - bringing any action to an end. Such words are “shoot” (a sick animal), “invent” (a play).

Cases in which the prefix "pre-" is written

There are two of them in Russian. The first is the meaning of a high degree of quality of something, some action, or something that is close to being combined with the word “very”. For example, the words “nasty” (very nasty, possibly a person), “” (very long, for example, duty), “prevail” (pressure over something).

The second is proximity in its meaning to "re-". Words such as "transform" (change something), "transform" (change something) and "barrier" (blocking something in the way).

All of the above rules have two very important exceptions.

The first of them refers native speakers of the Russian language to the need to distinguish between words that are close in meaning, but different in spelling. Examples: "" (in the meaning of "hate someone or something") and "contemplate" (meaning the provision of shelter), "bending" (for example, kneeling) and "bending" (branches closer to the ground), "enduring" (what -some difficulties or misfortunes) and "tolerance" (to some prevailing circumstances), as well as "transient" (a moment or moment) and "coming" (guest or worker).

The second describes other words that defy all other rules. It includes words in which the prefix has historically merged with the root and is not singled out. For example, “nature”, “reason”, “claim”, “device” and at the same time the words “deceive”, “obstacle”, “contradict”. And also some borrowed words: “presidium”, “preamble”, “drug”, “privilege”, “primitive”, “private” and “priority”, which you just need to remember and memorize.

In case of difficulties with writing the last words, you should refer to the dictionary of the Russian language.

Almost everyone wants to write well. But the Russian language is very complex, and it is not always possible to understand which spelling of a given word will be correct. In this article, we will once again recall the rule for pre- and pre-.

Prefixes pre-and pre-

First, let's look at how to write the prefix pre-.
This prefix gives the following meaning to the words:
- Spatial proximity, contiguity. Examples are the following words: coastal, backyard, frontline, seaside, near the Dnieper.
- Addition, approximation, accession. Examples of words are: tie, fasten, drive, freeze, lead.
- Incomplete action. Examples of words: lie down, sit down, calm down, slightly open, tie.
- Bringing the action to the end, to some specific result. Examples would be the words: muffle (completely muffle), finish off, invent, find, cut.
- Performing an action in one's own interests, an enhanced manifestation of an action. Examples of words: lure, take a closer look, dress up, listen, hide.
- Associated action. Examples: dance, whisper.
We continue to study prefixes pre- and pre-. Rule about the prefix pre-.
This prefix will be written in such cases:
- Words mean the ultimate degree of action, surpassing any facet or the highest degree of quality. Examples of words can be given as follows: exceed, gracious, exaggerate, pretty, exalt.
- When the prefix pre- has the meaning of the prefix re-. Examples of words: transgress, block.

Additional Information

This rule has an extension. Spelling at-, pre- in special cases:

By origin, the prefix is Old Slavonic. In Russian, it will correspond to a prefix that has a full-vowel combination of re-. Compare: an obstacle is a partition, to transgress is to cross, a perverse one is inverted.
Words with the prefixes pre- and come close in sound and different in meaning. It is necessary to distinguish in which case which prefix to write. For example, for comparison, such words: bow a branch and bow your head, close the door and turn into reality, the coming neighbor and the passing moment.
There are words in which the former prefixes are no longer singled out. Examples are the words: object, disgust, limit, device, order, primitive.
It is very often difficult to distinguish between the meanings of words: multiply (add some small amount) and multiply (multiply very much). It is necessary to distinguish this.
In borrowed words, it is possible to write both pre- and pre-. As a rule, these elements are not considered prefixes. Examples: preamble, presidium, privilege, priority, president, prima donna.

We have learned a very important rule in Russian - the spelling of prefixes pre-, pre-.

Spelling of prefixes is an important section in the study of the Russian language. Vowels in the prefixes pre- and pre- depend on lexical meaning the words. Their spelling principles are few and not complicated. But, despite this, not only children, but also adults get confused in the rules when the vowel -e or -i is written. Consider the rule of writing pre-/at-.

In contact with

Prefix at-

Words with attached express:

Attachment and approach. Addition, application, come, come, fasten.
Incomplete action. To lull, to snuggle up, to jump up, to keep an eye on, to warm, to sip, to rise, to limp.
Being close to something. Save, near-mountain, bedside, front-line, suburban, railway station.
Gradual completion of the process. Taming, instill, get used to, addiction, reconciliation, save.

Note! What is incomplete action? These are expressing the half-action of a person or object, i.e. doing something incomplete. Get up - get up, sit down - sit down, lie down - lie down

learning Russian

The value of the prefix pre- can be expressed:

The superlative meaning of the word. Great, pre-important, wise, advantage, ripe, insipid.
The prefix pre- can be replaced by re-. Transient moment - passing (a moment that will change); to swim (obsolete form) - to swim across.

Important! In there are words in which pre- and come to the root of the word. It is difficult to explain the spelling of such words (in most cases it is), so it is better to remember them. Examples: president, price list, teacher, drug, throne, pretender, preference, private, privilege.

Spelling confusion can occur in homophones - words that sound the same but have different spellings. Convert - bring to life, pretend - close, transient - temporary, coming - appearing somewhere; despise - hate, despise - take care of someone; bow - respectfully lower, bow - bend down; to betray - to deceive, to attach - to strengthen the role of the subject.

Spelling prefixes pre-/pre- verbs

Pre-/attachment prefixes are often used with verbs, so we will pay special attention to them.

Words with the prefix pre- have the following interpretation:

Change something. The frog turned into a princess. Spring has changed everything around.
Implement = bring something to life.
Ending an action or process. Block the way, interrupt the speech, stop the crime, stop the activity, prevent the flow.
An action is above or below a certain measure. exalt, exceed, exceed, underestimate.
To abide = to live, to be, to exist. He lives in Rostov. = He is in Rostov.

You can use the hint site http://bezbukv.ru/mask/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5$/verb, on the page of which there are verbs with a prefix in which -e- is written.

Note! Most verbs with are found in works of fiction.

The prefix pre- is used in the spelling of verbs in the following cases:

Completion of an action or movement. Come, run, drive, fly.
The specific position of one object in relation to another. Apply a compress, glue a sheet, stick tightly, touch your hand, attach a shelf, attach details, pin a brooch.
Addition. Add speed, attribute too much, buy things, attach a balcony, increase capital.
Incomplete action. The verbs "sit down" and "lie down" can have the meaning of a short-term action. I lay down on the bed to take a nap. I'll sit down for a minute and run further on business.
The verbs of perception "look" and "listen" with the prefix pre- and postfix -sya express deepening into action - to look better, listen carefully.
The verbs “call” and “attract” with the prefix prefix = refer to someone, induce to action - call, attract.
The verbs “teach”, “tame”, “instill” (figurative meaning), “get used to” = transfer or acquisition of any qualities, properties, skills. Parents taught children to discipline. Animal lovers can even tame a lion. The teacher of literature instilled in us a love of poetry. Those who get used to getting up early do a lot.

The prefix pre- can be used with verbs not only literally but also figuratively. Verbs of motion fall under this category. Let's look at examples in which the verb "come" is in a figurative sense:

Meaning "get a certain result". We have arrived at a definite solution to this problem.
May contain a conclusion/conclusion or agreement. After working after school for two years, he came to the decision to leave his hometown and start life anew. As a result of lengthy negotiations, representatives of the two countries came to an agreement on territorial issues. The commission came to the conclusion that there were no violations in the work of the bank.
The meaning is "to agree", "to have a common decision". We argued for a long time where we should go on vacation, and when we came to a common opinion, we decided to go to the White Sea.
Meaning "understanding" or "realization". With age, he began to understand how important it is to protect health.
Meaning "get power". As a result of the elections, the Republicans came to power in the country.

In verbal parts of speech, the spelling pre-/pri will be preserved. Blocking - blocking - blocking, trying on - trying on - trying on.

The verb "to come" is also found in phraseological turns: How could that come to your mind? - Think about something. He never recovered from that terrible accident. - Come to your senses.

If you are in doubt about the spelling of a word and cannot decide which vowel, -e- or -i-, should be inserted into this word, then be sure to look in the explanatory dictionary. We remind you that the spelling of pre-/at- directly depends on the meaning of the word.

Rules for writing prefixes in Russian

Spelling of words with prefixes