Conduct a study of one of the natural anthropogenic complexes. Anthropogenic natural complex

With global factors

As noted by N.A. Solntsev (2001), the geological and geomorphological basis plays a special role in the NTC. It is quasi-stationary (almost constant) for the remaining components. As a solid body, it is quite stable, and if the energy threshold of impact is exceeded, it collapses catastrophically. Destruction is irreversible, and both destruction and restoration require maximum energy costs compared to other components. Biota is the living part of the geosystem. Geome and biota are the main components of the NTC, while the second is much more mobile than the first. Therefore, when starting to map geosystems, we first of all pay attention to the geological and geomorphological basis. But we would be wrong if we inherited for all times and all occasions only the result, and not the methods for obtaining it.

The method by which N. A. Solntsev made his conclusions is the method of pairwise comparison of components, research for maximum and minimum, and contrasting their directly opposite properties. What is the "strength" of the geome? In the high potential energy of the bonds of a solid, in that the period of its change ( T) in relation to the duration of human life

neither tends to very large numbers (for us, as it were, to infinity). We can now observe rocks on the earth's surface that formed billions of years ago. On the contrary, many representatives of the biota are able to give several generations a day. The period of change is very small, but the frequency (the reciprocal of the period - -) can also tend to a large number. Yes, even them

production must be multiplied by the number of organisms. Thus, the "strength" of the biota lies in the rate of its change, in the frequency of repetition of reproduction cycles. It is necessary to carry out this operation in each specific case, to be able to move from absolute statements such as "biota is always weaker" to relative, in relation to a certain period, certain objects. On fig. 7 shows a diagram of the interaction of the geosystem with global factors. External influences on the geological and geomorphological base are transmitted by it to all other components

NTC is not only directly, immediately (as, for example, the heating of the surface by the Sun), but mostly after some time in a summarized form, significantly transformed by the participation of other components (for example, a change in the morphological structure of the landscape under the influence of erosion). The geological and geomorphological basis is the most independent (most independent of global factors within the characteristic time of existence of most specific PTCs) and more inertial (again, depending on the case).

Soil has similar features. However, this is a fundamentally different, bio-inert body that has the properties of both inanimate and living matter (a biochemical product, like bread dough). Soil is a function of solar heat on the Earth's surface, with the active participation of biota. It is capable of self-healing (up to a certain limit), however, it is less independent, it is destroyed not only mechanically, but can also lose biota (“sterile” soil). The time of soil inertia (reaction to a change in the environment), as a rule, is much less than that of the geological and geomorphological basis as a whole. The remaining components are even less independent: they all the time depend on the state of atmospheric circulation and moisture transfer. The atmosphere has the shortest time of inertia.

By “pressure of life” (an expression by V. I. Vernadsky) is meant the general prevalence of life on the surface of the Earth, the ability of organisms to reproduce, to populate free places, to occupy “ecological niches”, sometimes even, as it were, in spite of unfavorable conditions of existence. It is because of the high frequency of breeding cycles that the "pressure of life" can be very significant.

Due to the operation of the feedback mechanism (see below) in the cycle of biological (biogeochemical) circulation, the natural geosystem and especially its “center”, “focus” (a thin medium of separation and interpenetration of land-water-air saturated with biological objects) is, as it were, “itself builds”, creates its own vertical (component) and horizontal (morphological) structure. The influence of global factors on the geosystem is enormous, but the geosystem, in turn, affects the earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the bank of organisms. And although this influence from each individual geosystem is insignificant in a short period of time, it can be summed up both in space (if many geosystems have the same effect) and in time, acquiring the value of a factor that determines the further evolution of the landscape shell. It was this cumulative effect of working relatively "weak" but "stable" bonds that led to the creation of the atmosphere and all geological sedimentary rocks. Thus, we must take into account the amount

or an integral over time and (or) over space. N.A. Solntsev Warned about the need not to confuse the integrated and instantaneous values. The instantaneous, "momentary" value observed during a single expeditionary visit to the object turns into a certain period of time during stationary observations. These are other methods. From absolute values, one has to move on to working with increments: with the speeds of processes, with accelerations, i.e. to the first and second derivatives of each variable. In this case, the inaccuracy of the rigid absolutization of the "strength" and "weakness" of the components is revealed.

In the connections of individual natural geosystems (NGC) with the general material-energy exchange on the scale of the entire Earth, the earth's surface serves as a control block, and the content of the cartographic model of this block varies depending on the scale of the map (global, regional or local). The real hierarchy of nested and enclosing geosystems is more complex and may be different in different regions. It is studied by methods of systematization, classification, regionalization. These three ranks are the most common, indisputable. Now you can not strive to combine all three models in one map - global, regional and local, since there is a GIS for this. At the same time, it is desirable to supply each map with insets of a larger (“key” areas) and smaller (zoning schemes) scales.

If we want to reflect the interaction of the natural-anthropogenic geosystem (anthropogenically modified NTC) with global factors, then we need to add another block of "anthropogenic pressure" similarly to "life pressure". This is a bank of species of cultivated plants and other organisms, including man himself, energy and material effects (redistribution of matter and energy). By "socio-economic pressure" we also mean the socio-economic conditions that force both humanity as a whole and individual states, groups of people to interact with nature in a certain way.

For example, one cannot stop cultivating the land in general, but one can do it in a different way, depending on scientific and technical achievements and material means; it is possible to ease the load in specific areas and for a certain time, although the possibility of such a local maneuver is decreasing. Often (but by no means always) "pressure of life" has an effect opposite to the Action of "socio-economic pressure"; thus, as it were, it “heals the wounds” inflicted by the anthropogenic impact on the geographic shell. If we understand the noosphere according to V. I. Vernadsky as a reasonable coexistence and management of nature in conditions of social justice, then this on Earth

Not yet. But one can understand the noosphere as socio-economic pressure.

Anthropogenic pressure is an example of the explosive development of a “weak” component by geological standards - biota, changing all other components, when a new quality was added to a sufficiently high frequency of reproduction cycles - an increased ability to transfer experience. As a result, the population has learned to "compact". During highly specialized mammoth hunting, in order to feed one person, a territory of about 100 km 2 was required, with slash-and-burn agriculture - about 10 hectares, now, according to various estimates, 0.35 - 0.40 hectares.

The natural-anthropogenic complex is understood mainly as the NTC, in which at least one component is changed. The classification of such PATCs was first developed by F. N. Milkov. It is based on the traditional for geography, it would seem the simplest sign: the degree of change in points (weak, medium, strong; there may be more gradations), and the nature of the impact of various branches of human activity (industrial, forestry, agricultural, recreational and etc.).

There are also reversible and irreversible changes, i.e. the geosystem can, when the load is removed, return to its previous state, or its development has taken a different path. These are already systemic, cybernetic concepts. Again, these categories are not absolute. For example, are the territories of cities reversibly or irreversibly changed, if they often retain even all watersheds? Is the geographic shell reversible or irreversible changed if a person is forced to withdraw resources and maintain the regimes of geotechnical systems?

Perhaps, classifications according to the material-energy principle, that is, according to the material and energy intensity of the impact, would be more constructive (N.L. Chepurko, 1981). However, apparently, not only the difficulty of determining geomasses (N.L. Be-ruchashvili, 1983), the inaccuracy and laboriousness of balance methods, but also the still poor mastery of systemic, informational approaches interfere. The key here is to understand the mechanism of the cycle, which includes the concepts of "system regulator" and "feedback".

Geography as a complex, synthetic science has to borrow a lot from related disciplines. It would be rational to borrow methods from the natural sciences, and design, for example, dramaturgy, the beauty of descriptions from the humanities. Unfortunately, it often happens the other way around: the outer shell (formulas, complex new terms) is taken from the natural, and their explanation is not from the primary source, but from humanitarian, artistic interpretations. Such a path may lead to the creation of pseudoscience or require a long effort to master the term. Classic

An example is the concept of feedback, which the vast majority of geographers perceived only as a response, which was even enshrined in a reference book (TD Alexandrova, 1986). The misunderstanding still remains, therefore, it requires careful analysis as a key one.

Feedback is not just a one-time act of feedback. The main thing is that thanks to this connection, the cycle algorithm is implemented, i.e., a program according to which the action can be repeated indefinitely. The whole point is that with the help of this connection the causal chain is closed: the result of the first passage of the cycle (consequence) affects its own cause in the next turn of the cycle. The result obtained in the next iteration is again mixed into the initial conditions, and so on.

On a flat sheet of paper, one turn of the cycle is usually drawn, which is why the process, as it were, comes “back” to the starting point. However, you should not draw a circle, but a three-dimensional spiral stretched in time. In fact, this relationship is not inverse, since time is irreversible. From this point of view, not a single cycle, circulation can be closed, not only because there are always material and energy losses already in one revolution, but also because "you can never enter the same water." Although in technical systems we can see a return to the original state, if we do not take into account wear.

Awareness of the role of feedback began with the introduction of cybernetics. The entire computer industry is, in fact, based on the loop statement. Many systems of inanimate nature work cyclically, and organic life is even more so: we walk, we breathe automatically.

Czech. The very ability to reproduce sexually, whether as

■ in higher animals, either by spores or vegetative "budding" due to automatic

".algorithm (Fig. 8).

In the methodological literature, a misconception about the feedback between a teacher and a student is common: a teacher's question is a direct connection, and the answer is the opposite, as it is directed in the other direction (reverse, which means reciprocal). In fact, both of them are a direct connection

May 1st: one action breeds another

| goe. Feedback can be called only if it closes the cycle, if with its help

several cycles are repeated. For example, after hearing the student's answer, the teacher corrects his next question, i.e., the consequence from the first cycle is the cause for the second.

The feedback loop algorithm has been described in detail in the literature, including a large number of geographical examples.

Studying the structures of geosystems in space, we are still not clearly aware of the structures in time (the time of various cyclic, production processes, the recovery inertia time, etc.). Not so long ago, the concept of characteristic time was introduced. It can be defined as the average time of existence (of an individual, species, process, phenomenon) or as the time of one turn of the cycle. For a person, the characteristic time is about a hundred years, for an annual grass - a year or less, for a lightning discharge - seconds, for a cyclonic vortex - days, for a restorative succession in the taiga - about a hundred years.

While there were disputes about whether nature is continuous or discrete, it turned out that continuity and discreteness are only special cases of fractality (X.O. Paytgen, P.Kh. Richter, 1993). Fractal structures (a system of human blood vessels, erosion and river systems, a hierarchical system of natural complexes) are a "record" of past cyclic processes. The spatial structure is a reflection of the past "temporal structure". Although time, apparently, always flows evenly, we measure it by processes of different periodicity.

For its existence, mankind is forced to maintain temporary regimes of the necessary form of functioning of natural-anthropogenic complexes. One thing is one-time, episodic interventions, another is agriculture, with a strictly ordered sequence of impacts, and the third is the constant maintenance of engineering networks, buildings, hard surfaces in cities (which, by the way, interrupts the biological cycle in the former most "fertile" PTK). We do not always think about the fact that costs should be multiplied by time, by the number of cycles.

Each individual geosystem, natural or to some extent anthropogenically modified, is connected with the global system of the geographic shell through many cycles (including hierarchically nested one inside the other) and is in the field of "socio-economic pressure", also carried out through cycles and through material-energy impact on system regulators. Mastering cybernetic laws is difficult, but only it will allow us to work more consciously. As awareness increases, new methods will need to be developed.

2.4. Classes of problems solved in the process of complex physical and geographical research

The whole variety of problems of complex physical and geographical research can be grouped into four main classes, depending on which aspect of the landscape structure is important in each particular case (Table 1).

The first three classes of problems are aimed at studying the internal connections of the PTC - real, energy, information, i.e. on the study of its landscape structure and its change in time under the influence of internal and external factors. They reveal the properties and features of the PTC as integral formations, questions of their origin, the specifics of functioning and dynamics, the trend of future changes. All this - general scientific studies of the space-time organization of the PTC, the purpose of which is an ever deeper knowledge of the essence of the PTC, regardless of any requirements.

The fourth class of tasks is research for applied goals. Here, the external relations of the PTC with society are studied within the framework of a complex supersystem "nature-society". PTK of any rank already act as an element in a system of a higher level of organization.

Zation, in order to study the relations of which with another element (structural subdivision of society), in addition to knowing the properties of the PTC itself, obtained in the process of general scientific research, it is also necessary to take into account the requirements of society for these properties and the ability of the PTC to satisfy them. This aspect is not purely physical and geographical. An increasing role in applied research is beginning to play the ecological justification of economic activity, i.e. environmental impact assessment of designed facilities (EIA) and ecological expertise. The textbook by K. N. Dyakonov and A. V. Doncheva “Environmental Design and Expertise” (Moscow, 2002) is devoted to these issues.

The sequence in the list of the main classes of problems is not accidental, it is determined by their logical and historical connection. The tasks of each subsequent of the general scientific classes can be solved quite fully and deeply only on the basis of using the results of previous studies. Therefore, the listed classes of problems can be considered as certain stages of ever deeper penetration into the essence of the landscape structure of the NTC.

As for applied research, they can be “built on” over any of these stages, depending on what kind of knowledge about the PTC will be sufficient to solve the practical problem facing the researcher.

First class of tasks. Historically, earlier than others began to be studied spatial aspect PTK, i.e., the first class of problems. The very concept of the PTC arose on the basis of a visual analysis of the similarities and differences of individual sections of the earth's surface, on the identification of their quality. Initially, those properties of the NTC were studied that literally lie on the surface, are visible to the naked eye and give the areas of the territory a peculiar appearance (physiognomic features): similarity or difference in structure, in morphology (at the same time, attention was mainly paid to the vertical, component-by-component structure).

Due to the fact that the differences in relief and vegetation are most visually perceived, the identification and isolation of the NTC was based on the qualitative homogeneity of these particular components. Of course, when visiting a vast, naturally contrasting territory, it is precisely the contrasts that are most striking, and low-contrast areas seem spatially homogeneous. However, upon closer examination, the territory that previously seemed homogeneous also reveals qualitative heterogeneity, but in order to catch it, it is necessary to cover different-quality areas with a single glance. That is why, in the process of field research, first of all, small, simply arranged PTCs of the rank of facies and tracts began to stand out, which can be visually distinguished by the sign of uniformity.

I buildings. Differences between the complexes were fixed along the way

| following - along the route.

For short-term route visits, external

\ The face of the PTK was perceived as something stable, permanent, i.e.

\ PTK was considered in statics, in isolation from the processes that formed it. The study was in the nature of a description, which gave an idea only of the qualitative originality of the PTK and their pro-

; strange placement. Description PTK is the main goal of it

I route research.

The desire to obtain, in addition to qualitative descriptions,

| pits some quantitative characteristics, to explain the observed led to a more detailed study of individual "points", "sites", "stations", "keys", on which, along with a thorough description of all components of the complex, its vertical structure, measurements were made. The collected material allowed already in a general form to answer the question, how the components in the complex are interconnected, i.e. give the simplest empirical explanation.

In a detailed study of individual complexes, certain properties or structural features are found, finding

I in conflict with modern conditions, with the character

s modern connections: black soil under the forest, sphagnum bogs in

I forest-steppe zone, peat-humus soil on well-drained

rummable surface, alluvial deposits on the watershed,

: away from the modern river network, etc. Such traces of previous states, shedding light on the path of formation of this complex, attract more and more attention of researchers.

; lei. Studying them makes it possible to answer the question, why and ■ how this complex was formed.

Repeated visits to the territory make it possible to record some evidence of the processes that took place between visits (erosion, fires, waterlogging, drainage, intrusion, subsidence, etc.), i.e., it gives an idea of ​​modern changes in the complexes, of the dynamism, and mobility of the NTC.

Thus, the field study of the spatial structure is gradually supplemented by elements of genetic and functional analysis, which allows a deeper knowledge of the PTK, and the route method of collecting factual material is supplemented by the key one. However, the main attention in the process of these studies is still paid to the natural features of individual complexes and their spatial distribution, therefore, classification and mapping, which are part of a specific method, continue to be the main methods of systematizing the material. landscape mapping.

Studying the properties and spatial distribution of larger and more complex PTCs that cannot be covered by a single

Viewed by a field researcher, it is made on the basis of a spatial analysis of the fairly simple complexes that compose them, studied in the field. In order to single out and limit these complexes, they also need to be simultaneously surveyed, only then can one find some regularities in the spatial heterogeneity. This problem is solved with the help of aerovisual observations, aerial photographic or space survey materials, or landscape maps compiled in the field, the study of which allows you to see the territory in a reduced form and thereby, as it were, rise above it, look at it from the side. Thus, rather complex NTCs can be identified according to their territorial structure, i.e., here the study of the spatial structure already acts as PTC isolation method, when the isolation of complexes is carried out not according to the principle of homogeneity, but according to the principle of natural heterogeneity. This method is usually called the method zoning on a landscape basis. At present, computer analysis of space and aerial photographs, as well as topographic maps, is being used to study the landscape structure (A.S. Viktorov, Yu.G. Puzachenko and others).

For a deeper understanding of the modern features of the PTC, it is necessary to study the ways of its formation and development, and for this it is necessary, first of all, to clearly define the object of study itself, to identify and characterize the complex under study. Thus, the very formulation of the problem of the second class requires a preliminary solution of the problem of the first class.

The second class of tasks. genetic aspect study of the PTC, which consists in considering the change of different-quality PTC in time, due to the evolutionary development of the complex. Reconstruction of the history of the formation and development of the PTC is based on traces of its previous states, previous stages of development, which are preserved in individual components of the complex (in the flora, in the morphological structure of soils, in surface sediments, in certain landforms), or in the existence of entire relic complexes ( smaller than the studied one, which are part of it), or, finally, in their spatial distribution (solonetz meadows not in relief depressions, but in elevated areas; leveled surfaces with dwarf dwarf tundra not below the ancient caravans, but above their walls, etc.). etc.), i.e. in their vertical or horizontal structure.

Due to the fact that evolutionary changes occur gradually, under the influence of processes of long duration, and the results of development are recorded in the modern spatial structure of complexes, the collection of factual material for solving problems of the second class is carried out through expeditionary research.

Along the route, visually observed traces of previous states are fixed and areas or complexes are determined that are most informative for restoring the history of the development of those complexes within which key I ki for detailed study and sampling. At the same time, peat bogs and buried soils are the objects of the closest attention of the researcher, since the natural conditions of the period of their formation can be quite fully restored from the spores and pollen of plants preserved in them.

A wealth of material for reconstructing the changes in PTC over time is provided by the study of the currently existing complexes at different stages of development.

The collection of factual material for solving problems of the first and second classes can be carried out in the course of the same expeditionary research, but it must not be overlooked that the aspect of the study leaves its mark on the collection of field materials. Sometimes it is required to study additional key areas, in which, by the way, the bulk of the material is collected, and above all, samples using the methods of private geographical, as well as related sciences. In other cases, the range of observed phenomena expands or the level of detail in the study of a particular component or complex increases.

Laboratory analysis of samples collected in the field and further interpretation of the results obtained allow us to reveal the paleogeographic history of the study area as a whole. In order to trace the history of certain NTCs, it is necessary to supplement paleogeographic materials retrospective analysis the modern structure of the studied complexes (V. A. Nikolaev, 1979). Thus, the genetic aspect of the study of PTCs is focused on restoring the features of their formation and development, on establishing the age stages of complexes, on explaining their current state, but at the same time, it also allows us to make an assumption about the prospects for the development of complexes. However, for a more accurate prediction of the future development of the PTC, the genetic approach should be combined with a functional approach aimed at studying the modern processes occurring in the PTC, their functioning and dynamic changes.

The third class of problems. The basis for solving problems of this class is functional aspect studying PTK. It allows you to penetrate deeper into the essence of relationships and interactions in the complex. The solution of problems of this class has been developed only since the 1960s. XX century, when a number of complex physical and geographical stations appeared. This is due to the fact that the study of the functioning of complexes and dynamic cycles of short duration requires regular observations, which can be ensured only under conditions hospitals.

A researcher can, of course, collect some material for the study of modern natural processes under expeditionary conditions. For example, during route studies, some traces of natural phenomena can be recorded: the passage of avalanches (by the presence of broken and uprooted trees oriented down the slope) or mudflows (by the presence of a mud-stone flow fan), the appearance of new landslides (along the fresh walls of the separation ), increased linear erosion after a rainstorm or spring snowmelt (according to the presence of fresh erosional forms, landslides in the upper reaches of ravines or on them slopes), etc.

In key areas, more or less long-term microclimatic observations, as well as observations of runoff processes, can be made. On fixed geochemical profiles, it is possible to take samples in the established recurrence to study the biogenic and water migration of chemical elements. However, all these episodic observations do not make it possible to know the functioning of the PTC, as well as slow processes of medium and long duration, due to the influence of external factors.

To trace the normal functioning of the PTC, which does not cause noticeable changes, long-term regular observations are needed. The longer the observation period, the more reliable and reliable the conclusions obtained. Therefore, observations are carried out at permanent specially selected points within certain complexes.

The collection and processing of stationary observation materials is a very laborious process, therefore the number of observation points at any station is limited and their rational placement is very important. In order to extrapolate the results obtained, it is necessary to know well which PTCs they characterize and at what stage of development these PTCs are. This means that the identification and systematization of the NTC must first be carried out, a landscape map of the territory of the station and the adjacent area should be drawn up, and the age stages of the studied complexes should be established, i.e., problems of the first and second classes have been solved.

The main method for studying the functioning and dynamics of the PTC is complex ordination method, developed by employees of the Institute of Geography of Siberia and the Far East (V. B. Sochava et al., 1967), which allows one to quantitatively characterize the relationship between individual components within PTK and between different complexes, to study the spatial and temporal changes of various natural processes.

The accumulated mass data are processed and systematized using statistical methods and the method of balances.

A detailed study of the functioning and dynamics of the PTC according to I makes it possible to understand the essence of the complexes and give a reliable forecast of their \ further development.

Thus, a consistent consideration of various as- \ pects of the landscape structure of natural complexes makes it possible to gradually delve into the knowledge of the essence of the PTK: from \ descriptions of modern properties and spatial arrangement i complexes through the knowledge of the ways of their formation to the identification and quantitative characterization of connections and interactions (explanation), and then to the functioning of the complexes and the prediction of the ways of their further development. This is how a thorough and comprehensive study of complexes is carried out, which is a reliable basis for their optimal use by a person.

Ways of use involve the formulation of specific applied research fourth class problems.

Further in the manual, more or less detailed methods are covered i for solving the first, third and fourth classes of problems. The study of the formation of the PTC (the second class of problems), despite the importance of this problem, is hardly touched upon here. The point is that the notion of genesis PTK, its origin and formation is largely based on geological-geomorphological, paleogeographic, paleobotanical, paleofaunal, archaeological and similar materials. In the process of field expeditionary research, information about the genesis can only be slightly supplemented, for example, from observations of relic elements of the PTC, which shed light on their origin. In addition, studies specifically aimed at solving problems of the second class require the use of very specific methods of paleogeographic analysis, which are difficult to give in a short course, and the number of researchers involved in their solution is not so large. Most | physical geographers solves the problems of the remaining three classes, which we are considering.

Geoecological research is based on the conceptual base of complex and sectoral physical and geographical disciplines with the active use of the ecological approach. The object of physical and geoecological research is natural and natural-anthropogenic geosystems, the properties of which are studied from the standpoint of assessing the quality of the environment as a habitat and human activity,

In complex physical and geographical studies, the terms "geosystem", "natural-territorial complex" (NTC), "landscape" are used. All of them are interpreted as natural combinations of geographic components or complexes of the lowest rank, forming a system of different levels from the geographical envelope to the facies.

The term "PTC" is a general, out-of-rank concept, it focuses on the regularities of the combination of all geographical components: masses of the solid earth's crust, hydrosphere (surface and groundwater), air masses of the atmosphere, biota (communities of plants, animals and microorganisms), soils. Relief and climate are distinguished as special geographical components.

NTC is a spatio-temporal system of geographic components, interdependent in their location and developing as a whole.

The term "geosystem" reflects the system properties (integrity, interconnection) of elements and components. This concept is wider than the concept of "PTC", since every complex is a system, but not every system is a natural-territorial complex.

In landscape science, the term "landscape" is the basic one. In its general interpretation, the term refers to a system of general concepts and denotes geographical systems consisting of interacting natural or natural and anthropogenic complexes of a lower taxonomic rank. In the regional interpretation, the landscape is considered as a NTC of a certain spatial dimension (rank), characterized by genetic unity and close interconnection of its constituent components. The specificity of the regional approach is clearly visible when comparing the concepts of facies - natural boundary - landscape.

A facies is a PTC, throughout which the lithology of surface deposits, the nature of the relief, moisture, one microclimate, one soil difference, one biocenosis are the same.

The tract is a NTC, consisting of genetically related facies and usually occupying the entire form of the mesorelief.

The landscape is a genetically homogeneous NTC, having the same geological foundation, one type of relief, climate, consisting of a set of dynamically coupled and regularly repeating tracts, characteristic only of this landscape.

The typological interpretation focuses on the uniformity of the PTK, dispersed in space, and can be considered as their classification.

When studying NTC transformed by economic activity, the concepts of an anthropogenic complex (AC) are introduced, as purposefully created by man and having no analogues in nature, and a natural-anthropogenic complex (NAC), the structure and functioning of which are largely predetermined by natural prerequisites. Transferring the regional interpretation of the landscape to the anthropogenic landscape (AL), according to A. G. Isachenko, it should be understood as anthropogenic complexes of regional dimensions. The general interpretation of the landscape makes it possible to consider anthropogenic landscapes as an out-of-rank concept. Anthropogenic landscape is, according to F. N. Milkov, a single complex of equivalent components, a characteristic feature of which is the presence of signs of self-development in accordance with natural laws.

The human-transformed NTCs, together with their anthropogenic objects, are called geotechnical systems. Geotechnical systems (landscape-technical, according to F. N. Milkov) are considered as block systems. They are formed by natural and technical blocks (subsystems), the development of which is subject to both natural and socio-economic laws with the leading role of the technical block.

Natural and economic geosystems are considered from the position of the triad: "nature - economy - society" (Fig. 2). Depending on the type and intensity of anthropogenic impact, natural and economic geosystems of various ranks are formed secondary to landscapes.

Lecture number 3.

Topic: Classification of methods of physical and geographical research.

1. Classification according to the criterion of universality.

2. Classification of methods according to the method of study.

3. Classification by position in the system of stages of cognition.

4. Classification by classes of problems to be solved.

5. Classification according to the criterion of scientific novelty

Man and natural-anthropogenic complexes

Various issues related to the formation and functioning of natural-anthropogenic complexes, or anthropoecosystems, are usually studied within the framework of applied landscape science. Due to the wide variety of aspects of interest to researchers, there are:

• agricultural,
• engineering,
• medical,
• recreational,
• architectural and planning landscape science.

Remark 1

The most common goal of this entire group of scientific disciplines is the development of scientific foundations for the design of natural-anthropogenic complexes. Soviet geographer F.N. Milkov, emphasizing the importance of this task, suggested calling this section of landscape science constructive landscape science.

Features of the formation of natural-anthropogenic complexes

Anthropoecosystems are formed in all cases of the constant presence and economic activity of man in certain natural ecosystems. The most common features of their formation are an increase in the mosaic nature of the environment, the emergence of some imbalance in the relationships between the components of nature, the loss of a significant proportion of biodiversity, the inclusion of synanthropic and other introduced organisms, i.e. unification of the biota.

Remark 2

When creating natural-anthropogenic complexes, natural-economic and socio-ecological adaptation always takes place in one way or another. As a rule, it is bilateral, i.e. each component simultaneously adapts to itself all the others and itself adapts to them. Such adaptation can occur spontaneously (during the entire history of mankind) and on the basis of special modeling (locally, the last few decades).

Modern approaches to the practice of designing natural-anthropogenic complexes

In the theory of urban planning and landscape design, the term “natural” is usually understood as something that originally existed on a given territory and is contrasted with buildings, technical infrastructure, etc., and this opposition also applies to natural elements of anthropogenic origin (forest parks, reservoirs, gardens, other islands nature). In this regard, the system of mutual relations of the natural and man-made components is considered as a secondary, subordinate design position, while it should be the initial and decisive one.

In the last few decades, a large number of technical projects have been developed and locally implemented aimed at maintaining a more balanced relationship between the technical and natural components of natural-anthropogenic complexes than is traditionally the case. However, a significant part of them, positioned as "environmentally friendly" can be such only with big reservations. For example, the use of modern materials for construction (allowing green roofs, roads, etc.) is really environmentally friendly in itself.

Enterprises where such materials are produced serve as a significant source of environmental impact and require the alienation of large areas. Therefore, the real effect is much less than the declared one.

The use of technologies that allow building up ravines and other inconveniences deprives the city of the last islands of natural nature. Instead of them, regular parks and reservoirs with lined banks have been adopted in environmental management, which cannot perform a similar function, although they are very popular among the ecologically illiterate population.

As a result, currently existing environmental management projects do not fulfill their main function. The situation in the future can be changed for the better due to the widespread development of high-quality environmental education.

4. Study of the functioning of natural and natural-anthropogenic geosystems

4.1. Landscape-geochemical research methods

One of the most important methods for studying the functioning of geosystems is the method of conjugated geochemical analysis (CGA).

Conjugate Analysis- this is a specific research method in landscape geochemistry, which consists in the simultaneous study of the chemical composition of all components of the landscape (rocks, weathering crust, surface and groundwater, soils, vegetation) and the geochemical relationship between landscapes.

The SHA method is a way of knowing an object through finding empirical dependences of the differentiation of chemical elements in a landscape and is the basis of the theoretical principles of landscape geochemistry.

In general, the development of the method is associated with the study of the differentiation of chemical elements, the disclosure of the mechanism of this differentiation at the level of geochemical processes, and the ecological and geochemical assessment of the quality of the environment.

Basic concepts. The concept of elemental landscape (EL) or elementary geochemical system (ELGS) is the main concept in landscape geochemistry. The successive ELGSs from the local watershed to the local depression represent a geochemically conjugated series - a geochemical catena or a cascade landscape-geochemical system (CLGS). The term local geochemical landscape is used to designate a territory in which a repetition of certain landscape catenas is observed.

The conjugate analysis reveals the chemical elements characteristic of elementary landscapes and makes it possible to trace their migration within the complex (radial migration) and from one complex to another (lateral migration).

The most important factor in the differentiation of substances in landscapes is geochemical barriers, the concepts of which are one of the fundamental principles for studying the migration and concentration of chemical elements in landscapes.

Geochemical barriers are such areas of the landscape where, at a short distance, there is a sharp decrease in the intensity of migration of chemical elements and, as a result, their concentration.

Geochemical barriers are widespread in landscapes; anomalously high concentrations of elements are often formed on them. AI Perelman identifies two main types of barriers - natural and man-made. Each type is subdivided into three classes of landscape-geochemical barriers: 1) biogeochemical; 2) mechanical; 3) physical and chemical. The latter occur in places of change in temperature, pressure, redox, alkaline-acid and other conditions. Morphologically, geochemical barriers are divided into radial and lateral.

Radial geochemical structure. Radial geochemical structure reflects the migration of elements within an elementary geochemical landscape, and is characterized by a number of landscape-geochemical coefficients.

Radial Differentiation Coefficient shows the ratio of the content of a chemical element in the genetic horizon of the soil to its content in the parent rock.

Biological absorption coefficient shows how many times the content of the element in the ashes of the plant is greater than in the lithosphere or rock, soil.

Water migration coefficient reflects the ratio of the content of the element in the mineral residue of water to its content in water-bearing rocks.

The graphical model for the expression of the considered dependencies are geochemical diagrams. The value of variation in the distribution of the element in soil horizons relative to the parent rock can serve as a criterion for the contrast of radial differentiation.

Lateral geochemical structure. The lateral geochemical structure characterizes the relationship between the components of elementary landscapes in the landscape catena.

According to the conditions of migration, B. B. Polynov singled out autonomous and subordinate elementary landscapes. To autonomous, called eluvial, include the surfaces of watershed spaces with a deep occurrence of the groundwater level. Matter and energy enter such landscapes from the atmosphere. In relief depressions, subordinate (heteronomic) landscapes are formed, which are subdivided into superaqueous(surface) and subaqueous(underwater). M. A. Glazovskaya identified a number of intermediate groups of elementary landscapes: in the upper parts of the slopes - transeluvial, in the lower parts of the slopes and dry hollows - eluvial-accumulative(transaccumulative), within local depressions with a deep level of groundwater - accumulative-eluvial elemental landscapes.

Coefficientlocal migration shows the ratio of the content of the element in the soils of subordinate landscapes to autonomous ones.

The typification of catenas is carried out on the basis of the obtained analytical data on the content of elements in soils and parent rocks. Lithologically, monolithic catenas are the most methodologically convenient objects for studying the lateral migration of elements.

Technogenic migration of elements in landscapes. The main consequence of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment is the formation of anomalous concentrations of chemical elements and their compounds as a result of pollution of various components of the landscape. Identification of technogenic anomalies in various media is one of the most important tasks of ecological and geochemical assessments of the state of the environment. To assess the pollution of the natural environment, sampling of snow cover, soils, surface and underground waters, bottom sediments, and vegetation is used.

One of the criteria for the anomalous ecological and geochemical state is technogenic concentration coefficient (K s), which is the ratio of the content of the element in the considered technogenically polluted object to its background content in the components of the natural environment.

Technogenic anomalies have a multi-element composition and have a complex integral effect on living organisms. Therefore, in the practice of environmental and geochemical work, the so-called total pollution indicators are often used. , characterizing the degree of pollution of the whole association of elements relative to the background.

The quality of natural environments can be determined using a system of environmental and geochemical indicators: air pollution index (API), water pollution index (WPI), total soil pollution index (Z c), technogenic concentration coefficient (K c), etc. Each of the indices has its own calculation method. The general methodological approach is that the calculation takes into account the hazard classes of pollutants, quality standards (MACs) and average levels of background pollution.

Scheme of ecological and geochemical research includes three stages: 1) landscape-geochemical analysis of the territory; 2) ecological and geochemical assessment of the state of the natural or natural-anthropogenic environment; 3) landscape geochemical forecast.

Ecological and geochemical research consists of the period of preparation for field work, the actual field period, the most important part of which is the collection of samples at observation points, and the desk period, including analytical, graphical-mathematical and cartographic processing of field materials, their explanation and writing a report.

Stage of landscape-geochemical analysis of the territory. At the stage of preparation for field work, a program is drawn up, research methods and the optimal mode of implementation are selected, general geographic and sectoral analytical and cartographic materials are analyzed.

The methodology for conducting field landscape-geochemical studies depends on the goals, objectives and scope of work. However, regardless of these issues, the geochemical study of landscapes is based on the identification and typology of elementary landscapes. The result of the research is an idea of ​​the radial geochemical structure of the vertical profile of an elementary landscape and an analysis of the catenary geochemical differentiation of cascade systems.

Stage ecological and geochemical assessment The current geochemical state of the territory includes a geochemical indication of the state of the environment. There are two approaches here. One of them is related to the identification and inventory of anthropogenic sources of pollution: the structure, composition and quantity of pollutants. These data are obtained by analyzing emissions, effluents, solid waste (emissions). Another approach is to assess the degree and nature of the real distribution (emission) of pollutants in natural environments.

Analysis of the geochemical transformation of natural landscapes under the influence of technogenesis consists in studying the restructuring of the radial and lateral structures of the landscape, the direction and speed of geochemical processes and the geochemical barriers associated with them. The result of these studies is usually an assessment of the compatibility or incompatibility of natural and technogenic geochemical flows, the degree of variability and resistance of natural systems to technogenesis.

Stage of landscape-geochemical forecast. The task of this stage is to predict the development of changes in the natural environment based on the study of past and present natural and natural-anthropogenic conditions. Such studies are based on the ideas about the stability of natural systems to technogenic loads and the analysis of their responses to these impacts. This approach is reflected in the views of M. A. Glazovskaya on technobiogeomes– territorial systems with a similar response to the same type of anthropogenic impacts.

4.2. Landscape-geophysical research methods

occupies a special place in geoecology. balance method, which is a set of techniques that allow you to explore and predict the development of geosystems by comparing the inflow and outflow of matter and energy. The basis of the method is the balance (balance matrix, model), which contains a quantitative assessment of the movement of matter and energy within the system or when it interacts with the environment. The balance method makes it possible to trace the dynamics of daily and annual cycles, to analyze the distribution of matter and energy flows through different channels.

Scientific research based on the method of balances includes the following stages: 1) drawing up a preliminary list of income and expenditure items; 2) quantitative measurement of parameters by items of income and expenditure; 3) compilation of maps and profiles of the distribution of parameters; 4) accounting for the ratio of incoming and outgoing parts and identifying trends in system changes.

Method of balances in the study of natural geosystems. In physical and geographical studies, the equations of radiation, heat, water balances, biomass balance, etc. are widely used.

Radiation balance is the sum of the inflow and outflow of radiation fluxes absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere and the earth's surface.

Thermal balance is considered as the sum of heat fluxes coming to the earth's surface and leaving it.

Water balance determines the difference between the input and output of moisture in the geosystem, taking into account the transfer of moisture through the air in the form of vapors and clouds, with surface runoff, with ground runoff, in winter with snow transfer.

Biomass balance determines the dynamics of biomass and its share in the geomass structure of the PTC. For example, the balance equation of the woody part of the forest has two income items: long-term growth - wood and seasonal - leaves; and three expense items: litter and eating, respiration losses, and leaf litter. Biomass is defined in wet weight, dry matter weight or ash content. To determine the energy, biomass is converted into calories released during the combustion of each individual organism.

Quantitative relationships between the productivity of vegetation and resources of heat and moisture are determined using indicators of the radiation balance for the year, atmospheric precipitation for the year and the radiation dryness index.

Energy balance in the study of geosystems is one of the few approaches that make it possible to analyze the state and functioning of natural and natural-anthropogenic systems in common units of measurement. The theoretical basis of the energy balance is the concept of open thermodynamic unbalanced systems. Energy enters the natural geosystem mainly from solar radiation, and into the natural-anthropogenic system from two sources - solar radiation, which is converted into chemical energy of plant tissues; and from artificial energy in the form of fuels, goods and services, determined by the accumulated energy intensity. Within the system under consideration, only an insignificant part of the energy (less than 1%) is used to meet the needs of people, the rest is subjected to various transformations, which are accompanied by heat loss. The final stage of these transformations is a certain amount of energy accumulated in the primary production of plants and in certain goods. The universality of energy characteristics ensures their application to complex natural and natural-anthropogenic geosystems, which makes the use of the energy balance method an effective tool for studying environmental problems.

Landscape and geophysical research are aimed at highlighting the vertical structure and functioning of the geocomplex. Considered as the main object stacks– daily states of the structure and functioning of the PTC.

The study of geocomplexes is carried out mainly with stationary observations, where they study the transformation of solar energy, moisture circulation, biogeocycle, vertical structure PTC. The long-term approbation of the technique made it possible to carry out landscape geophysical studies not only by the stationary method, but also by the expeditionary route method, based on the base of stationary observations in the research region.

Initially, geomasses are distinguished in the PTC, and geohorizons are identified by their ratio. Geomasses and geohorizons are the backbone elements of the vertical structure of the geocomplex, and the leading process is the change in the vertical structure.

Geomass they are distinguished by the uniformity of the aggregate state, close values ​​of the specific gravity and specific functional purpose. For example, the soil contains pedomass of various mechanical compositions, lithomass (inclusions), hydromass (soil moisture), phytomass of roots, mortmass (litter, peat), zoomass (soil mesofauna).

Geohorizons– relatively homogeneous layers in the vertical profile of geocomplexes. Each geohorizon is characterized by a specific set and ratio of geomasses. Geohorizons are easily distinguished visually; their set changes during the year, in contrast to the layered structure of vegetation or genetic soil horizons.

Geohorizon indexing is based on the following rules: in the horizon index, geomass classes are indicated in descending order (by mass); after the geomass class, all types are indicated with a comma; after the index, its boundary relative to the soil surface (in meters) is indicated. The increase or decrease in geomass is shown by up or down arrows, and the indices of photosynthetic phytomass, which are in a passive state in winter, are given in brackets.

Stationary observations made it possible to substantiate the indication stacks according to the vertical structure of geocomplexes. The daily state is distinguished by a combination of the following three groups of features: thermal regime, moisture, and changes in the vertical structure.

As a manuscript

RYBAKOV Alexander Anatolievich

ANALYSIS OF THE LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE OF THE NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC COMPLEXES OF THE KARGALINSKY MINES

dissertations for the degree of candidate of geographical sciences

Orenburg 2004

The work was carried out at the Institute of the Steppe of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Scientific Supervisor: Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Doctor of Geographical Sciences Chibilev Alexander Alexandrovich

Official opponents of Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy

Sciences, Professor Demina Tamara Yakovlevna

candidate of geographical sciences, associate professor

Yurina Svetlana Vladimirovna

Lead organization: Russian Research

Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage named after D.S. Likhachev

The defense will take place on February 1, 2005 at (]_ hours at a meeting of the dissertation council of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 212.181.63 at the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Orenburg State University" at the address: 460018, Orenburg, Pobedy Ave., 13, aud. CH-NS

The dissertation can be found in the library of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Orenburg State University"

Scientific Secretary

dissertation council, ^^ R.Sh. Akhmetov

candidate of geographical sciences

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

The relevance of the work. Landscapes transformed by anthropogenic activity play an important role in shaping the modern appearance of the Earth. Among the variety of anthropogenic landscapes, a certain place belongs to mining, in the modern structure of which the quarry-dump type of terrain dominates. The study of the features of the structure and dynamics of mining landscapes is one of the most urgent tasks of modern geoecology.

On the territory of the Orenburg Urals, ancient and ancient copper mines are widespread. Of great importance among them were the Kargaly mines located on the eastern outskirts of the General Syrt upland, in the upper reaches of the Upper Kargalka, Tok and Maly Uran rivers, 60 km north-north-west of Orenburg. The area of ​​the Kargaly mines covers an area of ​​566.0 km2 and stretches from northwest to southeast for 53 km with a width of up to 19 km. The total area of ​​mine workings, expressed in the landscape, is 102.7 km2 or 18.0% of the territory of the mine area.

The history of mine development has two main stages. The beginning of the first developments dates back to the early Bronze Age (1U-III thousand BC), and the end - to the 2nd millennium BC. During this period, the northeastern center of metalworking of the Circumpontian metallurgical province was formed in the Urals, and the Kargaly mines became the leading center of metalworking in the system of the Eurasian metallurgical province.

The revival of the mines took place in the middle of the 18th century and is associated with the name of the Simbirsk merchant I.B. New mines were arranged on the site of developments of the Bronze Age, which contained in dumps a large amount of ferruginous malachite, which was not used in ancient times for smelting ore. The operation of mines in modern times continued until 1913. During this time, copper smelting production was formed in the South Urals, associated specifically with the development of ores from the Kargaly mines .

The radical transformation of landscapes accompanying the development of the deposits of the Kargaly mines, combined with the subsequent long stage of their natural restoration, determined the uniqueness of this territory. At present, these ancient mines are the most valuable scientific testing ground that requires comprehensive study. Original anthropogenic-natural complexes were formed here, characterized by increased structural diversity and activity of geodynamic processes, which determines their facies richness, mosaic and increased biological diversity. The Kargaly mines are an object

notoriko.cupturnpgo. and natural

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LIBRARY I

St. Petersburg/ /

heritage of international importance, in connection with which they deserve the status of a specially protected area.

Despite the uniqueness of the territory of the Kargaly mines, fundamental scientific research was carried out only in the last two decades and was aimed at studying them in historical and archaeological terms and at substantiating the organization of a natural and historical reserve.

Purpose and objectives of the study.

The main purpose of the work is to study the structure and dynamics of the natural-anthropogenic complexes of the Kargaly mines in order to assess the current geoecological situation and justify measures for their protection and rational use.

Reveal the role of the Kargaly mines in the formation of the ancient center of copper-smelting production and determine the main stages of their development;

Substantiate the scientific and cultural significance of the Kargaly mines and develop proposals for the protection and rational use of the Kargaly mines.

Subject of study: the structure and dynamics of landscapes associated with the development of copper ore deposits, and their assessment as objects of natural, historical and cultural heritage.

The content of the dissertation work was based on the results of field and cameral research obtained by the author during 2000-2003. In preparing the work, numerous scientific publications on the topic, materials from scientific archives and special funds were analyzed. The work used a set of methods for physical-geographical and geoecological studies, comparative historical analysis, took into account materials based on special methods of analysis (radiocarbon, metallographic, palynological, etc.).

The scientific novelty of the work consists in the following: numerous materials of scientific publications and the results of surveys devoted to the study of natural and historical and archaeological features of the Kargaly mines are summarized;

for the first time, on the basis of landscape-geographical and historical-archaeological approaches and methods, a comprehensive study of the natural-anthropogenic complexes of the Kargaly mines was carried out, the landscape-typological structure of key territories was revealed;

the role of ancient mining activities in the differentiation of natural ecosystems, accompanied by the complication of their structure and the activation of geodynamic processes, is determined;

A typology of natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the Kargaly mines has been developed;

Structural and dynamic features of mining technical landscapes of mines are revealed;

Use of research results. The provisions and conclusions of the dissertation work can be used by specialists of environmental institutions as a justification for the organization of a protected area with special environmental management regimes, as well as in the development of training courses in secondary and higher educational institutions and the organization of tourism activities

1 The Kargaly mines ensured the safety of the steppe ecosystems of the General Syrt, and therefore they are carriers of valuable information about the soil, biological and landscape diversity of the region.

2. The radical transformation of landscapes caused by the exploitation of mines, combined with long periods of geoecological

rehabilitation, led to the formation of a complex system of natural and anthropogenic complexes

3 The area of ​​the Kargaly mines is one of the largest concentrations of unique historical, cultural and natural objects in Northern Eurasia that need further study and protection.

4 Kargaly mines have a significant recreational and tourist potential, which predetermines the need for the development of appropriate infrastructure.

Approbation of work. The main provisions of the dissertation work were reported at scientific-practical and international conferences, meetings and seminars of various levels: regional scientific-practical conferences of young scientists and specialists (Orenburg, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004); international scientific conferences "Natural and cultural landscapes: problems of ecology and sustainable development" (Pskov, 2002), "Reserve work in Russia, principles, problems, priorities" (Zhigulevsk, 2002), "International (XVI Urals) archaeological meeting" (Perm , 2003), III International Symposium "Steppes of Northern Eurasia" (Orenburg, 2003). II International Conference of Young Scientists and Specialists "Strategy for Nature Management and Conservation of Biodiversity in the 21st Century" (Orenburg, 2004).

The structure and scope of the dissertation

The dissertation work consists of an introduction, 5 chapters, a conclusion, a list of references from 200 sources. The total volume of the dissertation is 165 pages, including 30 figures, 11 tables, 5 appendices

The Introduction discusses the relevance of the problem of studying the geo-ecological state of modern landscapes of ancient and ancient copper mines in the Orenburg Cis-Urals. The goals and objectives of the work are formulated. Modern studies of mining landscapes are associated with the processes of the relationship of anthropogenic landforms with the natural landscape and the development of a classification of natural-anthropogenic complexes. These issues are considered in the works of F.N. Milkova (1973), V.I. Fedotova (1972; 1985; 1989), V.N. Dvurechensky (1974), B.P. Kolesnikov and JI.B. Motorina (1976), D.G. Panova (1964), A.I. Lutsenko (1971).

An outline of the history of the study of the area of ​​the Kargaly mines since the 18th century is given. The first literary information about the Kargaly mines appeared in the 18th century in the works of P.I. Rychkov (1769), P.S. Pallas (1768), I.I. Lepekhina (1769) Information about the fossil fauna and flora of the mines is reflected in the works of F.F. Wangenheim von Qualen (1841), E.I. Eichwald (1861), I.A. Efremov (1931; 1937; 1954), G.D. Musikhin (1999 ) The study of the geological structure of the Kargaly mines is devoted to the works of N. Koksharov (1843), R. Murchison and E. Verneuil (1849), Antipov 2nd (1860), A. Shtukenberg

(1882), A. Nechaev (1902), H V. Polyakov (1929); but the most detailed analysis of the geological situation is by B.JT. Malyutin (1929-1939) and M I Proskuryakov (1971) Local historian and archaeologist S.A. Popov (1971; 1982) wrote about the Kargaly mines as the most valuable object of historical and cultural heritage. Since 1989, expeditions of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (under the direction of E.N. Chernykh - 1993; 1997; 2002) and the OGPU (under the direction of N.L. Morgunova - 1991) have been engaged in historical and archaeological research on the territory of the mines. Since 1993, the Steppe Institute of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences has carried out a complex of geobotanical, archaeological, geological and landscape geoecological studies in the study area. The results are reflected in the works of A.A. Chibileva and others (1993; 1998), G.D. Musikhin (1999), V.M. Pavleychik et al. (2000), C.B. Bogdanova (2001; 2002).

" Chapter 1. Materials and methods of research

The chapter describes the source materials and research methods. The study of the territory of the Kargaly mines was carried out in three stages: preparatory, field work and cameral.

The preparatory stage included the collection and analysis of cartographic, literary and stock materials. The main sources of primary cartographic information were the stock materials of the Orenburg Geological Committee, the Orenburg Land Management and Design and Survey Enterprise, the Orenburg Regional Committee for Land Resources and Land Management, the Committee for Culture and Art of the Administration of the Orenburg Region. To clarify the boundaries and areas of the study area, as well as the landscape features of individual areas, large-scale topographic, agricultural, soil, and geobotanical maps were processed.

The processing resulted in the compilation of a number of preliminary maps, on the basis of which primary information was obtained on the administrative-territorial position of the study area and individual sites, landscape, soil, geobotanical features of the study area. Based on these maps, primary expeditionary routes were outlined.

Field studies were carried out by stationary and route I methods. In key areas identified as a result of the reconnaissance,

complex surveys were carried out in geomorphological, landscape, geobotanical and archaeological areas.

The stage of desk research included the following main stages:

drawing up landscape-typological maps of various scales using landscape mapping methods and applying the results of field research;

Calculation of the coefficients of complexity of the landscape pattern, the task of which was to compare the change in the impact of mining operations on the landscape structure of the tracts;

Typification of natural-anthropogenic complexes using landscape principles and approaches, as well as assessment of their current geoecological state;

Development of criteria for museumification of objects of natural and historical and cultural heritage on the territory of the Kargaly mines, allocation of functional zones and justification of environmental management regimes.

Chapter 2. Natural conditions for the formation of geosystems of the Kargaly mines

The chapter deals with the geoecological prerequisites for the formation of the geosystems of the Kargaly mines - natural conditions, as a natural background, on which specific features associated with the development of copper mines are superimposed. Data on the geographical location of the study area are given, natural conditions are analyzed: geological and geomorphological structure, features of hydrography and hydrogeology, climatic indicators, soil and vegetation cover.

Ancient mining and modern agricultural activities in the study area have radically transformed natural complexes, which is why they have become rare landscapes in their natural state. Based on the studies, the geoecological state of quasi-natural reference areas was determined, the most interesting of which are: Syrtovo-Kargalinsky forests, Myasnikovskaya forb-cereal steppe, aspen groves of Myasnikovsky and Ordynsky ravines, Myasnikovskaya grove.

The paper provides, compiled by the author, a landscape-typological map of the study area, a detailed description of terrain types. A combined analysis of the landscape-typological map and the map of areas for the development of copper ore fields revealed a pronounced confinement of the latter to the valley-beam type of terrain and near-valley areas of the syrt-upland type of terrain. This, apparently, is associated with more favorable conditions for the occurrence of ore bodies located in near erosion incisions and largely devoid of cover deposits.

Chapter 3. History and nature of mining activities in the mines of the Orenburg Urals

The chapter provides an overview on the history and nature of anthropogenic mining activities associated with the development of copper sandstone deposits, both in the territory of the Kargaly mines and within the Orenburg Cis-Urals.

Based on literary, archival and field studies, three groups of copper mines in the Orenburg Cis-Urals have been identified, differing in the time of their operation: 1) ancient mines, 2) mines of the early modern period; 3) mines of the late modern period.

The ancient Kargaly mines, the Saigachi mine, Tuembetovsky were developed both in the Bronze Age and in the New Age. Their antiquity is reliably established by the presence of traces of mining operations (“Chudsky mines”) before the start of large-scale mining of the 18th century (according to P.I. Rychkov, P.S. Pallas and others), as well as mass finds of production tools dated to the Bronze Age, rough ore, slag, the so-called "copper splashes and cakes".

In the early period of the New Age (before the abolition of serfdom), the Kargaly mines, the mine on the city of Yangizka, copper mines near the villages of Priuralsky, Ostrovninsky, Giryalsky, the tract Rudnichnoye, mines on Mount Goryun, near the village. Fedorovka 1st and with. Alexandrovka. It is possible that some of them were developed in antiquity, but there is no reliable information. The work was carried out by the owners of copper smelters and was mainly of an exploratory nature. The most large-scale mining and technical work was carried out at the Kargaly mines. The main labor force was attached peasants, so soon after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, most of the above mines were abandoned. Small mines of this time today are 1-2 adits or pits and a group of dumps; often adits and pits have long been filled up and only dumps have been preserved.

In the late period of the New Age (after the abolition of serfdom), the Kargaly mines, the mines of Sorkul (Schlitter), Karagashtinsky, Kyzyl-Adyrsky, Kuchukbaevsky were developed. In connection with the decrease in available reserves at the Kargaly mines in the 60-90s of the XIX century, the search and development of deposits on the left bank of the Ural River was carried out. In fact, these mines are just exploration areas of huge mining allotments that are not inferior to the area of ​​the Kargaly mines.

A feature of the Kargaly mines is the phenomenal mining and technical transformation of the surface, which began in ancient times. Anthropogenic (mining) landforms are not inferior to natural forms in their severity in the modern landscape. Open pit ore mining was carried out from clearings, pits and quarries. With the help of pits, pipes and shafts, deep-lying ore bodies were mined. Near the mine workings, on areas of tens of square kilometers, dumps of mined waste rock and defective ore are located. Mining work has led to a redistribution of surface and underground runoff

The natural-anthropogenic complexes of the Kargaly mines are fundamentally different from the mining landscapes of other mines of the Bronze Age and the New Age, also based on the cuprous sandstones of the Urals (Saigachiy, Rudnitskoye, Tuembetovsky, etc.). The latter are isolated tracts, consisting of one or two spacings, shafts or adits, bordered by a ridge of dumps. Fine-mosaic fields of failures characteristic of Kargaly, an extraordinary variety of natural, mining, historical and archaeological objects, are absent in these mines. The Kargaly mines have even less in common with

modern developed copper-pyrite deposits of the Southern Trans-Urals. The landscape and historical and cultural originality becomes even more obvious when compared with other major ancient centers of copper mining and processing in the North Caucasus, the Balkans and the Middle East (Belotserkovskoye, Strandzha, Wadi al-Arab), which are not characterized by the collapse of the roof of underground workings and the formation of various kind of negative landforms.

The chapter pays attention to the description of the archaeological objects of the Bronze Age miners-metallurgists and the buildings of the New Age, both related and not directly related to mining activities. cultures of the beginning of the III millennium BC. with a stone mold used for casting copper axes (E.N. Chernykh, 2000). On the territory of three sections of the Kargaly mines, traces of Bronze Age settlements, disturbed by mining structures of the 18th-19th centuries, were recorded. Burial necropolises of miners and metallurgists were studied by N. L. Morgunova near the village. Uranbash in 1992 and C.B. Bogdanov near the village. Pershin and Komissarovo in 2001 (Bogdanov, 2002). One of the dwellings of the settlement of miners-metallurgists of the 18th century was investigated during excavations by E.N. Chernykh on the Gorny hill (Chernykh, 2002).

Traces of a Neolithic settlement dated back to 5,000 B.C. were found near the Novyky hut. AD, preceding in time the period of mine development. In the Pershinsky and Komissarovsky burial grounds, groups of inlet burials of the early Sarmatian time (4th-2nd centuries BC) were revealed - the period when the Kargagty mines had been abandoned for more than five centuries.

Chapter 4

The chapter analyzes the developments of F.N. Milkova (1973; 1978; 1986), L.V. Motorina (1975), V.I. Fedotov (1985; 1989), and other authors on the classification and typology of mining landscapes, the main criterion of which is the method of mining.

The classification developed by us (Table 1) determines the place of the natural-anthropogenic complexes of the Kargaly mines in the landscape sphere. In contrast to the classifications of the above authors, in the rank of order (at a higher level), we single out zonal types of landscapes in order to equalize the role of the lithogenic base, climate and biotic components in the formation of modern landscapes. An order of magnitude lower is the "option", due to the fact that anthropogenic activity is one of the most significant landscape-forming factors. The classification of underground landscapes is currently insufficiently developed; we have singled them out at the level of order, class and type of tract.

Table 1 Taxonomic system of typological units of natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the Kargaly mines

Taxonomic unit of landscapes Typological category of landscapes

DEPARTMENT Ground

Steppe order

Option natural anthropogenic (option)

Flat industrial class

High plains subclass mining industrial

Terrain type syrt-rolly, slope, ravine-beam, floodplain, and above floodplain-terrace subsidence-dump, subsidence

The type and type of the tract are steppe and forb-steppe areas, ravine birch-aspen groves, ravines and gullies, slopes of various exposures and steepness, etc. beams, etc.) multi-temporal with shrubs and mixed grass-meadow vegetation on washed-out-washed soils, seasonal lakes, etc., including complex tracts of waste dump complexes

DEPARTMENT Underground

Order of underground mine workings

Class ore cuprous sandstones

Type of tract horizontal (drifts, etc.) and vertical (mines, etc.) mine workings of various degrees of preservation, grottoes and cornices, etc.

In addition, when classifying mining landscapes, one should proceed from the criteria that determine the current geoecological state of these territories: the time of completion and stages of mining, the nature (melioration, natural processes) and the degree of restoration, modern geodynamic activity, the intensity of processing of the primary landscape, etc.

The landscape-typological structure of the Kargaly mines was considered on the example of 5 key areas ("Panik", "Myasnikovsky", "Staroordynsky", "Uranbash-Ordynsky", "Syrtovo-Kargalinsky"), for which large-scale landscape-typological maps and profiles were developed and compiled the key areas (Figure 1) characterize the natural-anthropogenic complexes composing them.

Figure 1 - Landscape profile of the "Panic" site.

Symbols of the rock - 1 - conglomerates, 2 - clays and marls with sand interlayers, 3 - deluvial Quaternary deposits, 4 - cuprous sandstones and marl clays containing fossil flora and fauna, soils and their indicators - 4 - ordinary low-humus chernozems, 7 - complex soils of mining and technical facies, 8 - washed-out-washed soils of ravines and gullies, 9 - rubble index, 10 - washout index, 11 - deflation index, plant communities - 12 - complex vegetation of mining and technical facies, 13 - forb-grass communities , 14 - birch pegs

Typical tracts corresponding to certain types of mining operations and their consequences are characterized. When assessing the current geoecological state of the tracts, in addition to determining their morphometric parameters, special attention was paid to the study of the structure and composition of the vegetation cover.

Dips are the most numerous type of simple tracts. They are funnels formed as a result of collapses of the roof of underground cavities at the site of the development of large lenses of ore. They are characterized by various sizes - from 2-3 to 50-70 m in diameter and from 1 to 20-25 m deep. In the deepest funnels, ice remains throughout the warm season, and shallow temporary lakes form in cup-shaped silted dips. The dips are usually concentrated in large clusters, consisting of several tens or hundreds of individuals, interspersed with other types of landscape tracts.

The presence of fresh sinkholes is evidence of the modern dynamism and instability of the mining landscapes of the Kargaly mines. The colonization of funnels occurs in stages, initially with mesophilic species: tarragon tarragon (Artemisia draciinculus), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), narrow-leaved fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium),

Thuringian chatma (Lavatera thuringiaca), Tatar motherwort (Leonurus tataricus), Ural larkspur (Delphinium uralense), etc. Subsequent stages of overgrowth of sinkholes as a result of the formation of a complex of reclaimed soils in combination with increased moisture are characterized by the colonization of various types of shrubs: Tatar honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) , shrub caragana (Caragana frutex), spirea crenata (Spiraea crenata), brittle buckthorn (l-rangula alnus), needle rose (Rosa aciculari), steppe cherry (Cerasus fruticosa), laxative gesture (Rhamnus cathartica), low bean (Amygdalus papa ).

Dumps are also numerous, on average 1.5-5 m high, and are located in hilly asymmetric heaps around adits and shafts on areas of several hundred square meters. A direct relationship has been traced between the morphometric parameters of dumps, the nature and composition of the soil and vegetation cover, and the age of their formation. Weakly sod dumps of the 18th-19th centuries. are characterized by the presence of complex groups with a predominance of Mugodzhari thyme (Thymus mugodzharicus), needle-leaved carnation (Dianthus acicularis), two-eared ephedra (Ephedra distachya), Russian cornflower (Centaurea ruthenica), creeping kochia (Kochia proslrata). On the dumps of the 2nd-3rd millennium BC, plant communities close to natural steppe communities are noted. Phytocenoses of feather grass, fescue-feather grass and forest grassland formations predominate with the participation of characteristic species, wormwood (Artemisia austriaca), Turkestan beetroot (Alyssum turkestanicum), thin-legged slender ( Koeleria cristata), hairy breast (Crinitaria villosa), multi-flowered headweed (Jurinea multiflora), etc.

Screes are a very specific type of tracts formed on the steep slopes of beams as a result of the dumping of waste rock from adits and mines. The most significant screes, stretching for several hundred meters, are compactly concentrated on the Myasnikovsky and Ordynsky ravines, where they overlap the gully thalwegs. Thus, screes have a certain landscape-forming role, changing the hydrological regime of gullies and ravines. Small natural dams that retain moisture throughout the season are located along the beams above the screes, or much lower, near their mouths. In this regard, aspen-poplar and aspen-birch groves, thickets of steppe cherry, interspersed with areas of forb-feather grass steppes, are formed near the talus.

Screes are also noted, which are relatively small segmental tongued slums of the dump of a separate mine or adit, which are found everywhere on gentle slopes.

Spacing - tracts, which are shallow, but wide prospecting cuts, punched along the bottom and slopes by pits and adits, bordered by a dump of a horseshoe-shaped or ring-shaped shape. On each of the 11 sites of the Kargaly mines, 1-2 spacings are distinguished, overgrown with shrubs and birch crooked forests.

Adits - horizontal or inclined (up to 10-15 °) workings-driving, cut in the bedrock massif of sandstones in steep sides of beams or vertical walls of separations. The adits, punched at the foot of the steep slopes of the beams and in the spacing, as a rule, are littered at the entrance. Underground workings of a complex configuration extend for kilometers, expanding in places where copper ore accumulates and intersecting with drifts and mines. Traces of habitation of various kinds of troglophiles (in particular, bats) were not found.

Mines - vertical penetrations with a diameter of 1.5 to 3 m, having an average depth of 30-40 m. At a depth of more than 5-7 m, the mines communicate with drifts and adits. Some of the shafts have preserved traces of wooden fasteners near the mouths in the form of symmetrical holes cut in the walls. Separate mines of the New Age are equipped with short, but wide and high side adits, which served to transport waste rock and ore to the surface by carts.

Technological sites for the primary enrichment of copper ore, located near the spreads, mines and adits, as a rule, are located above the dumps and screes. They are slightly soddy, the surface layer is saturated with copper oxides to a depth of 1.52 m, so they are clearly visible from the surface in the form of ring-shaped or horseshoe-shaped accumulations of malachite chips. The sizes of the sites vary from 50 to 300 m2. In the areas "Gorny" ("Staroordynsky") and "Ordynsky ravine" they date back to the Bronze Age.

Figure 2 Typical mosaic combination of dominant types of mining facies (left bank of the Myasnikovsky ravine) Symbols: 1 - dips, 2 - suffusion-sink depressions, 3 - overburden dumps.

The conducted studies show that, depending on the position of the mining sites in relation to the types of terrain and their structural elements, as well as the nature of the anthropogenic microrelief, various types of landscape facies and their complexes are formed, differing in the nature of the vegetation cover and the degree of their leveling by denudation processes (Figure 2).

The gentle slopes are characterized by a combination of sinkholes and dumps, which have retained their sharpest outlines. The sinkholes and foothills of the dumps are usually occupied by thickets of shrubs, petrophytic-steppe vegetation is developed on the dumps, and the background is created by forb and forb-grass communities due to some excess of their moisture. the most typical for the Kargaly mines of the dominant types of mining facies (Figure 3).

On steep and sloping slopes, dips and dumps are rare and largely destroyed by denudation; Here, in places, entrances to horizontal workings are marked.

objects at different geomorphological levels.

Symbols I - gentle elevated damp slope, II - steep riverine slope, III - floodplain, IV - gentle valley slope, nature of the vegetation cover - 1 - zonal grassy steppes, 2 - forest tracts, 3 - forb-grass mesophytic steppe, 4 - thickets of bushes, 5 - anthropogenic variants of geocomplexes

At the lower level (near the soles of the slopes, near erosion incisions, on river floodplain terraces) under conditions of natural elevated

Moisture in combination with small-contrast dissection of the relief by mining forms creates conditions for the formation of extensive shrub thickets and forest clumps. Forms of the anthropogenic relief are in a slightly more destroyed state than on gentle elevated slopes.

In order to determine the significance of mining facilities in the formation of the morphostructure of geocomplexes and the role of other factors in the differentiation of the selected tracts, the entropy complexity, diversity and heterogeneity were calculated for five heterogeneous areas of the Kargaly mines. The results of the analysis (Table 2) show that the degree of complexity and diversity of the structure of the geosystems of the Kargaly mines depends on the leading factor of landscape differentiation, which for a given territory are objects associated with mining activities. At the same time, mining facies, forming a diffuse<

linear structure of geosystems, significantly complicate the lateral and vertical structure of syrt landscapes, superimposed on their parallel-cellular pattern.

Table 2 - Correlation ratios between morphological coefficients and landscape elements.

Correlation ratios Mining objects Sloping and steep slopes of southern exposures Ravines and gullies

Landscape complexity 0.67 -0.68 -0.31

Landscape imagery 0.6 -0.93 -0.38

Landscape heterogeneity 0.56 -0.53 0.23

The analysis of the table below shows that the leading landscape-forming role is played by mining facies, which determine the contrast of manifestations of the ancient metallurgical geocomplexes of the Kargaly mines in the structure of syrt types of terrain. ravine-beam facies shows the importance of mining facies in the formation of landscape morphostructure (

Kargaly mines These tables also reflect the significance of insolation asymmetry in the structure of landscapes. A negative correlation for the sloping and steep slopes of southern exposure with a high reliability index (0.25-0.8) indicates the impact of factors more significant than insolation-circulation processes. The role of channel processes in the formation of these geocomplexes is small.

The study of geodynamic processes at the Kargaly mines made it possible to identify the dominant values ​​of sinkholes above underground cavities and to determine the patterns of their spatial distribution

Based on the analysis of the arable suitability of soils and the nature of the relief, the landscape structure of areas devoid of mining facies was modeled. The results obtained show that in this case the share of arable land increases several times, so mining facilities "preserve" land from possible plowing (Table 3)

Table 3 - The structure of agricultural land in the "Panic" site, existing and modeled in the absence of mining facies.

Structure of agricultural land Arable land, ha Pastures, ha Hayfields, ha

existing 76.8 492.2 13.3

simulated 400.0 182.3 0.0

The high dynamism of modern mining landscapes in terms of the nature of the development of numerous and multifaceted geodynamic processes (denudation slope dumps, landslide, reo- and hydrochemical, etc.), as a rule, creates certain geoecological problems. In the case of the Kargaly mines, almost all the negative consequences of development over a long period have been weakened by natural processes to such an extent that the current geoecological situation here can be assessed as favorable.

Ancient mining objects of different ages form a landscape characterized by increased ecotopic and biological diversity. Tracts of anthropogenic origin determine the complexity of the landscape pattern, increased ecotopic and biological diversity. The analysis of the flora of the Kargaly mines indicates the presence here of species of various ecological groups and, in general, uncharacteristic for the zonal steppe ecosystems of the Common Syrt. Ecotopes of anthropogenic origin contribute up to 30% of uncharacteristic species to the flora of the surrounding steppe ecosystems at the expense of mesophytic and petrophytic species.

The ecotopic richness of the territory and the almost complete absence of modern economic activity determine the presence of rare plant species. The Red Book of Russia (1988) includes the following plants found on the territory of the Kargaly mines: feather grass (Stipa dasyphylla), Zalessky's feather grass (S zalesskii), pinnate feather grass (Spennata), large-flowered kopek (Hedysarum grandiflorum), Razumovsky's kopek (H razoumovianum) The rock-mountain-steppe and hypoendemic species include Ural carnation (Dianthus uralensis), needle-leaved carnation (D acicularis), spiked arthropod (Oxytropis spicata), Mugodzhar thyme (Thymus mugodzharicus), and Bashkir smolenka (Silene baschkirorum). Of the relics, two-eared ephedra (Ephedra distachya), desert sheep (Helictotrichon desertorum), Altai toadflax

(Lmaria altaica) The number of other rare species is rapidly declining due to various kinds of anthropogenic activities and due to growth on the border of its range: many-flowered arthropod (Oxytropis jloribunda), Russian knapweed (Centaurea ruthemca), round-leaved bellflower (Campanula rotundifolia), brittle bladderwort (Cysroptens fragilis), etc.

Thus, the area of ​​the Kargaly mines, in addition to being unique in historical and archaeological terms, is an excellent testing ground for studying the processes of restoration of steppe vegetation, a habitat for a number of rare species and a valuable object for the conservation of the biodiversity of the region.

Chapter 5. Prospects for the protection and rational use of the Kargaly mines

The area of ​​the Kargaly mines is promising from the point of view of the development of recreational and tourist activities, as well as the museumification of objects of historical, cultural and natural heritage.

Figure 4 - Natural and historical and cultural objects on the territory of the Kargaly mines Functional zoning of the museum-reserve.

Natural-cultural and natural complexes A "Panic", B "Myasnikovsky", C "Sgaroordynsky", D "Syrtovo-Kargalinsky", E "Urapbash-Ordynsky" (according to A.A. Chibilev) Historical and archsological sites I "Tok-Uransky" , And "Dikarevsky", III "Panic", IV "Myasnikovsky", V "West-Usolsky", VI "East-Usolsky" VII "Ordynsky", VIII "Portnovsky", IX "Uranbashsky", X "Orlovsky", XI "Petropavlovsky" Functional zones of the Museum-Reserve 1 Regulated conservation regime, 2 Limited nature management (regime of landscape and archaeological reserves), 3 Traditionally environmentally oriented nature management

The optimal nature management regime in the territory of the Kargaly mines should be aimed at preserving the cultural and natural heritage and be developed taking into account the prevailing trends in socio-economic development and the ecological state of the region. A comprehensive analysis of the current state of natural and mining landscapes of the study area, the representativeness and diversity of workings of different ages, areas and compactness of sites made it possible to identify three types of functional zones of the projected museum-reserve (Figure 4).

The zone of regulated conservation regime includes the territory of five sections of the museum-reserve with a total area of ​​2075 hectares: 1) "Gorny-Staroorda" (350 hectares); 2) "Myasnikovsky" (182 hectares); 3) "Panic" (583 ha); 4) "Syrtovo-Kargaly scaffolds" (750 ha); 5) "Uranbash-Orda" (310 ha). They are confiscated from land users, a special regime is introduced for them - nature management, which ensures the preservation and maintenance

optimal state of ecosystems. To restore and maintain the state of the steppe areas, it is necessary to monitor their condition and take measures to exclude any kind of economic activity in the first years and then periodically, as necessary. To prevent the accumulation of excessive steppe felt, a set of measures is needed - moderate grazing, haymaking.

When planning the future development of the museum-reserve, it is necessary to take into account the real biological resources of the territory and create favorable living conditions for animal species typical of Kargaly (roe deer, badger, etc.).

The zone of limited nature management with the regime of archaeological reserves should cover all landscape and historical areas of the Kargaly mines. These territories remain with land users, all types of subsoil use (mining, oil production) are prohibited. The laying of roads and other communications, plowing, all types of construction, the arrangement of summer camps for livestock and other work must be coordinated with the environmental protection authorities, as well as with the administration of the museum-reserve.

The zone of landscape-adaptive nature management occupies the territory adjacent to the mine sites and located inside< внешнего контура исторического меднорудного поля. В сельскохозяйственном

use, it is advisable to introduce adaptive landscape technologies. Pasture animal husbandry should take into account the optimal load of livestock and * be provided with specially equipped watering places Exploration and development

mineral deposits should be carried out on the basis of environmental impact assessment projects.

Among the innovative projects that can be offered to land users located in the area of ​​the Kargaly mines is the creation of a horse farm to provide equestrian tourism, the production of koumiss and the construction of a koumiss clinic.

CONCLUSION

1 The Kargaly mines are a unique representative of the ancient developments of copper deposits in the Orenburg Cis-Urals. During the periods of development (ancient time, early and late periods of modern times), they were the center of metallurgical production in Northern Eurasia.

2. Background landscapes, on which anthropogenic landforms are superimposed, are predominantly represented by syrt-rolly and valley-beam types of terrain. bodies and made it possible to develop them by adits.

3. The high modern reo dynamic activity of landscapes of the Kargaly mines is associated, first of all, with the formation of sinkholes.

forms that are the dominant mining facies of the area. In addition to them, overburden dumps, scree, mines, adits, spacing and technological sites are widespread.

4. Modern classifications of mining landscapes are mainly based on the method of extraction of minerals and do not take into account many specific features characteristic of the area of ​​the Kargaly mines due to the antiquity of their development. The classification developed by us involves the inclusion of the following criteria: a) the intensity of landscape transformation; b) completion time and development stages; c) the nature and degree of recovery; d) modern geodynamic activity.

5. Differentiation of the morphological structure of the landscapes of the Kargaly mining and metallurgical complex is associated with three leading factors: a) the formation of an extensive halo of mineralization with clear boundaries of the copper-bearing formation of the Upper Tatar substage of the Upper Permian;

b) insolation asymmetry of the morphostructure of slope geosystems;

c) mining activities with long recovery stages, which dramatically complicate vertical and lateral interactions

between natural components, which led to the activation of I

geodynamic processes.

6 Transformation of the landscapes of the area of ​​the Kargaly mines, accompanying mining and metallurgical activities, further determined the selective plowing, which is why natural reference sites have been preserved here, which are the most important sources of information about the landscape, soil, and biological diversity of the ecosystems of the Common Syrt.

7 Tracts of anthropogenic origin determine the complexity of the landscape pattern, increased ecotopic and biological diversity. Ecotopes of anthropogenic origin determine

increased, in comparison with the surrounding steppe ecosystems of the General Syrt, the proportion of mesophytic and petrophytic species. The Kargapa mines can be considered as a landscape and botanical refugium.

8. The developed long-term scheme for the organization of the museum-reserve "Kargapinsky mines" with a total area of ​​2075 hectares provides for the establishment of special environmental management regimes in the designated functional areas: -Kargaly scaffolds", "Uranbash-Ordynsky"; b) limited nature management, with the regime of archaeological reserves; c) landscape-adaptive nature management.

9. The area of ​​the Kargaly mines is a unique complex of concentration of objects of mining, historical, cultural and natural heritage. In this regard, it is a promising object for the development of recreational and tourist activities.

1. Rybakov A.A. Kargaly ancient GMTs as a socio-cultural system // Educational, scientific, industrial and innovative activities of higher education in modern conditions: Materials of the International Anniversary Scientific-Practical. conf. - Orenburg, 2001. - S. 48-49.

2. Rybakov A.A. Anthropogenic landscapes of the Kargaly GMC // Region, scientific-practical. Conf of Young Scientists and Specialists: Sat. materials. - Orenburg, 2001. - S. 225-226.

3. Rybakov A.A. Copper mines of the southeastern periphery of the Kargaly ancient GMC // Region, scientific-practical conference of young scientists and specialists: Collection of materials - Orenburg, 2002. - P. 103-104.

4. Chibilev A.A., Rybakov A.A., Pavleichik V.M., Musikhin G.D., Anthropogenic landscapes of the Kargaly copper mines in the Orenburg region // Natural and anthropogenic landscapes. - Irkutsk-Minsk, 2002. - S. 68-74. 1 (author's share 40%).

5. Rybakov A A Ancient and ancient copper mines of the Central Orenburg region // Natural and cultural landscapes: problems of ecology and sustainable development - Pskov, 2002. - P. 124-126.

6. Bogdanov S.V., Ryabukha A.S., Rybakov A.A., Prospects for the organization of the National Park on the basis of objects of historical, cultural and natural heritage of the ancient Kargaly GMTs // Reserve business in Russia: principles, problems, priorities - Zhigulevsk - Bakhilova Polyana, 2002. - P. 450-452. (author's share 30%).

7. Rybakov A.A. Modern value of the ancient Kargaly cupriferous sandstone deposit // Region, scientific-practical. conf. young scientists and specialists: Collection of materials. - Orenburg, 2003. S.106-107.

8. Rybakov A A Landscape specificity of archaeological sites of the Kargaly ancient mining and metallurgical center // International (XVI Ural) archaeological meeting: Proceedings of the international. scientific conf. - Perm, 2003. - S. 251-252.

9. Rybakov A.A. Kargaly mines through the eyes of researchers of the 18th-19th centuries. // Steppes of Northern Eurasia. Standard steppe landscapes: problems of protection, ecological restoration and use. Proceedings of III Intern. Symposium, - Orenburg, 2003. - S. 423-424.

10. Rybakov A.A. The raw material base of the copper industry in the territory of the Orenburg Urals in the XVIII-XIX centuries. // Orenburg region in the system of Eurasian provinces and regions of Russia. Vseros. scientific-practical. conf. - Orenburg, 2004. - S. 52 - 55.

11. Rybakov A.A., Ryabukha A.S. Objects of mining activity of the Bronze Age and the New Age on the territory of the Kargaly mines // Strategy of nature management and biodiversity conservation in the XXI century. conf. young scientists and specialists. - Orenburg, 2004. -S. 111 - 113. (author's share 70%).

Publishing house "Orenburg province" License LR №> 070332 460000, Orenburg, st. Truth, 10, tel. 77-23-53 Signed for publication on December 23, 2004. Format 60x84 1/16. Typeface Times Roman Circulation 100 copies.

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Chapter 1. Materials and methods of research.

Chapter 2. Natural conditions for the formation of geosystems

Kargaly mines.

2.1. Geographical position.

2.2. Features of relief, geology and formation of 22 deposits.

2.3. Climatic features.

2.4. Ground and surface waters.

2.5. Soil cover.

2.6. Plant cover and fauna.

2.7. Landscape-typological features.

Chapter 3. History and nature of mining activities in the mines of the Orenburg Urals.

3.1. Geography of distribution of ancient and old copper mines on the territory of the Orenburg Cis-Urals.

3.1.1. Ancient mines.

3.1.2. Mines of the early modern period.

3.1.3. Mines of the Late Modern Period.

3.2. History of developments of the Kargaly mines.

3.3. The nature of mining activities.

3.4. Archaeological sites related to 52 mining activities.

3.5. Archaeological objects not related to the periods of mine development.

Chapter 4

4.1. Problems of classification.

4.2. Landscape-typological structure of key areas.

4.3. The current state of the main types of tracts.

4.4. Analysis of morphostructural features of geocomplexes of 85 Kargaly mines.

4.5. The main features of the dynamics of mining landscapes.

4.6. geoecological significance.

4.6.1. Preservation of natural and natural-anthropogenic geosystems.

4.6.2. Conservation of biological diversity.

Chapter 5. Perspectives for protection and management

Kargaly mines.

5.1. Security issues.

5.2. The structure of modern nature management.

5.3. Territorial organization of the museum-reserve and nature management regimes in functional zones.

5.3.1. Regulated protected area.

5.3.2. Zone of limited nature use.

5.3.3. Zone of traditional environmentally directed nature management.

5.3.4. Monuments of nature.

5.4. Prospects for protection, restoration and recreational development.

Introduction Dissertation in earth sciences, on the topic "Analysis of the landscape structure of natural and anthropogenic complexes of the Kargaly mines"

Landscapes transformed by anthropogenic activity play an important role in shaping the modern appearance of the Earth. Among the variety of anthropogenic landscapes, a certain place belongs to mining, in the modern structure of which the quarry-dump type of terrain dominates. The transformation of the relief by mining, the change in the integrity of geological structures, the regime of groundwater, the destruction of the soil and vegetation cover leads to the formation of geosystems that differ from natural ones in specific features. The study of the features of the structure and dynamics of mining landscapes is the most urgent task of modern geoecology.

On the territory of the Orenburg Urals, ancient and ancient copper mines are widespread. Among them, the most important were the Kargaly mines, the history of development of which includes two main stages. The first developments date back to the early Bronze Age (4th-3rd millennium BC), ending in the 2nd millennium BC. During this period, the northeastern center of metalworking of the Circumpontian metallurgical province was formed in the Urals, and by the 2nd millennium BC. n. e. The Kargaly mines are becoming the leading metalworking center in the system of the Eurasian Metallurgical Province.

The revival of the mines took place in the middle of the 18th century and is associated with the name of the Simbirsk merchant I.B. New mines were built on the site of Bronze Age mining, which contained in dumps a large amount of ferruginous malachite, which was not used in ancient times for smelting ore. The exploitation of mines in the New Age continued until 1913. During this time, copper smelting production was formed in the Southern Urals, which is associated precisely with the development of the ores of the Kargaly mines.

The territory of the Kargaly mines has long attracted researchers. The first literary information about the Kargaly mines appeared in the 18th century. Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences N.P. Rychkov, who visited the mines in 1762, noted that most of the current developments are ancient mines, clearly indicating the professionalism of the ancient miners: “However, this should not be left without an announcement that with all factories , now located in the Orenburg province, the existing mines for the most part are essentially ancient mines, according to which it is quite clear that the ancient inhabitants of these places in mining, and especially in the smelting of copper, once had great and strong crafts. .

Researchers who visited the mines in the 18th century were more interested in samples of fossil flora and fauna. In 1768, P.S. Pallas informed the Imperial Academy of Sciences that he had sent to St. Petersburg the trunk of a huge petrified tree originating from the Kargaly mines and “requested by the Senate for the Imperial Kunstkamera”. In his travel notes, he mentions: “a copper mine named Saigachiy, located not far from the western bank of the Berdyanka River, which flows into Lik from the left side above Orenburg.”

In 1769, I. Lepekhin, on his way to South Bashkiria, visited the Kargaly mines, leaving brief notes on some sections of the mines. In 1840, Wangenheim Kvalen published information about the fossil fauna of the mines - finds of bones of lizards and fish. E. Eichwald establishes a new species of fossil ganoid fish from copper sandstone mines.

Geological studies of that time at the Kargaly mines were clearly inferior to paleontological ones. English scientists R.I. Murchison and E. Verneuil in their work "Geological Description of European Russia and the Ural Range" only casually mention "a vast country containing copper-sand ores". A general overview of the distribution of cuprous sandstones was made by the mining engineer Antipov-P. He reported that mining work at the Kargaly mines is carried out without surveying plans and without fastening, and the workings in the mines are curving in all directions, of irregular shape and size.

A continuous geological survey of the mines was carried out in the 20s of the XX century in connection with an assessment of the prospects for exploiting this deposit in the context of the emergence of more cost-effective technologies. The study of mining engineer K.V. Polyakov is devoted to the identification of copper reserves in the dumps of the Kargaly mines, according to which the ore reserves were estimated at 1.5 million tons, and the total copper reserves - 17.25 thousand tons.

The most detailed geological surveys at the Kargaly mines were carried out from 1929 to 1939 under the direction of B.JI. Malyutin. As a result of the work, the confinement of the deposit to the channel facies was proved and the relationship of elevated copper concentrations with carbonic plant residues was experimentally confirmed. The total copper reserves of this region were estimated at 200 thousand tons.

In the 60s of the XX century, in connection with the possibility of finding rare elements in the cuprous sandstones of the Urals, as well as the prospect of discovering larger deposits, practical interest was again shown in them. As a result of research conducted by geologists under the leadership of A.V. Purkin and V.L. Malyutin, the Kargalinskoye copper deposit was recognized as unpromising and in 1971 removed from the balance sheet as having lost its industrial significance. The last significant work on cuprous sandstones, where the Kargalinskoye field was covered, was a report by M.I. Proskuryakov et al., compiled in the same 1971.

In studies of the fossil fauna of the Kargaly mines, we note, first of all, the work of the paleontologist and science fiction writer I.A. Efremov, who studied the mines in 1929, 1936 and 1939. The research resulted in publications that reflect information about paleontology, geology, the history of geological research, information about ancient and old developments in mines, maps of ore allotments. He wrote an artistic story-essay about his adventures in the mines and the fate of local miners.

In recent decades, the Kargaly mines have been intensively studied in historical and archaeological terms.

In 1988, during exploration work in the area of ​​the Kargaly mines, carried out by the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (under the leadership of E.N. Chernykh), expeditions of the Orenburg State Pedagogical Institute (N.L. Morgunova), the Institute of the Steppe of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (S.V. Bogdanov ) settlements and burial mounds were discovered adjacent to individual mines, from which a conclusion was made about the time of these developments. Surveys by the expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences revealed a settlement of miners-metallurgists at the Gorny site and compiled a security passport for the Kargaly mines, as a monument of history and culture of republican significance. Based on the results of these explorations, it became obvious that the Gorny, Panika, Myasnikovsky, Ordynsky sites are of the greatest interest for historical and archaeological research, since the ancient monuments on their territory were destroyed by the mine workings of the New Age to a lesser extent than on others. Later, an exploratory trench was laid on the "Gorny" site on the territory of the settlement, and in 1991-1992. On the territory of the Kargaly ore field, another 15 points with ancient and old cultural layers were discovered. Orenburg archaeological expedition of the OGPI led by H.JI. Morgunova and O.I. Powder carried out excavations of the burial mound near the village. Uranbash.

The main goal of archaeological research in the 90s of the XX century, including expeditionary and cameral laboratory work, was to reveal the main features of the production of the early period of the Kargaly mines. The problem of correlation of Kargaly mines with metallurgical centers and provinces of Eurasia in the Bronze Age, as well as the place and significance of the Kargaly complex in the structure of each of these systems (Circumpontian and Eurasian metallurgical provinces) was studied.

The research of the Steppe Institute of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is devoted to the problem of studying, preserving and optimally using the objects of natural and cultural heritage of the Kargaly mines. In 1993, the Institute of the Steppe of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of A.A. The certification of natural attractions carried out by the Institute of the Steppe of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences made it possible to include a number of objects of scientific, educational and environmental value in the list of natural monuments approved by the order of the Administration of the Orenburg Region No. . By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (No. 176 of February 20, 1995) the Kargaly mines were given the status of a monument of cultural, historical and natural heritage of federal significance.

In 2000-2001 The Laboratory of Historical, Cultural and Natural Heritage of the Institute of the Steppe conducted a comprehensive archaeological and geoecological expedition with the participation of the author of the study. As a result of archaeological excavations, the mounds of the Pershinsky burial ground were investigated and excavations of the Komissarovskoye burial ground began.

The radical transformation of landscapes during the development of the deposits of the Kargaly mines and the subsequent long stage of their natural restoration determined the uniqueness of this territory. At present, these ancient mines are the most valuable scientific testing ground that requires comprehensive study. Original anthropogenic-natural complexes have formed here, characterized by increased structural diversity and activity of geodynamic processes, which determines their facies richness and mosaicity, as well as increased biological diversity. The Kargaly mines are an object of historical, cultural and natural heritage of international importance, and therefore deserve the status of a specially protected area.

The purpose and objectives of the research:

The main purpose of the work is to study the structure and dynamics of the mining landscapes of the Kargaly mines in order to assess the current geoecological situation and justify measures for their protection and rational use.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were solved:

Reveal the role of the Kargaly mines in the formation of the ancient center of copper smelting production and determine the main stages of their development;

To study the natural and anthropogenic conditions and factors that determine the modern landscape structure of the Kargaly copper mines;

Reveal the nature of ancient mining activities and determine the current geo-ecological state of anthropogenic objects;

Determine the degree of differentiation of natural systems under the influence of mining activities and the ability to restore steppe ecosystems;

Based on complex landscape studies, to identify the role of ancient mining activities as a factor determining the preservation of natural geosystems and forming anthropogenic-natural ones with increased structural and biological diversity;

Substantiate the high scientific and cultural value of the Kargaly mines and develop proposals for the protection and rational use of the Kargaly mines.

Object of study: natural and anthropogenic complexes of the Kargaly copper ore region.

Subject of study: the structure and dynamics of landscapes associated with the development of copper ore deposits and their assessment as objects of natural, historical and cultural heritage.

Used materials and research methods.

The content of the dissertation work was based on the results of field and cameral research obtained by the author during 2000-2003. In preparing the work, numerous scientific publications on the topic, materials from scientific archives and special funds were analyzed. The work used a set of methods for physical-geographical and geoecological studies, comparative historical analysis, took into account materials based on special methods of analysis (radiocarbon, metallographic, palynological, etc.).

The scientific novelty of the work is as follows:

Numerous materials of scientific publications and the results of surveys devoted to the study of natural and historical and archaeological features of the Kargaly mines are summarized;

For the first time, on the basis of landscape-geographical and historical-archaeological approaches and methods, a comprehensive study of the natural-anthropogenic complexes of the Kargaly mines was carried out, the landscape-typological structure of key territories was revealed;

The role of ancient mining activities in the differentiation of natural ecosystems, accompanied by the complication of their structure and the activation of geodynamic processes, has been determined;

A set of measures aimed at protecting and optimizing the use of natural resources at the Kargaly mines has been developed.

The most significant scientific results obtained personally by the author are as follows:

A typology of natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the Kargaly mines has been developed; structural and dynamic features of mining landscapes of mines are revealed;

The high scientific, educational and recreational significance of the Kargaly mines is substantiated.

The reliability of the scientific provisions, conclusions and recommendations of the work is confirmed by a significant amount of data obtained in the course of expeditionary research and their analysis based on the principles and methods of physical geography and landscape science, as well as a detailed study of numerous literary and fund sources.

The practical significance of the work lies in the prospective establishment of special environmental management regimes aimed at preserving the unique ancient mining landscapes of the Ural steppe and in developing the recreational and scientific and educational potential of the territory.

Use of research results. The provisions and conclusions of the dissertation work can be used by specialists of environmental institutions in the organization of a specially protected area and the establishment of environmental management regimes, as well as in the development of training courses in secondary and higher educational institutions and the organization of tourism activities.

Key Protected Provisions:

1. The Kargaly mines ensured the safety of the steppe ecosystems of the General Syrt, and therefore they are carriers of valuable information about the soil, biological and landscape diversity of the region.

2. The radical transformation of landscapes caused by the exploitation of mines, combined with long periods of geo-ecological rehabilitation, led to the formation of a complex system of natural-anthropogenic complexes.

3. The area of ​​the Kargaly mines is one of the largest concentrations of unique historical, cultural and natural objects in Northern Eurasia that need further study and protection.

4. Kargaly mines have a significant recreational and tourist potential, which determines the need for the development of appropriate infrastructure.

Approbation of work. The main provisions of the dissertation work were reported at scientific-practical and international conferences, meetings and seminars of various levels: regional scientific-practical conferences of young scientists and specialists (Orenburg, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004); international scientific conferences "Natural and cultural landscapes: problems of ecology and sustainable development" (Pskov, 2002), "Reserve work in Russia, principles, problems, priorities" (Zhigulevsk, 2002), "International (XVI Urals) archaeological meeting" (Perm , 2003), III International Symposium "Steppes of Northern Eurasia" (Orenburg, 2003), II International Conference of Young Scientists and Specialists "Strategy for Nature Management and Biodiversity Conservation in the 21st Century" (Orenburg, 2004).

The structure and scope of the dissertation.

The dissertation work consists of an introduction, 5 chapters, a conclusion, a list of references from 200 sources. The total volume of the dissertation is 165 pages, including 30 figures, 11 tables, 5 appendices.

Conclusion Thesis on the topic "Geoecology", Rybakov, Alexander Anatolievich

CONCLUSION

The conducted research allows us to formulate the following conclusions:

1. The Kargaly mines are a unique representative of the ancient developments of copper deposits in the Orenburg Cis-Urals. During the periods of development (ancient time, early and late periods of modern times), they were the center of metallurgical production in Northern Eurasia.

2. Background landscapes, on which anthropogenic landforms are superimposed, are represented mainly by syrt-rolly and valley-beam types of terrain. The extraction of cuprous sandstones is confined mainly to various structural elements of erosion incisions (slopes, upper edge and bottom), which practically opened up ore bodies and made it possible to develop them by adits.

3. The high modern geodynamic activity of the landscapes of the Kargaly mines is associated, first of all, with the formation of failure forms, which are the dominant mining facies of this territory. In addition to them, overburden dumps, scree, mines, adits, spacing and technological sites are widespread.

4. Modern classifications of mining landscapes are mainly based on the method of extraction of minerals and do not take into account many specific features characteristic of the area of ​​the Kargaly mines due to the antiquity of their mining. The developed classification assumes the inclusion of the following criteria: a) intensity of landscape transformation; b) completion time and development stages; c) the nature and degree of recovery; d) modern geodynamic activity.

5. Differentiation of the morphological structure of the landscapes of the Kargaly mining and metallurgical complex is associated with three leading factors: a) the formation of an extensive halo of mineralization with clear boundaries of the copper-bearing formation of the Upper Tatar substage of the Upper Permian; b) insolation asymmetry of the morphostructure of slope geosystems; c) mining activities with long recovery stages, which dramatically complicate the vertical and lateral interactions between natural components, which led to the activation of geodynamic processes.

6. Transformation of the landscapes of the area of ​​the Kargaly mines, accompanying the mining and metallurgical activity, further determined the selective plowing, which is why natural reference sites have been preserved here, which are the most important sources of information about the landscape, soil, and biological diversity of the ecosystems of the Common Syrt.

7. Tracts of anthropogenic origin determine the complexity of the landscape pattern, increased ecotopic and biological diversity. Ecotopes of anthropogenic origin determine an increased proportion of mesophytic and petrophytic species compared to the surrounding steppe ecosystems of the Common Syrt. The Kargaly mines can be considered as a landscape and botanical refugium.

8. The developed long-term scheme for the organization of the museum-reserve "Kargalinsky mines" with a total area of ​​2175 hectares provides for the establishment of special environmental management regimes in the designated functional areas: -Kargaly scaffolds", "Uranbash-Ordynsky"; b) limited nature management, with the regime of archaeological reserves; c) landscape-adaptive nature management.

9. The area of ​​the Kargaly mines is a unique complex of concentration of objects of mining, historical, cultural and natural heritage. In this regard, it is a promising object for the development of recreational and tourist activities.

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126. Chibilev A.A. (ed.) Geographical atlas of the Orenburg region.-M.: Publishing house DIK, 1999.- 95 p.

127. Chibilev A.A. Ecological optimization of steppe landscapes. - Sverdlovsk: Ural Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1992. 171 p.

128. Chibilev, A.A., Musikhin, G.D., and Petrishchev, Problems of ecological harmonization of mining landscapes in the Orenburg region, Gorn. magazine 1996.- No. 5 - 6. - S. 99-103.

129. Chibilev A.A. Natural heritage of the Orenburg region. - Orenburg: Book. publishing house, 1996. -381 p.

130. Chibilev A.A. Chibilev A.A., Kirsanov M.V., Musikhin G.D., Petrishchev V.P., Pavleychik V.M., Plugin D.V., Sivokhip D.T. - Orenburg: Orenb. book. publishing house, 2000. 400 p.

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138. Ambers J. and Bowman S. Radiocarbon measurements from the British Museum: Datelist XXV. Archaeometry, 41.-1999.- P. 185-195.

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146. STOCK MATERIALS Funds of the Institute of the Steppe of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

147. Chibilev A.A. and others. Report on the research topic No. 935-SP: “Landscape and historical justification for the project of organizing the landscape and historical reserve “Kargaly mines”. - Orenburg, 1993. 70 p.

148. Funds of the Orenburg Geological Committee

149. Demin I.V., Malyutin V.L. Industrial report on the work of the Kargaly geological exploration party in 1929-1930. / SUGU. 1930. -120 p.

150. Kutergin A.M. and others. Report on the topics: No. 46/1945 “Paleogeography and facies of copper-bearing Upper Permian deposits of the Cis-Urals; "Maps of terrigenous-mineralogical provinces of the Urals for the Upper Permian time" / Uraltergeoupravlenie. Sverdlovsk, 1972. - 145 p.

151. Malyuga V.I., Khokhod T.A. Preliminary report on the results of the revision work of the Kargaly PRP in 1960 / Geol. expedition. -Orenburg. 85 p.

152. Malyutin V.L. Report on the exploration of cuprous sandstones of the Kargaly mines / YuUGU. 1931. - 70 p.

153. Malyutin V.L. Consolidated report on exploration work in 1929-1932 at the Kargaly copper sandstone deposit / Sred.-Volzh. geol. ex. Kuibyshev, 1938. -132 p.

154. Malyutin V.L. Geological structure and genesis of cuprous sandstones of the Kargaly and other mines of the Western Urals. 1946. - 53 p.

155. Passport of the Kargaly copper deposit / Funds of OTGU. 26 p.

156. Polyakov K.V. Technical report on sampling and determination of ore reserves in the dumps of the Kargaly copper mines: Manuscript. / Orenb. geolkom. - Orenburg, 1929. 35 p.

157. Proskuryakov M.I. Generalization of the results of exploration and field work on cuprous sandstones in the Orenburg Cis-Urals for 1950-70: Manuscript. / Orenb. geolkom. - Orenburg, 1971. 115 p.

158. Purkin A.V., Barkov A.F. et al. A note to substantiate the search for commercial copper deposits in the Upper Permian deposits of the Urals / Ural., Bashkir, and Orenb. geol. ex. Sverdlovsk, 1961. - 65 p.

159. Sheina A.V., Deryagina G.S. Report on the work carried out on the Permian copper sandstones for the period from 1962 to 1965. / Ural. geol. ex. - Sverdlovsk, 1965. 103 p.

160. Funds of the Committee on Land Resources and Land Management1. Orenburg region

161. Technical report on the correction of soil survey materials of Kolkhoz im. Karl Marx of the Sakmarsky district of the Orenburg region / A.S. Lobanov, S.A. Samsonov, L.T. Voronkova-Orenburg, 1991. 74 e.; Soil, map.

162. Technical report on the correction of soil survey materials of the Krasnaya Zhitnitsa state farm, Sakmarsky district of the Orenburg region / N.I. Skoptsov, A.N. Strelnikov, A.S. Lobanov. - Orenburg, 1990. 93 e .; Soil, map.

163. Skoptsov N.I., Strelnikov A.N., Lobanov A.S. Orenburg, 1990. - 93 e.; Soil, map.

164. Technical report on the correction of the materials of the soil survey of the collective farm "Progress" of the Aleksandrovsky district of the Orenburg region. / M.G.Kit, Z.ILtsyuk. Lvov, 1986. - 63 e.; Soil, map.

165. Technical report on the correction of soil survey materials of the state farm. Karl Marx Aleksandrovsky district of the Orenburg region. / M.G.Kit, Z.I.Yatsyuk Z.I. Lvov, 1986. - 93 e.; Soil, map.

166. Technical report on the correction of soil survey materials of the Uranbash state farm, Oktyabrsky district, Orenburg region. / N.I. Skoptsov, V.P. Menshikov, A.N. Strelnikov. - Orenburg, 1986. 107 e.; Soil, map.

167. Technical report on the correction of soil survey materials of the Rassvet collective farm, Oktyabrsky district, Orenburg region. / N.I. Skoptsov, V.P. Menshikov, A.N. Strelnikov. - Orenburg, 1990. 71 e.; Soil, map.

168. Cadastre of monuments on the territory of the Kargaly mines (according to A.A. Chibilev 149.) p / p Name of the object Brief description Location and land user Area, ha Type of monument1. Alexandrovsky district