Theory is an antonym. Antonyms for the word "theory

The "germ" of practice
"Colleague" of the hypothesis
... big bang
... relativity
translated from Greek, this word means "observation, research", and it entered the Russian language in the first half of the 18th century and replaced the Russian words: speculation, reflection, reasoning, thought
hypotheses and inferences
hypotheses, assumptions and inferences
and. Greek speculation, inference; conclusion, conclusion from something, not appearance in practice, but according to one's own conclusions; opposite case, in fact, experience, practice. The theory is not always correct; she is waiting for confirmation of the experience. Theoretical, speculative, speculative. The theorist, the theoretician who holds on to speculations alone, believes them, stands by them. Theorem a proposition that needs to be proven
scientific doctrine
she's dead without practice
it is reinforced by practice
it is tested by practice
opponent and colleague of practice
harbinger of practice
a system of ideas that is dead without practice
a system of basic ideas in a branch of knowledge
a set of generalized provisions that form a science or a branch of science
what is tested by practice
strengthened by practice
doctrine, system of scientific principles
doctrine, a system of scientific principles, ideas summarizing practical experience
Richard Donner's "...conspiracy" film
set of principles, ideas underlying something
tested by practice
scientific belief system
(Greek, from theorein - to look, to consider). 1) the speculative part of some science, the opposite of practice. 2) a body of knowledge that gives a complete explanation of the known order of things.
as opposed to experience and practice, abstract research; scientific work that does not aim to apply scientific conclusions directly to the case, to life; the main provisions of Ph.D. a separate science, set out in a logical order.
Greek theoria, from theoros, spectator, observer. a) A speculative explanation of some phenomenon. b) Laws and regulations of science without application to practice.
knowledge built on abstract principles and arising from them with a logical sequence; often completely at odds with the practice to which it is opposed.
Teaching, a system of scientific principles.
Translated from Greek, this word means “observation, research”, and it entered the Russian language in the first half of the 18th century and replaced the Russian words: speculation, reflection, reasoning, thought.
Film by Richard Donner "...conspiracy".
... relativity.
film by Richard Donner THEORY conspiracy"
translated from Greek, this word means “observation, research”, and it entered the Russian language in the first half of the 18th century and replaced the Russian words: speculation, reflection, reasoning, thought
THEORY relativity
"colleague" of the hypothesis
"germ" of practice
THEORY big bang

This page shows opposite words for theory. Total found antonyms: 4 . From the list you can choose the most appropriate antonyms for the word «theory»

For the word " theory» antonyms and opposite words:

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axiom proof practice empiricism

Antonyms are words that have the opposite meaning, are different in sound, but belong to the same part of speech. Antonyms can be single-root words formed with a prefix that carries a negative meaning. For example, noisy - silent. If the words belong to different parts of speech, then they cannot be antonyms.

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The composition of the word theory: the root in the word, the suffix, the prefix and the ending .... Morphemic analysis of the word theory by composition

Words with the same root ... these are words that have a root ... belonging to different parts of speech, and at the same time close in meaning ... Rhyming Words for Theory

Decline the word theory by cases in the singular and plural .... Declension of the word theory by cases

Full morphological analysis of the word "theory": Part of speech, initial form, morphological features and word forms. The direction of the science of language, where the word is studied ... Morphological parsing theory

The stress in the word theory: which syllable is stressed and how ... The word "theory" is correctly spelled as ... Emphasis on the word theory

> Antonyms

The concept of antonyms

Anto'nymy (gr. anti- against and onyma- name) - linguistic units opposed to each other according to the most significant semantic feature for their meaning. The meaning of one of the antonyms can often be explained through the meaning of the other with the help of negation. For example: allow - do not forbid, speak - do not be silent etc.

The phenomenon of antonymy, as well as the phenomenon of synonymy, is closely related to the polysemy of the word. The same word can have different antonyms in different meanings. For example: old man - young man, old house - new house, old bread - fresh bread etc.

It should be noted that, unlike synonyms, which can be found in words of various semantic types, antonyms can only be found in certain classes of words.

The main feature of antonymy is the polarity (opposition) of words denoting: 1) signs (distant - close, talented - mediocre, beautiful - disgusting); 2) actions and states (cheer - grieve, break - build, rejoice - grieve); 3) natural and social phenomena (heat - cold, knowledge - ignorance, west - east) etc.

Antonymic series

Two or more antonyms that are semantically close in terms of opposition form in the language antonymic series (antonymic paradigm ). According to the number of members, antonymic series are divided into binary (for example: left - right, complexity - simplicity etc.) and polynar (for example: destroy - create, create, build; love - hatred, hostility, malevolence, dislike etc.). The Russian language is dominated by binary antonymic series.

The antonymic series, in addition to individual words, may include phrases and phraseological units. For example: close - where Makar did not drive calves, far away etc.

Antonym classifications

By structure

heteroroot	single root

Different root antonyms - antonyms with different roots. For example: narrow - wide, fear - courage, giant - midget etc.

One-root antonyms Antonyms that have the same root. For example: faith - unbelief, happiness - unhappiness, certain - indefinite etc. One-root antonyms are usually formed using prefixes non-, without- / demon-, counter-, anti-, a-, ir-,de-(des-), re-, dis- and etc. (considered - thoughtless, noisy - silent, attack - counterattack, democratic - anti-democratic, moral - immoral, real - unreal, organization - disorganization, progress - regression, qualification - disqualification).

Anto'nimy-enantiose'my express the meaning of opposites in the same word. For example: view(view) and view(overlook), borrow(someone has money) and borrow(to someone for money), etc. Antonyms-enantiosemes are often used in colloquial speech. For example: Well, great! meaning "bad" I will definitely go! in the meaning of "I won't go", etc.

A special group of antonyms are contextual (contextual-a´authorial, situational) antonyms , which are contrasted in meaning only in this context and are due to the specifics of the author's style. For example: She didn't have cheeks, but cheeks.

By value

counter	contradictory	conversion

Contra´ry (opposite) antonyms designate the opposition of objects, signs, phenomena. The composition of the counter-antonymic series can include the middle member - a word with a relatively neutral meaning, around which positive and negative members are located. For example: love - indifference - hate etc.

Contradictory (contradictory) antonyms denote the opposition of objects, signs, phenomena, one of which excludes the existence of the other. The middle member cannot be included in the antonymic series. For example: up - 0 - way down etc.

Conversive (vector) antonyms - a special type of antonyms denoting the opposite of differently directed actions, signs. For example: give - take, sell - buy etc. Some linguists do not include conversives as antonyms.

Functions of antonyms

Antonyms perform a stylistic function, which is realized in the creation of some stylistic figures - antithesis, oxymoron, etc.

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Different-sounding words of one part of speech, having polar opposite meanings, are called antonyms (Greek anti - against and opuma - name).

Antonyms have special language indicators. First, they express logically opposite, but correlative concepts with each other. Yes, antonyms work - deep rest - shallow, love - hate, fun - sad reveal from opposite sides correlative concepts associated with one circle of objects, signs, processes.

Antonyms can only be words that are diametrically opposed in meaning. If there is no complete contrast between the meanings of words, then there are no antonyms. For example, pairs of words evening night; east, south; black, light; white, dark are not antonyms, since they do not indicate a complete opposition (a complete opposition is expressed by the words: night - day, evening - morning, east - west, south - north, black - white, light - dark).

Secondly, antonyms are regularly opposed to each other. This means that the name of one member of an antonymous pair evokes in our minds the idea of another, opposite member. For example, words true, strong, joy, long, coming, up associated with contrasting words lie, weak, grief, recently, leave, down.

Thirdly, antonyms are characterized by the same or similar lexical compatibility, that is, the ability to associate with the same words. Yes, antonyms high and low freely combined with nouns that name objects of a certain size: house, post, oak, table, wardrobe, stack and others

Types of antonyms (Classification of antonyms).

Antonyms are classified based on their formal and semantic properties.

From point of view structural classification antonyms are divided into heterogeneous (high - low, cheerful - sad, left - right, loud - quiet, rise - decline, everything - nothing, in - from) and one-root , which are distinguished by prefixes opposite in meaning ( fly - fly away, get in - get off, tie - untie, import - export) or form an opposite as a result of adding a prefix to the word, giving it the opposite meaning (cultural - uncultured, tasty - tasteless, scientific - anti-scientific, strong - powerless).

A special unproductive type is enantiosemy , or intra-word antonymy, the opposite of the meanings of the same word: make a reservation (intentionally) - " make a reservation" to make a reservation (accidentally) - “to make a mistake»; lend (someone money) - borrow (someone has money). Speech enantiosemy is much more common: Oh, and smart!("stupid"); Well, clean!(about a dirty suit, the appearance of a person). As you can see, the opposite is emphasized here by different lexical compatibility, constructive conditionality, different intonational design of opposite LSV words.

Antonyms language and speech. Antonyms of language should be distinguished from antonyms of speech. Language antonyms are characterized by the regularity of reproduction and fixation in the dictionary. Speech antonyms arise in a certain context or in a specific speech situation; taken out of context or out of the speech environment, they cease to be antonyms. For example: They agreed: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other.(Pushk.); You may not be a poet. But you have to be a citizen(Nekr.).

Semantic classification antonyms is based on the type of opposition they express. Depending on this, they are divided into classes of antonyms.

1 . First grade . Antonyms expressing qualitative opposite, implement in the language a counter-opposite and reveal a gradual (gradual) opposition, which characterizes a gradual change in quality, property, feature, etc.:

cold cool (normal temperature) warm hot

Wed: beautiful - (pretty - [normal looking] - nondescript) - ugly ; light - (easy - [medium] - not easy) - difficult etc. The true antonyms are the symmetrical extreme members of the paradigm.

Qualitative adjectives with prefixes not- and without- form antonyms with the corresponding non-prefixed words only if they are the ultimate members of the paradigm: literate - illiterate, illiterate; convincing - unconvincing; strong - powerless(cf. intermediate members of such oppositions: illiterate, not entirely convincing, weak). Contradictions of the same type young - middle-aged, tall - short antonyms do not form, as they express contradictory concepts.

The first class of antonyms is adjoined by a small group of denotations of temporal and spatial coordinates, which are not qualitative words, but have peculiar stepped paradigms:
the day before yesterday - yesterday - today - tomorrow - the day after tomorrow, front - middle - back(about the car).

2. Second class. Antonyms expressing complementarity (complementarity), make up a relatively small number of pairs of words, the paradigms of which are represented by only two members (unless, of course, we do not count their synonyms): true - false.

For antonyms of this class, the statement is valid: (not true → false, not false → true).

Examples of complementary antonyms that complement each other to the whole are pairs: wet - dry, war - peace, voluntary - forced, life - death, you can - you can not, final - endless, observe - violate.

Words expressing strict complementarity are characterized by the classifying, delimiting (disjunctive) nature of their meanings: flax is healthy, true is false, true is false. In expressions like He is not well; It was half true we are dealing with everyday and "softened" (euphemistic) use of words, the true meaning of which is "sick", "untrue", "lie".

3. Third class. Antonyms expressing opposite direction of actions, properties and signs, form a vector, directed opposite, widely represented in the language and remaining outside of linguistic research for a long time. This is an antonym enter - exit, rise - fall, dress - undress, speed up - slow down; sunrise - sunset, assembly - disassembly, increase - decrease; supporter - opponent, legal - illegal, forward - backward, in - from, to - from etc.

Morphological ranks of antonyms.

Antonyms can be:

a) quality adjectives: white - black, high - low, soft - hard, clean - dirty;

b) nouns: peace - war, silence - noise, heat - cold, youth - old age(correlative with antonymous adjectives young - old);

c) verbs (including participles and gerunds): get light - get dark, start - finish, get younger - grow old(correlative with antonymous adjectives young - old); enlightened - darkened, destroyed - restored; raising - lowering;

d) adverbs: dry - wet, wide - narrow, early - late, up - down, here - there;

e) some pronouns and prepositions: everything is nobody, everything is nothing; along - across, under - over, in - out.

Not all lexical units of the indicated parts of speech enter into antonymic pairs, but only words of certain lexical and grammatical categories. Antonyms do not have:

a) proper and specific nouns; for example, there are no antonyms for nouns Alps, Ivan, Kyiv, Luna; hair, head, wood, pencil, book, coffee, horse, school desk, pen, post, notebook, ink;

6) numerals and most pronouns; for example, pronouns such as I, you; we you; yours, mine; that is, because they do not denote opposite concepts;

c) highly specialized words: apostrophe, refrain, detonator, cryosphere, chromogens, litmus and others;

d) relative and possessive adjectives, as well as many qualitative adjectives that name colors and their shades: scarlet, beige, brown, black, blue, yellow, blue and etc.

Thus, there is a known connection between the ability of a word to enter into antonymic relations and its belonging to the lexico-grammatical category.

Antonyms and polysemy of the word.

Like synonyms, antonyms are associated with the polysemy of the word. An ambiguous word can have several antonyms. Yes, the word thin one of its meanings is antonymous with the word thick, and others - the word good: thin(child) - thick(child), thin(human) - good(human). The word has several antonyms fresh: fresh(bread) - stale(bread), fresh(cucumber) - salty(cucumber), fresh(air) - stale(air), fresh(collar) - filthy(collar), fresh(wind) - warm(wind), fresh(traces) - old(traces). By the way quiet antonyms can be loud, noisy, restless, strong, fast: quiet(voice) - loud(voice), quiet(day) - noisy(day), quiet(human) - restless(human), quiet(wind) - strong(wind), quiet(move) - quick(move).

As you can see, words, entering into antonymic pairs at one lexical-semantic level, lose this property at another. This pattern confirms the interdependence and interdependence of lexical units, the systemic nature of their relations.

Stylistic use of antonyms.

The use of antonyms gives expressiveness to speech, contributes to a comprehensive clarification of the concept. Antonyms are a bright stylistic means of the language; they underlie such stylistic devices as antithesis, irony, oxymoron.

Antithesis (from the Greek antithesis - opposition) is a stylistic turn in which sharply contrasting concepts are opposed: Who was nothing will become everything(E. Pottier); You are wretched, you are abundant, you are powerful, you are powerless, Mother Russia(Nekr.).

Irony(rpech. eironeia - pretense, mockery) - a stylistic device in which the word is used in its opposite meaning for the purpose of subtle, hidden ridicule: My uncle had the most honest rules, when he fell seriously ill, he forced himself to respect(Pushk.); Where, smart, are you wandering, head?(address of a fox to a donkey in Krylov's fable).

Oxymoron(from the Greek oxys - sharp and moros - stupid; oxymoron - witty-stupid) - this is a stylistic device that consists in combining two antonymous concepts that logically exclude each other: ringing silence sweet sorrow, bitter joy, eloquent silence, culture of savagery, optimistic tragedy, living corpse, miserable luxury, rich beggar, distant close.

Different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings: truth - lies, good - evil, speak - be silent.

Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:

contrasting correlates- such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in relation to the privative opposition. Examples: bad - good, false - true, alive - dead.
counter correlates- antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in relation to the gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- medium -) small.
vector correlates- antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, ignite - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
conversives- words describing the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find.
enantiosemy- the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of the word. Examples: to lend money to someone - to borrow money from someone, to surround with tea - to treat and not to treat.
pragmatic- words that are regularly opposed in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - "action"). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.

By structure, antonyms are:

heteroroot(back and forth);
single root- are formed with the help of prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or with the help of a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:

language(usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);
speech(occasional) - antonyms that occur in a certain context (to check for the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (gold - a copper half, that is, expensive - cheap). They often appear in proverbs.

From the point of view of action, antonyms are:

proportionate- action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poorer);
disproportionate- action and lack of action (in the broad sense) (ignite - extinguish, think - think over).

Antonyms, or words with the opposite meaning, have become the subject of linguistic analysis relatively recently, and interest in the study of Russian and Tatar antonymy is growing noticeably. This is evidenced by the appearance of a number of special linguistic studies on antonymy and dictionaries of antonyms.

The lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most of the words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relations are impossible for them, however, in a figurative sense, they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relations of words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.

Antonyms are possible for such words, the meanings of which contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be opposed. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.

Antonyms in poetry

Here we are entering August, oh,
not into the forest rare, and in thick,
where from the aspen is not Judas
hanging down without grumbling and prowess.
August tangle knot,
how good in captivity evil,
he has flowers under his feet,
often similar to footboards.

Notes

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Synonyms
Anthem of Bulgaria

See what "Antonyms" are in other dictionaries:

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