Interesting scientific discoveries in the world. A new way to fight cancer

Over the past few centuries, we have made countless discoveries that helped to significantly improve the quality of our Everyday life and understand how the world around us works. Assessing the full importance of these discoveries is very difficult, if not almost impossible. But one thing is certain, some of them have literally changed our lives once and for all. From penicillin and the screw pump to X-rays and electricity, here is a list of the 25 greatest discoveries and inventions of mankind.

25. Penicillin

If in 1928 the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming did not discover penicillin, the first antibiotic, we would still be dying from diseases such as stomach ulcers, abscesses, streptococcal infections, scarlet fever, leptospirosis, Lyme disease and many others.

24. Mechanical watches


Photo: pixabay

There are conflicting theories about what the first mechanical watches actually looked like, but most often researchers adhere to the version that in 723 AD, the Chinese monk and mathematician Ai Xing (I-Hsing) created them. It was this fundamental invention that allowed us to measure time.

23. Heliocentrism of Copernicus


Photo: WP / wikimedia

In 1543, almost on his deathbed, the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus unveiled his landmark theory. According to the works of Copernicus, it became known that the Sun is our planetary system, and all its planets revolve around our star, each in its own orbit. Until 1543, astronomers believed that the Earth was the center of the universe.

22. Blood circulation


Photo: Bryan Brandenburg

One of the most important discoveries in medicine was the discovery of the circulatory system, which was announced in 1628 English doctor William Harvey. He was the first person to describe the entire circulation system and properties of the blood that the heart pumps throughout our body from the brain to the fingertips.

21. Screw pump


Photo: David Hawgood / geographic.org.uk

One of the most famous ancient Greek scientists, Archimedes, is considered the author of one of the world's first water pumps. His device was a rotating corkscrew that pushed water up a pipe. This invention has advanced irrigation systems on new level and is still used in many wastewater treatment plants.

20. Gravity


Photo: wikimedia

Everyone knows this story - Isaac Newton, the famous English mathematician and physicist, discovered gravity after an apple fell on his head in 1664. Thanks to this event, we first learned why objects fall down, and why the planets revolve around the Sun.

19. Pasteurization


Photo: wikimedia

Pasteurization was discovered in the 1860s by the French scientist Louis Pasteur. It is a heat treatment process during which pathogenic microorganisms are destroyed in certain foods and drinks (wine, milk, beer). This discovery had a significant impact on public health and the development of the food industry around the world.

18. Steam engine


Photo: pixabay

Everyone knows that modern civilization was forged in factories built during the Industrial Revolution, and that it was all done using steam engines. The steam-powered engine was invented a long time ago, but over the past century it has been significantly improved by three British inventors: Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen, and the most famous of them, James Watt (Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen, James Watt).

17. Conditioner


Photo: Ildar Sagdejev / wikimedia

The primitive climate control system has existed since ancient times, but it changed significantly when the first modern electric air conditioner appeared in 1902. It was invented by a young engineer named Willis Carrier, a native of Buffalo, New York (Buffalo, New York).

16. Electricity


Photo: pixabay

Fateful discovery electricity is attributed to the English scientist Michael Faraday. Among his key discoveries, it is worth noting the principles of action electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. Faraday's experiments also led to the creation of the first generator, which became the forerunner of the huge generators that today produce the electricity we are used to in everyday life.

15. DNA


Photo: pixabay

Many people think that it American biologist James Watson and the English physicist Francis Crick (James Watson, Francis Crick) discovered in the 1950s, but in fact, this macromolecule was first identified in the late 1860s by the Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher. Then, several decades after Meisher's discovery, other scientists conducted a series of studies that finally helped us figure out how the body passes its genes to the next generation, and how its cells are coordinated.

14. Anesthesia


Photo: Wikimedia

Simple forms of anesthesia such as opium, mandrake and alcohol have been used by humans for a long time, and the first references to them date back to 70 AD. But since 1847, pain relief has been taken to a new level, when the American surgeon Henry Bigelow first introduced ether and chloroform into his practice, making extremely painful invasive procedures much more bearable.

13. Theory of relativity

Photo: Wikimedia

Incorporating Albert Einstein's two interrelated theories, special and general relativity, published in 1905, the theory of relativity transformed the entire theoretical physics and astronomy of the 20th century and eclipsed the 200-year-old theory of mechanics proposed by Newton. Einstein's theory of relativity has become the basis for much of the scientific work of modern times.

12. X-rays


Photo: Nevit Dilmen / wikimedia

German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen accidentally discovered X-rays in 1895 when he observed the fluorescence produced by a cathode ray tube. For this landmark discovery in 1901, the scientist was awarded Nobel Prize, which was the first of its kind in the field of physical sciences.

11. Telegraph


Photo: wikipedia

Since 1753, many researchers have been conducting their experiments to establish communication at a distance using electricity, but a significant breakthrough did not come until a few decades later, when in 1835 Joseph Henry and Edward Davy (Joseph Henry, Edward Davy) invented the electrical relay. With this device, they created the first telegraph 2 years later.

10. Periodic system of chemical elements


Photo: sandbh / wikimedia

In 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev noticed that if you arrange chemical elements according to them atomic mass, they are conditionally lined up in groups with similar properties. Based on this information, he created the first periodic system, one of the greatest discoveries in chemistry, which was later nicknamed the periodic table in his honor.

9. Infrared rays


Photo: AIRS / flickr

Infrared radiation was discovered by British astronomer William Herschel in 1800 when he was studying the heating effect of light different colors, using a prism to spread light into a spectrum, and measuring changes with thermometers. Today, infrared radiation is used in many areas of our lives, including meteorology, heating systems, astronomy, tracking heat-intensive objects, and many other areas.

8. Nuclear magnetic resonance


Photo: Mj-bird / wikimedia

Today, nuclear magnetic resonance is constantly used as an extremely accurate and efficient diagnostic tool in the field of medicine. This phenomenon was first described and calculated by the American physicist Isidor Rabi in 1938 while observing molecular beams. In 1944, the American scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.

7. Moldboard plow


Photo: wikimedia

Invented in the 18th century, the mouldboard plow was the first plow that not only worked up the soil, but also stirred it, which made it possible to cultivate even very stubborn and stony land for agricultural purposes. Without this weapon Agriculture, as we know it today, in northern Europe or in Central America would not exist.

6 Camera Obscura


Photo: wikimedia

The forerunner of modern cameras and camcorders was the camera obscura (translated as dark room), which was an optical device used by artists to create quick sketches while traveling outside their studios. A hole in one of the walls of the device served to create an inverted image of what was happening outside the chamber. The picture was displayed on the screen (on the opposite wall of the dark box from the hole). These principles have been known for centuries, but in 1568 the Venetian Daniel Barbaro modified the camera obscura with converging lenses.

5. Paper


Photo: pixabay

Papyrus and amate, used by ancient Mediterranean peoples and pre-Columbian Americans, are often considered the first examples of modern paper. But it would not be entirely correct to consider them real paper. References to the first writing paper production date back to China during the Eastern Han Empire (AD 25-220). The first paper is mentioned in the annals dedicated to the activities of the judicial dignitary Cai Lun (Cai Lun).

4. Teflon


Photo: pixabay

The material that keeps your frying pan from burning was actually invented completely by accident by American chemist Roy Plunkett when he was looking for a replacement for refrigerants to make your home safer. During one of his experiments, the scientist discovered a strange slippery resin, which later became better known as Teflon.

3. Theory of evolution and natural selection

Photo: wikimedia

Inspired by his observations during his second exploratory journey in 1831-1836, Charles Darwin began to write his famous theory of evolution and natural selection, which, according to scientists from all over the world, has become a key description of the mechanism of development of all life on Earth.

2. Liquid crystals


Photo: William Hook / flickr

If the Austrian botanist and physiologist Friedrich Reinitzer had not discovered liquid crystals during check physical and chemical properties various derivatives of cholesterol in 1888, today you would not know what liquid crystal televisions or flat LCD monitors are.

1. Polio vaccine


Photo: GDC Global / flickr

On March 26, 1953, American medical researcher Jonas Salk announced that he had successfully tested a vaccine against polio, a virus that causes severe chronic illness. In 1952, an epidemic of this disease diagnosed 58,000 people in the United States, and the disease claimed 3,000 innocent lives. This spurred Salk to seek salvation, and now the civilized world is safe at least from this disaster.

Scientific discoveries are made all the time. Published throughout the year great amount reports and articles on various topics, and thousands of patents are being filed for new inventions. Among all this, one can find truly incredible achievements. This article presents ten of the most interesting scientific discoveries that were made in the first half of 2016.

1. A small genetic mutation that occurred 800 million years ago led to the emergence of multicellular life forms

According to research, an ancient molecule, GK-PID, is the reason why unicellular organisms began to evolve into multicellular organisms about 800 million years ago. It was found that the GK-PID molecule acted as a "molecular carabiner": it collected the chromosomes together and fixed them on the inner wall of the cell membrane when division occurred. This allowed the cells to multiply properly and not become cancerous.

A fascinating discovery indicates that the ancient version of GK-PID did not behave the way it does now. The reason why she turned into a "genetic carbine" is due to a small genetic mutation which reproduced itself. It turns out that the emergence of multicellular life forms is the result of one identifiable mutation.

2. Discovery of a new prime number

In January 2016, mathematicians discovered a new prime number as part of the "Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search", a large-scale voluntary search computing project. prime numbers Mersenne. This is 2^74,207,281 - 1.

You might want to clarify what the "Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search" project was created for. Modern cryptography uses Mersenne prime numbers to decipher encoded information (49 such numbers are known in total), as well as complex numbers. "2^74,207,281 - 1" on this moment is the longest of all existing prime numbers (it is longer than its predecessor by almost 5 million digits). Total the digits that make up the new prime number is about 24,000,000, so "2^74,207,281 - 1" is the only practical way write it down on paper.

3. A ninth planet has been discovered in the solar system.

Even before the discovery of Pluto in the 20th century, scientists suggested that there was a ninth planet, Planet X, outside the orbit of Neptune. This assumption was due to gravitational clustering, which could only be caused by a massive object. In 2016, researchers from the California Institute of Technology presented evidence that the ninth planet - with an orbital period of 15,000 years - does exist.

According to astronomers who have made this discovery, there is "only a 0.007% chance (1:15,000) that the clustering is a coincidence." At the moment, the existence of the ninth planet remains hypothetical, but astronomers have calculated that its orbit is huge. If Planet X really exists, then it weighs approximately 2-15 times more earth and is located at a distance of 600-1200 astronomical units from the Sun. astronomical unit equal to 150,000,000 kilometers; this means that the ninth planet is 240,000,000,000 kilometers from the Sun.

4. An almost eternal way to store data has been discovered

Sooner or later everything becomes obsolete, and at the moment there is no way that would allow you to store data on one device for a really long period of time. Or does it exist? Recently, scientists from the University of Southampton made an amazing discovery. They used nano-structured glass to successfully create a data recording and retrieval process. The storage device is a small glass disk the size of a 25 cent coin that is capable of storing 360 terabytes of data and is unaffected by high temperatures(up to 1000 degrees Celsius). Its average shelf life at room temperature is approximately 13.8 billion years (about the same time that our universe has existed).

Data is written to the device using an ultra-fast laser using short, intense light pulses. Each file consists of three layers of nanostructured dots that are only 5 micrometers apart from each other. Data reading is performed in five dimensions due to the three-dimensional arrangement of nanostructured dots, as well as their size and direction.

5. Blind-eyed fish, which are able to "walk on the walls", show similarities with four-legged vertebrates.

Over the past 170 years, science has found that land-dwelling vertebrates evolved from fish that swam in the seas. ancient earth. However, researchers at the New Jersey Institute of Technology found that Taiwan's wall-walking blind-eyed fish have the same anatomical features as amphibians or reptiles.

This is a very important discovery in terms of evolutionary adaptation, as it could help scientists better understand how prehistoric fish evolved into terrestrial tetrapods. The difference between blind-eyed fish and other types of fish that are able to move on land lies in their gait, which provides "support for the pelvic girdle" when they rise.

6. Private company "SpaceX" carried out a successful vertical landing of the rocket

In comics and cartoons, you usually see rockets landing on planets and the moon in a vertical manner, but in reality, this is extremely difficult to do. Government agencies like NASA and the European Space Agency are developing rockets that either fall into the ocean to be retrieved (expensive) or purposefully burn up in the atmosphere. Being able to land a rocket vertically would save an incredible amount of money.

On April 8, 2016, the private company "SpaceX" carried out a successful vertical landing of the rocket; she managed to do this on an autonomous spaceport drone ship. This incredible achievement will save money as well as time between launches.

For CEO SpaceX, Elon Musk, given goal remained a priority for many years. Although the achievement belongs to a private enterprise, vertical landing technology will also be available to government agencies like NASA so that they can advance further in space exploration.

SourcePhoto 7A cybernetic implant helped a paralyzed man move his fingers

A man who has been paralyzed for six years has been able to move his fingers thanks to a small chip implanted in his brain.

This is the merit of researchers from Ohio State University. They managed to create a device that is a small implant connected to an electronic sleeve worn on the patient's arm. This sleeve uses wires to stimulate specific muscles to cause real-time finger movement. Thanks to the chip, the paralyzed man was even able to play the musical game "Guitar Hero", much to the surprise of the doctors and scientists who took part in the project.

8. Stem cells implanted in the brains of stroke patients allow them to walk again

In a clinical trial, researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine implanted modified human stem cells directly into the brains of eighteen stroke patients. The procedures were successful without any negative consequences, with the exception of a mild headache observed in some patients after anesthesia. In all patients, the recovery period after a stroke was quite fast and successful. What's more, patients who were previously wheelchair-bound were able to walk freely again.

9. Carbon dioxide pumped into the ground can turn into solid stone.

Carbon capture is an important part of keeping the balance of CO2 emissions on the planet. When fuel burns, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. This is one of the causes of global climate change. Icelandic scientists may have found a way to keep carbon out of the atmosphere and exacerbate the greenhouse effect problem.

They pumped CO2 into volcanic rocks, accelerating natural process the transformation of basalt into carbonates, which then become limestone. This process usually takes hundreds of thousands of years, but the Icelandic scientists managed to reduce it to two years. Carbon injected into the ground can be stored underground or used as a building material.

10 Earth Has A Second Moon

NASA scientists have discovered an asteroid that orbits the Earth and is therefore the second permanent near-Earth satellite. There are many objects in the orbit of our planet (space stations, artificial satellites, etc.), but we can only see one Moon. However, in 2016 NASA confirmed the existence of 2016 HO3.

The asteroid is far from the Earth and is more under the gravitational influence of the Sun than our planet, but it does revolve around its orbit. 2016 HO3 is much smaller than the Moon: its diameter is only 40-100 meters.

According to Paul Chodas, manager of the NASA Center for the Study of Near-Earth Objects, 2016 HO3, which has been a quasi-satellite of the Earth for more than a hundred years, will leave the orbit of our planet in a few centuries.

Message about scientific discovery will tell you what new scientific discoveries have been made in recent times and what awaits us in the future.

Scientific discovery message

Scientific discoveries always excite the world with new news and perspectives. They are an indicator of the progress of society and specific person. Let's start our selection with what important scientific discoveries were made in the 20th century:

• Discovery of X-rays. This scientific discovery still affects human life today, because it is difficult to imagine modern medicine without x-rays.
• Discovery of penicillin. Based on it, they began to produce antibiotics that saved many lives.
• De Broglie waves. Their discovery contributed to the development of the concept of quantum mechanics.
• Discovery of the new DNA helix in 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson.
• Discovery of transistors. Thanks to this discovery, the technique began to decrease in size.
• Creation of a radiotelegraph Alexander Popov.
• Discovery of artificial radioactivity.
• Method of in vitro fertilization ( ECO). Scientists were able to extract an intact egg from a woman and create optimal conditions in vitro for her life and growth. They also figured out how to fertilize the egg and return it to the mother's body.
• First flight into space in 1961. Did this
• Cloning. Scientists in 1996 obtained the first clone of Dolly the sheep. Thus began a new era in the development of society.
• Approaching the creation of artificial intelligence.
• The invention of holography by Dennis Gabor in 1947. With the help of a laser, three-dimensional images of objects close to real ones were restored.
• Discovery of insulin Frederick Banting in 1922. Since this year, diabetes can be treated.
• Discovery of stem cells, progenitors of all cells in the human body that have the ability to self-renew.

Scientists almost every day make interesting scientific discoveries. different levels difficulties: someone explores gravitational waves, someone explores the ways of brewing coffee. We have prepared for you the TOP-5 of the most interesting and exciting scientific sensations that humanity expects. So, the great scientific discoveries of the future, or rather 2018:

• Artificial intelligence against Alzheimer's

This year, the author of the first scientific discovery will be… artificial intelligence latest generation. The author of the project is the British company DeepMind, or rather its division of Google. The developed Zero artificial intelligence program is designed to deal with global issues humanity. His priority task is to unravel the mechanism of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Also, Zero must rid the aging humanity of dementia.

• Alien hunt

Specialists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed the TESS space telescope, which is designed to search for terrestrial planets in our stellar environment. Even exoplanets at a distance of 200 light years fall into his field of vision. Scientists suggest that 20,000 planets will be discovered with this apparatus.

• Head transplant

Today the world is on the threshold of a new discovery. Even last year, neurosurgeon Sergio Canavero wanted to undertake such a project. However, don't take it literally. The Italian has received funding from China and is working on the development of digital diagnostics, the creation of a brain-computer interface, stem cells and gene therapy.

• Introduction to the "Earth Killer"

The interplanetary station OSIRIS-Rex in August 2018 will reach the asteroid Bennu - the most dangerous space object for the earth. The purpose of the station: to take soil samples to study the nature of the asteroid. The second goal is to work out methods for intercepting an asteroid if there is a threat of a collision with our planet.

• Personalized medicine

In 2018, the era of personalized medicine will come. The 100,000 Genomes Project was created to analyze genetic code several thousand people in order to find out which section of DNA is associated with a particular disease.

We hope that this message about scientific discoveries helped you to learn a lot of new things. And perhaps this list will inspire you to become the author of the following important discoveries that will lead human society to a new level of development.

The almost gone 2017 turned out to be a year of high-profile discoveries - space agencies began to use reusable rockets, patients can now fight cancer cells with their own blood cells, and a group of scientists found in southern hemisphere lost continent called Zealand.

These and other mind-blowing discoveries and incredible scientific achievements 2017.

Zealand

An international team of 32 scientists has discovered a lost continent in the South Pacific - Zealand. It is located under Pacific waters, on seabed between New Zealand and New Caledonia. Zealand has not always been under water, as scientists have been able to find fossilized remains of plants and land animals.

New life form

Scientists managed to create in the laboratory something that is closest to a new form of life. The fact is that the DNA of all living beings consists of natural pairs of amino acids: adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine. From these nitrogenous bases and built most of DNA. However, the scientists were able to create an unnatural base pair that coexisted quite comfortably with the natural base pairs in E. coli DNA.

This discovery may affect further development medicine and may contribute to a longer retention medicines in organism.

All the gold in the universe

Scientists have learned exactly how all the gold in the universe (as well as platinum and silver) is formed. In the process of collision of two very small, but very heavy stars, located at a distance of 130 million light years from Earth, one hundred octillion dollars worth of gold was formed.

For the first time in the history of stellar observation, astronomers have witnessed the collision of two neutron stars. two massive space bodies heading towards each other at a speed equal to a third of the speed of light, and their collision led to the creation gravitational waves perceptible on earth.

Secrets of the Great Pyramid

Scientists have taken a fresh look at the Great Pyramid of Giza and discovered a secret hall there. Using a new scanning technology based on high-speed particles, scientists have discovered a secret room in the depths of the pyramid, which no one had even suspected before. So far, scientists can only speculate why this room was built.

A new way to fight cancer

Scientists can now use the human immune system to fight some cancer cells. For example, to fight childhood leukemia, doctors extract a child's blood cells, modify them, and inject them back into the body. So far, this process is extremely expensive, but the technology is developing and has great potential.

New indicators from the poles

Not all discoveries in 2017 were positive. For example, in July, a huge piece of ice broke off the Antarctic ice sheet, becoming the third largest iceberg on record.

In addition, scientists argue that the Arctic may never regain the title of the eternally icy pole.

New planets

NASA scientists have discovered seven more exoplanets that could theoretically support life as we know it on Earth.

In the neighboring star system TRAPPIST-1, as many as seven planets were observed, at least six of them are solid, like the Earth. All these planets are in a zone favorable for the formation of water and life. What is most remarkable about this discovery is the proximity of the star system and the possibility of further detailed study of the planets.

Farewell to Cassini

In 2017, the Cassini robotic space station, which had been studying Saturn and its many moons for 13 years, burned up in the planet's atmosphere. This was the planned end of the mission, which scientists deliberately went to in an attempt to avoid Cassini colliding with possibly habitable moons of Saturn.

Just before its death, Cassini circled Titan and flew through the icy rings of Saturn, sending unique images back to Earth.

MRI for babies

The tiniest babies being treated or examined in the hospital now have their own MRI, safe to use in the same room as the babies.

Reusable rocket booster

SpaceX has invented a new rocket booster that doesn't fall back to Earth after a rocket launch and can be used multiple times.

Boosters are one of the most expensive parts of launching a rocket into space, and usually they all end up on the ocean floor immediately after launch. A very expensive disposable device, without which it is impossible to reach orbit.

However, SpaceX's new heavy boosters can be retrofitted relatively easily and cheaply, saving $18 million per launch. In 2017, Elon Musk's company has already carried out about 20 launches, followed by a booster landing.

New advances in genetics

Scientists have become one step closer to being able to edit human DNA, saving him from birth defects, diseases and genetic abnormalities even before birth. Oregon geneticists have successfully edited the DNA of a living human embryo for the first time.

In addition, eGenesis announced that it will soon be possible to transplant large vital organs from pig donors to humans. The company has succeeded in creating a genetic virus blocker that does not transmit animal viruses to humans.

Breakthrough in quantum teleportation

The possibility of quantum information teleportation has long been studied by scientists. Previously, it was possible to teleport data over a distance of several tens of kilometers.

For the first time in the history of quantum teleportation, a Chinese scientist managed to transfer information about photons (light particles) from Earth into space using mirrors and lasers.

This discovery could dramatically change how we transmit information around the world and transport energy. quantum teleportation can lead to a completely new kind of quantum computers and information transfer. The Internet of the near future could be faster, more secure, and virtually unhackable.

The history of mankind is the history of scientific discoveries that made this world more technological and perfect, improved the quality of life, helped to understand the world. In this review, 15 scientific discoveries, which had a key focus on the development of civilization and which people still use. .

1. Penicillin

As you know, the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin (the first antibiotic) in 1928. If this did not happen, then people would probably still die from such things as stomach ulcers, tooth abscess, tonsillitis and scarlet fever, staph infection, leptospirosis, etc.

2. Mechanical watch

It is worth noting that there is still a lot of controversy regarding what can be considered the first mechanical watch. However, as a rule, the Chinese monk and mathematician Yi-Sing (723 AD) is considered to be their inventor. This groundbreaking discovery allowed humans to measure time.

3. Screw pump

One of the most important ancient Greek scientists, Archimedes is believed to have developed one of the first water pumps that pushed water up a tube. It completely transformed irrigation.

4. Gravity

It's good famous history- The famous English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton discovered the force of gravity after an apple fell on his head in 1664. His discovery explains why things fall to earth and why the planets revolve around the sun.

5. Pasteurization

Discovered by the French scientist Louis Pasteur in the 1860s, pasteurization is a heat treatment process that destroys pathogens in certain foods and drinks, such as wine, beer, and milk. This discovery had a huge impact on public health.

It is common knowledge that modern civilization grew thanks to the industrial revolution, the main cause of which was the steam engine. In fact, this engine was not invented overnight, but rather it was gradually developed over a period of about a hundred years thanks to 3 British inventors: Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen and (most famously) James Watt.

7. Electricity

The fateful discovery of electricity belongs to the English scientist Michael Faraday. He also discovered the basic principles of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. During his experiments, Faraday also created the first generator to produce electricity.

8. DNA

Many people believe that American biologist James Watson and English physicist Francis Crick discovered DNA in the 1950s, but in fact, deoxyribonucleic acid was first identified in the late 1860s by the Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher. Then, in the decades after Miescher's discovery, other scientists did a lot of scientific research that helped to understand how organisms pass on their genes and how they control how cells work.

9. Pain relief

Rough forms of anesthesia such as opium, mandrake, and alcohol were in use as early as 70 AD. But it wasn't until 1847 that the American surgeon Henry Bigelow determined that ether and chloroform could be anesthetics, thereby making painful surgery far more bearable.

10. Theory of relativity

Two related theories of Albert Einstein - special theory relativity and general theory Relativity - were published in 1905. They transformed theoretical physics and astronomy in the 20th century, replacing the 200-year-old theory of mechanics created by Newton. This theory became the basis for much of modern science.

11. X-rays

German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 when he was studying the phenomena that accompany the passage of electric current through gas extremely low pressure. For this groundbreaking discovery, Roentgen was awarded the first ever Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

12. Periodic table

In 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, while studying the atomic weights of elements, noticed that chemical elements could be formed into groups with similar properties. As a result, he managed to create the first periodic table, which became one of the most important discoveries in the field of chemistry.

Infrared radiation was discovered by the British astronomer William Herschel in 1800 when he studied the heating effect of different colors of light using a prism and thermometers. AT modern days infrared light is used in many areas, including tracking systems, heating, meteorology, astronomy, etc.

Today it is used as a very accurate and efficient diagnostic tool in medicine. And for the first time, nuclear magnetic resonance was described and measured by the American physicist I. Rabi in 1938. For this discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944.

15. Paper

While precursors to modern paper such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean and pre-Columbian Americas, respectively, these materials were not true paper. The paper-making process was first documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25-220 AD).

Today, man makes discoveries not only on earth, but also in space. That's just . They are really impressive!