Which letters, vowels and consonants are hard. Voiced and voiceless consonants

In this lesson we will learn to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonant sounds and denote them in writing with consonant letters. Let's find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired according to their voicing - deafness, sonorant and hissing.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Let's remember how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from his lungs. It runs along the windpipe into the narrow larynx, where special muscles are located - vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonants, he closes his mouth (at least a little), which causes noise. But consonants make different noises.

Let's conduct an experiment: cover our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we pronounced the sound [b], the ligaments became tense and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a slight ringing in my ears.

You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on the neck on the right and left sides and pronouncing the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds sonorous, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.

Paired consonant sounds in terms of voicedness and deafness

Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: dull sounds will live on the first floor, and voiced sounds will live on the second floor. Residents of the first house:

[b]	[d]	[z]	[G]	[V]	[and]
[P]	[T]	[With]	[To]	[f]	[w]

These consonant sounds are called paired by sonority - deafness.

Rice. 1. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants ()

They are very similar to each other - real “twins”, they are pronounced almost identically: the lips form the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they also have pairs of softness and hardness. Let's add them to the house.

[b]	[b’]	[d]	[d’]	[z]	[z’]	[G]	[G']	[V]	[V']	[and]
[P]	[P']	[T]	[T']	[With]	[With']	[To]	[To']	[f]	[f’]	[w]

The sounds [zh] and [sh] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called sizzling sounds.

All these sounds are indicated by letters:

[b]	[b’]
[P]	[P']
[d]	[d’]
[T]	[T']
[z]	[z’]
[With]	[With']
[G]	[G']
[To]	[To']
[V]	[V']
[f]	[f’]
[and]
[w]

Unpaired voiced consonants

But not all consonant sounds and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's put unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.

To the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:

Let us remind you that the sound [th’] always just soft. Therefore, he will live alone in our house. These sounds are represented in writing by letters:

[l]	[l’]		(ale)
[m]	[m’]
[n]	[n’]
[R]	[R']
	[th’]		(and short)

The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of the voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word “sonorant” is translated from the Latin “sonorus” meaning sonorous.

Unpaired voiceless consonants

We will put you in the third house unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:

[X]

[X']

[ts]

[h’]

[sch']

Let us remember that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h’] and [sch’] - always soft. Unpaired voiceless consonants are indicated in writing by letters:

[X]	[X']
[ts]
	[h’]
	[sch']

Sounds [h’], [h’] - sizzling sounds.

So we populated our city with consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonant letters and 36 sounds.

Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()

Consolidating knowledge in practice

Let's complete the tasks.

1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonant sounds.

d points - point

b glasses - kidney

w ar - heat

fishing rod - duck

2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:

1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With the ringing one - I myself am ringing to the expanse . (Kolos - voice)

2) With a deaf person - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced sound, it eats the leaves. (Scythe - goat)

3) With “em” - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter “el” it appears in winter, but disappears in spring . (Honey - ice)

In order to develop the ability to pronounce certain sounds, especially hissing ones, they learn tongue twisters. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then the pace is accelerated. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:

1. Six little mice rustle in the reeds.
2. The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a squeeze.
3. Two puppies were chewing a brush in the corner, cheek to cheek.

So, today we learned that consonant sounds can be voiced and unvoiced and how these sounds are indicated in writing.

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. ().
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M.: Ballas. ().
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook for teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book/textbook.

1. Fictionbook.ru ().
2. Deafnet.ru ().
3. Samouchka.com.ua ().

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. 4.
2. Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants are in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various - 6, voiceless consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
3. Read the proverb: « Know how to speak at the right time, and be silent at the right time.” Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonant sounds in the proverb are represented by the letters M, J, V, R, Z, L.)
4. 4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the theme “In the city of consonant sounds.”

There is a lot in the world different voices, almost everything, maybe except the vacuum, can be heard. In the process, humanity has created a system of conditioned signals, the combination of which can be perceived by the consciousness of each individual as a certain image implying a specific semantic meaning.

In contact with

So, what are sounds in Russian? These are meaningless in their essence, the smallest elements of words or that help convey a thought from one person to another. For example, a combination of the consonants “d” and “m” and one vowel “o” can create the word “house”, which in turn has a very specific meaning. Such “building blocks” of the Russian language are vowels and consonants, hard and soft, hissing and sonorous.

What's the difference?

When wondering how to distinguish between sounds and letters, it is worth knowing that the second is specific symbols with the help of which graphically record what we hear, for example, there is “a”, which we can say out loud, mentally, whisper or shout, however, until it is written down on paper in in the required form, it will not become a letter. From this it is clear that it is very simple to distinguish between these two concepts - what is on paper, a written symbol is a letter, what we hear or say is a sound.

Attention! How do sounds differ from their written symbols? In Russian there are 33 graphic elements, but they consist of 43 vocal signals, with 10 vowels and 6 sounds, and vice versa, 21 and 37 consonants, respectively. From this we can draw a simple conclusion - not all letters and sounds coincide with each other and are heard the way they are written.

What are vowels?

This is the name for elements of language that can be sung. How are they different from their opposite – consonants? They consist only of voice, when they are pronounced, air is easily drawn into the lungs and passed through the mouth. What are vowels? These are graphic symbols written on paper or a combination of them.

table of correspondence

Voice	Graphic
A	A
O	O
at	at
And	And
s	s
uh	uh
y'a	I
y'u	Yu
y'e	e
y'o	e

Which letters make two sounds? Some are formed by two elements - a consonant (s) and a vowel corresponding to the sound. These are iotized elements of the alphabet that are needed to perform the following functions:

1. If you need to put a vowel after a vowel, for example, the word “my”.
2. After separator- “hug”.
3. In cases where the vowel must come at the beginning phonetic word- "pit".
4. If you need to soften the consonant in front - “chalk”.
5. If you need to reproduce a foreign word.

If such an iotized symbol comes after an unpaired one in terms of hardness or softness, then it means a regular one, for example, “silk” is read as “sholk”.

Yotated vowels

What are consonants?

Consonants are the smallest linguistic units, which cannot be sung when they are pronounced the air exhaled from the lungs encounters an obstacle, for example, on the tongue. They are divided into pairs, hissing, as well as hard and soft. Let's deal with everything in order.

Voiced, voiceless and hissing

What types of consonants are there? The table will help you see clearly:

An apostrophe denotes softened elements. This applies to all of the listed pairs, except for “f”, since it cannot be soft. In addition, there are consonants that have not been paired. This:

In addition to the listed voiceless and voiced ones, there are also hissing ones. These include “zh”, “sh”, “sch” and “h”. They necessarily belong to the deaf when pronouncing them language different ways presses against the palate. They sound a little like the hiss of a snake if you stretch them out a little.

Consonants

Hard and soft

Soft ones differ from hard ones in the way they are pronounced. When a person pronounces them, he presses his tongue to the roof of his mouth, which makes them less rude. As in the previous case, they are divided into pairs, with some exceptions. Almost all elements of the Russian alphabet can be both hard and soft. How many of them do not have such a pair?

Soft

h'

j'

sch'

Solid

and

w

ts

It turns out that the pairs are not all sibilants, “sh” and Y, which are also present in several vowels. All others can be mitigated under certain conditions.

This difference between the number of consonant sounds in the Russian language is justified precisely last division by softness. The fact is that such a softened form is not reflected graphically in the letter - we learn about softness by the softening vowel that follows it. This almost doubles the number of sound units compared to letters.

Hard and soft consonants

How are vowels different from consonants?

The division into two types of sounds occurs depending on their pronunciation techniques. Melodious and “light” vowels, unlike consonants, are easy to pronounce, draw, and sing. If you listen to any melodic song, you can hear that they are stretching like marshmallows.

Consonants, in turn, imply some kind of obstacle, that is, the flow of air does not come out of the mouth easily and smoothly, but bumping into the tongue, lips, teeth, and so on. Such elements are difficult to draw; they seem to have a sharp ending, regardless of whether they are voiced or dull, hard or soft.

Interesting! WITH graphic symbols everything happens exactly the same, because despite the fact that they are written down on paper, belonging to one or another group is determined precisely by their sound.

“Special” elements of the Russian language

There are two characters in the Russian alphabet, under which no audible signals are implied. This solid sign"Ъ" and soft sign"b". They are needed:

1. In order to share. The presence of one of these signs in a word indicates that the vowel following it must be iotated.
2. A non-separating soft sign can inform the reader that the consonant preceding it is soft, or perform a grammatical function, for example, indicating the gender of the word - “oven”.

Russian lessons Sounds and letters

Vowels and consonants. Designating them with letters

Conclusion

Knowing the correct interaction of these basic elements helps you write many Russian words correctly. Sound and writing provide the key to the melody of speech and writing, its beauty and euphony.

Introduction

In the Russian language, all letters, both vowels and consonants, are its basis. After all, thanks to letters, syllables are formed, and with the help of syllables we make words, from words expressions, sentences, and so on.

But we will start today's lesson by studying the consonants of the Russian language.

Consonants

There are consonant letters and sounds. What kind of letters are these that are called consonants? To understand what consonants are, let's learn about the origin of the word "consonants". And they are called that because they always go next to vowels or together with vowels.

There is a fundamental difference between consonants and vowels. If we remember that all vowels can be easily drawn out or even sung, then consonant letters should be pronounced as briefly as possible. The only exceptions are sibilant consonant letters, since they can also be drawn.

There are twenty-one consonant letters and 37 consonant sounds in the Russian alphabet.

Consonants

Voiced and unvoiced sounds

Consonants are divided into voiced and unvoiced sounds. Pay attention to the letters that are written in pairs. If you look closely, each pair contains one letter that has a voiceless sound, and the other has a voiced sound.

Voiceless letters mean a dull sound, and when we pronounce them we hear only noise, while pronouncing voiced letters, we can no longer hear only noise, but also voice.

B – P, G – S, D – T, G – K

But in this moment we see letters having a pair. There are eleven of these pairs in the Russian language. But not all letters got pairs, so in the Russian alphabet there are also unpaired voiced ones, as well as unpaired voiceless ones.

Exercise: Come up with words for paired voiced and unvoiced sounds.

Soft and hard sounds

In addition to voiced and unvoiced letters of the alphabet, they can have soft and hard consonant sounds.

During the pronunciation of sounds, the position of our tongue changes according to the sound we pronounce. When pronouncing soft consonants, our tongue takes one position, and when pronouncing hard consonants, it takes a completely different position.

Now let's try to say first soft sounds, and then hard. If you noticed, when pronouncing soft consonants, we move the tongue slightly forward and at the same time its middle part rises slightly. But when we pronounce hard consonants, our tongue is slightly pulled back.

Vowels and sounds in Russian

Now we invite you to remember what vowel sounds and letters there are in the Russian language. There are only ten of these letters:

When pronouncing vowel sounds, unlike consonants, during pronunciation we can draw out or sing them, and at the same time we feel how air passes through the entire oral cavity, and we clearly hear our voice.

Exercise 1.

Write the word rose

1. Change the letter z in this word to s.
2. What word did you get?
3. What has now changed in the third sound, and how does it sound?
4. Name all the vowels in this word?
5. What consonants are in this word?

Exercise 2.

Cat, juice, mal, feast, bow, ball

1. Replace the vowels in these words with other vowels.
2. What words did you receive?
3. Write down the new words that you come up with.
4. How are vowel sounds in previous words read?
5. How should you read sounds, hard or soft, in newly formed words?

Homework

1. Vowels and consonants - what is their difference?
2. What is the difference between letters and sounds?
3. Does the number of letters of the Russian alphabet coincide with the number of sounds?
4. Why are there fewer vowel sounds in the Russian language than vowel letters?
5. How can you explain why there are more sounds than letters?
6. What types of consonants are divided into?

Every first-grader knows that sound is a unit of speech that we pronounce and hear, and letters we read and write. In Russian they are divided into vowels and consonants. Of the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet, 21 are called consonants. They are divided according to their sonority and dullness, softness and hardness. They begin to study the classification of letters in 1st grade, but the student will have to use it before graduating from school. When studying phonetics, each student must learn to distinguish between voiceless sounds and voiced sounds. During writing, they are indicated by transcription - [b]. The table will help you distinguish and remember paired consonant sounds.

Paired consonants according to voiced-voicelessness

All consonants in the Russian language form pairs; a voiced consonant is opposed to a voiceless consonant. There are 12 paired letters in total, making 6 pairs:

Paired and unpaired consonants need to be known in order to be successful in spelling. Many spellings of the Russian language are based on the selection of cognate words according to this classification, for example:

• soft - soft,
• tooth teeth.

The first pair contains the letter g, which is not clearly heard when pronounced and spelling it is difficult. The second words are test words when the spelling is pronounced clearly. Younger students often make mistakes in these works.

You may notice that not all letters of the alphabet form pairs. This happens because phonetics has rules that need to be remembered. They are based on the fact that sounds can only be voiced or only unvoiced. They are easy to remember because they are small in number. As a rule, by the end of 1st grade, students know them by heart. These include r, n, l, m, th - sonorous, always voiced, ts, ch, sh, x - always voiceless.

Paired consonants for softness and hardness

Consonants are usually divided into hard and soft. In phonetics, the softening process occurs in several situations:

• when after a consonant there is a vowel: yu, ya, e, e, and (blizzard, buttercup);
• or there is a soft sign (blizzard, drinking).

If after a consonant there is a vowel, except e, e, yu, ya, and, then it does not allow softening. For example, in the words peony, earth, after the consonant there is a vowel, which provokes the process of softening. In words such as lamp, water, there are no letters e, e, yu, i, and, therefore, when pronounced, all sounds are hard.

There are also letters that, when reproduced in speech, will always be soft or hard. These include: shch, h, j, c, w, g. Every student needs to know the classification of letters and sounds for successful learning.

A special table will help you remember paired voiced and voiceless voices. It's easy to navigate.

Such a table or a similar one can sometimes be found in the office primary classes. It has been proven that junior schoolchildren more developed visual-figurative thinking, therefore provide new information they need it in the form of illustrations or pictures, then it will be effective.

Every parent can create such a table on a first-grader’s desktop. Do not be afraid that this tip will lead to laziness of the student. On the contrary, if he often looks at the image, he will quickly remember everything he needs.

There are more consonant sounds in the Russian language, so remembering their classification is more difficult. If you list all the unvoiced and voiced ones, you get the number 12. The letters ch, sh, y, shch, c, zh, r, n, l, m are not taken into account; they are classified as unpaired.

There are tips for children on how to quickly learn to recognize a voiced and a voiceless consonant when parsing a word. To do this, you need to press your palm to your throat and pronounce a clearly separate sound. Voiceless and voiced consonants will be pronounced differently and, accordingly, will be reflected differently in the palm of your hand. If there is vibration in the hand, it is voiced; if not, it is deaf. Many children use this hint when studying phonetics.

There is another exercise that helps to accurately determine which consonant is in front of the student. To do this, you need to cover your ears with your hands, but preferably there should be silence. Say the exciting letter and listen to it with your ears closed. If it is not heard, then it is a dull sound; if, on the contrary, it is clearly heard, it is a ringing sound.

If you try, today any parent can find many interesting, exciting and educational exercises and rules that will help the child easily master new knowledge. This will make the learning process more interesting and entertaining, which in turn will affect academic performance.

Speech sounds perform important role in the life of every individual - thanks to them, all people can talk and understand what each other says.
All speech sounds There are two types - consonants and vowels. And although the number of the latter is much larger, in many cases vowels are decisive. So, for example, the number of syllables depends on the number of vowels in a word; in addition, it is vowel sounds that have the property of being stressed/unstressed. When considering the issue of vowels, it is also worth noting that their number does not correspond to the number of denoting letters. How many vowel sounds there are in the Russian language, and why this happens, remains to be figured out.

What sounds are called vowels?

First of all, it’s worth remembering what sounds are called vowels. Vowels (from Latin word vocals) - phonetic sounds, formed with the help of voice, without admixtures of noise. When pronouncing a vowel, a person exhales air freely and it easily passes through the larynx, then through the oral cavity and between the ligaments, without encountering any obstacles. Thanks to them acoustic features, in particular, due to the fact that the length of the vowel sound can be any, they are also called musical, or tone.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian?

If there are ten letters, they correspond to only six sounds - these sounds are [s], [e], [o], [u], [a], [i].

Some of the above vowels are graphically indicated using different letters. For example, [a] can give not only “a”, but also the letter “ya” in a certain position, and sometimes an unstressed “o”: “Valentine”, “ball”, “board”.

The sound [u] can be produced not only by the letter “u”, but sometimes also by “yu”: “sledgehammer”, “hatch”.

The sound [o], in addition to the letter “o”, gives “yo”: “cake”, “dog”.

The vowel sound [s] is given by the letter “s”, as well as the stressed “i” if it is in the position after the letters “zh”, “ts”, “sh”: “fang”, “circus performer”. Unstressed letters“e”, “a”, “o” can sometimes also denote this sound: “tested”, “horses”, “chocolate”.

The vowel [e] can be given by the letters “e” and “e”: “Mary”, “forester”.

But the vowel[i] is graphically indicated by just one “and”, if it is in the stressed position: “peaceful”. Without stress, this vowel can be produced by the letters “a” (“watchmaker”), “ya” (“rows”), “e” (“adjacent”) standing after soft consonants. Also “and” following a soft consonant or at the beginning of a word (“player”); “e” at the beginning of the word (“whatnot”).

Thus, considering the question of how many vowel sounds there are in Russian, it becomes clear why there are fewer of them than the letters themselves.

Vowel letters

Each vowel sound has its own graphic designation in the form of a letter. Our language has a dozen signs to indicate vowel sounds. These are the letters “o”, “u”, “e”, “a”, “i”, “i”, “s”, “e”, “e”, “yu”.

At the same time, the vowel sounds themselves are almost half as numerous - six. Similar situation developed due to the fact that the iotated “yu”, “e”, “e”, “ya” are not separate sounds. Depending on their position in a word, these letters can represent different sounds.

Located at the beginning of a word, following vowels or “ъ” and “ь”, iotated letters denote a sound combination of two sounds (they are diphthongs): [j] and the corresponding vocales: “Yana”, “wash”, “curly”.

In cases where “yu”, “e”, “e”, “ya” follow consonants, they indicate the corresponding vowel sound, and also make the preceding consonant soft: “accepted”.

Having dealt with the question of how many vowel sounds there are in the alphabet, and how many letters, it becomes clear why a significant difference arose.

Classification of vowels. Labialization

Having paid enough attention to two questions: how many vowel sounds are in the Russian language, and how many signs are used to convey them in writing, it is worth moving on to classification. Vowel sounds, like their counterparts, consonants, have a number of features according to which they are classified into different groups.

There are several of them: labialization (rounded), method of formation (rise) and place of formation (row).

Labialization or, in other words, roundness is a sign of the participation or non-participation of elongated lips in the process of sound pronunciation. No matter how many vowel sounds there are in a language (in Russian, like most other languages, there are six), only two of them [o] and [u] are labialized. Others do not have this property.

Interesting fact: the more rounded sounds are used in a language, the more melodic the speech sounds. Therefore, French is one of the most melodic languages ​​in the world, since the sounds [o] and [u] are very often used in it.

Method of formation of vowels

The classification of vowels according to the method of formation is also called classification according to the vertical rise of the tongue. In our language, according to their rise, vocales are divided into:
1) Lower rise - sound [a].
2) Average rise - [o] and [e].
3) The top rise is the most high position language, characteristic of the pronunciation of sounds [у], [и], [ы].

Place of formation of vowels

Classification of vowels by place of formation (row), divides vowel sounds according to the horizontal position of the tongue during the pronunciation of a certain sound.

All vowel sounds according to the place of formation are divided into:
1) Back row - sounds [u], [o], when they are formed, the tongue is pushed back as much as possible.
2) Middle row- sounds [a], [s]. When pronouncing them, the tongue moves back not so far and is in the so-called middle position.
3) Front row- sounds [e], [i]. By forming them, the tongue moves forward as much as possible.

It is much easier to classify and remember the distinctive properties of vowel sounds than consonants, since there are much fewer of them. However, everyone educated person For those seeking to write and speak correctly, it is important to accurately understand how many vowel sounds there are in the Russian language and with what graphic signs they are written. This knowledge can also be useful to those who are going abroad and for this purpose begin to study a foreign language. In related Slavic languages the pronunciation of vowels is in many ways similar to Russian, since all of them in the distant past originated from the same Proto-Slavic language. IN foreign languages from other language families, the principles of formation of vowels, as well as their classification, occur according to generally accepted rules in linguistics. So even when studying English or French, it is important for a person to have an idea of ​​how many vowel sounds there are in the Russian language.