Positional alternation of vowels depending on the position in relation to the stressed syllable. Positional alternations of vowels and consonants

Only sounds alternate positionally Oh, A, E, i.e. those that undergo qualitative reduction. Positional vowel alternations are caused by a change in the positions of sounds - from strong to weak or vice versa (strong position for vowels - stressed position):

House - houses - brownie

[house] [dΛma] [dΛmΛvoy]

[o] II [Λ] II [b]

signed signed signed

[o] II [Λ] II [b]

oak linden

Row Rows Row

[a] II [and e] II [b]

jogging jogging

[a] II [and e] II [b]

The given examples of positional alternations reflect the results of a qualitative reduction.

Accommodation can also be the cause of positional alternations (for sound and): needle - with a needle

[needle] [syllable]

Positional alternations are reflected in transcription, not in writing!!! Change of sounds, no change of letters!

Positional alternations of consonants

Positionally, only those consonants alternate, which have pairs of hardness / softness, sonority / deafness. The change of sounds is caused by a change in position from strong to weak or vice versa (within the framework of these oppositions).

Positional alternations of consonants by sound / deaf .:

Timid - timid with a pie - pie

[ropk, iy] II [robk] [n, irΛ gom] II [n, irok]

[p] II [b] [g] II [k]

He said - the fairy tale broke - knocked down

[said] II [kask] [slΛl] II [zb, il]

[s] II [s] [s] II [s]

Positional alternations of consonants on TV / soft:

Rosa - rosé horse - equine

[roz] II [rose, b] [kon,] II [konsk, i]

[s] II [s,] [n] II [n,]

You can simultaneously observe alternations in sound / mute, TV / soft:

Cutting - cuts - lumberjacks - ice hole

[rupk] [rub, um] [l, sΛruby] [prorup,]

[n] II [b, ] II [b] II [n, ]

Break - sew - the concept of positional alternations is not applicable, because sounds are not paired.

Historical sound alternations

Historical alternation is a regular change of sounds within one morpheme, not due to the action of a living phonetic law (change in phonetic position):

Wears - bear - different sounds o and a are fundamentally distinct, both are in a strong position, under stress; s and w are not a pair of sound / deaf, they are in a strong position. These are historical alternations. They are observed without transcription, there is a change of sounds and a change of letters.

Historical alternations of vowels and vowels with a combination of sounds

e//e//o//a - carry-carry-wear-bear

e, o // Ø - d5n-day, sleep-sleep

a, i // Øn // in - start - start - start

a, i // Øm // im - compress - compress - compress

a, i // ym // im - borrow - borrow - borrow

e//i//o//a// Ø - died- die-mor-extinct- die

e / \ a - climb - climb

s / / y / / o - breathe-spirit-sigh

s / / Ø - tear - tear

and// Øy//her - drink-drink-drink

s // oh - howl - howl

s// s(c) // o(c)//a(c) – swim-swim-swimmer-swim

yu, u //ov // ev kuyu-forge beak-peck

Historical consonant alternations

to // h// c (c //h) - face - face-mask

g // f // s - friend - friends - together

x // w - ear - ears

h //f; s / / w - I drive-cart, wears - I wear

x // s - shake - shaking

t // h // u - light - candle - lighting

d // w// railway - move - walking

sk//u - plex splashes

st // u - whistle - whistle

d, t // s - lead - lead, meta - revenge

b / / bl - loves - love

p / / pl - sculpt - sculpt

v//vl – catches – catches

f//fl - graph - graph

m//ml - feeding - feeding

Lecture number 3. syllable. HYPHENATION. ACCENT

SYLLABLE. HYPHENATION

The minimum sound unit of a speech flow is a syllable, it is created by one respiratory impulse.

A syllable is the smallest sound unit that can be isolated dictionally when pronouncing a word. It is a structural component of a phonetic word.

A syllable, like any phonetic unit, can be viewed from different points of view. The syllable can be considered from the point of view of the work of the organs of speech - articulation. The syllable can be viewed from an acoustic point of view. A syllable is such a phonetic unit that is not associated with meaning, does not matter (like sound). Hence the difficulties in syllable division. The question of the syllable is one of the most difficult in phonetics. It is debatable.

It is traditionally believed that the smallest unit of phonetic articulation of speech is sound. From an articulatory point of view, the minimum units of speech flow are syllables, not sounds. We do not pronounce individual sounds, but pronounce syllables. Sounds are distinguished not during direct pronunciation, but in the course of linguistic analysis. Our everyday idea of ​​dividing words into syllables does not coincide with the scientific one: wow.

There are many syllable theories. These numerous theories can be grouped into three groups:

Group 1 of theories connects syllable division with the work of the speech apparatus - with articulation. These theories are called articulatory. Varieties within this group:

A) the expiratory theory connects the division of words into syllables with the work of the respiratory organs. According to this theory, a syllable is a segment of speech pronounced with one expiratory push. There are as many syllables in a word as there are exhalations when pronouncing the word. Experiments show that the expiratory theory by no means covers all cases of syllable division. Sometimes the number of exhalations does not match the number of syllables.

B) the theory of muscular tension connects the division of words into syllables, taking into account how the tension of the speech apparatus changes when pronouncing segments of speech called syllables. When pronouncing some sounds, muscular tension is weakened, while pronouncing others, it increases. When a vowel is pronounced, especially a stressed one, all parts of the vocal apparatus are evenly tense. Therefore, they talk about spilled voltage. When a consonant is pronounced, the tension is concentrated in that part of it where there is an obstacle to the air stream. According to the theory of muscular tension, a syllable is a segment in which there is an increase and then a decrease in muscle tension. This leads to the fact that the word is divided into syllables. Lev Vlad. Shcherba, in addition to muscle tension, paid great attention to stress as a means of highlighting the stressed syllable. The stressed syllable is characterized by greater tension of the speech apparatus.

2nd group of theories - acoustic. These theories link syllable division with the perception of speech flow. Otherwise they are called theories of sonority.

Sonority is the sonority of sounds. Researchers have long established that different sounds have different degrees of sonority. One of the first to develop the theory of sonority was the Danish scientist Otto Jespersen. He built a scale of relative sonority of sounds. Its scale is 10 steps (10 groups of sounds according to the degree of sonority).

In modern In Russian linguistics, the theory of sonority was developed by Ruben Ivanovich Avanesov. He established a 3-step sonority scale (interpreters take a 4-step scale). The theory of sonority does not take into account the absolute sonority of sounds, but only the relative one. The most sonorous are the vowel sounds. They were rated with 4 sonority units. The sonorant consonants next in sonority are 3 units. The sonority of noisy consonants is 1 unit (interpreters of this theory divide noisy consonants into voiced ones - 2 units and deaf ones -1 unit). But it is more convenient to use a 3-step scale (4-3-1).

The theory of sonority comes from the law of the openness of the syllable. The operation of this law is ensured by the principle of ascending sonority, formulated by R.I. Avanesov.

Avanesov argued that the beginning of a non-first syllable is built on the principle of ascending sonority, i.e. at the beginning of a non-first syllable, the sonority increases, the syllable begins with a less sonorous sound and continues with a more sonorous one.

According to the theory of sonority, the syllable division in a word occurs before the sound of the least sonority.

If in a word we have a combination of sounds C + G + C + G, then there are no difficulties in syllable division, because the consonant is less sonorous than the vowel, so the syllable boundary passes before the consonant:

Bo - ti - nok be - re - for

14 14 341 14 34 14

sonority fall

It is more difficult if the word has a combination of several consonants between vowels (intervocalic combinations). It is necessary to analyze the sounds according to the degree of sonority.

GSSG GSSSG GSSSG

Consider examples:

A) ... voice. + noisy acc. + noisy + voice…

in paint se - stra

b) ... voice. + sonor.acc. + sonor.acc. + voice. …

ko - rma va - nna

c) ... voice. + noise acc. + sonorn. acc. + voice. …

o-window nightmarish

d) ... voice. + sonor.acc. + noisy acc. + voice. ….

skins - like a compass

If there are several sonority drops in a word, then the boundary passes where the sonority drop is greater.

The consonant j requires special attention, it is the most sonorous of the consonants - 3.5 units. When combined with other consonants, it will refer to the previous syllable, i.e. the syllable section will come after it before any other consonant sound:

…voice. + j + noisy acc. + voice. …

….voice. + j + sonor.acc. + voice. …

According to the theory of sonority, in 2 cases there can be closed syllables inside a word:

1. after j before any other consonant: howl-sko, my-wa, lei-ka, lai-ka

2. after a sonorant consonant before the next noisy consonants: half-ka, fight-ba, bom-ba

If there are two sonorous consonants nearby, then they both go to the next syllable: ko-rma, pa-lma, ha-mma

Thus, within intervocalic consonant combinations, the syllable boundary passes if the first consonant is louder than the next: cork

Inside the intervocalic combinations of consonants, the syllable boundary does not pass if the consonants are equal in sonority, or the second is more sonorous than the first: mask, boo-qua, te-mno, boo-gra.

3 group of theories - experimental

These are theories that are based on experiments carried out using precision instruments. The advantage of these theories is that they combine two approaches to the syllable - articulatory and acoustic. The work of the organs of speech, the acoustic characteristics of sounds are studied.

Proponents of exp. theories proved that a syllable is the minimum pronounceable unit, characterized by the maximum fusion of its components. One of the authors is Liya Vasilievna Bondarko.

Exp. theories study the degree of fusion of sounds in syllables. It is established that the combination of acc. + voice. closer than ch. + acc. If there are intervocalic combinations within the word according to, then the syllable division occurs differently than according to the theory of sonority. According to the ex-theory, all syllables in the word are open, with the exception of those that are closed j (this is where the theory of sonority and ex-theory converge).

According to the theory of sonority according to the experimental theory

tea-tea-tea

half a mile

went on and on

se-stra se-stra

wa-na wa-na

there are opinions that in general all syllables in a word are open, i.e. no consonant can close a syllable.

TYPES OF syllables

Syllables can be: open and closed (according to the presence of a consonant sound on the right) - ka-ran-dash; alcove; straw; pore-shaft; Baikal

Logias can be covered and uncovered (according to the presence of a consonant on the left) - ar-buz, o-kno, war, el-ka (the first syllable is covered with j).

Different sounds can be pronounced at the same place in the same morpheme. In the forms of the word goat, goat, goat, goats, in the words goats, goat, capricorn, the root is the same. But we pronounce [h] (goat, goats), then [h "] (goat, goat, capricorn), then [s] (goats), then [h], a rounded consonant, during the pronunciation of which the lips are tense and stretched out in tube (goat). Vowels are also not pronounced the same: to [b] are evil, to [o] s - to [a] for, to [a] green. The first consonant is not the same: before [a] it is [k]: [ka] for, before [o] it is [k]: [k] ozly, [k °] lake Such a change of sounds is called alternation.

Alternation occurs only in the same morphemes. Replacing [s] with [s] or vice versa in the words ko [s] a, ko [s] a, we will not get alternation - the roots are different here.

Alternation may be associated with a certain position of sounds in a word. So, in Russian, the sound [g], hitting the end of a word, is replaced by the sound [k].

Alternation [r // k] in Russian is positional alternation. Positional alternation called such an alternation that occurs in any position and knows no exceptions in a given language system. The alternation [r // k] is phonetic. Phonetic alternations have positions, i.e. conditions for the appearance of a particular sound, phonetic - the beginning and end of a word or syllable, the proximity of other sounds, the position in a stressed or unstressed syllable.

But here's another example - alternation [g // w]: friend [g] a - other [g] ny, boom [g] a - boom [g] ny, tai [g] a - tae [g] ny, move [t] at - mobile [g] ny, can [g] y - possible [g] ny. This alternation is carried out in many words, and one might think that it is due to the position before [n]. This would mean that it is also phonetic.

But this is not so: [g] before [n] is not necessarily replaced by [g]: [g] ohm - [gn] ag, mi [t] at - mi [g] to go, to step - sha [g] to go. phonetic

there is no positional conditionality here. But there is another positional conditionality: the alternation [r // f] knows no exceptions in the position before the adjective suffix -m-. The position here is morphological, the alternation is morphological positional. In addition to positional alternations, there are also those that have neither phonetic nor morphological conditionality: friend - friends, ignorant - ignorant, death - pestilence - exterminate. Such alternations are associated only with specific words.

According to the rules of Russian spelling, phonetic alternations are usually not reflected in writing. We write the same root of the word leg - legs, although all three sounds in the first form and in the second are different. Non-phonetic alternations are usually written in different letters: foot - footboard. Phonetic alternation is the alternation of sounds belonging to the same phoneme. Non-phonetic alternation is the alternation of phonemes.

The positional change of consonants is observed according to the following features:

1) change of consonants according to voicedness - deafness.

A voiced sound changes to a deaf one in the following cases:

a) at the absolute end of a word:

Friend - friend, oaks - oak

[g] // [k], [b] // [n]

b) before a deaf consonant:

all - everything, low - low

[in '] // [f], [z] // [s]

A voiceless consonant changes to a voiced one before a voiced one:

ask - request, from the window - from the mountain

[s’] // [s’] [s] // [s]

2) change of consonants according to hardness - softness.

Wed: Bridge - bridge, ride - ride, bow - bow.

[st] - [s’t’], [zd] - [z’d’], [nt] - [n’t’].

3) change of consonants [h], [s] to hissing before hissing sounds [g], [w].

Often this exchange is accompanied by a change of consonants in sonority - deafness.

For example: sew - [shit ']:[c] [w] + [w] = [w] long,

squeeze - [zhat ']:[s] [s] [g] + [g] = [g] long.

4) The consonant system of the Russian language is characterized by the phenomenon of simplification of consonant groups. The so-called unpronounceable consonants are observed in combinations: stn, zdn, lnts, rdts, stl, ntsk, vstv.

For example: [g'i / ha / nsk 'ij].

Thus, the consonants [d], [t], [l], [c] alternate with zero sound -.

SECTION "GRAPHICS"

The concept of graphics. Development of writing

Graphic arts- This is a branch of linguistics that considers the relationship of letters of the alphabet to the composition of phonemes. Also, this word is a set of letters or styles that are used in writing.

Russian literary language exists in two forms: oral and written.

Writing arose as a means of communication, complementary to oral speech. Writing associated with the use of descriptive characters (drawing, sign, letter) is called descriptive writing. It has come a long way in its development.

We use sound, or rather phonemic writing. In it, signs (letters) serve to convey phonemes in a strong position, as well as the sounds of Russian speech.

The list of all letters is arranged in a certain order, which is called alphabetically(from the name of the Greek letters "alpha" and "vita") or alphabet(from the name of the first letters of the Slavic alphabet "az" and "beeches").

Our writing is based on the Cyrillic alphabet, an alphabet created at the end of the 9th-10th centuries by Byzantine missionaries Cyril (Konstantin) and Methodius. The Cyrillic alphabet was compiled for the translation of Greek church books into Old Church Slavonic (the Macedonian dialect of the Bulgarian language).

In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet appeared at the end of the tenth century in connection with the adoption of Christianity in 988. It was based on the Greek alphabet

Since 988, all aspects of the language have changed (vocabulary, phonetics, grammar). Along with the language, Russian writing developed and improved.

Until the 16th century, our writing was continuous - there were no spaces between words. At the end of the words were put "b" and "b".

In the development of graphics and orthography, the reforms of Peter I played an important role, on the initiative and with the participation of which the Civil Alphabet was created in Russia (1708-1710). The ecclesiastical font was replaced by a civil one: the letters of the civil alphabet, unlike the Cyrillic alphabet, were simpler in geometric outlines and closer to those of the Latin alphabet. Some letters have disappeared from the alphabet.

For more than 1000 years, only three letters have appeared in the Russian alphabet: the letter "yo" introduced by N. Karamzin in 1797, letter "e" legitimized by Peter I, but was used in Russian writing earlier, the letter "th" introduced by the Academy of Sciences in 1735

With minor changes, this alphabet is still used today.

By the end of the 19th century, a draft graphic and spelling reform was prepared, but it was approved on December 10, 1918 by a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars. The graphics were simplified, the letters were eliminated from it: “yat”, “and decimal”, “fita” and others.

For the period from 1918 to the present, no changes have been made in the composition of the Russian alphabet.

Composition of the Russian alphabet. Letter and phoneme

The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The arrangement of letters in alphabetical order is conditional, but knowledge of it is necessary in order to freely use dictionaries, alphabetical lists and indexes.

Each letter has its own name, equal to one sound or two: a - [a], b - [be] etc.

Ten letters are vowels, of which letters a, o, uh, i, u, s- simple (unambiguous), letters e, yo, yu, i- iotated (two-digit). Twenty-one letters are consonants. Letters b and b sounds are not indicated. The lettering has 2 varieties - printed and written. Each distinguishes between lowercase (small) letters and uppercase (capital) letters, with the exception of b, b, s.

Letter- an element of the alphabet, which is the inscription of a certain configuration, this is a drawing that cannot be pronounced.

In addition to letters, graphics also use non-letter graphics: accent mark, hyphen (dash), punctuation marks (the rules for their use refer to punctuation), apostrophe, paragraph mark, spaces between words, parts of text, as well as font selections (italic, bold, spacing, etc.), underlining, color highlighting.

Phoneme - this is an insignificant unit of language, which in speech is realized by a number of positionally alternating sounds. The main function of the phoneme is distinctive. In writing, we designate a phoneme in a strong position. As a result, it turns out that each morpheme (significant part of the word), since it contains the same phonemes, is always written the same way.

Water - water - water fungus - mushrooms

[in / dy] - [in a / yes] - [v / d ’and e / noj] [r ’and p] - [g r’ and / b s]

<о>: [about] - [ a ] - [b]<б>: [P] - [ b ]

Speech sound alternations

Phonetic and historical alternations.

Vowel alternations:

positional vowel alternations (reduction);

combinatorial vowel alternations (accommodation).

Consonant alternations:

stunning consonants;

combinatorial changes of consonants (assimilation).

Historical alternations of vowels and consonants.

Phonetic and historical alternations

Alternation is a regular change of speech sounds within one morpheme: grass - grass, ear - ears.

Alternations in Russian can be phonetic and historical. Phonetic alternations are due to the phonetic laws in force in the modern language, for example, the law of stunning voiced consonants at the end of a word: gardens - garden. Depending on the reasons that caused the change of sounds, phonetic alternations are divided into positional and combinatorial. Positional alternations are explained by phonetic position - the location of the sound in the word (for vowels - stressed or unstressed position, for consonants - the position of the end of the word). Combinatorial alternations are explained by the influence of one sound on another ( demolished, sewed, knocked down).

Historical alternations arose as phonetic ones, but the phonetic laws that determined them ceased to operate in the language, and the change of sounds was preserved: friend - friendly - friends.

Vowel alternations

Vowel alternations in SRRL may depend on the position of the sound in relation to the stress and on the proximity of the stressed vowel to a hard / soft consonant.

Stressed vowels are in a strong position, i.e. in the position of the greatest distinction of differential features, are called vowels of a complete formation. They are pronounced clearly, distinctly: garden, house, hour, chalk. In an unstressed position, which is commonly called weak, vowels undergo changes - they are reduced. Reduction (lat. reducereduce) is a weakening of a vowel sound in an unstressed position, a qualitative or quantitative change in a vowel. Reduced (unstressed) vowels differ from stressed ones in less pronunciation power, greater brevity, less energetic articulation.

quality vowels of non-high rise [e, o, a] are subject to reduction in SRRL. They change their quality, their differential features, coincide in their sound with other sounds in the same position. In relation to stress, 2 types of weak vowel positions are distinguished: I position is the first pre-stressed syllable or the absolute beginning of a word; II position - all other pre-stressed and stressed syllables. In II position, in comparison with I, there is a stronger change in sound. As a result of qualitative reduction, a positional change of sounds occurs, intersecting rows of sounds are formed:

[a] [o] (after hard consonants)

[a] [e] (after soft consonants)

Garden - gardens - gardener

House - houses - brownie

Five - five - five

Green - green - turn green

quantitative reduction in SRRL the high vowels [i, s, y] are exposed. They do not change their differential qualities, but become shorter in strength and duration, less intense. For example, smoke - smoke - smoke, risk - risk - risk, empty - empty - emptiness.

Combinatorial changes in vowel sounds under the influence of neighboring consonants are called accommodation in SRN (from Latin accommodatio - adaptation). Accommodation is explained by the fact that the organs of speech do not have time to complete the pronunciation of one sound, do not have time to return to their original position, as they begin to articulate the next sound. Percussive vowel sounds, being in the vicinity of soft consonants, change their articulation, and the sounds of the front and non-front row behave differently.

Non-front vowels [a, o, y, s, e] in the vicinity of soft consonants become more front (move forward) at the beginning, end or throughout their sound: mat - crumpled - mother - knead, onion - hatch - bows - hatches.

Front vowels [e, i] undergo accommodation in a position between two soft consonants and become narrower, tense, closed: sleeps - drink, sang - sang.

Consonant alternations

The alternation of consonant sounds in SRRL may depend on the position of the sound in the word and on the proximity of the consonant to a hard / soft consonant or a voiced / voiceless consonant.

In the position of the end of a word in Russian, only deaf consonants can be pronounced. If at the end of the word there is a paired voiced consonant, it is stunned: oak, garden, plov, cart.

The alternation of consonant sounds under the influence of neighboring consonants is commonly called assimilation (lat. assimilatio - assimilation). In SRLP, only regressive assimilation works, when the subsequent consonant affects the previous one: boat, guests. Assimilation can be complete (in this case, the assimilated sound completely coincides with the one to which it is likened) and incomplete (respectively, only a few signs of the assimilated sound change): sew, unclench, count. Most often, incomplete assimilation is observed in the Russian language on one basis: deafness / voicedness or (less often, in some cases) hardness / softness: shop, hand over, poetry, here. Moreover, assimilation can be observed both within one morpheme, and at the junction of morphemes and even at the junction of words: carver, to the house, with heat.

Historical alternations of vowels and consonants

Historical alternations in SRLP do not depend on phonetic conditions (positions in a word, proximity to other sounds), which is how they differ from phonetic alternations. For example: reset - dump, peck - oven.

Historical vowel alternations include:

f / / o: I'm carrying - a cart, I'm carrying - a burden;

e//e: cross - crossroads;

o//a: late - late;

o, a // zero sound (fluent vowels): sleep - sleep, day - day;

a, i / / im, in, em, en, m, n: remove - remove, compress - compress, compress;

u, u//ov, ev: I don’t care - I spit.

Historical consonant alternations include:

c//h//c: face-face-face;

g//f//z: friend- friendly - friends;

x / / w: ear - ears;

c//h: father - fatherland;

s / / w, s / / w: carry - drive, wear - wear;

t//h///u: light - candle - lighting;

d//f//zhd: drive - drive - driving;

sk / / u: splash - splashes;

st / / u: whistle - whistle;

d, t / / s: I lead - lead, meta - revenge;

b / / bl, p / / pl, v / / vl, f / / fl, m / / ml: love - love, sculpt - sculpt, catch - catch, break - break.

Historical alternations arose in different periods of the development of the language, for various reasons. Knowing these alternations helps us to establish the historical relationship of many words that are not cognate in SRRL: braid - scratch, flat - area, flowing - current.