Introduction

If you look at the history of the life of women rulers and trace their influence on history, it becomes obvious that they experienced triumph and tragedy, ruled over peoples. The period of great female rulers begins in the history of pestilence more than three thousand years ago. It would be appropriate to start with Egypt, with Queen Hatshepsut, Nefertiti and Cleopatra. Medieval rulers include Eleanor of Aquitaine Joan of Arc, Mary Stuart and Elizabeth 1.

Elizabeth I (September 7, 1533 - March 24, 1603), the Good Queen Bess, the Virgin Queen - Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from November 17, 1558, the last of the Tudor dynasty. Youngest daughter of King Henry VIII of England and his second wife, Anne Boleyn.

The reign of Elizabeth is sometimes called the "golden age of England", both in connection with the flourishing of culture (the so-called "Elizabethians": Shakespeare, Marlowe, Bacon, etc.), and with the increased importance of England on the world stage (the defeat of the Invincible Armada, Drake, Reilly, East India Company).

Ekaterimna II Great Empress of All Russia from 1762 to 1796. The daughter of a petty sovereign prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Catherine came to power in a palace coup that dethroned her unpopular husband, Peter III. The Catherine era was marked by the maximum enslavement of the peasants and the comprehensive expansion of the privileges of the nobility. The borders of the Russian Empire were significantly moved to the west (partitions of the Commonwealth) and to the south (annexation of Novorossiya). The public administration system was reformed for the first time since the time of Peter the Great. In cultural terms, Russia finally became one of the great European powers, which was greatly facilitated by the empress herself, who was fond of literary activity, collected masterpieces of painting and was in correspondence with the French enlighteners.

INTERNAL POLICY OF ELIZABETH I

Queen's Ministers. No monarch, then or before, showed such fidelity to those close to her as Elizabeth. All of Elizabeth's ministers were chosen by her. Her first candidate was William Cecil, Lord Burghley, on whom she relied more than on anyone else. Other advisers to Elizabeth included Francis Walsingham, Walter Mildmay, Thomas Smith, and Robert Cecil (William's son). Despite the fact that the ministers themselves were outstanding people, Elizabeth invariably remained their mistress and mistress. In addition to ministers, she had courtiers. The most notable figures among them were the Earl of Leicester, Christopher Hutton and Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex. Elizabeth preferred to keep Walter Rayleigh and Francis Bacon on the edge of the political field, because she did not trust their human qualities, highly appreciated the abilities of these courtiers. Burghley, who lived until 1598, desired to pass on the position and influence to his highly capable but handicapped youngest son, Robert Cecil. An obstacle to the implementation of this intention Burghley was a young aristocrat, the Earl of Essex, a man of irresistible charm. Essex received loud fame and flattering marks during the capture of Cadiz in 1596, however, when political ambitions were added to his military ambitions, he clashed with the Cecils. While Elizabeth made Essex her "favourite" and admired his qualities, she was not sufficiently charmed by him to sympathize with his dangerous political goals. Elizabeth deliberately promoted Robert Cecil to the top, while at the same time antagonizing Essex in his efforts to push his own candidates to the top positions. There were also a number of personal clashes between the queen and her favorite. Once Elizabeth grabbed Essex, who turned his back to her in a rage and was about to leave away, by the ear (in another version, she gave him a slap in the face), and then he threateningly took hold of the hilt of his sword, exclaiming: “I would not tolerate such impudence even from your father! your subject, but not a slave!" The climax of the story with Essex was 1599, when he was instructed to put down the revolt of Tyrone in Ireland. Having received all the requested resources from the government, Essex did not obey the instructions received from London, failed in the fulfillment of the task and concluded a truce with the rebel. After that, he, also contrary to orders, returned to England. In February 1601, Essex committed open treason by trying to raise London against the queen and her advisers, was put on trial and executed (February 25, 1601). Puritans and Parliament. The Queen was unwavering in her opposition to Puritanism, and in 1583 she appointed John Witgift, the chief opponent of the Puritans, as Archbishop of Canterbury. But the opposition was not going to give up. Some of the clergy turned to Presbyterianism. Gradually, a well-organized movement was created, the purpose of which was the destruction of the episcopate. The Puritan clergy sought to act through political leverage and influence their supporters in the House of Commons. As a result, Elizabeth had to fight with the House of Commons, which, until the last decade of her reign, sympathized almost exclusively with the Puritans. Parliamentarians constantly came into conflict with the Queen, not only on issues related to the reform of the Anglican Church, but also on issues of the need for marriage, the succession to the throne, the treatment of Mary Stuart. Parliament was a fanatical opponent of Catholicism, the most devoted supporters of the queen gathered here in her struggle against Mary and Philip II. The reign of Elizabeth was one of the most dynamic periods in English history. Protestants from the very beginning believed that Providence itself had preserved it. As the reign of Elizabeth faced more and more internal and external dangers, the love of the people for the queen increased and turned into a real cult. Elizabeth died at Richmond Palace (now in London) on March 24, 1603.

Introduction

1.3 Relationship with Mary Tudor

Chapter 2 Domestic Politics

2.3 Privy Council

Chapter 3 Foreign Policy

3.1 War with Scotland

3.2 War with Spain

3.3 Relations with Russia

Conclusion

Introduction

The personality of Elizabeth Tudor has long attracted the attention of researchers from many countries of the world, as evidenced by numerous publications. The queen attracted the attention of historians shortly after her death, when, against the backdrop of mediocre rule, her long reign suddenly began to seem like a golden age. Historical studies of the reign of Elizabeth and her era run into many hundreds of volumes.

The history of Great Britain, in particular England, has many dynasties. Among the kings of the Middle Ages and the times of absolutism, queens also ruled, great women who left their mark on the history of the country. One such queen was Elizabeth I of England, Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII. The period of her reign is characterized by historians as the "golden age" in the history of England. For 45 years on the throne, Elizabeth was able to regulate diplomatic relations, maintained stability in the kingdom, strengthened the position of absolutism, restored the Anglican Church, she was also a true patron of the arts, since it was under her that many writers and musicians worked, the theater developed, and of course the victory over " Invincible Armada" made her name in history eternal. Elizabeth combined decisiveness with femininely crafty diplomacy, helping her kingdom to resist political enemies at home and abroad.

Historiographic science has developed different interpretations of the assessment of the phenomenon under study. Almost four centuries of historiographical tradition prescribes to speak of Elizabeth with unfailing admiration, and there are reasons for that. The authors of the first panegyrics to Elizabeth, Fulk Greville and William Cudman, wrote the history of her reign in the first decades of the 17th century. Their works, however, were not only historical in nature. Her new image was just a political tool that influenced the unlucky Scottish kings, first James, and then Charles. It was by the 1620s, when the Stuart kings turned out to be a real disappointment, that they decided to make Elizabeth - as a reproach to them and as a warning to their heirs! - an example of all royal virtues.

In the 19th century, British imperial historians also needed an ideal character who could evoke a sense of national pride and testify to the greatness and justice of royal power - this is where the myth of the great queen, created in the 17th century, came in handy.

The historiographical tradition of extolling Elizabeth and her reign has been unshakable until recently. In the history of every country there is a myth about some ideal statesman personifying the nation. In ancient Greece, this is Pericles, in the USA - Abraham Lincoln, in Russia - Peter I, in England - Elizabeth. Only recently have British historians begun to question the extent to which the panegyrics of the Queen's illustrious reign are true. Their conclusions (for example, in the works of K. Haig and K. Erickson) make a depressing impression. However, for the majority, their time has not yet come: just look at the latest history textbooks for schools and even universities, where all the same good old myths about a great and strong reign are replicated.

Of great interest to the research topic are the works of foreign authors: J. Trevelyan, F. Gregory, R. Miles, K. Harper, which reflect the economic, social, political aspects of the history of England in the period under study.

Works of domestic historians - V.V. Shtokmar, Yu.M. Saprykina, S.V. Makarova, S.V. Pavlishcheva, B. T Gribanova - reflect various cultural and religious processes in the history of England in the 16th century.

The methodological basis for the materials of the work was made up of scientific and educational publications dedicated to Elizabeth I of England Tudor, as well as articles in special periodicals.

A large set of documents of various nature was used as sources for the study.

The source characterizing the position of the lower strata of society is the act of Elizabeth "On the Punishment of vagrants and incorrigible beggars" . From this document it follows that the victims of predatory landowners were declared "malicious vagabonds" and "stubborn beggars". Public scourging and following the stage, forced labor - these are the measures of the "bloody legislation", which equally reflected both the fear of the desperate mass and the desire to use their forced labor in correctional houses and workshops as an additional source of so-called primitive accumulation, that is, enrichment founders of capitalist manufacture.

We can learn about Elizabeth's foreign policy from a fragment of her letter to Henry IV on the assessment of Spanish policy. In it, Spain, in the eyes of Elizabeth, appears as a power striving for world domination and only covering up its conquest plans with the role of defender of the Catholic Church.

In a message from England about the "Great Armada", received on November 19, 1588 in Augsburg from Hamburg, we learn about the victory of the British over the "Great Armada".

The purpose of this study is to study and analyze the period of the reign of Elizabeth I of England Tudor.

Achievement of the set goal was realized through the solution of research tasks:

.analysis of the environment of the future queen,

.study of domestic politics,

.the study of foreign policy.

The object of this study is the history of England during the reign of Elizabeth I of England Tudor. The subject of study in this work is the political portrait of Elizabeth I of England Tudor.

The course work consists of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. In the introduction, the author outlined the goals and objectives, defined the object and subject of research, the relevance of this topic.

The first chapter is devoted to the environment of the future queen. This chapter tells about the parents, childhood and relationship with Mary Tudor of the future queen.

The third chapter deals with foreign policy. The author will analyze the wars of England with Scotland, Spain and relations with Russia.

The list of sources and references consists of 51 items. The work is presented on ___ pages.

Chapter 1

1.1 Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII

Under Henry VIII, the Reformation began in England. The reason for the Reformation was the interest of the English nobility in seizing church lands and the desire of the English bourgeoisie to make the church simple and cheap. The reason for the Reformation was the Pope's refusal to allow King Henry VIII to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon, aunt of the German emperor Charles V. The king's divorce was eventually formalized by parliament without the sanction of the pope, after which Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn, the maid of honor of the former queen.

For the first time, Henry VIII saw Anna on March 1, 1522 at the court masquerade of the Virtues. The King had a "Sincerity" costume, Anna had a "Persistence" costume. Heinrich believed that he would quickly achieve the location of Anna. But I was wrong - the girl was adamant.

The king upset her engagement to Count Percy, and Anna, who did not understand the true reason, was then simply furious. But, realizing what was happening, for a long time she rejected the gifts of the king, refused to become his mistress.

Anna began to act immediately after Henry, in conversations with her, began to regret his childless marriage with Katerina. However, for a long time the king did not dare to offer Anna anything higher than the status of "the only mistress." This, of course, did not suit her.

For Heinrich, such relationships were new - for the first time in his life, he independently sought an approach to a woman. Anna for some time disappeared from the field of view of the king. And he decided to divorce Katerina - she had long lost her ability to give birth. In addition, Heinrich found an excellent reason for his unsuccessful marriage. Pope Julius II was not supposed to approve their wedding.

Anna agreed to belong to Henry in body and soul. In addition, Anna's pregnancy became an additional reason for the decisive actions of the English king. The divorce from Katerina dragged on for seven years.

January 1533 - before receiving official papers from the Pope - the secret wedding of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII took place. Anna's coronation took place on May 29 of the same year. Notably, the prow of the ship on which Boleyn went to her coronation was a dragon spewing flames.

The birth of his wife brought Henry disappointment - a girl, the future Elizabeth I, was born. In addition, he was extremely surprised and annoyed that Anna decided to breastfeed the baby on her own.

Perhaps this was the beginning of a split within the family - Anna was capricious and jealous, and she flatly refused to obey her husband. The old wound, which opened after a fall from a horse during a tournament in 1536, added fuel to the fire. Heinrich's character was rapidly deteriorating - he was bothered by the claims and jealousy of his wife. In addition, young Jane Seymour appeared on the horizon - fully meeting the canons of beauty in England.

Thoughts of divorce began to stir in Henry's head again. And thanks to Prime Minister Thomas Cromwell, Anne was accused of treason. The trial has begun.

Anne Boleyn's trial took place in the main hall of the Tower. The king was not present. Anna calmly listened to the accusation of treason and witchcraft and the sentence. As a "privilege", instead of a fire for the execution of the Queen of England, an executioner from France was specially discharged, who executed her on May 19, 1536 by cutting off her head with a sword.

reign elizabeth tudor england

1.2 Childhood and youth of the princess

Elizabeth was born at noon on September 7, 1533 in the chambers of Greenwich Palace. From the first days of her appearance, the situation around the newborn was not very friendly. The courtiers whispered that the birth of a daughter was God's punishment to King Henry for breaking with Rome. Someone disliked the princess for the fact that she is the daughter of Anne Boleyn, who stole the crown from the legitimate queen Catherine of Aragon.

But little Elizabeth did not yet understand this. She lived in Hatfield Country Palace, surrounded by an army of nannies and servants. Previously, Hatfield was occupied by Catherine's daughter, Maria, who has now been moved to a distant outbuilding, having been deprived of all honors. Subsequently, Maria will not forget this, and when she is asked to introduce herself to the princess, Maria will answer: "In England, there is only one princess - I."

Father and mother also visited their daughter infrequently: Heinrich was busy with state affairs, and Anna was busy with receptions and holidays. Sometimes Elizabeth was brought to London to show foreign ambassadors and outline future profitable marriages. In that era, it was not considered shameful to woo princesses almost from birth. When the girl was seven months old, Henry almost conspired about her betrothal to the third son of Francis I. To this end, the baby was presented to the French ambassadors, first in luxurious royal attire, and then naked, so that they would make sure that the bride had no physical defects.

At a time when more babies died than survived, Elizabeth grew up surprisingly healthy, ruddy and bright beyond her years. She rarely cried, but she knew perfectly well how, with the help of tears, to get the desired treat or toy from the nannies. Of course, the princess was spoiled and catered to all her desires. During palace celebrations, a whole line of peers lined up for the three-year-old baby, who put offerings at her feet. Elizabeth, in a brocade dress sewn like an adult, thanked everyone, gracefully crouching in the French manner. Even then, she learned to behave like a queen.

The girl will forever remember the moment when, holding her to her, her mother knelt before her father, shouting pitiful excuses. After that, Elizabeth saw the king very rarely, and her mother - never again. At the trial, Anna was accused of debauchery, after which rumors immediately spread that Elizabeth was not a royal daughter. In fact, the thin red-haired girl bore little resemblance to Henry VIII, but she was very similar to her mother, as well as to her alleged lover, the court musician Mark Smeaton. Henry himself, it seems, did not doubt his paternity, but preferred to put out of sight the one that reminded him of his shame.

Elizabeth still lived at Hatfield under the supervision of Lady Bryan and the steward, John Shelton. Heinrich reduced the cost of maintaining his daughter, but ordered her to be brought up like a king - after all, she remained a profitable commodity for foreign suitors. In the autumn of 1536, she had a new governess, Catherine Ashley, who took care not only of the girl's upbringing, but also of education, teaching her to read and write in English and Latin.

For a long time, Kat replaced the mother of the princess, and later Elizabeth recalled: “She spent many years by my side and made every effort to teach me knowledge and instill ideas of honor ... We are more closely connected with those who educate us than with our parents for parents, following the call of nature, bring us into the world, and educators teach us to live in it.

Elizabeth was taught everything: how to behave at the table, dance, pray and needlework. Already at the age of six, she gave her little brother Eduard a cambric shirt of her own making.

In fact, Elizabeth had no particular reason to love Jane Seymour's son, who blocked her path to the throne. True, Queen Jane herself treated the girl affectionately, but soon after the birth of her son, she died. Then two more queens flashed by - so quickly that Elizabeth barely had time to notice them. The sixth and last wife of her father, Catherine Parr, was determined to treat the royal offspring as her children. It was at her request that Elizabeth, Mary and Edward settled in the royal palace. The elder sister rejoiced - for her it was an approach to the desired power. And Elizabeth yearned for the green meadows and forests of Hatfield, for her Kate and for her childhood playmate, Robert Dudley, the son of one of Henry's close associates. Only with him the unsociable princess was frank and once said that, having seen enough of the sad fate of her father's wives, she decided never to marry.

From 1543, Elizabeth studied the sciences under the guidance of scientific professors Cheek and Grindel, who were later joined by Prince Edward's tutor Roger Esham. All of them were deeply religious people and at the same time humanists who rejected the fanaticism and intolerance of the previous era. Elizabeth became the first English princess brought up in the spirit of the Renaissance. First of all, this meant the study of ancient languages ​​and ancient culture. By the age of twelve, she could read and speak five languages ​​- English, Latin, Greek, French and Italian. Her talents impressed even the royal antiquary John Leland, who, after checking the knowledge of the girl, prophetically exclaimed: "This wonderful child will become the glory of England!"

After the death of Henry VIII, much has changed in the position of Elizabeth. Leaving the palace to her brother, she moved with Mary to the Queen's mansion in Chelsea, where a new owner soon appeared - Catherine Parr married Admiral Thomas Seymour. This intriguer played an important role at the court of his nephew and did not lose hope of securing her by marriage to one of the princesses. Prior to marrying Catherine, he unsuccessfully wooed Mary, and then sought permission to marry her sister. Considering himself an irresistible gentleman, he began to openly molest his stepdaughter. In the mornings, he burst into Elizabeth's bedroom and began to shake and tickle the young princess, not in the least embarrassed by the presence of maids and faithful Kate. Little by little, the girl began to believe in the feelings of the admiral, but one day Catherine found her in the arms of her husband. A scandal broke out, and in April 1548 Elizabeth moved with her servants to Chestnut Manor.

In the new place, the princess devoted herself with zeal to her studies under the guidance of Esham. In September, two days before her fifteenth birthday, Queen Catherine died of childbirth. Rumors swirled around London that the admiral, whose ambitions continued to grow, was about to woo Elizabeth, and even Kat thought it was a good idea. Many thought that Seymour had already seduced the princess, and this was what hastened the death of his wife. Meanwhile, Elizabeth grew stronger and stronger in her aversion to marriage. This was facilitated by the behavior of Seymour, who now hypocritically shed tears over his wife's coffin, taking her considerable fortune into his hands. The admiral did not hide his claims to power, and Elizabeth lived in constant fear that he would simply force her to marry him. The end came in March 1549 - Thomas Seymour was arrested and executed a week later. Elizabeth was also interrogated for participation in the conspiracy, but was quickly acquitted.

1.3 Relationship with Mary Tudor

When the country was again engulfed in religious conflicts, both princesses could not stay away from them. Mary remained a staunch Catholic, and raised in a Protestant spirit, Elizabeth increasingly showed herself to be a defender of the new faith. This contradiction became clear when, in July 1553, the sickly Edward died. The crown went to Mary, who quickly restored the Catholic order in England.

Elizabeth expressed complete obedience to her sister, but Mary's Spanish advisers convinced that the princess could not be trusted. What if she charms some powerful noble or even a foreign sovereign and seizes power with his help? At first, Mary did not particularly believe these rumors, but a conspiracy of Protestants in March 1554 changed her mind. Elizabeth was thrown into the Tower, and only humiliating pleas for mercy saved her life.

The princess was exiled to the provincial Woodstock. In the damp climate there, illnesses began to pester her: her face was covered with boils, sudden fits of anger were replaced by tears. Having somehow survived the winter, she returned to the capital: Philip of Spain, who became the husband of Mary, decided to keep Elizabeth closer to the court for the sake of safety. According to rumors, this decision had another reason: Philip succumbed to her outstanding charm.

Soon Elizabeth moved to her beloved Hatfield, where her friends began to gather around her - Kat Ashley, Treasurer Perry, teacher Roger Asham. More and more courtiers and churchmen came here, leaving the royal palace, where the Spaniards were in charge. By the autumn of 1558, when Mary's health deteriorated sharply, only two people blocked her sister's path to the throne. One was Philip of Spain. Another was Reginald Pole, Cardinal and Archbishop of Canterbury, who was a staunch Catholic and had great influence at court.

November, when Mary breathed her last, Philip was in Spain, and Cardinal Pole himself was dying. On the same day, closer to noon, in the halls of Parliament, Elizabeth was proclaimed Queen of England. A huge crowd of citizens, gathered at the city hall, greeted this news with joyful cries.

Chapter 2 Domestic Politics

2.1 Economic development of the country.

As in the previous era, England made a good income by participating in the international trade in wool and fabrics. The government of Elizabeth actively pursued a policy of protectionism. The queen encouraged the merchant companies that were founded during this period.

However, the queen was preoccupied with the problem of supporting not only the bourgeoisie, but all classes, and most of all she was concerned about those who surrounded her directly. The crown also faced the problem of the impoverishment of the nobility, which expected money from the monarchy. To maintain her prestige in the eyes of the courtiers, she came to the practice of distributing trade monopolies. The monopoly right to import or export certain products was granted to one of the courtiers. The courtier does not engage in trade himself - and sells his monopoly to one of the merchants. Thus, trade monopolies were an additional source of income for the treasury. In the same way, people close to the court became members of the board of merchant companies and "patrons" of profitable maritime operations.

Concern for the burgher elite, the heads of workshops, was expressed in the fact that "livery companies" were created " - the strongest of the traditional workshops. This hindered the development of capitalist production, which mainly developed in the field of new crafts. This policy of redistribution of funds, which hampered trade and entrepreneurial activity, was at first perceived as indisputable, but, as the strength and confidence of the trade and entrepreneurial strata grew, it began to be criticized. In the last decades of Elizabeth's reign, protests against monopolies began in parliament and the slogan for free trade appeared.

In agriculture, the era of enclosures continued - and, accordingly, the number of impoverished peasants was still very large, the level of begging and vagrancy was high. Rents were rising, food prices were rising. Parliament and the Queen passed a number of laws restricting enclosures, but these laws, like earlier laws of this kind, did not have the desired effect. Twice during the reign of Elizabeth - in the 70s and 90s. In the 16th century, in a series of lean years, a rather tense situation was created in the country, famine and minor riots in the villages.

Patients remained the question of the receipt of funds in the treasury. Parliament voted new taxes reluctantly and only when it recognized them as necessary. Defacing the coin has already shown itself to be an unsuitable means of solving the problem of scarcity. And, if her father took away money from the Catholic Church, then Elizabeth achieved the same by allowing her subjects to rob the Spaniards on the seas.

The era of Elizabeth is not only the era of the development of the merchant fleet, but also the era of the heyday of English piracy. Pirates acted with the consent and approval of the queen, she was sometimes a share of the profits from their operations. Simultaneously with the robbery of Spanish ships, these people were sometimes engaged in trade, sometimes participated in government military operations, and often played the role of discoverers and explorers of new lands and routes.

Thus, the economic policy of the Elizabethan government, on the one hand, turned out to be a continuation of the general Tudor line of cooperation with the small and medium nobility and commercial and industrial circles. On the other hand, this policy was just as pragmatic, aimed largely at gaining support, primarily from the court circle - sometimes contrary to the interests of developing the country's economy. But it is important to note that, with all this, in the reign of Elizabeth, a powerful impetus was given to the construction of the fleet, and England's activities on the seas intensified.

2.2 Solving religious problems

Elizabeth always had a very balanced attitude to religious issues, adhering to moderate Protestant views - while she was ready to give them up to a certain extent if the situation required it. During the years of the reign of Mary, she switched to Catholicism for the sake of appearance, after which she returned to Protestantism. When members of the Council, at the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, persuaded her to finally ban the Catholic Mass in the country, she answered that she herself would rather defend the Mass a thousand times than allow a thousand meanness to be committed in the name of its abolition.

Under her, the Anglican Church, which had been banned by her elder sister, was restored, but without the radical Protestant innovations that had appeared under Edward VI. In 1571, a new Creed appeared - the Thirty-nine Articles. The Articles officially recognized the basic principle of Lutheranism - justification by faith. Baptism and communion were all that remained of the sacraments. The English monarch was the head of the church, but Elizabeth, being a woman, was cautious about this title and preferred to call herself "Defender of the true church." Unfortunately, it was extremely difficult to stick to this moderate course - there were enough extreme Catholics and extreme Protestants, Puritans in the country.

Puritans adhering to Calvinistic views - among other things, demanded the utmost simplicity of worship, strict observance of all moral standards, and the complete abolition of the church hierarchy. The Puritan movement, gradually spreading from the 40s of the 16th century, acquired many supporters in the second half of the century in various sectors of society, but mainly among the wealthy burghers.

In the 60s and 70s of the 16th century, the Puritans hoped that Queen Elizabeth herself would lead the further reform of the church, abolish the episcopate and the hierarchy of the clergy. However, she rightly saw in their demands a challenge to secular power and a threat to her authority as the head of the Anglican Church, stating that they would first want to remove the bishops, and then her.

The practice of public religious meetings and discussions used by the Puritans worried the authorities as creating hotbeds of potential rebellion. As a result, the activities of the Puritans were limited, and punitive measures were taken against them. The supervision of radical Calvinist priests who were deprived of church positions for trying to deviate from the norms of Anglican worship was tightened.

On the other hand, Catholicism also turned out to be potentially dangerous for Elizabeth. This was due to the fact that Rome and Catholic Spain supported Catholicism within the country, in order to put a Catholic queen on the English throne. From the point of view of Catholics, the divorce of Henry VIII from his first wife was illegal, thus, Elizabeth, as an illegitimate daughter, could not be a legitimate monarch. The Catholic minority remained in the country, and, since it was officially forbidden to celebrate mass, "underground" services were held. Priests, members of the Jesuit order, just English Catholics, some of whom returned to the country from emigration, they all tried not to let the Catholic faith die out in the country and were often radical. Catholic conspiracies to attempt on the life of Elizabeth were exposed several times. This led to tougher measures against Catholics. Catholics were required to sign an official signature recognizing the queen as the head of the church, without which they were not allowed to hold public office and could not receive a university degree. Thus, Elizabeth and her Council could hardly manage to maintain a middle, moderate course in matters of religion.

In foreign policy, Catherine's religious policy was expressed in the consistent support of the Dutch and French Protestants, who were waging civil wars in their countries. England during this period turned into the European leader of the Reformation, and Spain was its main enemy as the strongest stronghold of the Catholic Church.

2.3 Privy Council

The main state institution, the center of executive power, was the Privy Council, it was it that included the main dignitaries of the kingdom, who determined the policy of the country. The Council included the highest officials of the state: the Lord Secretary, the Chancellor, the Treasurer, the Keeper of the Seal, the Lord Admiral. The Privy Council was involved in almost all spheres of government: the foreign policy line was determined and implemented there, internal political affairs were decided, the finances at the disposal of the crown were distributed, and, if necessary, military affairs. Elizabeth acted cautiously - upon accession to the throne, she did not immediately introduce drastic reshuffles in the Council. After the coronation, feeling more confident, she removed from the Council most of the Catholic advisers who served Mary Tudor - but she did it as tactfully as possible, allowing those to maintain authority and not provoke discontent. All her life she tried to reduce the number of people in the Council, leaving only those on whom she could fully rely: at the beginning of her reign, the Council consisted of 28 people, and at the end - only 13.

The most famous politician of this reign is William Cecil, Lord Burghley. He began his political activity under Edward VI, during the reign of Mary he was out of work, because he was a staunch Protestant, but even then he established himself as a wise adviser in the eyes of Princess Elizabeth. Having ascended the throne, she made him chancellor, in fact, the first minister, it was he who was in charge of all external and internal political affairs. Cecil was a man of amazing capacity for work, in particular, he was the author of most of the Queen's speeches before Parliament. However, Elizabeth and Burghley did not always agree. So, in 1573, he compiled for the queen a remarkable document "On some cases in which the delays and slowness of Her Majesty led not only to inconvenience and increased costs, but also to dangers." Elizabeth read Cecil's report; however, even after that, absolutely nothing changed in her behavior.

Another important person in political affairs was Sir Francis Walsingham. An ardent Protestant, he created the first intelligence and counterintelligence department in England. In almost all European courts there were people who supplied Walsingham with information for money, inside the country he had a network of spies and informants. It was thanks to him that a number of conspiracies against Elizabeth were uncovered.

Thus, at the court there was a whole group of royal advisers, ministers, led by Cecil, and, on the other hand, a group of military aristocrats, led in different years by one or another favorite of Elizabeth - Leicester, Raleigh, Essex. The queen, on the other hand, listened to the arguments of both on controversial issues, and thus tried to find an objective solution to the issue.

By and large, the queen successfully pacified parliament, organized the court according to her wishes - but this was not enough for her. She wanted to be recognized and loved by her country. Hence - the open way of life of the monarch, her desire as often as possible to show herself to her subjects and communicate with them. For this, the annual summer trips of the queen and the court around the country served, and the magnificently celebrated holiday of November 17 - the day of Queen Elizabeth willingly performed the traditional, preserved from the time of the Hundred Years War, rituals of healing scrofulous and annual washing of the feet of impoverished women during Easter week. Also, with the knowledge and approval of the queen, her propaganda was carried out, including visual: a mass of portraits, engravings depicting Elizabeth appeared, and she personally selected those that were subsequently allowed to be replicated.

Chapter 3 Foreign Policy

3.1 War with Scotland

Scotland, in the XVI century was an independent kingdom. In its mountainous, most backward part, feudal-patriarchal relations dominated; commodity production developed slowly, there were few cities; the inhabitants were engaged in cattle breeding and hunting and still lived in tribal communities - clans. At the head of the clans were leaders who exploited the peasants, levying from them various requisitions, mainly in kind.

Southern Scotland developed faster, its population, along with cattle breeding, was also engaged in agriculture, and commodity production made greater progress than in the north. The merchants of the cities of Southern Scotland carried on a brisk trade with European countries. Relations with economically developed England developed especially rapidly; Many English people moved to Scotland for religious reasons.

Due to the slow development of economic ties between the regions of the country, the process of political unification of Scotland in the 16th century had not yet ended. The great feudal lords of Southern Scotland and the chiefs of the clans in the northern part of the country maintained their independence and waged wars among themselves. The cities of the south were more interested in developing ties with other countries, and above all with England, than in uniting with the backward north of Scotland.

Economically weak, torn by internal struggle, Scotland became in the 16th century the object of the aggressive aspirations of England, as well as France and Spain. She became involved in their struggle, which eventually led to her losing her independence. England was especially active in the struggle for Scotland.

In 1542 King James V Stuart of Scotland died. The Scottish crown passed to his young daughter, the great-granddaughter of Henry VII Tudor, Mary Stuart. She was sent to France, where she was brought up as a Catholic, and Scotland, as a regent, began to be ruled by the mother of the queen, Mary of Guise, a representative of the powerful family of Guise in France. French troops were introduced into the country, who managed to drive out the English army. As a result, Scotland fell under the rule of the French crown. French troops occupied the most important fortresses of the country, and the highest positions in the state were in the hands of the French nobility. The French were especially strengthened when Mary Stuart became the wife of King Francis II, who received part of the income of the Scottish crown in payment of a debt for military assistance against the British.

At this time, the movement for the reform of the church under the banner of Calvinism intensified in Scotland. Calvinism became widespread not only among the townspeople, but also among a significant part of the feudal lords (especially in the south), who hoped to seize church wealth with the help of the Reformation and use the Presbyterian system of the new church to strengthen their positions in the struggle against the Stuarts, who had given the country under the rule of Catholic France . A union of Calvinists was created - the convenant. The ideologist of the Scottish Reformation was John Knox, a former Anglican priest who emigrated from England during the Catholic reaction and lived for several years in Geneva among the Calvinists. Knox called for the overthrow of the Catholic Queen in his sermons.

When popular uprisings broke out in Scotland against the Catholic Church, the Calvinists began hostilities against the French. This was used by Elizabeth Tudor: she helped the Scottish Calvinists with weapons and money, hoping with their help not only to subdue Scotland, but also to get rid of the dangerous contender for the English crown in the person of her cousin Mary Stuart. The pope and the Catholic powers linked their plans to overthrow Elizabeth from the throne with the erection of Mary Stuart in her place, who, according to their calculations, was to put an end to the reformation in England forever. In 1559, Mary and her husband assumed the title of king of England. In response to this, Elizabeth sent her fleet against Scotland, which helped the Scottish Calvinists to win. They achieved the signing of an agreement in Edinburgh, according to which French troops were withdrawn from Scotland and power in the country passed into the hands of a council of 12 representatives of the aristocracy, freedom of religion was declared, and Mary Stuart and her husband had to renounce their rights to the English crown. The Scottish Parliament hastened to take advantage of this victory and introduced the Presbyterian church system in the country, and also proceeded to secularize church wealth, distributing most of it to the aristocracy.

Mary, while in France, refused to recognize the Treaty of Edinburgh. The Guises were already preparing for a new intervention in Scotland, but this was prevented by the death of Francis II. After the death of her husband, Mary had to return to her kingdom, where the internal struggle flared up with renewed vigor. In Scotland, Mary married her cousin Lord Henry Darnley, a relative of the Tudors. She brought the Catholic nobility closer to her and persecuted the Calvinists. Mary Stuart received financial assistance from the pope and the Guises and established secret contacts with the Catholic nobility in England, who were secretly preparing a rebellion against Elizabeth. For her part, Elizabeth subsidized the struggle of the Scottish Calvinists, who rebelled against Mary, accusing her of links with the murderers of her husband Darnley. The Huguenot wars did not allow France to actively intervene in the struggle in Scotland. Soon after falling into the hands of the rebels, Mary was forced to abdicate in favor of her young son James VI. She escaped from captivity, but this did not save her. The troops she sent against the rebels were defeated, and she had to leave Scotland. Elizabeth, with whom Mary sought refuge, imprisoned her in a castle.

3.2 War with Spain

In the second half of the 16th century, armed conflicts between Catholics and Protestants expanded. The leadership in the world was firmly held by Spain, which actively waged aggressive wars, conquering Portugal, part of Italy, and the Netherlands. The Spanish king Philip II, a zealous Catholic, was obsessed with the idea of ​​​​establishing Catholicism throughout the world, therefore he constantly quarreled with countries where the Reformation won. England was especially hated by the king. However, religious motives played the last role here - they were only a pretext for Philip. The reasons for the hatred of England lurked in another area. The Spaniards exported untold riches from their colonies in South America and Africa. Dozens of ships sailed monthly to the coast of Spain, loaded with gold, silver and slaves. But not all ships arrived at their destination: on the way they were attacked by English pirates and robbed. Piracy in England had almost a state status, the lion's share of the loot fell into the royal treasury, those who especially distinguished themselves were awarded titles of nobility and high military ranks.

Philip's rage knew no bounds. However, he feared for a long time to fight Elizabeth by military methods - England also had a strong fleet and experienced commanders. Any attempts to resolve the conflict with the help of international law did not lead to anything. For many years, there was a so-called "war under the carpet" between Spain and England. In 1584, the Privy Council in London organized the Indivisible Association vigilante group, whose task was to protect Elizabeth personally. And the group worked well. Dozens of plots were uncovered, the guilty were punished. Elizabeth, understood that the war with Spain was inevitable, and publicly announcing its beginning three times, the queen, however, changed her mind three times and, finally, completely forbade discussing this issue in the Council.

Tensions between the two countries came to a head by the 1580s. To the damage from pirate raids on Spanish merchant ships, Philip was forced to add the intervention of England in the war between Spain and the Netherlands. The Netherlands fought for national independence, the situation was aggravated by the irreconcilable enmity between the Catholic Spaniards and the Protestant Dutch. For many years, Protestant England helped the Netherlands financially. In 1585, 50 English ships entered Flushingo Bay, which meant the direct military intervention of England in this bilateral conflict. The English commander-in-chief Count Robert of Leicester took over from the Dutch the title of supreme governor of the united provinces of the Netherlands. This brought the king of Spain into an indescribable rage. It became obvious that a direct military clash between the "superpowers" was inevitable. In Spain, the hasty construction of new warships began. By 1588 all preparations were completed. 130 Spanish ships, the "Invincible Armada", were ready to start a campaign against the British. Philip had no intention of conquering the English, his ultimate goal was to obtain from Elizabeth acts of toleration for English Catholics and the final withdrawal of England from the Netherlands.

Bad luck plagued the Spanish ships from the moment they sailed from Lisbon. At first, a strong headwind did not allow moving away from the coast, then ships, the navigation system of which, by today's standards, was too far from perfect, began to drift south. Due to bad weather conditions, the Armada barely moved to the shores of England, in addition, provisions and water began to rot in damp barrels. Before reaching the coast of England, the Armada fell into a terrible storm, and many ships were damaged.

But in England they did not yet know about this and believed that if the Spaniards landed on the coast, the English army would not last long, even London could not be defended, because the forces were too unequal.

Finally, the Armada appeared in the English Channel. Several unresolved battles took place. The Spaniards did not land, as they were waiting for reinforcements from the Netherlands. However, reinforcements were late, and this played a fatal role for the Spaniards. Suddenly, an unprecedented hurricane arose. Heavy, clumsy Spanish ships sank one after another. English artillery finished off the remnants of the enemy fleet from the shore. The armada began to slowly retreat to lick its wounds, and then return and strike again. The Armada is again caught in a storm near the Orkney Islands. The possibility of further continuation of hostilities becomes doubtful. On top of that, panic begins among the sailors. Superstitious Catholics, the Spaniards explained the series of failures that fell on them with the machinations of Satan. Sir Francis Drake, the famous English pirate and later admiral of the fleet, instilled real horror in his enemies, he was called "El Draque", the Dragon. There were legends about him, no one doubted that this man sold his soul to the devil in exchange for victories in sea battles. Indeed, success in military affairs never turned away from him. It was also said that the evil forces endowed Francis Drake with the ability to cause storms, at that time it was considered a special witchcraft science that could be mastered to perfection - there would be desire and courage. So after three times repeated bad weather, the Spaniards had no doubts about who exactly was to blame for what happened.

When the third storm overtook the Spaniards, no orders could force the ordinary sailors to continue the military campaign. The remnants of the Armada stretched back to the coast of Spain. The crusade against the heretics failed.

The British owed their victory to the island position, three storms and Francis Drake. England spent 161,000 pounds on the fight against the Armada - a colossal amount of money for those times. The war with Spain was by no means over, in 1596 and in 1599 Philip equipped new Armadas against England.

The war between Spain and England slowly but surely exhausted both states. The island position of England and the extremely inconvenient bays made it virtually inaccessible to conquest. Endless military skirmishes, bringing victory to no one, gradually again turned into an "undercover war". No longer relying on direct intervention in England, Philip nevertheless exerted influence on literally all English internal affairs, advancing on all fronts. When a liberation uprising against English rule arose in Ireland, it was Spain that supplied the head of the rebels, Tyrone, with money and military force.

It is not known what this debilitating confrontation would have turned out for England if Philip II had not died in 1598. His successor, Philip III, bore little resemblance to the former king. The reins of government were concentrated in the hands of Lerma, who was by no means concerned with state affairs, but exclusively with personal enrichment.

3.3 Relations with Russia

The relationship between England and the Russian Tsardom is quite fully characterized by two aspects: the activities of the Moscow Company and the personal correspondence of Elizabeth with Ivan IV.

The Moscow trading company was founded in 1551, that is, during the reign of Edward VI. However, this trading enterprise reached its peak precisely with the support of Elizabeth I.

The commercial interests of the Moscow trading company played a significant role in diplomatic relations between the two countries. Tsarist and royal missions were very often carried out by representatives of the Moscow Company, and the company itself soon received its own representation in Moscow. The residence of the Moscow Company was located near the Kremlin - on Varvarka Street.

Elizabeth was the only woman with whom Ivan the Terrible corresponded. The Russian tsar repeatedly considered the possibility of entering into marriage relations abroad. The share of Ivan the Terrible's epistolary appeals to Elizabeth Tudor, 11 epistles, is 1/20 of the entire surviving and published epistolary heritage of Ivan the Terrible. This is one of the most voluminous and lengthy correspondence of the Russian Tsar.

The first letter is dated 1562. The king offered to marry her and hoped to provide political asylum in case of unrest or other unforeseen circumstances. Elizabeth refused the marriage proposal. According to experts, Ivan the Terrible's response letter was written in such a rude tone that if he were an ordinary Englishman, he would face punishment.

After that, the correspondence was interrupted, it resumed in 1582. In August 1582, Fyodor Pisemsky was sent to England with instructions to negotiate an alliance with the queen against the Polish king in the war for Livonia. In addition, the king intended to marry the queen's niece, Mary Hastings, Countess of Hoptington. This next courtship did not lead to anything, however, the correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Elizabeth continued until the death of the tsar in 1584.

It is noteworthy that both rulers were crowned in January, with a difference of only one day - January 15 and January 16.

Under Boris Godunov, relations with England were maintained. In 1600 - In 1601, there was an embassy of G.I. Mikulin, who conveyed a message from the tsar to the queen and received a letter of reply from her.

Conclusion

Based on the analyzed material, it seems necessary to draw the following conclusions.

The reign of Elizabeth I Tudor in England, which lasted forty-five years, left a noticeable mark on the development of this country, and the queen herself became one of the most popular people in the history of the island.

However, there is no consensus on the personality of Elizabeth and her role in shaping state policy. There is a version whose representatives believe that Elizabeth was not a wise and strong statesman who pursued a reasonable political line in accordance with the interests of her country. She was an extremely inconsistent and indecisive monarch, striving to survive. She did not have any coherent concept of state power, in accordance with which she could rebuild her government. When making this or that decision, it refused to be guided not only by national interests, but sometimes by common sense.

Her many years of reign lasted largely due to the courage, perseverance and talents of Secretary of State William Cecil. The queen, using the right of "ultimo ratio regis", hindered rather than helped Cecil to pursue a clear, meaningful policy arising from the national interests of England. As soon as Cecil was gone, instantly all the visible power of the Elizabethan power collapsed: it turned out that not a single problem in the state was finally resolved. James I had to lead the country out of a severe economic crisis and deal with numerous unfinished wars. And that was not all. Elizabeth never resolved one of the most important ethical and political issues of her reign: the religious issue. Because of her more than loyal attitude towards the Catholics, Elizabeth created a colossal problem of radicals.

The Protestants longed for real religious reforms: they subsequently received them, but for this it took the bloody English Revolution, which was carried out under the banner of Protestant puritanism. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth, in general, did not try to solve any problems: she preferred to wait them out.

But the vast majority of historians and writers believe that the queen did a lot to bring the sparsely populated, relatively poor country to the forefront of European politics and trade, they associate the victory over the Great Armada of Spain, the rise of culture and the beginning of the colonial development of North America with her name. An example of such a positive assessment can be found in Carole Erickson's book or in Olga Dmitrieva's biography of the Queen. Her posthumous reputation as a great queen is a consequence of the fact that, preoccupied with personal security and the preservation of her power, Elizabeth objectively contributed to a long period of relatively peaceful development of the country. Her indecision and caution saved England from foreign policy military adventures or the extremes of religious struggle. Of course, the queen's personal qualities were by no means a dominant factor in the development of the English economy and social life of this period: the rapid development of bourgeois relations, the growth of the influence of the gentry, and the strengthening of the independence of the House of Commons are a consequence of the long path of the country's historical development. Nevertheless, Elizabeth's policy "worked" to maintain these trends.

Under Elizabeth I, the royal administration was significantly strengthened, and the financial department was streamlined. The Anglican Church, as a moderate form of Protestantism, established itself as the state religion. It was completely subordinate to the state and became an important pillar of absolutism. Elizabeth encouraged the development of new industries, attracted skilled emigrant craftsmen to the country, and patronized trading companies. With her support, the Moscow company established itself in the Russian market, the Estland company in the Baltic, the Barbary company in Africa, the Levantine company in the Middle East, the East India company in India; the first English colonies in America were founded: the settlement on the island of Roanoke and Virginia, named after the virgin queen. But in the agrarian sector, the traditional Tudor policy of bans on fencing and maintaining arable farming, pursued by Elizabeth, ran counter to the interests of the so-called "new nobility". Under Elizabeth I, new cruel laws were passed against vagabonds and beggars.

The conflict with Spain and defense spending led to an increase in taxes in the 1580s and 1590s. Elizabeth made private monopolies on production and trade a means of replenishing the military budget of the states, which, like taxes, by the end of the 16th century, caused discontent among commercial and business circles. Demonstrating her readiness to consult with parliament and using it to popularize official policy, Elizabeth at the same time forbade deputies to touch upon issues of succession to the throne, church structure and financial policy, considering them the exclusive prerogative of the crown. On this basis, in the 1590s, a conflict between the royal power and parliament arose, in which demands were made to deepen the Reformation, abolish monopolies and ease taxes.

By the end of the reign of Elizabeth I, English absolutism began to turn into a brake on the further development of the country. The speeches that began under Elizabeth in defense of parliamentary privileges, against the absolute power of the crown, became a prologue for the subsequent struggle of the parliamentary opposition against absolutism under the first Stuarts. The political wisdom of the queen was manifested in the successful choice of ministers, favorites and statesmen who faithfully served the crown and England.

List of used sources and literature

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Lesson summary

(Lesson learning new material)

"ElizabethITudor: golden age"

Subject: history

Grade: 7

Korobova Irina Vladimirovna

History and social studies teacher

MAOU "Lyceum No. 6", Tambov

"ElizabethITudor: golden age"

The purpose of the lesson:
to determine, indeed, whether the reign of ElizabethIcan be called the "golden age"?

Lesson objectives:

Consider Elizabeth's Domestic Politics

Assess her foreign policy

Compare reign of ElizabethIwith predecessors

UMC:

Equipment: multimedia projector, handout, thematic presentation

Lesson plan

Definition of the topic, purpose, tasks.

Learning new material

Domestic politics

Foreign policy

Comparison of the features of the reign of Elizabeth with the policies of HenryVIII

Evaluation of politics by contemporaries

Reflection

Summarizing. Homework

Definition of the topic, purpose, tasks. (5 minutes)slide 2.3

On the screen: portrait of Elizabeth, map of England

Teacher: guys, do you know which state map is shown here, who is depicted in the portrait and how it is connected with each other? That's right, it's Queen Elizabeth of EnglandITudor.

The theme appears on the screen.

The topic of today's lesson is "The Golden Age of ElizabethITudor". Do you understand everything about the topic? What does this expression mean? (the country under this ruler reaches the highest development in all spheres of life)

On the screen is the goal of the lesson.

Let's try with you to determine whether the reign of Elizabeth was justly appreciated by his contemporaries - this will be our goal.

What do you guys think, what should we do with you to achieve our goal? (conquests, political activities, military activities, etc.)

Consider its domestic and foreign policy, compare with its predecessors (HeinrichVIII) - these will be our tasks for the lesson.

Tasks on the screen.

Learning new material (25 minutes)

Domestic policy.slide 4, 5, 6

Teacher: let's evaluate the system of government and the economic state of the state under Elizabeth. To do this, we will work in pairs. Each of you receives a task, completes it, then you change and, based on the material worked out, define two concepts: absolutism and protectionism.

Task 1. (Appendix 1)

Protectionism is the patronage of national industry and trade.

Absolutism is a form of government in which absolute power belongs to the monarch.

Based on the knowledge gained, a conclusion is formulated about the main trends in the policy of ElizabethI.

Foreign policy.Slide 7

The reign of Elizabeth is distinguished by wide international ties and relationships of various kinds. War was no exception. Tensions developed between England and Spain, and the enmity began long before Elizabeth. Do you remember what it was about? (conflict with HeinrichVIIIdue to her divorce from Catherine of Aragon).

We learn about the struggle between England and Spain and its results by reading the text of the textbook p. 122 - 123 and an additional source. The task sheet is on your desk.

Task 2 (Appendix 2)

What is the outcome of this confrontation? (Spain loses lead, England gains, which would later make England the greatest power)

Compare with HeinrichVIII. Slide 8

Working with a slide in a presentation based on findings about Elizabeth's reign.

HenryVIII(reference):

In the economy - shop restrictions, difficulty with international trade due to the lack of a merchant fleet; in politics - the beginnings of absolutism, tried to subjugate all branches of government, but the parliament still had great power. Henry spoiled relations with almost all European powers due to the creation of the Anglican Church and separation from Roman influence, on the contrary, Elizabeth increased England's influence on the continent and at sea.

Evaluation of contemporaries.Slide 9

The well-known poet William Shakespeare wrote about the queen like this:

For the happiness of the fatherland

She will live to a ripe old age,

And many days will pass over her, and not a single one will blow without

So as not to be crowned with a good feat.

Appreciation of her work? Let's discuss.

CONCLUSION:

Can we call the reign of Elizabeth Tudor the Golden Age? (yes we can, in all respects she surpasses her father and brought England to a leading position, contemporaries speak highly of her)

Reflection (5 minutes)

Students receive cards with questions:

What did I learn new?

What have I learned?

What did you like/dislike about the lesson?

Summing up (5 minutes).Slide 10

Homework: item 13, questions and tasks after the paragraph

Materials used:

General history, History of modern times, 1800-1900, Grade 8, Yudovskaya A.Ya. M., 2015.

Glazova E.V. History of the state and law of foreign countries. M., 1998.

ITudor in England. M., 2001.

Shtokmar V.V. History of England in the Middle Ages. M., 1992.

Attachment 1.

Task 1. Public Administration

Part 1. Based on the document, fill in the diagram.

Glazova E.V. History of the state and law of foreign countries.

The central authorities and administration were the king, the Privy Council and the Parliament. The king of England carried out the supreme management of the affairs of the country through his Privy Council. Its members were appointed by the king and were responsible only to him. It included representatives of the feudal nobility, the new nobility, and the bourgeoisie.

The highest church body of the country is the High Commission, created under Elizabeth, which, along with the clergy, included members of the Privy Council and other officials. The main task of the commission was to fight the opponents of the reformed one.

Under the Tudors, Parliament was used as a tool to increase their power. The lower house (House of Commons) of Parliament implicitly approved the laws introduced by the king; the upper chamber (the House of Lords) consisted in its majority of representatives of the aristocracy, which received large land grants from the Tudors and therefore was submissive to them.

Under absolutism, the structure and jurisdiction of the central Westminster courts finally took shape. The most important courts were the Court of King's Bench, the Court of General Litigation and the Chancellor's Court, whose heads were appointed on behalf of the king.

Part 2. Define Elizabeth's form of government I .

Absolutism - form of government in which __ _______________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task 1. Economic development of the country.

Part 1. Based on the document, fill in the gaps in the text.

Karnachuk V.N. Elizabeth's reign I Tudor in England.

Under Elizabeth, England made a good income by participating in the international trade in wool and fabrics. The queen encouraged the merchant companies that were founded during this period.

Companies that have received royal charters to trade (only large ones): Anglo-Russian (Moscow) Trading Company; Baltic Company (trade with Russia and Scandinavian countries); Levantine Company (trade with the Middle East); Guinean company (trade with Africa, mainly slave trade); East India Company (trade with Pacific Rim countries)

"New crafts" - those that were not shackled by guild production. Clock and mechanism manufacturing, glass-blowing industries, book printing, etc. Licenses and patents were issued for the discovery and implementation of new technologies.

To maintain her prestige in the eyes of the courtiers, she came to the practice of distributing trade monopolies. The monopoly right to import or export certain products (for example, sweet wine or steel) was granted to one of the courtiers.

The era of Elizabeth is the era of the heyday of English piracy. Pirates acted with the consent and approval of the queen, she was sometimes a share of the profits from their operations. Simultaneously with the robbery of Spanish ships, these people were sometimes engaged in trade, sometimes participated in government military operations, and often played the role of discoverers and explorers of new lands and routes. The most famous of the Elizabethan pirates is Francis Drake (1542-1596), whom Elizabeth personally knighted.

Trade

Under Elizabeth Iflourished trade in _________________ and __________________ on the [domestic or foreign] market. Trade was carried out by merchants, _____________________________, pirates, whom the queen fully supported. To ensure the support of the courtiers, she actively distributed them trading __________________________.

Industry

The so-called "new crafts" differed from the old ones in that they were not constrained by _________ restrictions. Persons who _____________________ were encouraged.

Part 2. Define Elizabeth's economic policy.

Protectionism – type of state policy in the field of economy, in which
carried out ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Annex 2

Additional material .

Shtokmar V.V. History of England in the Middle Ages. M., 1992 .

At the end of May 1588, the Spanish fleet went to sea. The happiest and invincible Armada, as it was called in Spain, consisted of 134 ships with a crew of 8,766 sailors and 2,088 galley slaves. In addition, 21,855 soldiers were on the ships. These military forces were to be joined by another 17,000 soldiers from the Spanish troops then in the Netherlands. The ships also carried 300 monks, priests and inquisitors, who immediately after the invasion were to begin converting the British to the Catholic faith.

The British government was ill-prepared for war. Considerable sums were spent on financial assistance to the Netherlands, which fought against Philip II, on the war in Ireland and subsidies to the Scottish king James VI. As for the English merchants, at that time they also suffered great losses and could not give sufficient subsidies.

At the beginning of 1588, it became obvious that it was necessary to start equipping the fleet and military detachments to repel the impending attack of the Spanish Armada. The Royal Navy had only 34 ships with a crew of just over 6,000 and was short of provisions and gunpowder. But the English new nobles and the bourgeoisie turned the defense of England into a national affair, equipping at their own expense and sending to public service a large number of ships. There are 197 small vessels in total. The calculation of the Spanish king on contradictions within England did not materialize.

Task: fill in the table

England vs Spain

comparison lines

England

Spain

Goals

Conquest of England, its conversion to Catholicism

Side forces

197 small maneuverable craft

Outcome of the struggle

Spain lost its navy and world domination

Architectural buildings of the 17th century. are of great beauty. They are asymmetrical both within a single building and in an ensemble. However, in this apparent disorder of architectural volumes there is both integrity and unity. Buildings of the 17th century multicolored, decorative. Architects were especially fond of decorating the windows of buildings with intricate, unlike each other platbands. Widespread in the 17th century. received multi-colored "solar tiles" - tiles and decorations made of carved stone and brick. Such an abundance of decorations located on the walls of one building was called a stone pattern, marvelous pattern. These features are well traced in the Terem Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the Kremlin, in the stone chambers of the Moscow, Pskov, Kostroma boyars of the 17th century that have come down to us, in the New Jerusalem Monastery, built near Moscow by Patriarch Nikon. The famous temples of Yaroslavl are close to them in style - the church of Elijah the Prophet and ensembles in Korovniki and Tolchkovo. As an example of the most famous buildings in Moscow of the 17th century. you can name the Church of St. Nicholas in Khamovniki (near the Park Kultury metro station), the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in Putinki (not far from Pushkinskaya Square), the Trinity Church in Nikitniki (near the Kitai-Gorod metro station). The decorative beginning, which marked the secularization of art, was also reflected in the construction or reconstruction of fortifications. By the middle of the century, the fortresses had lost their military significance, and the hipped roofs, first on Spasskaya and then on other towers of the Moscow Kremlin, gave way to magnificent tents that emphasized the calm grandeur and solemn power of the heart of the Russian capital. In Rostov the Great, in the form of a Kremlin, the residence of the disgraced but powerful Metropolitan Jonah was built. This Kremlin was not a fortress, and its walls were purely decorative. The walls of large Russian monasteries erected after the Polish-Lithuanian-Swedish intervention (Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Spaso-Efimiev Monastery in Suzdal, Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery near Vologda, Moscow monasteries), following the general fashion, were also decorated with decorative details. The development of ancient Russian stone architecture ended with the folding of the style, which was called Naryshkin (after the names of the main customers) or Moscow baroque. Gate churches, the refectory and the bell tower of the Novodevichy Convent, the Church of the Intercession in Fili, churches and palaces in Sergiev Posad, Nizhny Novgorod, Zvenigorod, etc. were built in this style. The combination of red and white colors in the decoration of buildings is characteristic of the Moscow Baroque. The number of storeys of buildings, the use of columns, capitals, etc. as decorative ornaments are clearly traced. by Italian masters when decorating the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. The appearance of the Moscow baroque, which had common features with the architecture of the West, testified that Russian architecture, despite its originality, developed within the framework of a common European culture. In the 17th century, wooden architecture flourished. "The eighth wonder of the world" was called by contemporaries the famous palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow. This palace had 270 rooms and about 3 thousand windows and windows. It was built by Russian craftsmen Semyon Petrov and Ivan Mikhailov and existed until the middle of the 18th century, when it was dismantled under Catherine II due to dilapidation.

Elizaveta Petrovna was the daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. The future Empress of Russia was born, before her parents entered into a church marriage, therefore she was considered illegitimate.

She was born on December 18, 1709. Various celebrations were scheduled for this day, due to the successes in the Russo-Swedish war.

Peter I solemnly entered Moscow, and immediately the monarch was informed that his daughter was born. As a result, it was not the military successes of the state that were celebrated, but the birth of the daughter of Peter I.

In March 1711, Elizabeth was recognized as the daughter of the august parents, and proclaimed a princess. Even in childhood, courtiers, as well as foreign ambassadors, noticed the amazing beauty of the daughter of the Russian monarch.

She danced well, had a lively mind, resourcefulness and quick wit. The young princess lived in Preobrazhensky and Izmailovsky villages, where she received her education.

Studied foreign languages, history, geography. She devoted a lot of time to hunting, horseback riding, rowing, and, like all girls, she was very concerned about her appearance.

Elizaveta Petrovna succeeded in riding horses, she felt very confident in the saddle, and could give odds to many cavalrymen.

Peter dreamed of marrying his daughter to a representative of a noble ruling dynasty, but none of the projects for a dynastic marriage came out. During the reign of Catherine I, they again sought to find a groom, this time from the ruling dynasties "smaller", and again it did not work out.

Under Peter II, Menshikov tried to find a husband for Elizabeth, but also to no avail. Osterman offered to marry Peter II to Elizabeth, but the princess was categorically against it.

In 1730, quite unexpectedly, Pyotr Alekseevich died from an illness. According to the will of Catherine I, it was Elizabeth Petrovna who was to take the Russian throne. But this did not happen.

The Supreme Privy Council considered that Elizabeth's sister, Anna Ioannovna, had great rights to the throne. Elizabeth did not work out with Anna Ioannovna. Paradoxical as it may seem, but with Biron, the favorite of Anna Ioannovna, she was more or less friendly.

The new empress reduced the annual expenses for the maintenance of Elizabeth Petrovna, allocated from the treasury from 100 thousand rubles to 30 thousand. In 1740, Anna Ioannovna dies, leaving Ivan Antonovich as the heir to the throne, regent, under whom Anna Leopoldovna becomes.

The board of Anna Ioannovna had anti-Russian features. The dominance of foreigners in important government positions could not but please the representatives of the Russian nobility. The nobles had high hopes for the daughter of Peter I, they believed that she would be able to restore the shaken power of Russia after the death of her father. Elizabeth Petrovna had many supporters, including guards officers.

On the night of November 25, 1741, together with Shuvalov, Vorontsov, and Lestok, Elizaveta Petrovna came to the barracks of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. She addressed the soldiers and officers with a speech: “You know whose daughter I am, follow me!” Before that, she took a promise from the soldiers not to kill innocent people.

The soldiers rushed to the Winter Palace, where they brought Elizaveta Petrovna in their arms, and arrested the family of Anna Leopoldovna. The revolution passed without bloodshed. In the morning, she published a manifesto that asserted her legal rights to the Russian throne. Elizabeth, in the form of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, took the oath of the guards, and met with the approval and jubilation of the crowd of people.

Its accession caused an unprecedented surge of Russian national identity. The people, offended by the dominance of foreigners, who for more than a decade had lowered the prestige of the country and plundered the state treasury, broke into their houses. Even Osterman and Munnich got it.

Domestic policy of Elizabeth Petrovna

The internal policy of Elizabeth Petrovna was to "restore the beginnings of Peter." After rewarding supporters of the coup and punishing opponents, it was necessary to move on to state affairs. First of all, the death penalty was abolished in Russia.

Even the ardent opponents of the coup d'état represented by foreign ministers were pardoned. In December 1741, Elizaveta Petrovna began internal political transformations. The Senate appeared, which under the Empress became the highest state body, and the Cabinet of Ministers was abolished.

The new Senate was instructed to draw up a new Code - a set of laws. Elizabeth in every possible way increased the privileges of the nobles. For example, noble children from birth began to be recorded in the regiments. This made it possible to start real service already in the rank of officer.

Customs duties were abolished, which accelerated the development of the market in Russia. In 11744 - 1747, the second revision census of the country's population took place. The poll tax was reduced.

The economy, agriculture and industry moved forward. The development of the country was slow but sure. Cultural growth and scientific growth began. The Academy of Sciences, Moscow University, the first public theater, various large gymnasiums, the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, which bestowed great Russian artists on world culture, appeared.

Foreign policy of Elizabeth Petrovna
The foreign policy of Elizabeth Petrovna was quite active. In the first years of her reign, the Russian Empire fought with Sweden, eager for revenge for the defeat in the Northern War. The new war ended with the defeat of the Swedes, in addition to confirming their rights to the conquests of Peter, Russia got part of Finland.

After that, many European powers began to seek an alliance with Russia, whose army again began to represent great power. Russia also took part in the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1756, the "Seven Years' War" began, during which the Russian Empire and its allies almost defeated Prussia, but on December 15, 1761, the Empress died, and her successor signed a "peace treaty".

Board results

In general, the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna can be described as positive. Russia restored its undermined authority in Europe by demonstrating its military might. The Russian state developed in all spheres of society.

Economy, politics, culture, education… Everything started to move. The dynamics of the development of the Russian Empire was positive, although it did not have a high pace.

The biography of Elizabeth Petrovna is very interesting. Her personality is actually very colorful, she was a bright person, and a great historical figure.