Brief history of Transbaikalia. National Award “Civil Initiative”

Materials obtained in the course of archaeological research Transbaikalia, testify that, most likely, the first man appeared in these places 100-40 thousand years ago. In the valleys of the rivers Onon and Ilya, near Lake Balzino, more than 25 sites of the inhabitants of the Stone Age were discovered. The inhabitants of the Mousterian sites - Neanderthals - hunted woolly rhinos, bison, horses. About 40,000 years ago, in Transbaikalia, sites of modern humans appeared - Homo sapiens, whose culture was called the Upper (Late) Paleolithic.

In the subsequent Mesolithic era (25-10 thousand years ago), on the territory of the modern Aginsky Buryat district, there were several archaeological cultures conventionally named Kunaley, Sannomys, Studenov, which differ in stone processing techniques and tool shapes. A man hunted already with the help of a bow and arrows, fished with the help of harpoons and hooks. Primitive agriculture and the beginnings of animal husbandry appear.

Slab Grave Culture

In some cases, these are entire towns that have a clear layout and strict order. The monumentality of the burials testifies to the greatness of the nomadic people who once lived here. Almost all the graves have been plundered in antiquity or in the recent past. The few remaining untouched burials did not produce a very rich harvest. According to the norms of the funeral rite, the dead were laid in the grave pit on their backs with their heads to the east. Clothes and shoes looked more elegant than ordinary everyday clothes, as evidenced by various decorations made of bronze, bone and stone: plaques, buttons, beads, threads, pendants, mirrors, cowrie shells. However, tools - needle cases and needles, knives, Celts, etc. - were not supposed to be laid, their finds are very rare. Weapons, bone and bronze arrowheads, bow end caps, and daggers are even rarer. In single tiled graves, horse harnesses were found - cheek-pieces and whip handles. There are no whole clay vessels in the graves. Perhaps the dishes were wooden or leather.

From the Huns to the Mongols

At the end of the III century. BC. the territory of Transbaikalia is inhabited by the Huns. The ethnonym "Huns" is the Russian version of the pronunciation of the true name of the people of the Xiongnu, or Xiongnu. The Hun period in the history of Transbaikalia (from 209 BC to the end of the 1st century) was of great importance and decided the fate and specifics of the development of the ancient and medieval Mongolian and Turkic tribes. Their warlike and nomadic alliance took shape on the northern borders of China in the 5th-3rd centuries. BC. The question of the ethnicity of the Xiongnu is still not clear. Most likely, these were the proto-Turks, more precisely, the common ancestors of the Turks and Mongols until then, as well as the Manchurian tribes. The Huns invented a stirrup, a curved saber, an improved long compound bow, and a round yurt. In archaeological finds, Xiongnu pottery stands out for its diversity compared to previous cultures. They were characterized by widespread use and high technology of metal processing. They left us magnificent monuments of art, the so-called "animal style". Modern Buryats, Evenks, Yakuts, Khakasses, who settled around Lake Baikal, are the descendants of the ancient Xiongnu.

In the II century. BC. The Xiongnu suffered serious defeats in clashes with the Xianbi tribes, who subjugated part of the Xiongnu and forced them to leave to the west (it was they who entered the history of European countries under the name "Huns"). Written sources testify that the unusual appearance of the Huns terrified the Europeans. In 452, under the leadership of Attila, the Huns threatened Rome, however, having received a ransom, the warlike tribes retreated. With the death of the leader of the Huns, their union broke up, but the image of Attila entered the medieval legends.

Starting from the II century. BC. the territory of Transbaikalia was part of the states of the Xianbi, Juan and ancient Turks. In 604 the First Turkic Khaganate broke up. From its eastern part, the Uighur Khanate arose, which existed until 840. In 906, Transbaikalia became part of the state of the Khitan, who at one time were tributaries of the Uyghurs. Headed by Elü Ambagan, the Khitan conquered the Mongolian steppes to the Altai, defeated the Tungus state of Bohai, and fought with China. The Khitan state became the Liao empire, and Yelü proclaimed himself emperor. To replace Liao at the beginning of the XII century. The Jin empire of the Jurchens came, the strengthening of which forced its western neighbor, the Mongols, to unite. The Onon steppes became the center of the unification of the Mongols.

Mongolian era

At the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII century. Transbaikalia found itself in the center of events of world significance - the unification of the Mongolian tribes and the creation of a single Mongolian state. The key role in the unification of the Mongols belonged to the commander Temuchin, who later received the title of Genghis Khan (Great Khan).

The founder of the unified Mongolian state was born in 1155 in the Deluun-Boldog tract on Onon, which is 28 km north of the modern Russian-Mongolian border. The childhood and youth of the future ruler were connected with Onon. In the XI century. Eastern Transbaikalia became part of the Khamag Mongol Uls association, the first khan of which was Khabul, Temuchin's grandfather. Temuchin's father Yesugei - bagatur was the most influential among the successors of Khabul Khan. In his subordination was the largest tribe of the Khamag Mongol Uls association - the Taijiuts. But in 1166 he was poisoned by the Tatars who were at enmity with him. And soon the ulus of Yesugei fell apart. Some time later, Yesugei's eldest son Temuchin, having established an alliance with the anda (named brother) of his father Togoril, an influential Kereit khan, and with his anda Jamukha, managed to restore Yesugei's ulus. In 1183, Temujin, at the age of 28, took the throne of Khamag Mongol Ulsa. By 1204, he defeated the main rivals in the struggle for power and, having captured vast territories, became the actual head of the numerous tribal associations inhabiting them. In 1206, a great kurultai (a meeting of all the Mongol khans, the highest authority) took place on the banks of the Onon, which proclaimed Temuchin Genghis Khan.

“We call you, Temujin, the Great Khan. So be it, and may you lead the army on campaigns. We promise to get for you beautiful wives and maidens, and yurts, and herds of horses. And if in battle we do not fulfill your order, deprive us of our property and our wives and flog our guilty heads.

Officially, the name "Mongols" was assigned to the newly formed army people.

Having become a great khan, Genghis Khan improved the organization of the Mongol army, thanks to which it was considered invincible. Genghis Khan's cavalry was divided into "darkness" (10 thousand), "thousands", "hundreds" and "tens". Such a number of soldiers were put up in the militia from each tribal association, tribe, clan, the territory of which was the feudal possession of the corresponding commander. Genghis Khan created a 10,000-strong personal guard (keshig), which was the main force for suppressing any discontent in the state. The strategies and tactics of Genghis Khan were characterized by thorough reconnaissance, surprise attacks, the desire to dismember the enemy forces, setting up ambushes using special detachments to lure the enemy, mane Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the nomadic tribes of the Mongols began their formidable conquest campaigns, as a result of which a huge Mongol state was formed. The first blow (1207) was directed against the Tangut state Xi-Xia in northern China. The ruler of this power undertook to pay tribute to the Mongols. And in 1211, the main forces of the Mongols set out to capture the rest of Northern China, which was then under the rule of the Jurchens, being part of their Jin state. vrirovanie large masses of cavalry, etc.

Having overcome the Great Wall of China, the Mongol army moved inland towards the capital - Yanjing (modern Beijing). By 1215, almost the entire territory of the Jin state passed to the Mongols, and Yanjing was looted and burned.

Having interrupted hostilities with China, Genghis Khan sent his detachments to Khorezm, the largest state of Central Asia at that time. The Khorezm state fell. In 1221, the whole of Central Asia, plundered and devastated by the invaders, was conquered. At the same time, part of the Mongol army, having rounded the Caspian Sea from the south, invaded Transcaucasia. From here the Mongols penetrated into the North Caucasus and into the steppes of the Sea of ​​Azov. Here, near the Sea of ​​Azov, in the battle on the Kalka River on May 31, 1223, they defeated the united Russian-Polovtsian detachments. Returning after victories to Mongolia, Genghis Khan set out on his last campaign in 1226 to complete the defeat of the Xi-Xia state, which was destroyed in 1227, and its population was exterminated or taken into slavery. In the same year, Genghis Khan died. Two years later, a khural took place, which, fulfilling the will of Genghis Khan, elected one of his four sons, Ogedei, as the great khan. All four, in addition, according to the will of Genghis Khan, received special uluses into which the huge Mongol state was divided.

Between the collapse of the Mongol Empire in the middle of the third quarter of the XIV century. And joining Russia in the XVII century. in the history of Transbaikalia - the "dark era". Sources cover this period very poorly, forcing researchers on many problems of the early history of the Buryat people to put forward many very different, mutually exclusive hypotheses.

The "Collection of Chronicles", compiled by the Persian historian Rashid ad-Din in the 14th century, confirms the existence of the Hori tribe in the 13th-14th centuries. within Transbaikalia and Mongolia. Steppe pastoral tribes roamed the steppes and mountain pastures on both sides of Lake Baikal and did not represent a single people. There are no written sources on the history of the Buryat tribes during this period. The life of the ancestors of the Buryats can only be judged from folklore and archaeological data.

Transbaikalia after the Mongols

Between the collapse of the Mongol Empire in the middle of the third quarter of the 14th century. and joining Russia in the 17th century. in the history of Transbaikalia - the "dark era". Sources cover this period very poorly, forcing researchers on many problems of the early history of the Buryat people to put forward many very different, mutually exclusive hypotheses.

The "Collection of Chronicles", compiled by the Persian historian Rashid ad-Din in the 14th century, confirms the existence of the Hori tribe in the 13th - 14th centuries. within Transbaikalia and Mongolia. Steppe pastoral tribes roamed the steppes and mountain pastures on both sides of Lake Baikal and did not represent a single people. There are no written sources on the history of the Buryat tribes during this period. The life of the ancestors of the Buryats can only be judged from folklore and archaeological data.

Russians in Transbaikalia

In the XVI - the first half of the XVII century. there is a resettlement of the Khori (Buryats) from southern Mongolia to the regions of the Argun, Nerchinsk, Aga. From the end of the 1620s. Russians appear in Transbaikalia. The accession and entry of the Buryats into the Russian state begins.

By the time the Russians arrived in Siberia, four main tribal groups lived in the Baikal region: Bulagats, Ekhirits, Khongodors and Khori. In addition, numerous disparate tribal groups of Mongols, tribes of Turkic and Tungus origin, known to their contemporaries under the common name "forest peoples", lived on the territory. The first Russian chronicles called these tribes "brotherly" peoples. The tribes moved freely from Baikal to the Gobi desert.

According to the very first of the well-known Buryat chronicles “Balzhan Khatanay tukhay durdalga”, in 1648 the Buryats agreed to accept the citizenship of the Russian Tsar: “We, the Khoridai people, voluntarily accepted the citizenship of the White Tsar in 1648 under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, together Agins and Khorints ". Since then, they began to call themselves "Tsagan-Khanu Albatu" (subjects of the White Tsar).

There is a legend that in the middle of the XVII century. the leader of the Aginsky Buryats, Babji-Baras-bator, pursued with his retinue by a Mongolian detachment of troops, met with Russian Cossacks on the territory of the present Mogoytuysky district. He presented the hadaks and asked them for help and protection. The place of this meeting was subsequently immortalized in the name of the area Usharbay, which means "meeting".

The accession of the Aginskaya steppe to the Russian state began in the second half of the 17th century. from the side of the Nerchinsk prison, founded in 1653 and elevated to the rank of a city in 1696. In 1655, the Nerchinsk Voivodeship was formed by the government. It became the third in Siberia after the Yenisei and Yakut.

Rumors about endless free lands and a rich region, where rivers teem with fish and sables are beaten with sticks, invited thousands of landowner peasants from the western regions of Russia to Transbaikalia. For 1660-1680. 4 thousand "runaway people" arrived in Nerchinsk. They were engaged in clearing the taiga, processing centuries-old virgin lands, transferring the skills of agricultural labor to the Buryats and Tungus living in the vicinity of Nerchinsk. The Buryats provided them with horses and sold them surplus livestock products. The role of Nerchinsk as an outpost of Russian possessions on the border with China was especially pronounced at the conclusion of the Nerchinsk Treaty in 1689. Then the Russian side proposed to draw the border along the Amur, and the Chinese demanded to give them the territory from Dauria to Baikal, threatening to withdraw from the negotiations, but against the intractable Russian Ambassador F.A. Golovin to use military force. To rule out military action, Golovin made territorial concessions to the Chinese. The border was fixed along the Argun. The delimitation of the more western lands was not carried out by the Nerchinsk Treaty and was postponed until an indefinite "other prosperous time." At the same time, Transbaikalia was actually recognized as Russian territory. After the conclusion of the agreement, a border line was established, the passage through which without the permission of the authorities was prohibited.

Having fortified themselves in Transbaikalia, the Russian service people began to oppress the Buryat population, seizing their lands. In 1702, the Khori Buryats were forced to send a delegation to Moscow, headed by a zaisan of the Galzat family, Badan Turakin, with a petition to Peter I. Having met with the delegation, Peter I issued a decree on March 22, 1703 and ordered "to bring the servicemen and all sorts of ranks of people on the other side Selengi ... so that foreigners from their taxes and insults will not be completely ruined.

On October 21, 1727, by the efforts of Count Savva Vladislavich-Raguzinsky, by the highest command, the Burinsky Treaty was concluded between Russia, China and Mongolia (after the name of the Bur River near Kyakhta). In this case, he was assisted by the Buryats, led by Shodo Boltirikov. The lands occupied by the Buryats went to Russia. The demarcation line of the border was made, movement along it stopped, and the Buryats finally entrenched themselves as subjects of Russia.

At that time, Russia did not have its own forces to protect the land section of the border, so they decided to create a border command from the local population. Thus, regiments of Buryats and Khamnigans were created. The Selenginsky shoulder of the border was guarded by four regiments of Buryat Cossacks in 2400 people, and the Nerchinsk shoulder was guarded by the Khamnigan regiment of 500 sabers of Prince Pavel Gantimurov.

Entering the Russian state separated the Buryats from the rest of the Mongolian-speaking world, allowed them to find their final location in the habitat, and formed their own linguistic, cultural and ethnic characteristics. The Russians handed over to the Buryats the achievements of their higher material culture, tools of production, arable farming, introduced them to unknown crops and animal species, more modern means of transportation, housing, scientific and artistic literature. The Buryats now have access to the achievements of Europe, Asia and the rest of the world. In addition, the accession made it possible to expand the borders through the Buryats, strengthen and thereby legitimize the eastern borders of the Russian Empire.

Yeah, in the XVIII - early XX century.

The Aginsky Buryats got their name from the territory they occupied for centuries, located along the river Agha. The conclusion of the Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China in 1689 secured them as subjects of Russia. According to the well-known chronicler D. Toboev, the “Aga people”, who used to roam along the Ingoda River and its tributaries, “settled” along the Aga and Onon rivers after “border markers were placed in 1728”.

The basis of the economic life of the Aginsky Buryats was nomadic, pasture animal husbandry. A small amount of hay was harvested only to feed riding horses, dairy cows and depleted livestock. In addition to cattle breeding, they began to engage in arable farming. Sowed buckwheat, rye, potatoes. The record number of livestock in the department of the Aginsky Steppe Duma reached in 1908: 86579 horses, 148316 cattle, 388453 sheep, 84664 goats and 7407 camels.

The administration of the Buryats was built according to clans, headed by elected tribal elders and their assistants - scribes. Several clans united in a foreign government headed by tribal heads. Several foreign councils formed a steppe duma. At the head of the steppe duma was a taisha elected at a meeting of tribal heads, his assistant - the second taisha. The composition of the Duma included elected members of the Duma and tribal heads, office work was carried out by clerks-scribes.

The territorial remoteness of the Khorinsky steppe duma and the tribal administrations accountable to it was a serious, and even insurmountable obstacle to solving not only state, but also personal affairs of the Aginsk people. Therefore, meeting the wishes of the local population, in 1824, “on the territory of Aga, one main foreign administration” was established, to which all estimated tribal administrations were subordinate. There were 37 of them, since the 9 genera of the Aginsky Buryats named above had by this time been divided into many subgenera and occupied various parts of the huge Aginsky steppe.

This innovation did not bring a significant improvement in public administration and the solution of various requests from the inhabitants of the Aginskaya steppe.

As a result, the Buryat population living in the Aginskaya steppe - "Aginskaya people, in total 8802 male souls with wives and families, since 1837 was separated and expelled to the jurisdiction of the Nerchinsk district." In 1839, on the basis of the petition of the local population, the Aginsky Steppe Duma and 6 foreign councils (Tsugolskaya, Berkhetsugolskaya, Mogoytuyskaya, Chelutayskaya, Kilinskaya, Totkholtuyskaya) were created. Later, the Turginskaya foreign government was formed. Then the Barun-Khoatsai foreign council and the Aginsky rural society of settled foreigners were formed on the rights of a foreign council.

When the Aginsky Department was separated from the Khorinsky Steppe Duma, representatives of nine Khorin clans found themselves on the territory of the first department: Galzuds (588 males), Huasai (836), Khubduds (1079), Sharayds (960), Khargans (1827), Khudai (25) , bodonguds (1261), halbans (154), sagans (870), in total - 7600 males.

Each clan had its own specific territory, occupying one or more padyas, i.e. river valleys. For example, the Galzuds lived in Dogoi, Usharbai; sagans - in the mouths of Duldurga and Khulinda (now Aga-Khangil), as well as in Khurai-Khila; hargans - in the Uronai region (in the southwest of Mogoytuy); Sharaydy - in Khoito-Aga, Suduntui; bogonguds - in Chindalei.

In 1903, the Aginskaya Steppe Duma was abolished and the Aginskaya and Tsugolskaya foreign volosts were formed, which existed until 1917.

In the XVIII - XIX centuries. Transbaikalia was under the influence of the Buddhist religion. In 1712, 100 Mongolian and 50 Tibetan lamas fled here from military unrest in Mongolia. In 1741, by decree of the Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the existence of the lamaist Vera was recognized and 11 datsans and 150 full-time lamas were approved. As early as 1844, out of 17,184 people living on the territory of the Aginsky Steppe Duma, 13,088 people professed the Buddhist religion, 3,886 people professed Buddhist and shamanic religion, and 296 people were considered Orthodox. The Aginsky datsan began to be built in 1811 and opened in 1816. Almost simultaneously with it, the camp of the Daurian Orthodox mission was formed in Aginsky. In 1856 a wooden church was erected, and later a stone one. The first school was opened in Aginsky in 1842.

A significant event was the visit in 1891 to the Aginsky lands by the Tsarevich, the future Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich, who returned from Japan after a trip abroad. The Aginsky Buryats arranged a meeting for him at the Darasun station.

A big event in the life of the Aginskaya steppe at the turn of the century was the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The construction of the road served as an impetus for the development of industrial relations, commodity exchange, and the development of self-awareness of the Aginsky Buryats. Indigenous people participated in the filling of linen, supplied meat, horses, mastered new specialties.

During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the Buryats worked on the construction of defensive structures, the supply of food, meat, and horses. Buryat Cossacks took part in the Trans-Baikal Cossack Army in the First World War.

At the turn of the century, prominent Russian scientists emerged from the Aginsky Buryats, such as G. Tsybikov, B. Baradiin, Ts. Zhamtsarano, B. Rabdanov, deputy of the II State Duma B.D. Ochirov and others.

Civil War

After the victory of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution in April 1917, Aginsky aimag was formed from Aginskaya and Tsugolskaya foreign volosts. In March 1918, in the padi of Buuragshan (now the village of Dogoi), the first Somon Council of Peasant, Cossack, and Worker Deputies was created on the territory of Aginsky aimag. In their appeal to the III Trans-Baikal Regional Congress of Peasants' Deputies, the Dogois pointed out: "since the Great Revolution of 1917, we, citizens of the former Tsugolskaya volost, the Dogoi population, about 40 households of the poor class have divided and formed the Dogoi separate society." They asked the congress to approve their society as an independent administrative unit, which "will be wholly subject to the will of the All-Russian Soviet Republic and all decrees." However, under the conditions of the Civil War, the activities of the Council were quickly terminated.

Like the rest of Russia, the Aginsk people had a hard time surviving the years of the formation of Soviet power and the Civil War. The population was involved in a disastrous confrontation for the people and took an active part in it. In Transbaikalia, a special Manchu detachment of ataman G. Semenov, an associate of Kolchak, was formed, and in the Aginsky steppe, a representative of the steppe aristocracy, a native of Taptanay D. Tabkhaev, carried out forced mobilization. In 1918, the first partisan detachments of the poor Buryat R. Vampilov and the Russian P. Amosov appeared in the mountains of Alkhanai. In Transbaikalia, the Transbaikal Front headed by S. Lazo is being formed. After the bloody struggle in European Russia ended in 1920, in Transbaikalia, thanks to the fierce resistance of Generals Semenov and Ungern, it continued for many more months.

In 1920 Aginsky aimag became part of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Region of the Far Eastern Republic (FER). The Far East was created as a buffer state between Russia and Japan. Its capital from October 1920 to November 1922 (when the FER was liquidated) was Chita. A. Krasnoshchekov was the chairman of the government of the Far East. In Chita, there was the seat of the government of the Buravto region, in which many Aginsk people worked. So, the scientist G. Tsybikov was a deputy of the Constituent Assembly of the Far East and a member of the government of the Buravto region. With the liquidation of the Japanese intervention, the Far Eastern Republic ceased to exist, and its territory became part of the RSFSR as its original part.

In 1923, the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed from the two Buryat-Mongolian regions of the RSFSR and the Far East, with the center in the city of Verkhneudinsk, which also included Aginsky aimak. On August 1, 1923, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Revolutionary Committee of the BM ASSR, which included Tsympil Zodboev from the Aginsky aimag. On November 26, 1923, the 1st Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies took place in the steppe Agha, at which an executive committee was formed. Tsympil Zodboev was elected chairman of the executive committee. The Second Aimak Congress of Soviets was held on November 7-12, 1924. Issues of a single agricultural tax, health care, nationalization of aimak institutions and public education were discussed at it. In 1929, as part of the Burkavdivision, the Aginsk people actively participated in the conflict on the Chinese Eastern Railway with the White-Chinese. The Order of the Red Banner of Battle was awarded to D. Dylgyrov, a future member of the Central Executive Committee of the SSR, and D. Vambuev.

Collectivization led to a huge reduction in the number of livestock, the elimination of many hundreds of working peasant farms. I had to change the age-old way of life.

The first collective farm in the Aginsky steppe was the commune "Azhalchin" ("Worker"), created in 1926 on the initiative of the communists of the Buryatskaya railway station and the peasant settlement of Usharbay. By the end of 1929, 14 collective farms were organized in the aimag. 1933 - 1935 were the period of completion of the creation of collective farms. The main form of collective farms was agricultural artels, combining the personal and social interests of their members. Great assistance was provided by 10 envoys from the Leningrad twenty-thousanders who arrived in the aimak in 1930. In 1935, there were already 76 collective farms and 23 TOZs (partnerships for the joint cultivation of the land) on Aginskaya land.

In 1935 collectivization was completed in the collective farms and state farms of the district. Active mechanization and an increase in agricultural production began. As of January 1, 1938, there were 60,537 cattle, 127,550 sheep, 30,024 horses, 4,075 camels, 1,309 pigs, and 24,130 goats.

The years of repressions of 1933-1938 were tragic and dramatic for the inhabitants of Aga. The backbone of the local intelligentsia, the clergy, many ordinary workers and leaders of rural Soviets were arrested and exiled to camps. The first doctor of Aga L. Zhabe, internationally named scientists Ts. Zhamtsarano, B. Baradiin, Ch.L. Bazaron and others. Buddhist datsans and Orthodox churches were destroyed.

On September 26, 1937, when the East Siberian Territory was divided into the Irkutsk and Chita regions with the separation of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into an independent territorial-administrative unit, the Aginsky Buryat National Okrug was formed as part of the Chita Region. In 1939, schools in the district began teaching on the basis of Russian graphics.

During the Great Patriotic War, 3,688 people from the district were called up to the active army, of which more than 2,700 did not return from the battlefields. Aginchans fought as part of the Siberian, Transbaikal and other divisions near Moscow, Stalingrad, on the Kursk Bulge, in the Caucasus, liberated the countries of Europe, took Berlin, and participated in the defeat of the Kwantung Army of Japan. Aginchane Bazar Rinchino and Alexander Paradovich became Heroes of the Soviet Union, the title of Hero of Russia was awarded to the legendary commander of a partisan company in the Bryansk region Badme Zhabon (partisan nickname Mongol). More than 360 fascists were destroyed by the famous sniper Sepmen Nomogonov, who fought with his friend sniper Togon Sanzhiev. Aginchan warriors L. Erdyneev, Ts. Zhamsoev, B. Shagdarov, R. Tsyrenzhapov, Zh. Abiduev and many others defended Moscow in the winter of 1941.

Women, old people and teenagers who remained in the rear selflessly worked for the needs of the front, replacing those who had gone to war. More than 15 million rubles were contributed to the country's defense fund, 12.5 thousand warm clothes were sent, bonds for 2516 thousand rubles were handed over. The district provided the army and the national economy with 18,000 horses, 34,500 head of cattle, over 169,000 sheep and goats.

The farms of the district donated 864 heads of horses, 3306 cattle, more than 16 thousand sheep to the residents of the liberated regions. More than a million rubles have been contributed to the construction of the Aginsky Kolkhoznik tank column and the Komsomolets Transbaikalia air squadron. By the beginning of the war, the Spokoininsky mine came into operation and produced tungsten, which was so important for defense. The post-war period of development of the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug is characterized by hard work to restore the national economy that has fallen into decay. During the war years, the number of all types of domestic animals decreased in connection with the surrender to the state, unfortunately, and in subsequent years there was a decrease in the number of livestock - due to mass mortality and low business yield of offspring. An outstanding achievement in the history of Aga was the radical transformation of sheep breeding - its transformation from a low-profit coarse wool into a highly productive fine-fleece. In order to improve the quality of the wool of the created breed, in the autumn of 1952, for the first time in the world zootechnical practice, the chilled seed of the Askashit sheep breed was transported to a distance of almost 8 thousand km beyond Askania-Nova to the XIX Party Congress collective farm, and offspring were obtained, rams with live weighing 92-100 kg and sheared wool 9.8 kg. A scientific feat was the breeding in 1956 of the unique "Transbaikal" fine-fleeced breed of sheep. The title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to the shepherd of the collective farm "Communism" B. Dorzhieva and the chairman of the collective farm. Kirov B. M. Mazhiev. The breeding of a new breed of sheep, the introduction of artificial insemination, the use of winter grazing technology brought sheep breeding in the district on an intensive path of development and turned it into a highly profitable sector of the economy of local residents.

In 1959, when compulsory seven-year education was introduced, teaching staff from the central regions of the country were sent to the district. In 1949, boarding schools for children were opened on full state support. After graduating from medical universities, doctors A. Dvoeglazov, Ts. Tsybenova, D. Baldano, Ts. Nomogonova, and others begin the medical business.

The network of cultural and educational institutions is growing. In 1948, the first district review of amateur art performances took place, and in 1959, Aginsk residents participated in the final all-Russian review in Moscow. Novels, short stories, plays by the Aginsky writers Zh.

Tsybikov Gambozhab

Outstanding orientalist and traveler. Gombojab's father at that time was considered a literate person, he knew the Old Mongolian and Tibetan scripts. At the age of 5, he taught his son Mongolian literacy. In 1880, he took the seven-year-old Gombozhab to the Aginsky parish school, where he, along with his native language, studied Russian. When a gymnasium was opened in Chita in 1884, the Aginsky Buryats donated significant funds to this educational institution. And at the very first admission to the gymnasium, among the three Buryat boys was Gombozhab Tsybikov. Later he recalled: "I managed to be the first Buryat who graduated from the Chita gymnasium in 1893." For academic success, the leadership of the Chita gymnasium decided to award Tsybikov with a gold medal. However, the governor-general spoke out against it: it was never seen before that the Buryats received a gold medal. Instead of a gold medal, he was awarded a silver one.

On the recommendation of the Pedagogical Council of the Chita Gymnasium, in 1893 Tsybikov entered the medical faculty of Tomsk University. But relatives and countrymen intervene in the fate of a talented Buryat youth. “... Giving in to the desire of my relatives and relatives,” he wrote in an autobiographical note, “I left this faculty and, having missed another year spent in Urga, in 1895 entered St. languages". So Tsybikov's life path changed dramatically, and he became not a doctor, but an orientalist. In 1897, being a second-year student, Tsybikov took part in the work of the commission of State Secretary V.N. Kulomzin on the study of land use and land tenure in the Trans-Baikal region. In 1898, Tsybikov's first printed work, Taxes and Duties, was published, with a volume of 250 pages on the tax situation of peasants, Cossacks and non-residents of the Transbaikal region.

He graduated from the university in 1899 with a first degree diploma and a gold medal. In 1899-1902. made his famous journey to Central Tibet at the expense of the Russian Geographical Society. At this time, Tibet was closed to foreigners by the Qing government of China and the Lhasa authorities of the 13th Dalai Lama. Those who disobeyed were executed. So, the famous French traveler Dutreil de Rance on June 5, 1893 paid with his life for trying to see Lhasa. But the rulers of Peking and Lhasa made an exception in favor of the natives of Asian countries who profess Buddhism.

Tsybikov was the first scientist who managed to penetrate into Central Tibet and return safely. During the journey, for more than two years, he was forced to play the role of a pious pilgrim. Tsybikov visited the largest cities and religious centers of Tibet: Gumbum, Lavran, Amdo, Lhasa. In addition, the scientist visited the residence of the Panchen Lama - the Dashi-Lhunbo Monastery, the ancient capital of Tibet, Zeyan, and the Samyai Monastery. None of the foreign travelers who entered Tibet openly or secretly had such freedom of access to almost all the major religious, political and cultural centers of Tibet and the opportunity to give them a detailed historical, geographical and political description.

Tsybikov tirelessly collected materials from the life and culture of Tibet. He was the first in the world to compile a biography of all thirteen Dalai Lamas who ruled the country for many centuries. One of the main concerns of the scientist was to complete the library of rare Tibetan books. He brought more than 330 volumes of the works of Ganzhur and Danzhur to Russia. His photographs of the Potala were published for the first time in the world press in the American National Geographic. The results of his journey were reported at the general meeting of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and set out in the fundamental book "Buddhist - a pilgrim at the shrines of Tibet", published in Petrograd in 1919.

After the death of Tsybikov, his family was included in the détente of the kulak elements. His property was confiscated and nationalized, the farm was imposed with a firm task and an increased individual tax. The rich library was taken to Aginskoe and plundered there.

Trans-Baikal Territory in ancient times

The materials obtained in the course of archaeological research in Transbaikalia indicate that, most likely, the first man appeared in these places 100-40 thousand years ago. In the valleys of the rivers Onon and Ilya, near Lake Balzino, more than 25 sites of the inhabitants of the Stone Age were discovered. The inhabitants of the Mousterian sites - Neanderthals - hunted woolly rhinos, bison, horses. About 40,000 years ago, in Transbaikalia, sites of modern humans appeared - Homo sapiens, whose culture was called the Upper (Late) Paleolithic.
In the subsequent Mesolithic era (25-10 thousand years ago), on the territory of the modern Aginsky Buryat district, there were several archaeological cultures conventionally named Kunaley, Sannomys, Studenov, which differ in stone processing techniques and tool shapes. A man hunted already with the help of a bow and arrows, fished with the help of harpoons and hooks. Primitive agriculture and the beginnings of animal husbandry appear.
In 1100-300 years. BC. in the steppes of Transbaikalia and Mongolia, a culture of slab graves was formed, which lasted about 800 years. The name of the people who built these burial grounds is unknown, and the bearers of this culture are called “tilers” for us. The territory of settlement of tilers was unusually wide: from the northern shores of Lake Baikal to the foothills of the Tien Shan in the south and from the Greater Khingan ranges in the east to the foothills of Altai in the west. Numerous burials remained from the tilers in the steppes. More than 3,000 such burial grounds have been recorded on the territory of the district.
At the end of the III century. BC. the territory of Transbaikalia is inhabited by the Huns. The ethnonym "Huns" is the Russian version of the pronunciation of the true name of the people of the Xiongnu, or Xiongnu. The Hun period in the history of Transbaikalia (from 209 BC to the end of the 1st century) was of great importance and decided the fate and specifics of the development of the ancient and medieval Mongolian and Turkic tribes.
In the II century. BC. The Xiongnu suffered serious defeats in clashes with the Xianbi tribes, who subjugated part of the Xiongnu and forced them to leave to the west (it was they who entered the history of European countries under the name "Huns"). Written sources testify that the unusual appearance of the Huns terrified the Europeans. In 452, under the leadership of Attila, the Huns threatened Rome, however, having received a ransom, the warlike tribes retreated. With the death of the leader of the Huns, their union broke up, but the image of Attila entered the medieval legends.
In the 13th century, Transbaikalia became part of the empire of Genghis Khan. Before joining the Russian state, the region was dependent on the Mongol and Manchu khans.

Trans-Baikal Territory in the XIII-XVII centuries.

In the XVI - the first half of the XVII century. there is a resettlement of the Khori (Buryats) from southern Mongolia to the regions of the Argun, Nerchinsk, Aga. From the end of the 1620s. Russians appear in Transbaikalia. The accession and entry of the Buryats into the Russian state begins.
The Russians penetrated Transbaikalia in 1639. Maxim Perfilyev, ascending the Vitim River, reached the mouth of the Tsipa River. In 1647, Ivan Pokhabov crossed Baikal on the ice and, being friends with the Mongols, penetrated to Urga. A year later, a strong settlement in the region began: Galkin founded the Barguzinsky prison and overlaid the surrounding Tungus with yasak. In 1649 Verkhneudinsk was founded. In 1654, the centurion Beketov founded the Nerchinsk prison, 4 years later transferred to the mouth of the Nercha; at the same time the city of Nerchinsk was founded. In 1665, Selenginsk arose. At the end of the 17th century, there were already 3 cities and 9 prisons in the region.
Almost from the time of its occupation, Transbaikalia served as a place of exile.

Trans-Baikal Territory in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

Industrial development of the territory began in the 18th century. In 1700, the Nerchinsk silver-lead plant was built, and by the end of the 18th century. 9 factories already worked here, incl. Petrovsky iron foundry and ironworks. Tin and gold mining actively developed.
Having fortified themselves in Transbaikalia, the Russian service people began to oppress the Buryat population, seizing their lands. In 1702, the Khori Buryats were forced to send a delegation to Moscow, headed by a zaisan of the Galzat family, Badan Turakin, with a petition to Peter I. Having met with the delegation, Peter I issued a decree on March 22, 1703 and ordered "to bring the servicemen and all sorts of ranks of people on the other side Selengi ... so that foreigners from their taxes and insults will not be completely ruined.
On October 21, 1727, by the efforts of Count Savva Vladislavich-Raguzinsky, by the highest command, the Burinsky Treaty was concluded between Russia, China and Mongolia (after the name of the Bur River near Kyakhta). In this case, he was assisted by the Buryats, led by Shodo Boltirikov. The lands occupied by the Buryats went to Russia. The demarcation line of the border was made, movement along it stopped, and the Buryats finally entrenched themselves as subjects of Russia.
According to the Supreme Decree given to the Governing Senate on July 11, 1851, Transbaikalia, which consisted of two districts - Verkhneudinsky and Nerchinsk, was separated from the Irkutsk province and transformed into an independent region, with Chita elevated to a regional city, and Troitskosavsk, Kyakhta and Ust-Kyakhta amounted to special township. The border Cossacks, the Trans-Baikal city Cossack regiment, the village Cossacks, the Tungus and Buryat regiments, as well as the population who lived settled in the border zone, made up the Trans-Baikal Cossack army, which was obliged to put up 6 six-hundred horse regiments. In 1863, the Kyakhta town administration became part of the Trans-Baikal region, and in 1872 the region was already divided into 7 districts, of which three had one Cossack population; a special administrative and police department for the Cossack population was abolished.
In 1884, the region, which previously belonged to the East Siberian Governor General, became part of the newly formed Amur Governor General.
On March 17, 1906, the Trans-Baikal Region became part of the Irkutsk General Government.

Trans-Baikal Territory during the Great Patriotic War

During the Great Patriotic War, on September 15, 1941, the Trans-Baikal Front was formed on the basis of the Trans-Baikal Military District.
In August 1945, the troops of the front took part in the strategic Manchurian operation in the Khingan-Mukden direction. First, they overcame the waterless steppes of Inner Mongolia and the border fortified area in the Kalgan, Dolonnor, Solun and Hailar directions. Then, interacting with the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Army, they defeated the Japanese troops (44th and 30th armies of the 3rd front, part of the forces of the 4th separate army of the Kwantung army, Suiyuan army group). They overcame the Greater Khingan Range and on August 19 reached the line of Zhangjiakou (Kalgan), Chengde (Rehe), Chifin, Shenyang (Mukden), Changchun and Qiqihar. After the Japanese army stopped resistance, the troops of the front were engaged in disarming and receiving the capitulated enemy troops.
On October 9, 1945, the Trans-Baikal Front was disbanded. The field administration of the front was reorganized into the administration of the Trans-Baikal-Amur Military District, with the inclusion of the armies of the Trans-Baikal Front in it. Mongolian formations and units of the cavalry-mechanized group returned to the troops of the Mongolian People's Republic.
During the Great Patriotic War, 3,688 people from the district were called up to the active army, of which more than 2,700 did not return from the battlefields. Aginchans fought as part of the Siberian, Transbaikal and other divisions near Moscow, Stalingrad, on the Kursk Bulge, in the Caucasus, liberated the countries of Europe, took Berlin, and participated in the defeat of the Kwantung Army of Japan. Aginchane Bazar Rinchino and Alexander Paradovich became Heroes of the Soviet Union, the title of Hero of Russia was awarded to the legendary commander of a partisan company in the Bryansk region Badme Zhabon (partisan nickname Mongol). More than 360 fascists were destroyed by the famous sniper Sepmen Nomogonov, who fought with his friend sniper Togon Sanzhiev. Aginchan warriors L. Erdyneev, Ts. Zhamsoev, B. Shagdarov, R. Tsyrenzhapov, Zh. Abiduev and many others defended Moscow in the winter of 1941.
Women, old people and teenagers who remained in the rear selflessly worked for the needs of the front, replacing those who had gone to war. More than 15 million rubles were contributed to the country's defense fund, 12.5 thousand warm clothes were sent, bonds for 2516 thousand rubles were handed over. The district provided the army and the national economy with 18,000 horses, 34,500 head of cattle, over 169,000 sheep and goats.
During the war years, 10 thousand communists were sent to the front from the region, and in total 175 thousand Transbaikalians went to the front. In connection with the mobilization, only in the first months of the war, about 13 thousand women came to industry and transport. Transbaikalians fought on almost all fronts of the Great Patriotic War, took part in all major battles from the defense of Moscow in 1941. before the storming of Berlin in 1945.

Trans-Baikal Territory in the post-war years

The post-war years were extremely difficult for Transbaikalia. As a result of the drought in 1946, there was a very difficult food situation, which led to mass deaths from starvation and the spread of malnutrition. The social situation was complicated by repressions. Until 1949, there were 77,000 Japanese prisoners of war in the region, who worked at various facilities. In 1949-1951, the Borsky ITL in the north of the region was mining uranium ores.
In 1949, the Chita Geological Administration was established. Large-scale exploration work was carried out, which made it possible to create a reliable basis for the development of the mining industry.
In 1954-1957, 749 thousand hectares of new lands were developed in the region. The number of sheep in 1957 totaled 2 million 600 thousand, a new Transbaikalian fine-fleeced breed of sheep was bred. In 1957, the region was awarded the Order of Lenin for success in the development of virgin and fallow lands and an increase in agricultural production.
After complications in relations with China in the 1960s, the military potential in the region increased, which had a significant impact on economic development and employment. Part of the population was evicted from the border area of ​​the Argun region, and a strict border regime was established.
The post-war period of development of the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug is characterized by hard work to restore the national economy that has fallen into decay. During the war years, the number of all types of domestic animals decreased in connection with the surrender to the state, unfortunately, and in subsequent years there was a decrease in the number of livestock - due to mass mortality and low business yield of offspring. An outstanding achievement in the history of Aga was the radical transformation of sheep breeding - its transformation from a low-profit coarse wool into a highly productive fine-fleece. In order to improve the quality of the wool of the created breed, in the autumn of 1952, for the first time in the world zootechnical practice, the chilled seed of the Askashit sheep breed was transported to a distance of almost 8 thousand km beyond Askania-Nova to the XIX Party Congress collective farm, and offspring were obtained, rams with live weighing 92-100 kg and sheared wool 9.8 kg. A scientific feat was the breeding in 1956 of the unique "Transbaikal" fine-fleeced breed of sheep. The title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to the shepherd of the collective farm "Communism" B. Dorzhieva and the chairman of the collective farm. Kirov B. M. Mazhiev. The breeding of a new breed of sheep, the introduction of artificial insemination, the use of winter grazing technology brought sheep breeding in the district on an intensive path of development and turned it into a highly profitable sector of the economy of local residents.
In 1959, when compulsory seven-year education was introduced, teaching staff from the central regions of the country were sent to the district. In 1949, boarding schools for children were opened on full state support. After graduating from medical universities, doctors A. Dvoeglazov, Ts. Tsybenova, D. Baldano, Ts. Nomogonova, and others begin the medical business.
The network of cultural and educational institutions is growing. In 1948, the first district review of amateur art performances took place, and in 1959, Aginsk residents participated in the final all-Russian review in Moscow. Novels, short stories, plays by the Aginsky writers Zh.
It was formed on March 1, 2008 as a result of the unification of the Chita region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous District, the Trans-Baikal Territory was formed.

Founded in 1706.

In the first half of the 17th century, the development of the Nerchinsk silver mines began in the vicinity of Chita. Since 1797, the Chita prison has been part of the Gorodishchenskaya volost. Chita is the place of exile for most of the Decembrists. Since 1851, the Trans-Baikal Region was established with the center in Chita. At the same time, Chita receives the status of a city.

From the 16th century, with the founding of the first Russian city of Tobolsk, the development of the vast expanses of Siberia by Russian servicemen began. Following the detachments of the Cossacks, trading and industrial people went to these rich lands, to whom the royal decree allowed, with the payment of a fee, to bargain with the indigenous population and engage in hunting. Forts and winter huts grew rapidly in Siberia. On the land of the Buryats stood Bratsk prison, on the Yakut land Lensky, and detachments of the Cossacks went farther and farther to the wax "to meet the sun." Coming out to the fabulous sea of ​​Lama-Baikal, the Russian people founded a new fortress here, the Barguzinsky prison. Here they heard that the richest lands with innumerable reserves of gold and silver ore stretch further. The reconnaissance of this land was entrusted to the experienced leader of the Cossacks, Pyotr Beketov, who, having reached the Ingoda River in the autumn of 1653, laid down a winter hut. Beketov sent a report to Yeniseisk: "And in Zimovye there is an bar of sovereigns, and three Cossack huts. And in Zimovye and near Zimovye he ordered a fortress to be built. And he ordered the treasury of the sovereign to demolish the anbar." The winter hut at the confluence of the Chita River with the Ingoda laid the foundation for the future city of Chita.

The first permanent settlement began to be called Plotbishche, as rafts, boards, and later boats and barges were built here. The rapid development and settlement of Plotbishche was facilitated by its advantageous position on the high road, the waterway to Eastern Transbaikalia and the Amur, to the Pacific Ocean. Until the end of the 17th century, Cossacks and industrialists settled here, calling their village Plotbishche, Ostrog, and Sloboda. In 1699, a prison was built, which since 1706 became officially known as Chita, and for a long time this place was called either Chita beyond Baikal, then the Chita district, then Chitinsk, then the town of Chita, then the Chita village.

In the first decade of its existence, the significance of the Chita prison was not great. It was a small wooden fortification, inside of which there was a clerk's hut, barns for storing bread and military supplies, a chapel and some other buildings. The prison was separated from the settlement by a log fence. According to the data for 1715, 20 mounted Cossacks with two tenants lived in the prison, who were in charge of "Nerchinsky's clerk of the 4th article, the boyar son Leonty Shestyakov."

With the opening of the Nerchinsk silver mines and the construction of factories, the need for labor increased. Thousands of recruits were forcibly delivered from the central regions of Russia to factories and mines. The work in the mines was extremely hard. Soon the labor of convicts began to be used here, for whom hard labor prisons were quickly built around the factories. Since 1722, numerous parties of convicts-kolodniks began to pass through Chita. A prison was built in the city, an inn appeared, and with the laying of the Siberian tract, a post station. The inhabitants of the Chita prison were assigned the duty to burn charcoal and deliver it to the factories for smelting ore. For many years, charring has become the main occupation of the locals. In addition to charcoal burning, people hunted in forestry and rafting of various cargoes.

In 1797, the Chita prison became part of the Gorodishchenskaya volost and was administered by the Nerchinsk mining department. Settlers from other regions of Siberia began to build around the prison, mostly peasants who received land here for arable land. In addition to cultivating their own and the sovereign's land, the settlers built roads and bridges, performed pit service, mined furs, fished and raised livestock. In 1821, Chita was no longer called a prison, it began to be called a village. Two years later, the Chita volost was established.

The Decembrists occupy an important place in the history of Chita. The fates of 85 members of the Decembrist secret societies from 1827 to 1830 are connected with Chita. Many of them met here. The Great Casemate was specially built for the Decembrists. “The casemate united us together, gave us support in each other. The casemate gave us a political existence beyond political death,” wrote Decembrist Mikhail Bestuzhev. With the arrival of the Decembrists, soldiers, Cossack guards and staff officers, the population of Chita doubled. Three years later, the Chita village expanded noticeably. New houses, shops appeared, and not far from the prison a new street, which was nicknamed Damskoy: Trubetskaya, Volkonskaya, Muravyova, Annenkova, Naryshkin, Davydova, who came for their exiled Decembrist husbands, lived here. The Chita village owes its accomplishment to the works of the same Decembrists: they dug gutters and filled up ravines. The very well-being of the locals rose thanks to the presence of wealthy settlers. The Decembrist Falanberg made a topographical plan of the settlement, which in the future was to become the city of Chita. Decembrist Dmitry Zavalishin contributed greatly to the development of Chita as a city. After the amnesty in 1839, he remained in Chita in the settlement and launched educational activities. through his efforts, schools were opened for children "of every rank and class." At his own expense, he supplied schools with teaching aids, he himself worked as a teacher. He shared his experience with local residents in cultivating the land, selecting seeds, and growing crops unknown in Siberia.

In the middle of the 19th century, the annexation of territories rich in raw materials necessitated the creation of a single territorial-administrative entity for the successful economic activity of Transbaikalia. Several villages "claimed" for the "title" of the new center of the Trans-Baikal region. The historical center of the region was the city of Nerchinsk, but the choice fell on the Chita village. By decree of Nicholas I of July 11, 1851, the Trans-Baikal Region was established with the center in Chita. Since that time, Chita received the status of a city. Its convenient geographical position helped to quickly solve many economic problems related to the transfer of people and resources, and made Chita the main supply base for the Far Eastern outskirts of Russia. The administration of the Trans-Baikal Cossack Army was also located here. Governor-General Count Muravyov used Zavalishin's advice in the construction of a new regional center. And not just advice. In his memoirs, Zavalishin wrote: “And how great was the work on organizing the city when Muravyov begged me to take it upon myself. But I spared no effort to protect the city from that damage at the beginning, which always distorted our cities and fixed their future. Chita will be one of the most correct cities."

The population of Chita began to grow rapidly. By 1863 it had reached three thousand people. The nature of urban life was largely determined by the merchants, who enjoyed universal respect. Thanks to the merchants, tea, rice and sugar from Kyakhta were imported to Chita, nails came from the Urals, Rhine wines from Hamburg, and letter paper from America.

In appearance, Chita looked more like not a regional center, but a large village built up with monotonous wooden houses that stood on poorly lit streets covered with sand, where livestock roamed freely. But still it was a large and developed city. In 1900, a railway passed through Chita, and it became the largest transport hub in Transbaikalia. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 1,400 houses, 9 churches, a monastery, a church, a synagogue, male and female gymnasiums, colleges, schools, and an orphanage. A branch of the Amur department of the Russian Geographical Society opened in Chita, with a museum and a library. Factories and factories operated in the city: iron foundries, mechanical, sawmills, breweries, kvass, pottery and tiles, a telephone network was laid. A significant part of the entire trade of the Trans-Baikal region was concentrated here and commercial and industrial activities were rapidly developing, bringing the city an annual increase in income, estimated in millions of rubles. In Chita, there were branches of the State and Russian-Chinese banks. The city hosted the First Trans-Baikal Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition.

Famous people of Transbaikalia

The most famous writer of the Chita children was born in the village. Ust-Daya, Sretensky district, Chita region. From an early age he worked, studied at a boarding school. Then there was a school of railway transport technicians, work at the Chita locomotive car repair plant and cooperation in local newspapers. Journalism captured a young worker, he goes to the department of working youth of the newspaper "Komsomolets Zabaikalye". Working in the editorial office, he visited almost all corners of Transbaikalia

Mikhail Evseevich was born in the village of Suhaytuy, Shilkinsky District, Chita Region. Having passed the labor path from a herdsman, a shipbuilder, a journalist, he brought a deep knowledge of life into poetry. In 1978 he graduated with honors from the Literary Institute. M. Gorky.

Mikhail Vishnyakov is a large-scale figure in the literary and social life of the region.

Native Transbaikalian. Born in 1956 in the village of Undino-Poselye, Baleisky District, Chita Region.

He graduated from a rural school, then there was a military service in the border troops. After the service, he worked as a correspondent for the district newspaper Aginskaya Pravda. Then - a correspondent in a large-circulation newspaper in the city of Omsk, a machinist at an oil refinery, a fighter in a fire station, an editor in the Chita branch of the East Siberian book publishing house.

Studied at the Literary Institute. A.M. Gorky. Works in the genre of prose

The famous Transbaikal writer Nikolai Dmitrievich Kuzakov, a great connoisseur of the Siberian taiga, a true master of prose based on legends and stories of the original peoples of Transbaikalia, was born in the remote taiga village of Ika, Katangsky district, Irkutsk region.

Childhood years fell on the war years. From an early age, the boy was trained in hunting and helped adults.

In 1945, as a seventeen-year-old boy, having added a year to himself, he leaves for the army. The service brought him to Transbaikalia. Here Dmitry graduated from evening school and in 1963 entered the Khabarovsk Higher Party School.

The name of Boris Ilyich Kuznik is known not only in Russia but in the world. Scientist, author of several hundred scientific articles, more than two dozen monographs, professor, honorary member of a number of foreign academies. And in addition to the above, he is also an Honorary Citizen of the city of Chita, holder of the medal of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree, chairman of the former regional branch of the Charity and Health Fund, a member of the Writers' Union of Russia. Many readers know Boris Ilyich from popular science and fiction books.

Singer of Transbaikalian nature, talented writer Viktor Bronislavovich was born in the city of Chita. His grandfather, a Lithuanian by nationality, came to Transbaikalia in the 1990s to build a railway.

In 1935, the future writer graduated from the Mining Metallurgical College, then served in the Soviet Army. At the end of the service, having completed courses in communication mechanics, he worked as a telegraph operator in the management of the railway. A whole period of the writer's life is associated with the Mogzon station of the Trans-Baikal Railway, where he worked as a cutter. He began to print in 1947 - the first stories of the author appeared in the newspaper Zabaikalsky Rabochiy.

One of the oldest writers of Transbaikalia, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, Vasily Grigoryevich Nikonov, was born in the village. Motyzley, Gorky region. Early left without a mother. Seven years later, he moved with his father to the Far East, in Primorsky Krai, in Terney Bay. There he graduated from high school, worked in the regional newspaper "Udarnik Terney". In Vladivostok, he completed a training course for newspaper workers, collaborated in regional newspapers.

He graduated from the school of military aircraft mechanics in Irkutsk, served in parts of the Trans-Baikal Military District, worked as a correspondent for the army newspaper "Soviet Pilot" for ten years.

“I was born in Chita, a city famous for its literary traditions,” says the well-known writer Alla Georgievna Ozornina about herself.

The creative path of Alla Georgievna was not easy. From childhood, she was fond of literature, she dreamed of becoming a writer from school, but on the advice of her parents she entered the Chita Medical Institute, and immediately after graduation - to the correspondence department of the historical and philological faculty of the pedagogical institute. Having received a second diploma, Alla Georgievna does not dare to leave medicine and continues to work as a doctor.

In 1994, Alla Georgievna left medicine and worked as a correspondent for the Chita State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company for 8 years.

She made her first serious steps in literature as the author of short humorous stories.

• Echoes of past centuries [Text]: a story. - Chita: Express publishing house, 2004. - 201 p. - (Horror films).

Valentina Semyonovna is a well-known Transbaikalian writer, local historian.

Born in the village of Kalyutkino, Sverdlovsk Region. In 1936, after the death of his father, the family moved to Chita. After graduating from seven classes, Valya entered the Chita Construction College.

In 1966 she graduated in absentia from the philological faculty of the Chita Pedagogical Institute.

Literary creativity has been fond of since youth. As a student at a construction college, in 1954–1955, she worked at a literary association affiliated with the Komsomolets Zabaikalya newspaper.

Passion for local history led Valentina Semyonovna to work on the book "Chitinsky Ostrog" in collaboration with her brother, Ivan Semenovich Popkov.

Children's poet Nikolai Vitalievich Yaroslavtsev was born and lives in Chita.

At the age of nine he tried to write poetry. He began to publish in 1969 in the newspaper Komsomolets Zabaikalye. At that time, Nikolai was still studying at a railway technical school, after which he worked on the railway - he built a small railway, then worked as an aircraft instrument technician at the Chita aviation enterprise.

ANTHEM OF THE CITY OF CHITA

At the place of the first meeting

Cheats with cool Ingoda

Cossack free legends

We sang our native city:

To the river valleys, to the transparent blue

He descended from the Chersky Range ...

Keep the greatness of Russia

And prosper forever, Chita!

Zimovye ancestors founded

And the prison was replaced by a jail,

Along the Trans-Siberian Railway

There was a way of Russia to the east.

The heroic spirit was extolled,

Having given the coat of arms the relief of the shield ...

Keep the greatness of Russia

And prosper forever, Chita!

For the good of the motherland

Leading talented people...

Create, the capital of Transbaikalia,

Siberia pride and stronghold!

To new victories through the elements

A bold dream leads us:

Keep the greatness of Russia

And prosper forever, Chita!

Poems by Nikolai Maryanin

At this time, along with hunting and fishing, agriculture comes from China.

Until the annexation of Transbaikalia to Russia, the history of its southern part is closely connected with nomadic cattle breeding. The tribes that lived here created the so-called culture of slab graves of the Bronze and Iron Age. "Tilers" lived throughout the entire territory of modern Mongolia: from Altai to Khingan from west to east and from Baikal to the foothills of the Nan Shan from north to south. Mongolian scientists believe that this culture belonged to the Proto-Mongols.

The first people who lived in Transbaikalia, about which much is known both from archaeological finds and from written sources (mainly Chinese) was the nomadic people of the Xiongnu (209 BC - 93 AD), who created an extensive a state in the Central Asian steppes, with the collapse of which the former Xiongnu lands came under the control of the Mongol-speaking Xianbi (93-234) and the Juan Khaganate (330-555).

In the 6th-9th centuries, the Uighur Turks lived in Transbaikalia. In the X-XII centuries, the southern part of the region was part of the state of the Mongolian tribes of the Khitans. This state is known as the Liao Empire. The most famous monuments of these times are the necropolis in the Ilmovaya Pad, the Kokuy settlement and the Wall of Genghis Khan.

Development of the region by Russian settlers

From the middle of the 17th century, Transbaikalia became part of the Russian state. The first explorers crossed Dauria (the so-called lands beyond Baikal) along the rivers. The Buryats and Tunguses, after a long resistance, recognized the new government and paid yasak to the Russian treasury. A number of prisons appeared in Transbaikalia: Ust-Strelochny, Irgensky, Nerchinsky, Telembinsky, Yeravninsky, Argunsky, Sretensky. Starting from 1704, Nerchinsky, Shilkinsky, Gazimursky and other silver-smelting plants appeared. In the 18th century, the population of the region grew rapidly due to the influx of settlers and the sending of criminals to the mines. The exiled participants in the December uprising also played an important role in the development of the region. In 1851, the Trans-Baikal Oblast was formed. In the same year, in order to strengthen the border, the Transbaikal Cossack Army was created, numbering more than 3.5 thousand people. At the end of the 19th century, railway construction began in the region. Industry rose, new cities and towns grew and appeared.

Events of the 20th century

At the beginning of the 20th century, revolutionary moods came to Transbaikalia, caused by the Russian-Japanese, World War I. After the October Revolution, Soviet power in Chita was established on February 16, 1918. At the initial stage of the Civil War at the end of August 1918, the power of the Soviets was eliminated by the combined forces of the Whites, Cossacks and Czechoslovaks. The Trans-Baikal Cossack Republic was formed on the territory of the region. At the same time, a broad partisan movement developed. In April 1920, the Far Eastern Republic was created on the territory of Transbaikalia and the Far East, with its center in Verkhneudinsk, and then in Chita, which existed until November 1922.

In the 1990s, there was a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production and a drop in the standard of living of the population. Kindergartens, camps, sports facilities were closed, the Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky metallurgical plant, the Chita worsted cloth plant ceased to exist. With the collapse of the timber industry, massive illegal logging began and huge shipments of unprocessed timber to China began. Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug since March 31, 1992 became an independent subject of the Russian Federation. The economy managed to stabilize only by the end of the 1990s. In the 2000s, the construction of the second track of the Southern Way was carried out, and today its electrification is underway. The construction of the railway line Naryn - Lugokan is underway. On March 1, 2008, on the territory of the Chita region and the ABAO, a new subject of the federation emerged - the Trans-Baikal Territory. Also in the southeast of the Trans-Baikal Territory, it is planned to build and open two new large GOKs: Bystrinsky and Bugdainsky.

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Notes

Literature

• Konstantinov A.V., Konstantinova N.N. History of Transbaikalia (from ancient times to 1917). - Chita: ZabGPU Publishing House, 2002. - 248 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5851582170.
• Geography of the Trans-Baikal Territory / Chief Editor Kulakov V.S. - Chita: Express Publishing House, 2009. - 308 p. - 3,000 copies. - ISBN 9785956601266.

Administrative center: Chita Cities: Balei | Greyhound | Krasnokamensk | Mogocha | Nerchinsk | Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky | Sretensk | Khilok | Shilka Municipal-territorial division:

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An excerpt characterizing the History of the Trans-Baikal Territory

At that time in St. Petersburg, in the highest circles, with more fervor than ever before, there was a complex struggle between the parties of Rumyantsev, the French, Maria Feodorovna, the Tsarevich and others, drowned out, as always, by the trumpeting of court drones. But calm, luxurious, preoccupied only with ghosts, reflections of life, Petersburg life went on as before; and because of the course of this life, great efforts had to be made to realize the danger and the difficult situation in which the Russian people found themselves. There were the same exits, balls, the same French theater, the same interests of the courts, the same interests of service and intrigue. It was only in the highest circles that efforts were made to recall the difficulty of the present situation. It was told in a whisper about how opposite one another acted, in such difficult circumstances, both empresses. Empress Maria Feodorovna, concerned about the well-being of the charitable and educational institutions subordinate to her, made an order to send all the institutions to Kazan, and the things of these institutions had already been packed. The Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna, when asked what orders she wanted to make, with her usual Russian patriotism deigned to answer that she could not make orders about state institutions, since this concerned the sovereign; about the same thing that personally depends on her, she deigned to say that she would be the last to leave Petersburg.
On August 26, on the very day of the Battle of Borodino, Anna Pavlovna had an evening, the flower of which was to be the reading of a letter from the bishop, written when sending the image of the Monk Saint Sergius to the sovereign. This letter was revered as a model of patriotic spiritual eloquence. Prince Vasily himself, who was famous for his art of reading, was supposed to read it. (He also read at the Empress's.) The art of reading was considered to be loud, melodious, between a desperate howl and a gentle murmur, to pour words, completely regardless of their meaning, so that quite by chance a howl fell on one word, on others - a murmur. This reading, like all Anna Pavlovna's evenings, had political significance. At this evening there were to be several important persons who had to be ashamed of their trips to the French theater and inspired to a patriotic mood. Quite a few people had already gathered, but Anna Pavlovna had not yet seen all those whom she needed in the drawing-room, and therefore, without yet beginning to read, she started general conversations.
The news of the day that day in St. Petersburg was the illness of Countess Bezukhova. A few days ago the Countess suddenly fell ill, missed several meetings, of which she was an ornament, and it was heard that she did not see anyone and that instead of the famous Petersburg doctors who usually treated her, she entrusted herself to some Italian doctor who treated her with some new and in an extraordinary way.
Everyone knew very well that the illness of the lovely countess arose from the inconvenience of marrying two husbands at once, and that the Italian's treatment consisted in eliminating this inconvenience; but in the presence of Anna Pavlovna, not only did no one dare to think about it, but it was as if no one even knew it.
- On dit que la pauvre comtesse est tres mal. Le medecin dit que c "est l" angine pectorale. [They say that the poor countess is very bad. The doctor said it was chest disease.]
- L "angine? Oh, c" est une maladie terrible! [Chest disease? Oh, it's a terrible disease!]
- On dit que les rivaux se sont reconcilies grace a l "angine ... [They say that the rivals reconciled thanks to this illness.]
The word angine was repeated with great pleasure.
- Le vieux comte est touchant a ce qu "on dit. Il a pleure comme un enfant quand le medecin lui a dit que le cas etait dangereux. [The old count is very touching, they say. He cried like a child when the doctor said that dangerous case.]
Oh, ce serait une perte terrible. C "est une femme ravissante. [Oh, that would be a great loss. Such a lovely woman.]
“Vous parlez de la pauvre comtesse,” said Anna Pavlovna, coming up. - J "ai envoye savoir de ses nouvelles. On m" a dit qu "elle allait un peu mieux. Oh, sans doute, c" est la plus charmante femme du monde, - said Anna Pavlovna with a smile over her enthusiasm. - Nous appartenons a des camps differents, mais cela ne m "empeche pas de l" estimer, comme elle le merite. Elle est bien malheureuse, [You are talking about the poor countess... I sent to find out about her health. I was told that she was a little better. Oh, without a doubt, this is the most beautiful woman in the world. We belong to different camps, but this does not prevent me from respecting her according to her merits. She is so unhappy.] Anna Pavlovna added.
Believing that with these words Anna Pavlovna slightly lifted the veil of secrecy over the countess's illness, one careless young man allowed himself to express surprise that famous doctors were not called, but a charlatan who could give dangerous means was treating the countess.
“Vos informations peuvent etre meilleures que les miennes,” Anna Pavlovna suddenly lashed out venomously at the inexperienced young man. Mais je sais de bonne source que ce medecin est un homme tres savant et tres habile. C "est le medecin intime de la Reine d" Espagne. [Your news may be more accurate than mine... but I know from good sources that this doctor is a very learned and skillful person. This is the life physician of the Queen of Spain.] - And thus destroying the young man, Anna Pavlovna turned to Bilibin, who in another circle, picking up the skin and, apparently, about to dissolve it, to say un mot, spoke about the Austrians.
- Je trouve que c "est charmant! [I find it charming!] - he said about a diplomatic paper, under which the Austrian banners taken by Wittgenstein were sent to Vienna, le heros de Petropol [the hero of Petropolis] (as he was called in Petersburg).
- How, how is it? Anna Pavlovna turned to him, rousing silence to hear mot, which she already knew.
And Bilibin repeated the following authentic words of the diplomatic dispatch he had compiled:
- L "Empereur renvoie les drapeaux Autrichiens," Bilibin said, "drapeaux amis et egares qu" il a trouve hors de la route, [The Emperor sends the Austrian banners, friendly and misguided banners that he found off the real road.] - finished Bilibin loosening the skin.
- Charmant, charmant, [Charming, charming,] - said Prince Vasily.
- C "est la route de Varsovie peut etre, [This is the Warsaw road, maybe.] - Prince Hippolyte said loudly and unexpectedly. Everyone looked at him, not understanding what he wanted to say with this. Prince Hippolyte also looked around with cheerful surprise around him. He, like others, did not understand what the words he said meant. During his diplomatic career, he noticed more than once that words suddenly spoken in this way turned out to be very witty, and just in case, he said these words, "Maybe it will turn out very well," he thought, "but if it doesn't, they'll be able to arrange it there." Anna Pavlovna, and she, smiling and shaking her finger at Ippolit, invited Prince Vasily to the table, and, bringing him two candles and a manuscript, asked him to begin.
- Most merciful Sovereign Emperor! - Prince Vasily proclaimed sternly and looked around the audience, as if asking if anyone had anything to say against this. But no one said anything. “The capital city of Moscow, New Jerusalem, accepts its Christ,” he suddenly struck at his word, “like a mother in the arms of her zealous sons, and through the emerging darkness, seeing the brilliant glory of your state, sings in delight: “Hosanna, blessed is the coming !" - Prince Vasily uttered these last words in a weeping voice.
Bilibin carefully examined his nails, and many, apparently, were shy, as if asking, what are they to blame for? Anna Pavlovna whispered ahead, like an old woman, the communion prayer: “Let the impudent and insolent Goliath ...” she whispered.
Prince Vasily continued:
- “Let the impudent and arrogant Goliath from the borders of France envelop deadly horrors on the edges of Russia; meek faith, this sling of the Russian David, will suddenly strike down the head of his bloodthirsty pride. This image of St. Sergius, an ancient zealot for the good of our fatherland, is brought to Your Imperial Majesty. Painful that my weakening strength prevents me from enjoying your kindest contemplation. I send warm prayers to heaven, that the almighty will magnify the right kind and fulfill the wishes of your majesty in good.
– Quelle force! Quelstyle! [What power! What a syllable!] - praises were heard to the reader and the writer. Inspired by this speech, Anna Pavlovna's guests talked for a long time about the state of the fatherland and made various assumptions about the outcome of the battle, which was to be fought the other day.
- Vous verrez, [You will see.] - said Anna Pavlovna, - that tomorrow, on the sovereign's birthday, we will receive news. I have a good feeling.

Anna Pavlovna's presentiment was indeed justified. The next day, during a prayer service in the palace on the occasion of the sovereign's birthday, Prince Volkonsky was summoned from the church and received an envelope from Prince Kutuzov. It was Kutuzov's report, written on the day of the battle from Tatarinova. Kutuzov wrote that the Russians had not retreated a single step, that the French had lost much more than ours, that he was reporting in a hurry from the battlefield, without having had time to collect the latest information. So it was a victory. And immediately, without leaving the temple, gratitude was rendered to the creator for his help and for the victory.
Anna Pavlovna's premonition was justified, and a joyfully festive mood reigned in the city all morning. Everyone recognized the victory as complete, and some have already spoken of the capture of Napoleon himself, of his deposition and the election of a new head for France.

Chkalova Street has been named after the legendary Soviet pilot since 1939. Valery Chkalov visited Chita in 1936, returning after an unprecedented flight Moscow-Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky-Ostrov Odd, which took 56 hours. The people of Chita greeted with jubilation the crew of the ANT-25 (G.F. Baidukov, A.F. Belyakov).

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A rally of thousands took place at the Dynamo stadium (now the cathedral is located here). The news of his tragic death in December 1938 became an all-Union sadness, and in January 1939 the Chita City Council decided to rename Ussuriyskaya Street, calling it Chkalov Street. Back in 2010, on old houses one could see signs with the name of the street and the name of the homeowner. Suriyskaya was first noted on the map of Chita in 1885 and was named after the wayward Far Eastern River Ussuri, which bordered China.

On an inconspicuous one-story building there is a modest memorial plaque telling that M.V. lived here in 1915-1916. Frunze. In Soviet times, the name of this person was very popular. A prominent revolutionary, statesman and military figure (1885-1925) Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze was twice sentenced to death, which was replaced by life exile, fled twice, and ended up in Chita under the name of V.G. Vasilenko. Here he got a job in the resettlement department of the Trans-Baikal region as an agent of the information bureau on a labor issue. A memorial plaque was also installed on this building (23 Kostyushko-Grigorovich St.). In addition to resettlement affairs, Vasilenko (Frunze) started publishing the weekly newspaper Zabaikalskoye Obozreniye. This is also narrated by a marble slab on the building on the street. Kurnatovsky, 10. As one of the editors of the newspaper, he published anti-war and anti-government articles, which led to the closure of the popular newspaper. Frunze's fate turned out to be tragic. In 1925, as chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR and People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, he was forced to agree to surgery for a stomach ailment at Stalin's insistence. Frunze died on the operating table. This death is still a mystery of history, and the name is worthy of respect and memory. In our city, a street in the Central District is also named after him.

The building at number 116 on Chkalova Street is distinguished by its red brick cladding and observation tower with a spire. This is the building of the police department, designed by the architect F.E. Ponomarev and the technique of Imshenetsky in 1902-1907. Here, for a long time, the city fire brigade of the Free Fire Society was quartered under the leadership of the merchant of the 2nd guild Konstantin Ivanovich Kolesh. After 1922, law enforcement officers moved to another building, and firefighters occupied it for many decades, rushing to fires on horse-drawn, and then successfully using cars. On the second floor, at the initiative of Artem Evstafievich Vlasov, a veteran of the internal affairs bodies, the Museum of the Trans-Baikal Police was opened.

the oldest university in the city. It was opened in 1938 and during this time has produced more than 20 thousand teachers, specialists in various humanitarian specialties. More recently, it was also called the forge of party and Soviet personnel. Among the graduates are Academician Afanasyev, Governor of the Territory Geniatulin, Chief Federal Inspector Zhamsuev, Deputy Mayor of Chita Glushchenko - this list of well-known names can be continued for a long time. The modern university traces its history back to the Pedagogical Institute, which was decided to be located in an old building on the street. Chkalov, 140. This house was built by the Irkutsk contractor Gersh Ravve according to the project of the architect Fyodor Ponomarev on August 19, 1909 specifically for the Second Women's Gymnasium, which was moved from wooden buildings.

Gymnasium girls were very noticeable in the city not only with a special uniform, but also with the organization of all kinds of charity events. It is known that in March 1920 one of the headquarters of Ataman Semenov was located in the building, and on April 24, 1920, the first teaching institute in Chita was opened. Exactly one year later, on its basis, the Institute of Public Education was created, which, in turn, during the time of the Far East, was reorganized into the Chita State University. The Ministry of Education of the Republic was also located here. With the liquidation of the Far East, the university was transferred to Vladivostok. Since 1923, the building housed an industrial technical school, then a forestry, general education and music schools. Since 1940, the building housed the Chita Pedagogical Institute. A short study in the spacious auditoriums of the institute forced students in 1941 to come here already as assistants to orderlies, members of propaganda teams. The institute vacated the building for the needs of the evacuation hospital 1476, which was headed by the major of the medical service Tomilina.

During the repair and restoration of the building in 2008, the floors were opened. Traces of brilliant green and iodine have been preserved. The hospital memorial plaque was installed in 1985.

Thousands of staff of the institute-university appreciated the merits of their colleagues. In 1995, a memorial plaque in honor of Sergei Alexandrovich Markidonov appeared on the facade of the building. A young, talented economist and manager, deputy of the State Duma of the first convocation died tragically in 1994. The oldest teacher-historian Yakob Iosifovich Drazninas came to the history department of the institute after the war. The front-line soldier quickly became a venerable scientist and teacher. His works on the history of the Paris Commune were recognized not only in our country, but also in distant France. A memorial plaque made by V. Voinov and N. Polyansky was installed in 1999.

Until 1974, the building housed the rector's office of the institute and the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Therefore, a memorial plaque in honor of the Hero of the Soviet Union, director, and then rector of the institute in 1958-1964. Korolkov Ivan Vasilyevich in 2005 rightfully took her place. He was awarded the title of hero, a heavy machine gun gunner, for the destruction of more than a hundred Nazis in battles during the crossing of the Dnieper in 1943. Under Korolkov, the institute received the name of the Russian writer and freethinker N.G. Chernyshevsky. There are no more private universities in Chita. The first dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics was a veteran of the war, a talented mathematician and teacher Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kaslov.

A man of encyclopedic knowledge, he actively intervened in the affairs of the city, trying to bring only good things to the life of the townspeople. In 1973 he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of the city of Chita. His name is immortalized at the end of the building from the street. Butin in metal by N.Polyansky in 2010. Here, in May of this year, another memorial plaque will be unveiled, made by the same artist in honor of Boris Lvovich Liga. War veteran, scientist-teacher, founder of the institute museum V.I. Lenin and the organizer of the volleyball team "Transbaikal" was an extraordinary person who brought up hundreds of pupils-teachers and famous athletes.

Another memorial plaque is installed in front of the Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports on the street. Zhuravlev in honor of Alexei Mikhailovich Grabar. A participant in the war, an organizer of sports, a teacher, he gave a start in life to a large cohort of Transbaikal athletes, including world champions, Olympic medalists, champions of the country.

There is another monument in the complex of educational buildings of the university. In front of the building facade on the street. Babushkina on the pedestal there is a figure of Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) - a high school student. As you know, the leader of the world proletariat was distinguished by enviable persistence in mastering knowledge, and his popular image was supposed to inspire students in the struggle against the granite of sciences. Today, the image of a high school student with a book in his hand is almost never personified by students. A student is a student.

A.I. lytsus