The image of the mother in the work of modern writers. The image of a mother-woman in modern literature
My work is dedicated to the most, in my opinion, hot topic of our time - the theme of mothers and motherhood. In this work, I would like to analyze the current situation in Russia through the prism of myths, legends, literary monuments and works of art, which in one way or another affect the problems of motherhood. I will try to evaluate the changes that have taken place over the centuries in relation to motherhood. After all, it is no longer news to anyone that now even the very concept of “motherhood” is treated differently than, say, in the 19th century or even in the 50s of the 20th century. The change of priorities is so rapid that it becomes scary, but what will happen next? Therefore, I chose this topic among many, many other interesting and deep topics in their own way.
The image of the Mother in Orthodoxy. Icons.
The image of a woman-mother is glorified in numerous works of literature and art, reverently embodied in wondrous icons. I would like to dwell on the latter in more detail, since for me this topic is closer than all the others. The history of Orthodoxy, Christianity has more than two thousand years, and therefore it is not surprising that its cultural heritage so rich. It is possible to list monuments of literature, architecture and icon painting for a very long time, but this is not necessary now.
Based on the specifics of the work, I immediately singled out for myself a certain area of research - the icon of the Mother of God. Believers know how huge the number of images of the Mother of God is, on some of them she is alone, but on most icons she holds the Christ Child in her arms. The Orthodox know such icons as the Sovereign, Iberian, Inexhaustible Chalice, Pochaevskaya, Joy of All Who Sorrow, Tikhvinskaya, Kazanskaya and many, many others, miraculous, with their own history and list of miracles. For example, we can recall the Catholic images of the Virgin Mary. These are the Sistine Madonna, Raphael's Madonna and other masterpieces of the great masters of the Middle Ages. There is one significant similarity between para-Orthodox icons and Catholic paintings - on all of them the Virgin Mary is depicted with the Son.
Thus, the Mother of God becomes for believers one of the most sacred symbols - a symbol of high, sacrificial motherhood. After all, all mothers know how hard and painful it is to learn about any failure or illness of children. But few people know how hard it is to live with the knowledge of the entire future terrible fate of your child. And the Mother of God knew the whole fate of her Son from his very birth. Therefore, perhaps the very image of a mother is so sacred to all people that since ancient times her work in raising children has been equated with a feat.
The image of the Mother in the mythology of the Slavs and other peoples.
All the peoples of the world in the religious picture of the world have always had a place for female deities, and they have always stood apart from male gods. The patron goddesses of the hearth, earth, fertility enjoyed great respect among all ancient peoples.
The original archetype of birth, the beginning of life, the creation of Nature subconsciously led to the worship of Mother Earth, who gives everything for the life of people. Therefore, the ancient Slavs singled out not one god - Heaven, as one might think, but two - Heaven and Earth. They generally considered the Earth and Sky to be two living beings, even more than that - a married couple, whose love gave birth to all life on earth. The God of heaven, the Father of all things, is called Svarog. But what did the Slavs call the great Goddess of the Earth? Some scientists believe that her name is Makosh. Others, no less authoritative, argue with them. But I will proceed from the fact that the name of the goddess of the Earth is still Makosh. The interpretation of the name Makosh himself is very interesting. And if “ma” is clear to everyone - mom, mother, then what is a “cat”? It is not entirely clear, if you don’t remember some words, this, for example, is a wallet where wealth is stored, a koshara, where the living wealth of a peasant is driven - sheep, the leader of the Cossacks is called a koshy, fate, a lot, and also a large basket for vegetables and fruits. And if you put all these meanings into a semantic chain, then it turns out: Makosh is the Mistress of Life, the Giver of the Harvest, the Universal Mother. In a word, Earth.
We still call the Earth Mother. Only now we treat her with far less respect than good children should. The pagans treated her with greatest love, and all legends say that the Earth paid them the same. Not without reason, both the Slavs and the Greeks have a myth about a hero who cannot be defeated, since the Earth itself helps him. On the tenth of May, the "name day of the Earth" was celebrated: on this day it was impossible to disturb her - to plow, dig up. The earth was the witness of solemn oaths; at the same time, they touched it with the palm of their hand, otherwise they took out a piece of turf and laid it on their heads, mystically making lies impossible: it was believed that the Earth would not wear a deceiver. In Russia they said: "Do not lie - the Earth hears", "Love as the Earth loves." And now we sometimes, taking an oath, demand: “Eat the earth!” And what is the custom of taking a handful of native land to a foreign land!
By the era of the Upper Paleolithic - 40-50 thousand years BC. e. include the first archaeological finds in the form of stone figurines of female deities. During the Neolithic period - 10-12 thousand years BC. e. numerous images of the Mother Goddess are already appearing, as a reflection various forces nature. Among the ancient Sumerians, this is the goddess of love Ishtar, associated with the morning star Venus, who has many epithets - the Lady of the Gods, the Queen of Kings, who was worshiped throughout the Mediterranean, was also considered the Mother of the Gods, the keeper of secret knowledge. The Egyptian goddess Isis was endowed with the same qualities. The ancient Persians, who adopted the teachings of Zoroaster, worshiped the Goddess of purity and purity, Anahita.
In Slavic and Indian mythology, there are common Indo-Aryan roots, and this is especially noticeable in the culture of the national costume, where images of the goddess with outstretched palms are often found - a gesture of protection. No wonder in Ukraine one of the names of the goddess is Bereginya. On costumes, this image is found in the form of stylized embroidered ornaments and is called "Mokosh". The goddess Mokosh among the Slavs is a spinner, spinning endless yarn - the all-penetrating energy of the universe. Archetypal ideas about the Spinning Goddess have been preserved among the Saami, Finns, Lithuanians, and other peoples of the North.
One of the earliest images of the World Tree in Russia from the time of Hyperborea is the petroglyph of Lake Onega. The drawing combines two universal symbols - the World Tree and the Swan sitting on it. The swan is ancient symbol The Goddess who gives birth to the Cosmic Egg is the third cosmic symbol. Recall Russian folk tales or Pushkin's tales "A green oak grows on the sea-ocean, the island of Buyan", "At the Lukomorye a green oak", the Swan Princess, an egg where Koshchei's source of life is stored, etc.
All the mysterious Eleusinian mysteries among the Athenians were associated with the cult of the Earth, gathering fruits, storing seeds, the art of agriculture and growing crops. This merged into a single sacred sacrament, the personification of which was the Mother in Childbirth, giving continuation to the family and preserving it. The Slavs also had gods responsible for the prosperity and offspring of all life in nature and the multiplication of the human race. These are Rod and Rozhanitsy, mentioned in ancient Russian literature. The clan sent the souls of people to Earth from heaven when children were born. The Goddesses of Rozhanitsa are usually spoken of in the plural. In ancient manuscripts, they are briefly spoken about, only bread, honey and “cheese” (earlier this word denoted cottage cheese), which were sacrificed to them, are mentioned. Due to the scarcity of this information, some researchers of past years used to see in Rozhanitsy numerous, faceless female deities who helped in various women's cares and work, as well as in the birth of children. However, modern scientists, having processed a large archaeological, ethnographic, linguistic material, referring to information relating to neighboring peoples, came to the conclusion that there were two Rozhanits: Mother and Daughter.
The Slavs associated the Mother in Childbirth with the period of summer fertility, when it ripens, grows heavier, and the harvest is poured. This is fully consistent with the image of mature motherhood: artists usually depict fruitful Autumn as a middle-aged woman, kind and full-bodied. This is a respectable mistress of the house, the mother of a large family. The ancient Slavs gave her the name Lada, which has a lot of meanings. All of them are related to the establishment of order: "Getting along", "getting along", and so on. At the same time, the order was conceived primarily as a family one: “LADA”, “LADO” - an affectionate appeal to a beloved spouse, husband or wife. "LADINS" - a wedding conspiracy. But the scope of Lada's activities is by no means limited to the house. Some researchers recognize Velikaya Lada as the mother of the twelve months into which the year is divided. But the months, as we know, are associated with the twelve constellations of the Zodiac, which, according to astrological science, influence human destiny!. Thus, for example, Scorpio and Sagittarius are the property of not only foreign (non-Slavic) culture, as we used to think. And Lada appears before us not just as the Goddess of summer, home comfort and motherhood, she is also connected with the universal cosmic law! So the Slavic religious cult was not so primitive.
Lada also had a daughter, a Goddess named Lelya, the youngest Rozhanitsa. Let's think about it: it's not for nothing that a baby's cradle is often called a "cradle", a gentle, caring attitude towards a child is conveyed by the word "cherish". The stork, allegedly bringing children, in Ukrainian - "leleka". And the child itself is sometimes called affectionately “lyalechka” even now. So the Slavic Lelya was born - the Goddess of quivering spring sprouts, the first flowers, young femininity. The Slavs believed that it was Lelya who took care of the barely hatched shoots - the future harvest. Lelya-Vesna solemnly “called out” - they invited her to visit, they went out to meet her with gifts and refreshments. And before that, they asked permission from Mother Lada: would she let her daughter go?
The holiday of Rozhanitsa was celebrated in the spring - April 22-23. On this day, sacrifices were made with vegetable and dairy products, which they solemnly, with prayers ate at a sacred feast, and then bonfires were burned all night long: a huge one, in honor of Lada, and around it twelve more smaller ones - according to the number of months of the year. According to tradition, it was a women's and girls' holiday. Guys, men looked at him from a distance. So, having examined the pagan cults of some peoples, I concluded that the very concept of the Woman - Mother was present in all peoples, moreover, in very similar forms and images, which also speaks of the common roots of all beliefs and myths in general.
Domostroy. Attitude towards a woman-mother in the Middle Ages.
Of course, the ideology of Christianity had a great influence on relations between the sexes in Russia. A kind of regulatory basis for relations between a man and a woman was “Domostroy”, which attributed to a woman to obey her husband (father, brother) in everything. Domostroy lists in detail the duties of women, which are based on tireless work in the family, and obedience to the husband, father, owner, and the responsibility of mothers for their children and housekeeping. But along with this, there is a chapter that tells the husband to honor his wife, instruct her and love her.
“If God grants a good wife, then a precious stone is better; such a benefit will not leave, always good life will arrange for her husband If a husband is blessed with a good wife, the number of days of his life will be doubled, a good wife pleases her husband and fills his years with peace; let a good wife be a reward to those who fear God, for a wife makes her husband more virtuous: firstly, having fulfilled God's commandment, be blessed by God, and secondly, be glorified by people. A kind wife, and industrious, and silent - a crown to her husband, if a husband has found his good wife - he brings out only good things from his house; blessed is the husband of such a wife, and they will live their years in a good world. For a good wife, praise to her husband and honor.
Domostroy drew a sharper line between a man and a woman, and the attitude towards mothers changed accordingly. But one cannot think that it has deteriorated sharply: it has become a little different, requiring a stricter implementation of certain Christian norms and rules. The mother and wife had to treat her husband with respect, and her children with strictness, raising them in piety. Some people think that with the advent of Christianity, the position of women has worsened compared to the era of paganism. I don’t think so: there have always been domestic tyrants, no rules stopped them, so with the advent of the “Domostroy” era, such husbands simply found, so to speak, a good justification for their behavior. And yet, a woman has always been the mistress of the house, the keeper of the hearth and virtue in the family, a faithful assistant and friend to her husband.
Such an attitude towards a woman left its mark in Russian folklore: “God help the unmarried, and the mistress will help the married”, “The family is at war - the lonely grieve”, “Husband and wife are one soul”. There was a strict separation of the roles of men and women, which took shape over the centuries. This is especially evident in work. The activities of the wife do not go beyond the family. The activity of the husband, on the contrary, is not limited to the family: he - public figure, and in his person the family participates in the life of society. The woman was in charge, as they say, with the keys to the whole house, kept records of hay, straw, flour. All cattle and all domestic animals, except for horses, were under the supervision of a woman. Under her vigilant supervision was everything that was connected with the nutrition of the family, taking care of linen and repairing clothes, weaving, bathing, etc.
The owner, the head of the house and the family, was, first of all, an intermediary in the relations of the farmstead and the land society, in the relations of the family with the authorities. He was in charge of the main agricultural work, plowing, sowing, as well as construction, logging, and firewood. He, along with his adult sons, carried all the physical burden of peasant labor on his shoulders.
Only in great need did a woman, usually a widow, take up an ax, and a man (also most often widowed) sat under a cow with a pail.
From childhood, boys were taught masculine wisdom, and girls were taught feminine wisdom. There was no patriarchal pedantry in the relationship between boys and girls. From the very adolescence, acquaintances and hobbies changed, young people seemed to “grind” to each other, looking for a mate according to their soul and character. Evidence of spiritual freedom, spiritual looseness in the relations of young people is a lot of love songs and ditties, in which the female side does not at all look passive and dependent. Parents and elders were not strict with the behavior of young people, but only before the wedding. But even before the wedding, freedom of relationships did not mean sexual freedom at all. There were quite clear boundaries of what was permitted, and they were rarely violated. Both sides, both male and female, tried to observe chastity.
But still, a woman was perceived as an “addition” to a man, and not as an independent, full-fledged person. The existing family was strictly patriarchal.
The image of a woman-mother in Russian literature of the 19th century.
After the 17th century, the attitude towards a woman-mother in society is gradually changing, other values and priorities come to the fore. This can be seen in the number and themes of the works of writers of that time. Very few people write about mothers, it is precisely in singing about their hard work, most of those who write speak about the hardness and complexity of a mother's life, about her difficult fate. This, for example, Nekrasov. The images of Arina, the mother of a soldier, Matryona Timofeevna from the poem "Who in Russia should live well" sang hard fate Russian peasant woman. Touching lines of poetry were dedicated to his mother by Sergei Yesenin. In Maxim Gorky's novel "Mother" Pelageya Nilovna becomes an assistant to her Bolshevik son, consciousness awakens in her.
But most of all, Leo Tolstoy reflected on this topic in his novel War and Peace. His Natasha Rostova is the image of motherhood that has not been in Russian literature for so long. Natasha passionately dreams of her husband and children. Even in her early youth, she felt how unequal the rights and opportunities of women in her circle were compared with the opportunities and rights of men, how narrow the life of a woman was squeezed. Only in the family, taking part in the activities of her husband, raising children, can she find an application for her strength. This is her vocation, in this she sees her life duty, a feat, and strives with all her heart to fulfill it.
In the person of Pierre Bezukhov, fate gave her that person who was the only one who could understand and appreciate her. At the end of the novel, fate gives her what she always considered herself destined for - a husband, family, children. This is happiness, and it, like love for Pierre, absorbs it all. It couldn't be otherwise. It always seems strange to me when, after reading "War and Peace", someone says that Natasha in the epilogue of the novel, immersed in caring for children, in diapers and feeding, jealous of her husband, abandoned singing - this is already a completely different Natasha. But in fact, in fact, Natasha was always the same, or rather, her essence was the same - tender, honest, thirsty for the feat of love. We part with our beloved heroine in 1820 on the eve of St. Nicholas Day, the name day of Nikolai Rostov. The whole family is together, everyone is alive, healthy, happy and relatively young. All is well that ends well? But nothing ends even for these people - and, most importantly, the contradiction of life, its struggle, does not end with these characters. The contradiction and struggle are resolved not by the outcome (any of which is always only partial and temporary), not by the plot ending, not by the denouement of the novel. Although in the epilogue - marriages and families, Tolstoy was still right when he declared that he was not capable of setting certain "limits" to the development of action and his "fictitious persons" by this classical literary denouement. Marriages in the finale of "War and Peace", if a certain result of the relationship of persons, then this result is not final and conditional, it did not destroy the "interest of the story" in Tolstoy's book. This emphasizes the relativity of the outcome itself in the process of life and the idea of the outcome as a relationship to life, a point of view on it. The epilogue rounds off and immediately refutes any kind of rounding off of life - of an individual person, or even more so of universal life.
The current state of things.
Significant changes in the position of women took place in many countries of the world already in the 20th century, largely under the influence of the Great October revolution. Among the first decrees of the Soviet government were the Decree on Civil Marriage, on Children and Bookkeeping, and the Decree on Divorce issued in December 1917. These decrees abolished the laws in force before the revolution, which placed a woman in an unequal position with a man in the family, in relation to children, in the rights to property, in divorce, and even in choosing a place of residence. After the October Revolution, women in Russia for the first time acquired the right to freely choose a profession and receive an education. The equality of women with men in political and civil rights was enshrined in the first Soviet constitution. And now, when the participation of women in the socio-political life of developed countries has become a common phenomenon, it is useful to recall that Soviet Russia was in the top five countries in the world that gave women the right to elect and be elected to the representative bodies of the country. At different stages of development of the Country of Soviets, specific issues related to the participation of women in the state and public life, the protection of motherhood and childhood, the labor activity of women, the improvement of their general educational and professional level, and others were solved primarily as state tasks.
By 1920 Soviet authority faced with complex socio-demographic and socio-medical problems (disorganization of family and marriage relations, an increase in the number of unwanted pregnancies and abortions, the spread of prostitution, etc.). Unable to cope with them in a civilized way, the authorities turned to repressive measures (recriminalization of homosexuality, restriction of freedom of divorce, prohibition of abortions). The ideological justification for such a policy was Bolshevik sexophobia (“we don’t have sex”). But the goal - strengthening the family and increasing the birth rate - was not achieved. The constitutional consolidation of the equality of women and men was a social achievement of socialism. Unfortunately, in this area, as well as in other spheres of public, political and social life, between the human rights proclaimed in the Constitution of the USSR and their implementation, between word and deed, there was a very significant and ever-increasing gap. As regards the issue of equal rights for men and women, stagnation and lack of progress have actually led to even a well-known setback.
Sexual relations were, like other spheres of human life, under the control of the state.
The sexual revolution took place in Russia much later than in other countries - in the early 1990s. In the 1990s, and even today in Russia, there was a "striking inequality of chances for women", a "clear skew" in the social positions and opportunities of men and women. It is impossible not to notice that in the late 90s, as well as in the late 80s, it was considered "bad form" to talk about the social needs of women, about their political needs and career aspirations. But, as we see, women are moving further and further in the "conquest of living space." Thus, further development relations between men and women presupposes the recognition by society of their equality, equivalence and equal rights.
Although one cannot fail to see how low the authority of the Mother has fallen, how people relate to the very thought of a second, not to mention a third, child. I, like many caring people, hope that with the change in demographic policy, the very attitude towards mothers will change. Now a shift is already noticeable, very weak, but a shift. With great hope, I think of a time when people will respect mothers as much as, say, the president or famous actors.
Purpose: to acquaint with literary works that glorify the image of a woman-mother, to cultivate feelings of love and kindness, compassion and mercy. Form of holding: literary hour.
Mom ... It is this word that the infant's lips first pronounce. And no wonder. There is nothing holier and more selfless than a mother's love. From the first day of the birth of a child, the mother lives by his breath, his tears and smiles. Love for a child is as natural to her as gardens bloom in spring. As the sun sends its rays, warming all living things, so the mother's love warms.
The script of the literary hour dedicated to Mother's Day
"Woman with a child in her arms"
Purpose: to acquaint with literary works that glorify the image of a woman-mother, to cultivate feelings of love and kindness, compassion and mercy.
Form of holding: literary hour.
Parable of the Mother
The day before his birth, the child asked God:
“They say I’m being sent to Earth tomorrow. How will I live there, because I am so small and defenseless?
God replied:
“I will give you an angel who will wait for you and take care of you.
The child thought for a moment, then said again:
“Here in Heaven I only sing and laugh, that is enough for me to be happy.
God replied:
- Your angel will sing and smile for you, you will feel his love and be happy.
- O! But how can I understand him, because I do not know his language? asked the child, gazing intently at God. - What should I do if I want to contact you?
God gently touched the child's head and said:
Your angel will put your hands together and teach you how to pray.
Then the child asked:
“I heard that there is evil on Earth. Who will protect me?
Your angel will protect you even at the risk own life.
"I'll be sad because I won't be able to see you anymore..."
“Your angel will tell you everything about me and show you the way to return to me. So I will always be by your side.
The image of the mother in Russian poetry
Leading: Mom ... It is this word that the infant's lips first pronounce. And no wonder. There is nothing holier and more selfless than a mother's love. From the first day of the birth of a child, the mother lives by his breath, his tears and smiles. Love for a child is as natural to her as gardens bloom in spring. As the sun sends its rays, warming all living things, so the love of a mother warms the life of a child.
Leading: Do you often think about your mother? About the mother who gave you the great right to life, who nursed you with her milk. Happy is the one who from childhood has known maternal affection and has grown up under the caring maternal warmth and light of maternal gaze.
mother child from her breast
He won't give up without a fight!
Covers all worries,
With all my soul
Life is a wonderful light,
What is warmed by her!
(A. Maikov).
Leading: There is a holy page in our poetry, dear and close to any heart that has not hardened, any soul that has not lost, that has not forgotten or abandoned its origins - these are poems about the mother.
Leading: Poets of all times bowed their knees before the sanctity of maternal duty, before the mother's patience, her devotion, her tenderness, caring, warmth of the heart. No one has expressed the role of a mother in a person's life more strongly and sincerely than Russian poets.
Leading: The image of the mother in Russian poetry has become the standard of feminine virtues.
There is a holy and prophetic sign in nature,
Brightly marked through the centuries:
The most beautiful of women
Woman with a baby in her arms
From any misfortune conjuring
She doesn't do well
No, not the Mother of God, but the earthly one,
Proud, sublime mother
The light of love has been bequeathed to her since ancient times,
And since then she lives for centuries,
The most beautiful of women
Woman with a baby in her arms
Everything in the world is measured by traces,
No matter how many paths you walk
The apple tree is decorated with fruits,
A woman is the fate of her children
May the sun applaud her forever!
So she will live for centuries
The most beautiful of women
Woman with a baby in her arms
Leading: The image of the mother in Russian poetry is successively connected with the folklore tradition. Already in folklore works the image of the mother emerges. In spiritual verses, this image appears through the image of the Mother of God, which is especially revered in Russia.
Leading: Truly, deeply, the theme of the mother sounded in the poetry of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Closed and reserved by nature, Nekrasov literally did not find enough bright words and strong expressions to appreciate the role of a mother in her life. Both young men and old men, Nekrasov always spoke of mothers with love and reverence.
Excerpt from "Mother"
In our mocking and daring age
Great, holy word: "mother"
Does not awaken feelings in a person.
But I used to despise the custom.
I'm not afraid of fashionable mockery.
Fate gave me such a muse:
She sings at the whim of the free
Or is silent, like a proud slave,
I have been among labors and laziness for many years
With shameful cowardice ran away
Captivating, long-suffering shadow,
For sacred memory... The hour has come!.
Maybe I'm doing something wrong
Disturbing your sleep, my mother? sorry!
But I've been suffering all my life for a woman.
To freedom, her paths are ordered;
Shameful captivity, all the horror of the female share,
She left little strength to fight,
But you will give her a lesson of iron will...
Bless, dear: the hour has struck!
Sobbing sounds boil in my chest,
It's time, it's time to entrust my thought to them!
Your love, your holy torment,
Your struggle - ascetic, I sing! ..
Leading: The poem "Listening to the horrors of war ...", dedicated to Crimean War 1853 - 1856 This small-sized poem, only 17 lines, succinctly and deeply conveys all the senselessness of a bloody and merciless war, and still remains relevant:
Listening to the horrors of war
With each new victim of the battle
I feel sorry for not a friend, not a wife,
I feel sorry for the hero himself...
Alas! wife will be comforted
And a friend best friend forget;
But somewhere there is one soul -
She will remember to the grave!
Among our hypocritical deeds
And all the vulgarity and prose
Alone I spied into the world
Holy, sincere tears -
Those are the tears of poor mothers!
They can't forget their children
Those who died in the bloody field,
How not to raise a weeping willow
Of their drooping branches....
Leading: Nekrasov's traditions are reflected in the poetry of the great Russian poet S. A. Yesenin, who created surprisingly sincere poems about his mother, a peasant woman. Through the work of Yesenin passes bright image the poet's mother.
Leading: Endowed with individual traits, it grows into a generalized image of a Russian woman, appears in the youthful poems of the poet, as a fabulous image of the one who not only gave the whole world.
Lettermothers
Are you still alive, my old lady?
I'm alive too. Hello you, hello!
Let it flow over your hut
That evening unspeakable light.
They write to me that you, concealing anxiety,
She was very sad about me,
What do you often go to the road
In an old-fashioned ramshackle.
And you in the evening blue darkness
We often see the same thing:
Like someone is in a tavern fight for me
He put a Finnish knife under the heart.
Nothing, dear! Take it easy.
It's just painful bullshit.
I'm not such a bitter drunkard,
To die without seeing you.
I'm still just as gentle
And I only dream about
So that rather from rebellious longing
Return to our low house.
I'll be back when the branches spread
In spring, our white garden.
Only you me already at dawn
Don't wake up like eight years ago.
Don't wake up what you dreamed
Don't worry about what didn't come true -
Too early loss and fatigue
I have experienced in my life.
And don't teach me to pray. No need!
There is no return to the old.
You are my only help and joy,
You are my only inexpressible light.
So forget your worries
Don't be so sad about me.
Don't go to the road so often
In an old-fashioned ramshackle.
<1924>
Leading: The 20th century is the century of a great and cruel war, the century of the Great Feat. The Second World War divided the life of the entire Russian people into “before” and “after”. Mother suffered along with her sons.
Leading: The theme of the mother is present throughout the entire work of A. T. Tvardovsky. For example, in these poems different years. Very often the image of the mother in the works of the poet goes beyond the dedication to one specific person - his own mother - and becomes the image of the Motherland.
Mother and son
For my own son
The mother watches silently.
What would she
Would you like a son?
Wish you happiness -
Yes, he is happy.
Wish you health -
Young and strong.
Ask for longer
Stayed at home -
military man,
Once to him.
Ask only
Mother did not forget -
But he's letters to her
I wrote from the Pole.
In order not to catch a cold
Give him advice?
Yes, it hurts so much
He is warmly dressed.
Specify the bride -
Where is it! He will find.
Whatever she said
Clear ahead.
For my own son
The mother watches silently.
Nothing as if
Wish, say.
Believe - not in vain
The son is learning to fly.
How can he take care of
He knows better.
The thing is, it's easier
Doesn't suit him.
Mothers, yes to
Don't know this!
And with the enemy you have to
Meet in battle
He won't give away
Your head.
Mothers - yes to
Don't know this...
For my own son
The mother watches silently.
Leading: The mother lost her sons at the front, she survived the occupation and was left with small children in her arms without bread and shelter, she worked to exhaustion in the shops and fields and, with all her might helping the Fatherland to stand, shared the last piece with the front. She endured and overcame everything, and therefore in our minds the concepts of Motherland and Mother have long merged into one:
Mother
Aliyev's phase
Mum! Native, beloved! Listen!
Forgive me, mother, for the bitter torment,
Sorry for the tired black hands
For taking away your sleep in the morning,
For the fact that I was sick in my childhood a lot ...
I take your hands in deep wrinkles,
I take your warm eyes on my lips.
And rolling - pouring transparent lines,
And word for word fell to the pen.
Wounded by eternal suffering
Their all-mother mind
Challenges
humanity:
"My son is alive
all the living!”
Don't forget them
those naive
And forever young sons
How not to raise
weeping willow
Of their weeping branches.
Not bad old women
Tears feed evil sadness,
rising from ruin
Living mother -
holy Russia!
Leading: The world is unsettled again, "hot spots" appear in different parts of the planet, the reflections of fires flare up, terrorists destroy all life, children's crying is heard again and again. And above all this chaos grows the proud and unshakable image of the Mother
Everyone stand up and listen standing up
Preserved in all its glory
This word is ancient, holy!
Straighten up! Get up!..
Stand up everyone!
As forests rise with a new dawn,
Like blades of grass rushing up to the sun,
Stand up everyone, having heard this word,
Because this word is life.
This word is a call and a spell,
In this word - a living soul,
This is the first spark of consciousness,
Baby's first smile.
Let this word always be
And, breaking through any traffic jam,
Even in the heart of stone will awaken
Silenced conscience reproach.
This word will never deceive,
There is a life being hidden in it,
It is the source of everything. He has no end.
Get up!..
I pronounce it: "Mom!"
Praise the woman - Mother, whose love knows no barriers,
Whose breast fed the whole world!
Everything beautiful
in man - from the rays of the sun and from the milk of the Mother.
This is what saturates us with love for life!
M. Gorky
The image of the mother has long been inherent in Russian poetry and Russian literature in general. This topic takes important place both classical and contemporary literature. Moreover, the Russian image of the mother is a national cultural symbol that has not lost its high value from ancient times to the present day. It is characteristic that the image of the mother, growing out of the image of a specific person, the mother of the poet, becomes a symbol of the Motherland. In my blog, I want to focus only on some literary facts.
The image of a mother, her love for children appeared in Russian folklore. We all know the proverb: “When the sun is warm, when the mother is good.” And then the image of the mother somehow faded. Even Pushkin - the poet of the "golden age" - did not write about his mother. But here in literature there is a poet " anger and sadness"
ON THE. Nekrasov, and we read the lines of his poems dedicated to mothers
Listening to the horrors of war
With each new victim of the battle
I feel sorry for not a friend, not a wife,
I feel sorry for the hero himself...
Alas! wife will be comforted
And the best friend will forget a friend;
But somewhere there is one soul -
She will remember to the grave!
Among our hypocritical deeds
And all the vulgarity and prose
Alone I spied in the world
Holy, sincere tears -
Those are the tears of poor mothers!
They can't forget their children
Those who died in the bloody field,
How not to raise a weeping willow
Of their drooping branches...
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Elena Andreevna Nekrasova
« Sweet, kind, old, tender" mother is seen by the poet S. Yesenin " at parent's dinner ". The mother is worried - her son has not been at home for a long time. How is he in the distance? The son tries to reassure her in letters: “ There will be time, dear, dear! In the meantime, over the mother's hut flows "evening unspeakable light" . Son, “still just as tender”, “only dreams of returning to our low house out of rebellious longing.” In the "Letter to the Mother" filial feelings are expressed with piercing artistic power: “You are my only help and joy, you are my only inexpressible light”
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TatyanaFedorovna Yesenina
Lines full of sorrows from the distant 19th century remind tell us about the bitter cry of the mother, which we hear in the poem of Anna Andreevna Akhmatova "Requiem". Here it is, the immortality of true poetry, here it is, the enviable length of its existence in time!
The poem has a real basis: Akhmatova spent 17 months (1938-1939) in prison queues in connection with the arrest of her son, Lev Gumilyov: he was arrested three times: in 1935, 1938 and 1949.
. Poem "Requiem ” is a tribute to those terrible years and to all those who have walked this difficult path with her, to all those who have been noticed, to all the relatives of the condemned. The poem reflects not only the personal tragic circumstances of the author's life, but also the grief of all Russian women, those wives, mothers, sisters who stood with her for 17 terrible months in prison lines in Leningrad.
I learned how faces fall,
How fear peeks out from under the eyelids,
Like cuneiform hard pages
Suffering brings out on the cheeks,
Like curls of ashen and black
Suddenly become silver
The smile withers on the lips of the submissive,
And fear trembles in a dry laugh.
And I'm not praying for myself alone
And about everyone who stood there with me,
And in the bitter cold, and in the July heat
Under the blinding red wall.
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Anna Andreevna Akhmatova with her son. Crosses.
Novel "Young guard" - another milestone in the history of our country. .The hero of the novel by A. Fadeev, Oleg Koshevoy, addresses not only the mother, but also all the children, from the grief of which “our mothers turn gray.”:
"Mother Mother! I remember hands from the moment I became aware of myself in the world. And from that very moment I always remember your hands at work.
I remember them scurrying around in the soapy suds washing my sheets when those sheets were so small they looked like diapers.
I see your fingers on the primer, and I repeat after you: "be-a-ba, ba-ba."
I remember your hands, unbending, red from icy water - and I remember how imperceptibly your hands could take a splinter out of your son’s finger, and how they instantly threaded a needle when you sewed and sang.
There is nothing in the world that your hands could do, what they would abhor!
But most of all, for all eternity, I remember how gently they stroked, your hands, slightly rough and so warm and cool, how they stroked my hair, and neck, and chest, when I lay half-conscious in bed. And whenever I opened my eyes, you were always near me, and the nightlight burned in the room, and you looked at me from the darkness, yourself quiet and bright, as if in robes. I kiss your clean, holy hands!
You led your sons to war - if not you, then another, the same as you - you will never wait for others ...
Look around you too, young man, my friend, look back like me, and tell me whom you offended in life more than your mother - is it not from me, is it not from you, is it not from him, is it not from our failures, mistakes and whether our mothers turn gray from our grief? But the hour will come when all this at the mother's grave will return with a painful reproach to the heart.
Mother Mother! Forgive me, because you are alone, only you in the world can forgive, put your hands on your head, as in childhood, and forgive ... "
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Elena Nikolaevna, mother of Oleg Koshevoy
The image of the mother has always carried the features of drama. And he began to look even more tragic against the backdrop of the great and terrible in its bitterness of the past war. Who more than a mother endured suffering at this time?
Can you tell me about it -
What years did you live in!
What an immeasurable heaviness
On women's shoulders lay down!
- so writes M, Isakovsky in his poem ..
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And you are in front of the whole country,
And you before the whole war
Said what you are
She gave us a unique example of mercy who raised 48 children of different nationalities. Sister of Mercy Sashenka Derevskaya took in her first child when she was barely eighteen. civil war. During these years, thousands of orphans roamed the roads. The Great Patriotic War broke out. And Alexandra Abramovna again did as her mother's heart told her: she went out to the trains in which the evacuated children were brought, and brought the weakest home. Hurry to do good! Are you able to build a building in your soul. Mercy and Kindness? For without it there is no man. Without it, there is no woman.
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Alexandra Abramovna Derevskaya
low-flowering branches bend,
Fountains in the pool babble jets,
In the shady alleys, all the children, all the children,
Oh, kids in the grass, why not mine?
As if there is a crown on each head,
From the views, guarding children loving.
And every woman who strokes a child,
I want to shout: "You have the whole world."
Like butterflies, the girls' dresses are colorful:
There is a quarrel, there are tears, there are preparations for going home.
And mothers whisper like gentle sisters:
"Think, my son!" - "Yes you! And mine…"
I love women that they were not shy in battle,
They knew how to hold a sword and a spear,
But I know that only in the captivity of the cradle
Normal
,
feminine
happiness
my
.
And I would like to finish the theme of the mother, her love for children with the parable "Mother's love":
Once her children came to their mother, arguing among themselves and proving their case to each other, with the question: whom does she love more than anything in the world?
Mother silently took the candle, lit it and began to speak.
"Here is a candle - it's me! Its fire is my love!"
Then she took another candle and lit it from hers.
"This is my firstborn, I gave him my fire, my love! Is it because of what I gave, the fire of my candle became smaller? The fire of my candle remained the same ..."
And so she lit as many candles as she had children, and the fire of her candle remained as big and warm ...
People, while your hearts are beating, remember the one that gave you life, did not sleep when you were sick, kissed your tiny little hands and sang lullabies to you. Bow low to your mother for her kind, all-forgiving heart. Until it's not too late.
.
Terms of use of materials (clause 8) -
Even in oral poetry, the image of a mother acquired the captivating features of a keeper of the hearth, a capable and faithful wife, a protector of her own children and an unfailing guardian of all the destitute, offended and offended. These defining qualities of the mother's soul are reflected and sung in Russian folk tales and folk songs. The people have always honored the Mother! It is no coincidence that many good people also live among the people, kind words about mother. We do not know by whom they were first said, but they are very often repeated in life and pass from generation to generation. These are legends and epics about how mothers saved their children, their relatives. One such example is Avdotya Ryazanochka from folk tale about the courage of a simple woman-mother. This epic is remarkable in that not a male warrior, but a mother woman "won the battle with the horde." She stood up for her relatives, and thanks to her courage and intelligence, Ryazan did not "go to hell." Here it is - the immortality of true poetry, here it is - the enviable length of its existence in time!
Numerous proverbs and sayings about mother describe the most sincere, deepest feelings for a loved one.
Where the mother is, there the child goes.
The mother feeds the children, as the land of the people.
Mother's anger is like spring snow: and a lot of it falls, but it will soon melt.
A man has one mother, and he has one Motherland.
Native land - mother, foreign side - stepmother.
The bird is happy for spring, and the baby is happy for its mother.
There is no sweeter friend than a mother.
Whoever has a uterus has a smooth head.
When the sun is warm, when the mother is good.
Maternal prayer from the day of the sea takes out (takes out).
Whoever honors his mother and father never perishes forever.
Maternal blessing does not sink in water, and does not burn in fire.
Without a father - half an orphan, and without a mother - the whole orphan.
You can find bird's milk even in a fairy tale, but you will not find another father-mother in a fairy tale.
Blind puppy and he crawls to his mother.
The mother's word does not pass by.
There are many relatives, and the mother is the dearest of all.
To live with your mother is neither sorrow nor boredom.
God rules by the mother's word.
Not the father-mother who gave birth, but the one who made him drink, nurtured and taught good.
The mother beats as she strokes, and the stranger strokes as she beats.
Without a mother dear, the flowers bloom colorlessly.
Mother dear - an inextinguishable candle.
Warm, warm, but not summer; good, good, but not my own mother.
Mother's heart warms better than the sun.
And how much has been written about the mother, how many poems, songs, wonderful thoughts and statements!
The child recognizes the mother by her smile.
Lev Tolstoy
Mom is the most beautiful word spoken by a person.
Kyle Gibran
Everything beautiful in a person comes from the rays of the sun and from Mother's milk...
Maksim Gorky
I do not know an image brighter than a mother, and a heart more capacious for love than a mother's heart.
Maksim Gorky
This is the great destiny of a woman - to be a mother, the keeper of the hearth.
V. Belov
There is nothing holier and more selfless than Mother's love; every affection, every love, every passion is either weak or selfish in comparison with it.
V. Belinsky.
The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
Peter de Vries
There is no such flower in the world, in any field or in the sea, such a pearl as a child on her mother's lap.
O. Wild
The Lord cannot be everywhere at the same time, and therefore he created mothers.
Mario Pioso
There is a holy word - Mother.
Omar Khayyam
A man who was the undisputed favorite of his mother carries through his whole life a feeling of a winner and confidence in luck, which often lead to real success.
Z. Freud
There is nothing that a mother's love cannot endure.
Paddock
The future of the nation is in the hands of mothers.
O. Balzac
A mother's heart is an abyss, in the depths of which there is always forgiveness.
O. Balzac
Give us the best mothers and we will be the best people.
J.-P. Richter
For some reason, many women think that giving birth to a child and becoming a mother are one and the same. With the same success one could say that one and the same thing is to have a piano and to be a pianist.
S. Harris
A great feeling, until the end / We keep it alive in our souls. / We love our sister and wife and father, / But in agony we remember our mother.
ON THE. Nekrasov
We will forever glorify that woman whose name is Mother.
M. Jalil
Motherhood ennobles a woman when she renounces everything, renounces, sacrifices everything for the sake of the child.
J. Korchak
A real mother is tender, like the petal of a freshly blossomed flower, and firm, courageous, inflexible to evil and merciless, like a fair sword.
V. Sukhomlinsky
Motherhood is both a great joy and a great knowledge of life. A return, but also a reward. There is probably no more sacred meaning of existence in the world than to raise a worthy native person next to you.
Ch. Aitmatov
Most beautiful word on earth - mother. This is the first word that a person utters, and it sounds equally gentle in all languages. Mom has the kindest and most affectionate hands, they can do everything. Mom has the most faithful and sensitive heart - love never goes out in it, it does not remain indifferent to anything. And no matter how old you are, you always need a mother, her caress, her look. And the more your love for your mother. The happier and brighter life.
Z. Resurrection
Mother ... The dearest and closest person. She gave life happy childhood. The mother's heart, like the sun, shines always and everywhere, warming us with its warmth. She is the best friend, a wise adviser. Mother is a guardian angel. It is no coincidence that many writers and poets, when creating their works, drew inspiration precisely from memories of childhood, home, and mother.
Surprisingly, all his life, as a gift, he kept the lullaby that his mother sang to him in early childhood, the Russian poet M.Yu. Lermontov. This was reflected in his poem "An angel flew through the midnight sky", in "Cossack lullaby". In it, the power of maternal love blesses, admonishes a small child, conveys to him the ideals of the people as a revelation in the simplest and most uncomplicated words. Lermontov deeply felt the wisdom, the power of maternal feeling, which guides a person from the first minutes of his life. It is no coincidence that the loss of a mother in early childhood had such a painful effect on the mind of the poet.
The theme of the mother sounded really deep in the poetry of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Closed and reserved by nature, Nekrasov literally could not find enough bright words and strong expressions to appreciate the role of his mother in his life. Both the young man and the old man, Nekrasov always spoke of his mother with love and admiration. Such an attitude towards her, in addition to the usual sons of affection, undoubtedly followed from the consciousness of what he owed her:
And if I shake it off easily over the years
From the soul of my pernicious traces,
Correcting everything reasonable with your feet,
Proud of the ignorance of the environment,
And if I filled my life with struggle
For the ideal of goodness and beauty,
And wears the song composed by me,
Living love deep features -
Oh, my mother, I am inspired by you!
You saved a living soul in me!
(From the poem "Mother"
In the poem "Mother" Nekrasov recalls that as a child, thanks to his mother, he became acquainted with the images of Dante and Shakespeare. She also taught him love and compassion for those “whose ideal is reduced grief”, that is, for serfs. The image of a woman-mother is also vividly represented by Nekrasov in his other works “In full swing the village suffering”, “Orina, the soldier's mother”.
Listening to the horrors of war
With each new victim of the battle
I feel sorry for not a friend, not a wife,
I feel sorry for the hero himself...
Alas! wife will be comforted
And the best friend will forget a friend.
But somewhere there is one soul -
She will remember to the grave!
Among our hypocritical deeds
And all the vulgarity and prose
Alone I spied in the world
Holy, sincere tears -
Those are the tears of poor mothers!
They can't forget their children
Those who died in the bloody field,
How not to raise a weeping willow
Of their drooping branches...
"Who will protect you?" - the poet addresses in one of his poems. He understands that, besides him, there is no one else to say a word about the sufferer of the Russian land, whose feat is invisible, but great!
Nekrasov traditions in the depiction of the bright image of a peasant mother in the lyrics of Sergei Yesenin. A bright image of the poet's mother passes through Yesenin's work. Endowed with individual traits, he grows into a generalized image of a Russian woman, appears even in the youthful poems of the poet, as a fabulous image of the one who not only gave the whole world, but also made happy with the gift of song. This image also takes on the specific earthly appearance of a peasant woman, busy with everyday affairs: “Mother cannot cope with grips, bends low ...”. Fidelity, constancy of feelings, cordial devotion, inexhaustible patience are generalized and poeticized by Yesenin in the image of a mother. "Oh, my patient mother!" - this exclamation escaped from him not by chance: a son brings a lot of unrest, but a mother's heart forgives everything. So there is a frequent motive for Yesenin's son's guilt. On his trips, he constantly recalls his native village: it is dear to the memory of youth, but most of all, the mother yearning for her son attracts him there. "Sweet, kind, old, tender" mother is seen by the poet "at the parental dinner." The mother is worried - her son has not been at home for a long time. How is he in the distance? The son tries to reassure her in letters: “There will be time, dear, dear!” In the meantime, "evening unspeakable light" is streaming over the mother's hut. The son, "still as gentle", "dreams only of how soon from the rebellious longing to return to our low house." In the "Letter to the Mother" filial feelings are expressed with piercing artistic power: "You are my only help and joy, you are my only inexpressible light."
Yesenin was 19 years old when, with amazing penetration, he sang in the poem "Rus" the sadness of maternal expectation - "waiting for gray-haired mothers." The sons became soldiers, the royal service took them to the bloody fields of the world war. Rarely-rarely come from them "doodles, deduced with such difficulty", but everyone is waiting for their "frail huts", warmed by a mother's heart. Yesenin can be placed next to Nekrasov, who sang "the tears of poor mothers."
They can't forget their children
Those who died in the bloody field,
How not to raise a weeping willow
Of their drooping branches.
These lines from the distant XIX century remind us of the bitter cry of the mother, which we hear in Anna Andreevna Akhmatova's poem "Requiem". Akhmatova spent 17 months in prison queues in connection with the arrest of her son, Lev Gumilyov: he was arrested three times: in 1935, 1938 and 1949.
I've been screaming for seventeen months
I'm calling you home...
Everything is messed up,
And I can't make out
Now who is the beast, who is the man,
And how long to wait for the execution.
The suffering of the mother is associated with the state of the Virgin Mary; the suffering of the son - with the torments of Christ crucified on the cross.
Magdalene fought and sobbed,
The beloved student turned to stone,
And to where silently Mother stood,
So no one dared to look.
Mother's grief, it is boundless and inexpressible, her loss is irreparable, because this is her only son.
The image of the mother occupies a special place in the work of Marina Tsvetaeva. She is dedicated not only to poetry, but also to prose: "Mother and Music", "Mother's Tale". In autobiographical essays and letters of Tsvetaeva, one can find many references to Maria Alexandrovna. The poem "Mom" (collection "Evening Album") is also dedicated to her memory. It is very important for the author to emphasize the spiritual influence of the mother on her daughters. Nature is subtle and deep, artistically gifted, she introduced them to the world of beauty. From the very early years music was identical to Tsvetaeva's mother's voice: "In the old Straussian waltz for the first time / We heard your quiet call." “Mother is the lyrical element itself,” writes Tsvetaeva.
"Passion for poetry - from the mother." Thanks to her, and for children, art has become a kind of second reality, sometimes more desirable. The soul, Maria Alexandrovna was convinced, must be able to resist everything that is ugly and bad. Tirelessly tending to children's dreams (Without you, only a month looked into them!), You led your little ones past the Bitter life of thoughts and deeds. Mother taught children to feel pain - their own and others, managed to turn them away from lies and falsehood external manifestations, giving them early wisdom: "From an early age, someone who is sad is close to us, / Laughter is boring ...". Such a moral attitude gave rise to inner restlessness, the inability to be satisfied with worldly well-being: “Our ship is not set off for a good moment / And sails at the behest of all winds!” The Mother Muse was tragic. In 1914, Tsvetaeva wrote to V.V. Rozanov: “Her tormented soul lives in us - only we open what she hid. Her rebellion, her madness, her thirst have reached us to the point of screaming. The load taken on the shoulders was heavy, but it was also the main wealth of the young soul. The spiritual heritage, bequeathed by the mother, meant the depth of experiences, the brightness and sharpness of feelings and, of course, the nobility of the heart. All the best in herself, as Tsvetaeva admitted, she owes to her mother.
In the autobiographical novel "Childhood of Bagrov-grandson" S.T. Aksakov wrote: “The constant presence of my mother merges with my every memory. Her image is inextricably linked with my existence, and therefore it does not stand out much in fragmentary pictures of the first time of my childhood, although he constantly participates in them.
I remember the bedroom and the lamp
toys, warm bed
……………………………….
You cross, kiss,
I remember, I remember your voice!
Icon lamp in the dusk of a corner
And shadows from lamp chains...
Weren't you an angel?
An appeal to the mother, tenderness, gratitude to her, later repentance, admiration for her courage, patience - the main theme of the lyrics, which always remains relevant, regardless of the century in which a true poet works.
The image of the mother becomes central in the poetic world of Tvardovsky and rises from the private - dedications to his own mother - to the universal and highest aspect of motherhood in Russian poetry - the image of the Motherland. The most important motifs for the poet are memory, native places ( small homeland), filial duty and filial gratitude are connected precisely in the image of a mother, and this combination is a separate topic in his work. Tvardovsky described the real fate of his mother in a 1935 poem “With one beauty you came to your husband’s house ...”. The story of one fate takes place against the backdrop of history in general, the plot privacy against the background of the general life of the country. It was not in vain that Tvardovsky called himself a prose writer: in this poem he consistently tells the story of his mother's life, doing without comparisons, metaphors, vivid rhymes. In this vein, poems about the mothers of new Soviet heroes(“Sailor”, “Flight”, “Son”, “Mother and Son”, “You will timidly raise him ...”). The best in this series of poems of the 30s is “You will timidly raise him ...”, where a genuine image of the hero’s mother is created. During the war years, the image of the mother becomes more significant in the work of Tvardovsky, but now the image of the mother is equated with the image of the universal Motherland, the country, being correlated with the images of ordinary peasant women. The image of the mother is completely transferred to the memory area in the cycle “In Memory of the Mother”, written in 1965 year. Here, as such, there is no image of the mother; here the mother lives only in the son’s memory, and therefore his feelings are revealed more than the image of the mother, which has become incorporeal. This poem is the last one where the image of the mother appears, it completes the maternal line in Tvardovsky’s poetry, and itself becomes the song that “in memory alive”, in which the image of the mother, and the poet’s own mother, and the generalized image of motherhood are eternally alive: peasant women, hard workers, women with a difficult fate.
The image of the mother has always carried the features of drama. And he began to look even more tragic against the background of the Great Patriotic War, terrible in its bitterness. Who more than a mother endured suffering at this time? There are many books about this. Of these, the books of mothers E. Kosheva "The Tale of the Son", Kosmodemyanskaya "The Tale of Zoya and Shura" ...
Can you tell me about it -
What years did you live in!
What an immeasurable heaviness
On women's shoulders lay down!
(M, Isakovsky).
Vasily Grossman's mother died in 1942 at the hands of fascist executioners. In 1961, 19 years after his mother's death, his son wrote her a letter. It was preserved in the archive of the writer's widow. "When I die, you will live in a book that I dedicated to you and whose fate is similar to yours." And that hot tear shed by the writer for his old mother burns our hearts and leaves a scar of memory on them.
The war is the main theme of some of the works of Ch. Aitmatov, as well as in the story "Mother's Field". In it, the image of Aitmatov's mother is ambiguous. Firstly, this is a mother who gave birth to a child (the heroine of the story, Tolgonai, sent her three sons to the war and lost all three). Secondly, the people's mother: remembering the children, Tolgonai is proud and understands that "maternal happiness comes from people's happiness."The thought of the power of maternal love, as capable of uniting, making relatives, resurrecting, runs like a red thread: “I swallowed the bread with tears and thought:“ The bread of immortality, you hear, my son Kasym! And life is immortal, and labor is immortal!
Ivan Bunin writes very reverently and tenderly about his mother in his works. He compares her bright appearance with a heavenly angel:
I remember the bedroom and the lamp
toys, warm bed
And your sweet, meek voice:
"Guardian angel over you!"
……………………………….
You cross, kiss,
Remind me that he is with me
And with faith in happiness you will enchant ...
I remember, I remember your voice!
I remember the night, the warmth of the bed,
Icon lamp in the dusk of a corner
And shadows from lamp chains...
Weren't you an angel?
love
mothers...
Great and diverse is Russian poetry, which, during its development and existence, has managed to absorb and contain all the storms of social upheavals and transformations. Its civic and social sound and significance is indisputable. At the same time, she always knew how to capture and express the subtlest and most intimate movements of the human soul; and in harsh times, rising to the alarm thunder, poetry did not break off its pure and subtle melody of a heart in love; it opened and strengthened global philosophical truths, shook up hitherto existing ideas about the world order.
From this great sea, which seems to reflect all the abysses, you can draw incessantly - and it will never become shallow. It is no coincidence, therefore, that we publish voluminous collections and entire volumes of poems about comradeship and friendship, love and nature, soldier's courage and the Motherland. Any of these themes deserved and received its full and worthy embodiment in the deep and original works of the masters of poetry.
But there is another holy page in our poetry, dear and close to any non-hardened heart, any unlost soul that has not forgotten and not abandoned its origins - this is poetry about the mother.
The poet R. Gamzanov wrote, bowing to his mother:
Everyone stand up and listen standing,
Preserved in all its glory
The word is ancient, holy!
Straighten up! Get up! Stand up everyone!
This word will never deceive,
In it is hidden a being of life,
It is the source of everything. He has no end.
Get up, I pronounce it: mother! ..
Mum! How capacious, how beautiful is this word! Maxim Gorky wrote: “Without the sun, flowers do not bloom, without love there is no happiness, without a woman there is no love, without a mother there is neither a poet nor a hero, all the pride of the world comes from Mothers!”
What could be more sacred in the world than a mother! ..
From the first day of a child's life, the mother lives by his breath, his tears and smiles. A person who has not yet taken a step on the ground and is just starting to babble, uncertainly and diligently adds up “ma-ma” in syllables and, feeling his luck, seeing a joyful mother, laughs, happy ...
The sun warms all living things, and mother's love warms the life of the baby. Mom has the kindest and most affectionate heart. I recall lines from a poem by L. Nikolaenko:
I love you mom, why, I don't know
Probably because I live and dream
And I rejoice in the sun, and a bright day.
That's why I love you dear...
All the most precious shrines are named and illuminated by the name of the mother, because the very concept of life is connected with this name.
Happy is he who from childhood has known maternal affection and has grown up under the caring warmth and light of maternal gaze; and to death suffers and is tormented, having lost in the early years his most precious being in the world - his mother; and even ending his seemingly not in vain and usefully lived century, he cannot, without tears and bitterness, remember this unhealed pain, this terrible loss, which burdened his merciless fate.
It is no coincidence that with all our hearts we respond to the poetry of G. Lysenko, a poet from Vladivostok, whose biography is easily guessed behind the lines of poetry: homeless post-war childhood, cloudless youth ... The poet wrote a poem dedicated to the memory of his mother:
Hand casting a fresh throne:
Still warm. I will remember another copper.
Mother before her death will throw an icon into the oven -
Then I wouldn't even dare to do that.
Then the night seemed long to me.
Mother died.
I am naive with audacity
Vinyl in everything is not God, but doctors.
The poet V. Kazin showed his incomprehensible bitterness and loss in the final lines of the poem "On the Mother's Grave":
Oppresses and grief, and bewilderment,
A nail stuck in my being,
I stand - your living continuation,
The beginning has lost its own.
With respect and gratitude, we look at a person who reverently pronounces the name of his mother to gray hair and respectfully protects her old age; and with contempt - who forgot about the woman who gave birth and raised him, and in the bitter old age turned away from her, refused a good memory, a piece or shelter. A poem by the poet A. Remizova about feelings for her mother “Take care of mothers” will be very relevant for such people:
Please take care of mothers
Warmly shelter from the blizzard of life,
Their love is a hundred times hot
Than friends and beloved girlfriend.
Mother will take your pain
All the torment, confusion and torment,
Mother will put bread and salt on the road
And stretch out his hands towards you ...
In printed literature, which was originally reserved only for members of the upper classes, the image of the mother remained in the background for a long time. Perhaps the reason for this phenomenon is simple and natural: after all, then, as a rule, noble children were taken for education not only tutors, but also fed, and children nobility unlike peasant children, they were artificially separated from their mother and fed on the milk of other women; therefore, there was - albeit not quite conscious - a dulling of filial feelings, which, in the final analysis, could not but affect the work of future poets.
It is no coincidence that not a single poem was written about his parent and so many lovely poetic dedications to his nanny Arina Rodionovna, whom the poet often called affectionately and carefully - “mother”.
We all know Pushkin's favorite lines:
Friend of my harsh days,
My decrepit dove!
Alone in the wilderness of pine forests
You've been waiting for me for a long, long time...
And indeed, nothing human was alien to Alexander Sergeevich. In these lines we hear his lively voice, the play of the poet's living feeling.
The theme of mother sounded really deep and strong in democratic poetry. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov created a surprisingly whole and capacious image of a peasant woman-mother. Suffice it to recall his poems “... There are women in Russian villages”, “Village suffering is in full swing”, “Orina, a soldier’s mother”, “Knight for an hour”, the epic poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia”.
Mother's face already in oral folk poetry acquired the captivating features of a hearth keeper, a hardworking and faithful wife, a protector of her own children and an unfailing guardian for all the destitute, offended and offended. He continued this theme in his work. In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia,” the poet described the love for the children of a peasant woman, Matryona Timofeevna. Dyomushka's death was a terrible tragedy for his mother. All the hardships of heavy peasant life, the death of a child still cannot break Matryona Timofeevna. Time passes, she has children every year, and she continues to live, raise her children, and do hard work. Matryona Timofeevna is ready to do anything to protect her beloved children. This is evidenced by an episode when they wanted to punish her son Fedot for a fault. Matryona throws herself at the feet of a passing landowner to help save the boy from punishment. And the landowner said:
Shepherd of a minor
By youth, by stupidity
Forgive ... but a daring woman
About to punish!
Why did Matryona Timofeevna suffer punishment? For his boundless love for children, for his willingness to sacrifice himself for them.
The traditions of Nekrasov were promptly picked up and widely and fully developed not only by such poets as I. Surikov, I. Nikitin, but in the course of the further literary process by later authors. Of these, first of all, it is necessary to name the name of Sergei Yesenin, who created surprisingly sincere and emotional poems about his mother, a peasant woman by birth and occupation, therefore, in some ways continuing the gallery of Nekrasov's images.
One of S. Yesenin's poems "Letter to Mother" is addressed to the closest person on Earth and begins with an appeal:
Are you still alive, my old lady?
I'm alive too. Hello you, hello!
Let it flow over your hut
That evening unspeakable light...
… That you often go to the road
In an old-fashioned ramshackle.
The image of the poem expresses the motive of the meeting. From Yesenin's lines:
They write to me that you, concealing anxiety,
She was very sad about me,
you can find out that Yesenin's mother is alive and anxiously waiting for a meeting with her son.
In difficult moments of his life, his heart was drawn to the parental hearth. Many Russian poets have written about mothers more than once, but it seems to me that Yesenin's poems can be called the most touching declarations of love to a "dear, dear old woman." His lines are full of piercing cordiality.
Peaceful labor, procreation, the unity of man with nature - these are the ideals according to which history should be tuned. Any deviation from this life, established for centuries, threatens with unpredictable consequences, leads to tragedy, to misfortune.
The name of this misfortune is war. The joy of life is overshadowed by the memories of the dead and those who did not return. And no matter how many simple-haired mothers run out into the alleys and look from under the palms - do not wait for those dear to the heart! No matter how many tears flow from swollen and discolored eyes, do not wash away the longing! It is about such aged, bent to the ground from vigilant maternal grief that many poems were written by the poets A. Tvardovsky, Y. Smelyakov, D. Blynsky, O. Bergholz, M. Maksimov, A. Dementyev ...
It is impossible without inner trepidation and deep complicity to read the lines of high meaning from Nekrasov’s poem “Listening to the horrors of war” about the holy sincere tears of mothers:
... Holy, sincere tears -
These are the tears of poor mothers!
They can't forget their children
Those who died in the bloody field,
How not to raise a weeping willow
Of their drooping branches...
This topic is continued by A. Nedogonov in the poem "Mother's Tears" despite the fact that his son returned from the war:
... The fifth snow swirled, swirled the road
Above the bones of the enemy at the Mozhaisk birch.
The gray-haired son returned to his native threshold ...
Mother's tears, mother's tears!
Another era dictated its own motives. The image of the mother began to look even more tragic against the backdrop of the great and terrible in its bitterness of the past war. Who more than a mother endured suffering at this time? She lost her sons at the front, survived the occupation and was left with small children in her arms without bread and shelter, she worked to exhaustion in the shops and fields and, with all her might helping the Fatherland to stand, shared the last piece with the front. She endured and overcame everything, and therefore, in our minds, the concepts of “motherland” and “mother” have long merged into one.
The beautiful, courageous image of the mother-heroine is described in the poem "Mother":
... And herself, like a mother bird, towards -
Take the enemy away for a short time.
And one grabbed her by the shoulders,
And another tore off her handkerchief.
But what fire was still hidden
In this weak, withered chest!
She smiled at the soldier.
Have you dealt with the old lady? Lead! -
Led, dragged to torment
For love and honor to answer.
They broke her, tied her hands -
Hands that worked for so many years.
That they cooked food, mowed rye,
That versts of cloth were woven,
That the sons-bogatyrs raised -
Far away sons. Around the war ...
Beaten - not killed. Like a dog
They quit. Woke up with dew.
That's okay. You can even cry
So that the dogs do not see the tears ...
The image of a mother from time immemorial bore the features of drama and even tragedy, and almost always, and above all, sounded social: if a mother, the most holy creature on earth, is bad, then is it possible to talk about the justice of the world?
It is impossible to remain indifferent to the poem "Requiem".
An unfamiliar woman asked her to describe all the horrors of Yezhovism, just like the one who stood in the prison queues in Leningrad. And Anna Andreevna responded. And it could not be otherwise, because, as she herself says:
I was then with my people,
Where my people, unfortunately, were...
Repressions fell not only on friends, but also on the Akhmatova family: the son, Lev Gumilyov, was arrested and exiled, and then the husband, and earlier, in 1921, the first husband, Yev, was shot.
Husband in the grave, son in prison,
Pray for me... -
she writes in the "Requiem", and in these lines one can hear the prayer of an unfortunate woman who has lost her loved ones.
Before us is the fate of the mother and son, whose images are correlated with the gospel symbols. We see either a simple woman whose husband is arrested at night, or a biblical Mother, whose Son was crucified. Here we have before us a simple Russian woman, in whose memory the crying of children, the swollen candle near the goddess, the sweat of death on the face of a loved one who is taken away at dawn will forever remain. She will cry for him in the same way that archery wives once cried under the walls of the Kremlin. Then suddenly we have before us the image of a mother, so similar to Anna Akhmatova herself, who cannot believe that everything is happening to her - a “mockery”, a “darling” ... How could she ever think that she would be the 300th in line at the Crosses . And now her whole life in these queues:
I've been screaming for seventeen months
I'm calling you home
I threw myself at the feet of the executioner,
You are my son and my horror ...
It is impossible to make out who is the "beast", who is the "man", because innocent people are arrested, and all the mother's thoughts involuntarily turn to death.
And then the verdict sounds - the “stone word”, and you have to kill the memory, make the soul petrified and learn to live again. And the mother again thinks about death, only now - her own. She seems to be her salvation, and it doesn’t matter what form she takes: “poisoned shell”, “weight”, “typhoid child”, - the main thing is that she will relieve suffering and spiritual emptiness. These sufferings are comparable only to the sufferings of the Mother of Jesus, who also lost her son.
But the mother understands that this is only madness, because death will not allow you to take with you:
Not a son of terrible eyes -
petrified suffering,
Not the day when the storm came
Not an hour of a prison meeting ...
So, we must live in order to name those who died in Stalin's dungeons, to remember always and everywhere who stood "both in the bitter cold and in the July heat under the blinded red wall."
There is a poem in the poem called "The Crucifixion". It describes last minutes life of Jesus, his address to his mother and father. There is a misunderstanding of what is happening, and the realization comes that everything that is happening is meaningless and unfair, because there is nothing worse than the death of an innocent person and the grief of a mother who has lost her son.
In the poem, A. Akhmatova showed her involvement in the fate of the country. The famous prose writer B. Zaitsev, after reading the Requiem, said: “Could it be possible to imagine that this fragile and thin woman would make such a cry - female, maternal, a cry not only about herself, but also about all those who suffer - wives, mothers, brides , in general, about all those who are crucified? And it is impossible for a lyrical heroine to forget mothers who suddenly turned gray-haired, the howl of an old woman who lost her son and not embody their images in the poem. And sounds for all those who died in terrible time repression poem "Requiem" as a memorial prayer.
How stingy and tragic it sounds, how simple and close everything is to our time. And again, the crimson reflections of recent conflagrations instantly come to life in the blood, deadly shells howl and rumble, screams of horror and impotent groans are heard. And above all this torn and torn world, in silent sorrow, the bent figure of a mother grows.
In 2005, Lysenko Mila wrote another "Requiem for the Boys of the 131st Maikop Brigade" for the sad date of January 2, 1995, when our life exploded along with the explosions of the first shells in Grozny. Her son fought in this war. The mother recalls: “Yes, these shells not only tore the lives of our boys who served in the Maikop 131 motorized rifle brigade, they tore the lives of hundreds, thousands of families. Those who died and those who are alive - we must always remember this ... ”This is how Mila describes the image of a mother, love for her son, memory for children in Requiem for the Boys of the 131st Maikop Brigade”:
... Asphalt in the blood, huge blockages ...
Cars are burning, the flames are like daylight!
And at home, mothers watch TV,
Praying fate: "If only not about him!"
I read a telegram in the mail
She suddenly lost consciousness
And this is the son, keeping the mother's health -
He did not tell her where he went then.
And this mother, not believing her dreams,
Waited, and mentally shielding from the bullet,
Losing strength, weaving an alu shawl,
As if protecting her son.
And protected and found him,
When the strength is already running out,
In a distant city lay shell-shocked,
And yet he is alive, thin, but he walks, walks!
But how many of them, who, having waited,
Let's go look for our own boys!
How many months they walked around the yards,
Asking, crying all the quieter.
Then they learned with great difficulty
Out of a thousand of the same burnt ones,
Then they were buried by the whole regiment,
Playing music on the nerves of the bare.
And coming here for the tenth time
We want to say, shedding tears:
Relatives, you are all alive for us,
And you will be alive for years, years! ..
Even in the most seemingly calm times, an ominous fate hung and disturbed the mother, so the Russian mother from distant centuries bears the stamp of eternal suffering. Prosperous people, carelessly bathing in their happiness, rarely rise to understand the suffering of their neighbor; perhaps that is why the mother in our literature, who has had plenty of dashing, is most often a compassionate person, able to understand and console the bypassed and neglected, support the weak and inspire faith in the disappointed. The power of maternal feelings is clearly and succinctly stated in L. Tatyanicheva’s poem “Sons”:
They tell me it's too much
I give love to children
What maternal anxiety
Makes my life older.
Well, what can I answer them -
As impassive as armor?
The love I gave to children
Makes me stronger...
But, acquiring the features of a symbol and fulfilling a huge social mission, the mother never lost her habitual human features, remaining a hospitable hostess and an intelligent interlocutor, a diligent worker and a born songwriter, wide at a feast and courageous in grief, open in joy and restrained in sadness, and always kind, understanding and feminine.
Motherhood itself is a whole world.
Summarizing all of the above, bowing to the poets who skillfully, sincerely, lovingly described the image of the mother, I will try to create literary portrait in a few lines of a poem in prose of his own composition: “You are in my thoughts like that! Heavenly blueness - bright, clear. In the transparency of deep colors of inexplicable purity, with eyes of blue dreams, you stopped, lifting the child so that it could look at the path leading to the grove in the radiant fog. And on your face there is peace and grace - your two companions and every mother who is ready to suffer and wait for the child - to her, her first, to utter her word that is about to be born.
How not to be proud of her, one of the mothers, the initial seed great life to whom she gave birth - like every mother in the world, who gives childhood to the world, neglecting her torment. So the sun gives the world at dawn its first ray, a new baby earthly day. And one who can weigh a grain of sand on his hand, imperceptible in the sand, is able to feel the entire weight of the planet. So the mother, her child, lifting up - holds the whole Earth. And that’s the only reason she can be called a saint.”
In essence, the image of the mother in Russian poetry has become a kind of standard of feminine virtues. The generous imagination of poets draws us an almost flawless being, but the tongue does not dare to say that such an addiction somewhere at times inevitably leads to idealization: indeed, the mother was and remains an outstanding personality!
Mother!.. Undoubtedly, this is one of the most profound and harmonious creations of Russian poetry!
Literature
1. Gamzanov R. "Stand up and listen standing up ..." // Vekshegonova I. Mom. Poems of Russian poets about mother. - M .: Young Guard, 1980.- p. 39
2. Gorky about Italy. - M .: Fiction, 1973.- p.59
3. Nikolaenko L. "I love you, mom ..." // Vekshegonova I. Mom. Poems of Russian poets about mother. - M .: Young Guard, 1980.- p. 39
4. Lysenko G. Hand casting a fresh throne // Lysenko G. Roof over the head.- V .: Far Eastern book publishing house, 1979.- p. ten
5. Kazin V. At the mother's grave // Vekshegonova I. Mom. Poems of Russian poets about mother. - M .: Young Guard, 1980.- p. 107
6. Remizova A. Take care of mothers // Scientific and methodological journal " Classroom teacher”, 2004 No. 3.- p. 110
7. Pushkin // Pushkin. - M .: Children's literature, 1978. - p. 174
8. Nekrasov in Russia to live well // Nekrasov. - T.3.- M .: Pravda, 1954. - p. 83-96
9. Yesenin mother // Yesenin. - M .: Fiction, 1985.- p. 76
10. "Listening to the horrors of war ..." // Nekrasov works. In 2 vols. T. 1.- M .: Fiction, 1966. - p.110
11. Nedogonov A. Maternal tears // Vekshegonova I. Mom. Poems of Russian poets about mother. - M .: Young Guard, 1980.- p. 53
12. Tvardovsky // Tvardovsky. - M .: Children's literature, 1985. - p.18
13. Akhmatova // Akhmatova and poems. - M .: Young Guard, 1989. - p. 147-157
14. Tatyanicheva L. Sons // Vekshegonova I. Mom. Poems of Russian poets about mother. - M .: Young Guard, 1980.- p. 39
15. Kolesnikova O. You are in my thoughts like that. Poem in prose // Kolesnikova O. The image of the mother in poetry. - D .: 2008
Appendix to the work "The Image of the Mother in Poetry"
Creative work of a student of the second year of group No. 82
by profession "Cook, confectioner"
Valuyskaya Anastasia Sergeevna
"The image of the mother" (6 drawings)
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground