The distance calls the soul of the nomad
P. K. Kozlov

Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov was born on October 15, 1863 in the Smolensk province. Here, at the age of 18, he met his fellow countryman, the famous explorer of Inner Asia, M.P. Przhevalsky. The famous traveler liked the enthusiasm and determination of the young man, who dreamed of learning about the nature of distant expanses. And Przhevalsky included Kozlov in his fourth expedition, which took place in 1883-1886. In addition to Kozlov, V.I. also took part in it. Roborovsky, with whom Pyotr Kuzmich was friends and collaborated for a number of years.

The expedition of Przhevalsky with the participation of V.I. Roborovsky and P.K. Kozlova from the border Kyakhta went to Urga (now Ulaanbaatar), which the Mongols then called Bogdo-Kuren (Sacred Camp). Further, the expedition proceeded through the Gobi desert to the Sino-Tibetan mountains, then past the Nanshan mountains along the Kunlun ridge, i.e. along the northern outskirts of Tibet, to the Xinjiang town of Khotan. Then she turned sharply to the north, crossed the Takla Makan desert and through the Tarim depression came to the southern outskirts of the Tien Shan. Here on the Bedel pass (4284 m) near the Kakshaaltoo ridge, Przhevalsky congratulated his companions on the successful completion of the expedition: almost 8,000 km were covered. Further along the coast of Issyk-Kul, the travelers proceeded to Russia.

The author of these lines happened to visit this pass 50 years ago. I rode there on horseback along the caravan trail from the direction of Kyrgyzstan. I was surprised to find a wheeled dirt road to it from China. The pass is very comfortable and easy, although high. Many travelers of ancient times and trade caravans passed through it. As you know, the fifth expedition of Przhevalsky with the participation of Roborovsky and Kozlov did not take place: its organizer died on October 20 from typhoid fever in Karakol. Przhevalsky, according to his will, was buried on the banks of Issyk-Kul, near the city of Karakol. His last photograph has been preserved, taken in Pishpek (now Bishkek) three weeks before his death. On it is the famous traveler with his disciples-followers - Roborovsky and Kozlov. In 1889-1890. Kozlov and Roborovsky participated in the Tibetan expedition of M.V. Pevtsova. The geologist K.I. Bogdanovich. By the way, at the beginning of the 20th century, Bogdanovich conducted detailed geological research in Northern and Western Kazakhstan. But he is better known for his work on the study of the consequences of the Keminsky (Kebinsky) catastrophic earthquake of 1911. in Zailiysky and Kungei Alatau.

The expedition of Pevtsov, as planned by the late Przhevalsky, set off in May from Karakol through the Bedel Pass to Kashgaria. Along the western outskirts of the Takla Makan desert, it passed to the Kunlun, then moved east along this ridge. Kozlov was mainly engaged in the collection of zoological collections, Roborovsky - botanical. Bogdanovich conducted geological research, Pevtsov - geodetic. The members of the expedition explored the lakes Lobnor and Bagrashkol and their environs.

They completed their research on the land of Kazakhstan in Zaysan. Almost 11,000 km have been covered.

In 1893 - 1895. PC. Kozlov participated in the Tibetan expedition of Roborovsky. It began in Karakol, which by that time had been renamed the city of Przhevalsk. Then, through the Santash pass, it went to the Tekes valley and further to the Bolshoy Uldus river basin. On one of the glaciers in the local mountains, Kozlov almost died. Then, past Lake Bagrashkol, the path lay in the Turfan depression. Then the absolute height of the lowest point of the depression was determined for the first time, which turned out to be 130 m below sea level. According to modern measurements, it is located at an altitude of -154 m. The first meteorological observations were also made here. To the east, the expedition proceeded past Lake Lop Nor to the then unexplored mountains of Nanshan. In February 1895, at an absolute altitude of about 3000 m, Roborovsky suffered a stroke, he was partially paralyzed. I had to significantly shorten the routes of the expedition, and she, under the leadership of P.K. Kozlova through Turpan and Dzungaria, proceeded to Zaisan, where in November 1895 she completed her work.

In 1899 - 1901. the first independent expedition of Kozlov took place (Kozlov. 1905-1906). It was called Mongol-Kama. Kam is one of the names of Eastern Tibet.

Kozlov from Omsk, sailed up the Irtysh for a week on a steamer to Semipalatinsk, and then proceeded along the postal route to his expeditionary base in the village of Altai (now the village of Kabyrga, near Katon-Karagay).

I stayed here for about a month, making excursions to the Narym Range. Members of the expedition in the village of Altai met with the famous researcher of the Altai and Tien Shan glaciers V.V. Sapozhnikov, who was passing through here.

Kozlov collected interesting information for Kazakhstanis about marals in the Bukhtarma basin. The deer breeders of these places called the fenced areas of the forest intended for tamed marals "gardens". Kozlov counted 22 such gardens and about 500 domesticated marals in the Bukhtarma basin. Here the traveler met the Old Believer Efim Nikitich Rakhmanov, a local resident. Kozlov learned from him that back in 1859, Rakhmanov went with his countrymen in search of the mythical "white mountains" to Lake Lobnor and beyond. The journey took two years. Consequently, long before Przhevalsky, Russian people first visited the shores of this unusual "wandering" lake.

I note that the name of the healing Rakhmanov springs in the Berel basin, the right tributary of the Bukhtarma, may be somehow connected with the name of E.N. Rakhmanov or his ancestors. But on this score, Kozlov does not give any of his considerations.

From the village of Altaiskaya, the expedition proceeded to the Ukok plateau and further to the Mongolian Altai, to the basin of the Kobdo (Khovd) river. The travelers reached Lake Khar-Us-nuur, which struck them with an abundance of birds.

Then the expedition proceeded along the northern foothills of the Gobi Altai past the lakes Boone-Tsagaan-nuur and Orog-nuur to the east to the Gobi (Gob) desert. Then she turned south to the headwaters of the Yellow River, the Yangtze basin and the headwaters of the Mekong. In the Sino-Tibetan mountains, Kozlov went south to 32 ° N. sh. Kozlov returned with his companions through Tsaidam and Ulaanbaatar to Kyakhta, i.e. in Russia.

The next, perhaps the most productive expedition of Kozlov, Mongol - Sichuan, refers to 1907 - 1909. The traveler went to the expanses of Inner Asia for the fifth time. The expedition started in Urga (Ulaanbaatar) and then moved south through the Gobi Desert to Nanshan and Lake Kukunor (Hoh-nuur, in Mongolian; Qinghai, in Chinese).

The main goal of the expedition is to study the ruins of the ancient city of Khara-Khoto (Khaar-Khot in Mongolian) and explore Lake Kukunor. On the waters of Lake Kukunor, on a fragile canvas boat, Kozlov and some of his companions made the first voyage in the history of this lake. The depths were measured, the shores and the large island of Kuysu were described. This is the first detailed study of the lake and its environs.

Some information about the dead city of Khara-Khoto was collected by G.N. Potanin during his fourth trip in 1884-1886. But I could not examine him, because. local residents were wary of strangers and prevented them in every possible way. The news of Kozlov's benevolent attitude towards the population also reached these places. Therefore, the natives helped the expedition. In 1908, this ancient capital of the Tangut kingdom Si-Xia (982-1227) was opened for science. The Tanguts belong to the Tibeto-Burmese ethnic group. The self-name of this ancient people is Minya. In Khara-Khoto, Kozlov carried out reconnaissance for five days. The second time he visited here in May 1909. For a month, the expedition members carried out excavations in the dead city, the results of which are impressive.

Khara-Khoto today. Photo of a member of the Japanese expedition " The Oasis project of RIHN". Permission granted to post photo J. Kubota.

For his research, P.K. Kozlov in 1899 - 1901 and 1907 - 1909. He was awarded numerous medals from many Geographical Societies of the world. And the discovery and excavations of the city of Khara-Khoto brought him world fame.

In 1912, an important event took place in Kozlov's life: he remarried. His chosen one was Elizaveta Vladimirovna Pushkareva. He met his future wife in 1910 at a resort in Normandy (France). Kozlov's stories about his travels made a huge impression on the young woman, and she fell in love with the narrator. The kinship of romantic souls and love for nature brought them closer. They decided to get married. The marriage took place in 1912. The bride was 20, the groom - 49 years old. Among others, Nikolai Petrovich Gorbunov, the uncle of the author of these lines, was invited to the celebration in the church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, in St. Petersburg, as a witness. Kolenka, as Pushkareva called him, was a friend of her childhood, which took place in Krasnoye Selo, near St. Petersburg.

Pushkareva Elizaveta Vladimirovna was born in Krasnoye Selo in 1892. Her father, Pushkarev Vladimir Iosifovich, was a zemstvo doctor. He treated the family of P. M. Gorbunov, the grandfather of the author of this story, in Krasnoye Selo. The Pushkarevs originate from a peasant in the Kursk province, who became famous in the Patriotic War of 1812 as an artilleryman, that is, a gunner. For his military successes he received the nobility and the surname Pushkarev. From childhood, Elizaveta Vladimirovna was interested in birds, and of all animals, Kozlov also liked birds most of all. Apparently, all this determined the profession of Pushkareva, she became a famous ornithologist with a worldwide reputation. The first time she came to Mongolia in 1915, where she went to her husband. Then she participated in the Mongolian expedition of Kozlov in 1923-1926. Then she led zoogeographic expeditions in Mongolia in 1929 and 1931. Later, she conducted research in Azerbaijan, and completed them in Tajikistan in 1945.

Pushkareva had a congenital dislocation of the hip joint, so she limped, and sometimes she was in severe pain. But the courageous woman endured everything for the sake of her scientific aspirations: she walked a lot along difficult mountain paths, mastered horseback riding. She was fluent in English, German and French.

In private, E.V. Pushkareva called P.K. Kozlov. - Kizosha, and he is her - Pshevik.

Kozlov crossed the expanses of Kazakhstan eight times during his expeditions to Tibet and a trip in 1913 to Lake Issyk-Kul to the grave of Przhevalsky, together with his young wife.

Much attention was paid to P.K. Kozlov to the natural reserve Askania-Nova, far from Inner Asia. This estate-reserve belonged to the harrow F. E. Falz-Fein (1863 -1920). The Kozlov couple visited it for the first time in 1913. In 1917, the tsarist general (in 1916 Kozlov was awarded the rank of major general) was sent as a Soviet commissar to Askania-Nova to save the reserve, which was located only 35 km from from Perekop, in the places of hostilities of that time. Kozlov stayed there with his wife for 1.5 years, they tried to shoot him twice. Soldiers exterminated exotic animals and robbed office and other premises. In 1919, the Ukrainian government issued a decree on the status of this state reserve.

After some digression, let us return to Kozlov's research in Asia. He planned his third independent expedition in 1914, but the First World War and the revolution in Russia did not allow this plan to be carried out. The expedition had to be postponed indefinitely. But preparations for a new journey went on as usual. In 1915, Kozlov traveled to Mongolia to purchase camels and horses for an upcoming expedition to Tibet.

Unforeseen revolutionary events in Russia pushed back the exploration of Tibet for several years. Only after lengthy efforts in February 1923 did the Soviet government allow Kozlov's expedition to be sent to Mongolia. This event did not take place without the participation of Nikolai Petrovich Gorbunov, who was the manager of the USSR Council of People's Commissars, and from 1925 to 1927 the Chairman of the Mongolian Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences and an old acquaintance of P.K. Kozlov.

At the end of July 1923, the members of the expedition set off by train from Petrograd to Ulan-Ude, and then by horse-drawn transport to Urga, where they arrived on the first of October.

Departure of the expedition from Petrograd.Group photo of participants.

Among the 14 members of the expedition were: Kozlov's wife, S.A. Kondratiev is a musician, composer, poet, writer, archaeologist, folklorist, nephew of the composer A.S. Arensky, botanist N.V. Pavlov - the future academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, two senior students of the Petrograd Geographical Institute - S.A. Glagolev and E.P. Gorbunova, mother of the author of these lines. She performed the duties of a doctor, because in 1919 she completed four courses at the medical institute.

Before the expedition had time to properly decide in Mongolia, all sorts of troubles followed. She was forbidden to travel to Tibet, she had to conduct all her research within Mongolia. Then Moscow withdrew from the expedition S. A. Glagolev and two other employees in the USSR. However, Glagolev was still allowed to return in 1925, and he continued the excavations of Khara-Khoto, begun by Kozlov in 1908.

Then information appeared that it was planned to curtail research in Mongolia altogether and withdraw the expedition to the USSR. E. P. Gorbunova was urgently sent to Moscow at the end of 1923 or at the beginning of 1924. She had to obtain permission to continue the work of the expedition. The author of these lines many years ago found two letters from his mother to Kozlov in the archives of the Russian Geographical Society. In them, she reported that so far her efforts had not been crowned with success. She told me that she went to see the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR G.V. Chicherin and the Deputy Chairman of the OGPU G.G. Yagoda.

However, there were well-wishers in the government who contributed to allowing Kozlov to continue his research. It is possible that one of them was A.I. Rykov, who on February 2, 1924 headed the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In the spring of 1924 E.P. Gorbunova returned to Mongolia.

The expedition completed its research in the autumn of 1926. At the end of 1923, Kozlov met for the fourth time the famous Swedish traveler Sven Gedin (1865-1952). Their photograph has been preserved.

At the beginning of September 1926, E.V. Kozlov in Urga, in the house of P.V. Vsesvyatsky and E.P. Gorbunova, the father and mother of the author of these lines, met and got acquainted with the famous artist and public figure Nicholas Konstantinovich Roerich, his wife Elena Ivanovna and son Yuri. And on September 13, P.K. Kozlov met and photographed with N. K. Roerich at the Academic Committee of Mongolia. The Scientific Committee (Uchkom) is a prototype of the Academy of Sciences of the MPR.

In the early autumn of 1926, the Mongolian government arranged for Kozlov to fly an airplane over Urga. There were plans to fly by plane through the Mongolian People's Republic, Nanshan and Tibet to Lhasa. But they didn't come true.

The most important results of the last expedition of P.K. Kozlov:

these are excavations of the ancient city of Khara-Khoto and burial mounds in the Noin-ull mountains, near Ulaanbaatar (2-1 century BC);

the beginning of mountaineering was laid - the ascent of S.A. Kondratiev with a Mongolian companion to the highest peak of Khangai - Otgon-Tenger-uul (Successor of Heaven) 4021 m;

through the efforts of E.V. Pushkareva laid the foundation for a detailed study of the world of birds in Mongolia; extensive studies of vegetation and insects have been carried out;

a number of mineral water springs were discovered in Khangai;

topographic work done.

Thus, the studies of the last expedition of P.K. Kozlov were characterized by their diversity: from archeology to entomology. It should rightly be called universal. It so happened that two future Kazakhs took part in it - N.V. Pavlov and E.P. Gorbunov.

In total, Kozlov took part in six expeditions. In terms of their number, he is comparable only with G.N. Potanin.

PK Kozlov met and talked with the Dalai Lama twice. The first time in Urga (Mongolia) in 1905, the second - in Gumbun, in China in 1909. The Dalai Lama strongly invited him to Lhasa, providing Kozlov with a special and unusual pass. Kozlov spoke about these meetings in one of his books.

PC. Kozlov owns many dozens of publications and colossal collections. Among his works are several voluminous monographs. Here is one of them: "Mongolia and Kam". The book in two volumes was published in 1905-1906. The total number of pages in it is 734, and five topographic maps compiled by Kozlov, as well as one map of the expedition's route.

P.K. Kozlov died in a sanatorium in Old Peterhof, near Leningrad on September 26, 1935. The cause of death was heart sclerosis

"Pyotr Kozlov. Secrets of the Lost City". Documentary

(created with the support of the Russian Geographical Society)

Literature:

1. Ovchinnikova T.N.P.K. Kozlov is a researcher of Central Asia. M., "Nauka", 1964, 198 p.

2. Russian traveler to Central Asia. M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963,

3. Among people and birds: ornithologist and traveler E.V. Kozlova 1892 - 1975). St. Petersburg, Nestor - History Publishing House, 2007, 134 p.

Our reference:

Gorbunov Aldar Petrovich, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Professor. The sphere of scientific interests is permafrost and related phenomena of high mountains. He was engaged in research in the Tien Shan, the Pamirs, the Caucasus, Transbaikalia, the mountains of Mongolia, China, Switzerland (Alps), and the Andes (Argentina). Author of 10 books and over 200 articles in Russian, English, French, Kazakh and Uzbek. Member of many international expeditions. Lives in Alma-Ata from 1936 to the present. Works at the Kazakhstan Alpine Geocryological Laboratory of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Kozlov Pyotr Kuzmich (1863-1935) - Russian traveler, explorer of Asia, one of the prominent participants in the Great Game. He was an honorary member of the Russian Geographical Society, a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and one of the first biographers of Przhevalsky. Today we will get acquainted with the life and work of this outstanding person in more detail.

Childhood

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich, interesting facts from whose life we ​​will consider today, was born on October 15, 1863 in the small town of Dukhovshchina, owned by the Mother of the future traveler, she was constantly engaged in housekeeping. And my father was a small merchant. Parents paid little attention to their children and did not care at all about their education. Every year he drove cattle from Ukraine for a wealthy industrialist. When Peter grew up a little, he began to travel with his father. Perhaps it was during these trips that the boy first fell in love with distant wanderings.

Peter grew up almost independently of his family. From an early age, an inquisitive child fell in love with books. The boy could read travel stories for days on end. Later, having become a famous person, Kozlov will be stingy with stories about his childhood, obviously due to the lack of vivid impressions.

Youth

At the age of 12, the boy was sent to a four-year school. After graduating at the age of 16, Peter began to serve in the office of the brewery, located 66 kilometers from his hometown. Uninteresting monotonous work did not satisfy the inquisitive energetic young man at all. He tried to engage in self-education and decided to enter the teacher's institute.

Shortly before this, various scientific institutions, geographical communities and topographic services in England, Germany, France, Japan and China began to actively explore Asia. Soon the Russian Geographical Society, founded in 1845, became active. The Great Game was moving from military confrontation to a scientific race. Even at the time when Kozlov was grazing horses in the Smolensk meadows, his countryman Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky was already on the pages of newspapers and magazines. Young people enthusiastically read the fascinating travel reports of the explorer, and many young men dreamed of repeating his exploits. Kozlov read about Przhevalsky with particular enthusiasm. Articles and books aroused in him a romantic love for Asia, and the personality of a traveler took on the appearance of a fairy-tale hero in Peter's imagination. However, the young man's chances for such a fate were, to put it mildly, small.

Acquaintance with Przhevalsky

By chance Kozlov Petr Kuzmich once met his idol. It happened in the summer of 1882 near Smolensk, in the town of Sloboda, where, after another expedition, the famous conqueror of Asia came to rest in his estate. Seeing a young man in the garden in the evening, Nikolai Mikhailovich decided to ask him what he was so passionate about. Turning around and seeing his idol in front of him, Peter was beside himself with happiness. Slightly taking a breath, he answered the scientist's question. It turns out that Kozlov was thinking that the stars he contemplated in Tibet seemed much brighter and that he was unlikely to ever see this personally. The future traveler answered Przhevalsky with such sincerity that he, without even thinking, invited him to his place for an interview.

Despite the difference in age and social status, the interlocutors turned out to be very close in spirit. The scientist decided to take his young friend under the patronage and lead him step by step into the world of professional travel. Sincere friendship began between Kozlov and Przhevalsky over time. Feeling that Peter was completely devoted to the cause, to which the scientist himself was sincerely devoted, he took upon himself the responsibility to take an active part in the life of the young man. In the autumn of 1882, Nikolai Mikhailovich invited a young friend to move to his home and take up accelerated training there. Life in the estate of an idol seemed like a fabulous dream for Kozlov. He was enveloped in the charm of fascinating tales of wandering life, as well as the grandeur and natural beauty of Asia. Then Peter firmly decided that he should become an ally of Przhevalsky. But first he needed to get a full secondary education.

In January 1883, Kozlov Petr Kuzmich passed the exam for a full-fledged course of a real school. Then he had to do military service. The fact is that Nikolai Mikhailovich took only those who had a military education into his expeditionary group. He had several objective reasons for this, the main of which was the need to repel the armed attacks of the natives. After serving for three months, Pyotr Kuzmich was enlisted in the fourth expedition of Przhevalsky. The hero of our review remembered this event for the rest of his life.

First trip

Kozlov's first trip as part of the Przhevalsky expedition took place in 1883. Her goal was to explore East Turkestan and North Tibet. became a wonderful practice for Kozlov. Under the guidance of an experienced mentor, he tempered a real researcher in himself. This was facilitated by the harsh nature of Central Asia and the struggle with the numerically superior local residents. The first trip was for a novice traveler, despite all his enthusiasm, very difficult. Due to the high humidity of the air, the researchers had to be in wet clothes most of the time. Weapons succumbed to corrosion, personal items quickly dampened, and plants collected for the herbarium were almost impossible to dry.

Under such conditions, Pyotr Kuzmich learned to survey rough terrain by eye, determine heights, and, most importantly, exploratory observation of nature, which involves the discovery of its main features. In addition, he got acquainted with the organization of an expeditionary campaign in an unfavorable climate. According to the traveler, the study of Central Asia became for him a guiding thread that determined the entire course of his future life.

Homecoming

Returning home after a 2-year expedition, Kozlov Petr Kuzmich continued to actively develop in the chosen direction. He replenished the baggage of his knowledge in the field of natural science, ethnography and astronomy. Almost before being sent on the next expedition, Pyotr Kuzmich was promoted to officer, having graduated from the St. Petersburg Military School.

Second expedition

In the autumn of 1888, Kozlov set off on his second journey under the guidance of Przhevalsky. But at the very beginning of the expedition, near Mount Karakol, not far from Lake Issyk-Kul, the great explorer N. M. Przhevalsky fell seriously ill and soon died. According to the dying request of the traveler, he was buried on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul.

The expedition resumed in the fall of the following year. Colonel M.V. Pevtsov was appointed its leader. The latter took command with dignity, although he understood that he would not be able to fully replace Przhevalsky. In this regard, it was decided to shorten the route, limiting it to the study of Chinese Turkestan, Dzungaria and the northern part. .

Third expedition

Kozlov's next trip took place in 1893. This time, the research campaign was led by V. I. Roborovsky, who once served as Przhevalsky's senior assistant. The purpose of this trip was to explore the northeastern corner of Tibet and the Nian Shan mountain range. On this trip, Pyotr Kuzmich made independent surveys of the surroundings. Sometimes he had to walk alone up to 1000 kilometers. At the same time, he collected the lion's share of the zoological collection of this expedition. When V. I. Roborovsky halfway began to complain about his health, Kozlov was entrusted with the leadership of the expedition. He successfully coped with the task and brought the matter to the end. Returning to his homeland, the researcher presented a report, which he entitled with the words "Report of the assistant to the head of the expedition P.K. Kozlov."

First independent expedition

In 1899, the traveler first acted as the head of the expedition. The aim of the participants was to get acquainted with Mongolia and Tibet. 18 people took part in the campaign, of which only 4 researchers, all the rest were convoys. The route began at the Altai postal station, located near the Mongolian border. Then it ran through the Mongolian Altai, the Central Gobi and Kam - practically unexplored regions of the eastern side of the Tibetan Plateau.

Conducting research near the upper reaches of the Huang He, Mekong and Yangtze Jiang rivers, the expeditionaries more than once encountered natural obstacles and the aggression of the natives. Nevertheless, they managed to collect unique orographic, geological, climatic, zoological and botanical materials. The travelers also shed light on the life of little-known Eastern Tibetan tribes.

The Russian explorer of Mongolia, who led the expedition, personally made a detailed description of various natural objects, including: Lake Kukunor lying at an altitude of 3200 meters and having a circumference of 385 kilometers; the sources of the Yalongjiang and Mekong rivers, as well as a couple of ridges of the Kunlun system, which were previously unknown to science. In addition, Kozlov made brilliant essays on the life of the population and the economy of Central Asia. Among them, the description of the rituals of the Tsaidam Mongols stands out.

From the Mongolian-Tibetan expedition, Kozlov brought an abundant collection of flora and fauna from the explored territories. During the trip, he often had to deal with armed detachments of local residents, whose number reached 300 people. Due to the fact that the campaign dragged on for almost two years, a rumor reached Petersburg about its complete failure and death. But this could not be allowed by Kozlov Pyotr Kuzmich. The books "Mongolia and Kam" and "Kam and the way back" described this journey in detail. For such a productive expedition, Kozlov received a gold medal from the Russian Geographical Society. So the Great Game got another bright person involved.

Mongolian-Sichuan expedition

In 1907, an honorary member of the Russian Geographical Society went on his fifth trip. This time the route ran from Kyakhta to Ulaanbaatar, then to the middle and southern regions of Mongolia, the Kukunor region and, finally, to the northwest of Sichuan. The most significant discovery was the discovery in the Gobi desert of the remains of the dead city of Khara-Khoto, which were covered with sand. During the excavations of the city, a library of two thousand books was found, the lion's share of which was written in the language of the Xi-Xia state, which later turned out to be the Tangut language. This discovery was exceptional, because no museum in the world has such a large collection of Tungut books. Finds from Khara-Khoto play an important historical and cultural role, as they clearly depict different aspects of the life and culture of the ancient state of Xi-Xia.

The expedition members collected extensive ethnographic material about the Mongolian and Tibetan peoples. They paid special attention to Chinese antiquity and the Buddhist cult. Many zoological and botanical materials were also collected. A special discovery of the researchers was a collection of woodcuts for printing books and images, which were used centuries before the first printing in Europe.

In addition, the world's only collection of paper banknotes of the 13th-14th centuries was found at Khara-Khoto. Also, the excavations of Khara-Khoto brought a lot of all kinds of figurines, cult figurines and several hundred Buddhist images on silk, wood, paper and linen. All this came to the museums of the Academy of Sciences and Emperor Alexander III.

After discovering and carefully studying the dead city, the expeditionaries got acquainted with Lake Kukunor, and then the little-known territory of Amdo, located in the bend of the Yellow River.

From this trip, the Russian explorer of Mongolia once again brought back a rich collection of plants and animals, among which were new species and even genera. The scientist outlined the results of the trip in the book “Mongolia and Amdo and the dead city of Khara-Khoto”, published only in 1923.

Reserve protection

In 1910, the traveler was awarded large gold medals from the English and Italian Geographical Societies. When Russia began to participate in the First World War, Colonel Kozlov expressed a desire to join the ranks of the army in the field. He was refused and sent to Irkutsk as the head of an expedition to procure cattle for the army.

At the end of the October Revolution, at the end of 1917, the researcher of Mongolia, China and Tibet, who at that time was already a major general, was sent to the Askania-Nova reserve. The purpose of the trip was to take measures to protect the protected steppe area and the local zoo. Sparing no energy, the scientist did everything possible to secure the unique monument of nature. In October 1918, he reported to the Minister of Public Education that Askania-Nova had been saved and its most valuable lands remained unharmed. For further protection of the reserve, he asked to be transferred to the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and given the opportunity to recruit 15-20 volunteers. At the same time, Kozlov asked for 20 rifles, sabers and revolvers, as well as the required number of cartridges for them, to be provided under his personal responsibility. At the end of 1918, during a particularly difficult period of the Civil War, thanks to the efforts of Major General Kozlov, almost 500 people worked in the reserve.

New expedition

In 1922, the Soviet leadership decided to organize an expedition to Central Asia, headed by 60-year-old Kozlov Pyotr Kuzmich. The traveler's wife, ornithologist Elizaveta Vladimirovna, for the first time kept her husband company on the expedition. Despite his considerable age, the traveler was full of strength and excitement. During his sixth trip, which lasted from 1923 to 1926, the scientist explored a relatively small part of northern Mongolia, as well as the upper basin

Once again, the traveler received significant scientific results. In the mountains of the Noin-Ula system, he discovered a little more than 200 cemeteries and excavated them. As it turned out, it was a Hunnic burial 2000 years old. This archaeological discovery has become one of the greatest in the twentieth century. The scientist, together with his associates, found many objects of ancient culture, thanks to which one can get a comprehensive picture of the economy and life of the Huns in the period: II century BC. e. - I century AD e. Among them was an extensive collection of artistically executed carpets and fabrics from the time of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which existed from the 3rd century BC. e. to the 2nd century AD e. in the north of modern Iran, in Afghanistan and northwest India.

On the top of Mount Ikhe-Bodo, located in the Mongolian Altai, at an altitude of about 3000 meters, travelers discovered an ancient khan's mausoleum.

However, the most significant discovery of the sixth expedition of Kozlov was the discovery in the mountains of eastern Khangai of the tomb of 13 generations of the descendants of Genghis Khan. The researcher became the first European who was received by the ruler of Tibet. From him, Kozlov received a special pass, which had to be presented to the mountain guard guarding the approaches to the Tibetan capital Lhasa. However, the British prevented Russian scientists from entering Lhasa. A participant in the Great Game, Pyotr Kozlov, never got to this city. He published a report on the sixth expedition in the book Journey to Mongolia. 1923-1926"

Further activities

At the age of seventy, Kozlov Pyotr Kuzmich, whose discoveries were gaining more and more fame, did not leave the dream of long trips. In particular, he planned to go to the Issyk-Kul lake in order to once again bow to the grave of his teacher and enjoy the local beauties. But the sixth journey of the explorer was the last. After him, he lived a quiet life as a pensioner in Leningrad and Kyiv. However, he spent most of his time with his wife, in a small log house in the village of Strechno (50 kilometers from Staraya Russa).

Wherever the traveler settled, he quickly became popular among the neighboring youth. In order to convey his experience to curious young people, the researcher organized circles of young naturalists, traveled around the country with lectures, and published his works and stories. The whole scientific world knew who Kozlov Pyotr Kuzmich was. Discoveries in Eurasia gave him recognition in all circles. In 1928, the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences elected him a full member. And the Russian Geographical Society presented him with a medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky. Among the researchers of Central Asia of the XX century, the Russian scientist occupies a special place.

Kozlov Pyotr Kuzmich died on September 26, 1935 from heart sclerosis. He was buried at the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery.

heritage

In honor of Kozlov, the glacier of the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola ridge was named. In 1936, in honor of the 100th anniversary of the traveler, his name was given to the school of the town of Dukhovshchina, in which the scientist began to comprehend the world. In 1988, a traveler's apartment museum was opened in St. Petersburg.

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich, whose brief biography came to an end, not only lived in an era of great discoveries, but also created it personally. He completed the liquidation of the "white spot" on the map of Asia begun by Przhevalsky. But at the beginning of Kozlov's path, the whole world was against him.

Russian geographer and traveler, explorer of Central Asia P.K. Kozlov was born on October 3 (15), 1863 in the town of Dukhovshchina in the Smolensk province. His mother was constantly absorbed in household chores. My father, a simple and illiterate man, was a small fish and meat merchant, a packer. He paid little attention to his children, did not care about their education and upbringing. Every year, Peter's father drove herds of cattle from Ukraine for a rich cattle merchant; took his son with him. Perhaps during these trips the boy had his first thoughts about distant wanderings. The boy grew up almost outside the influence of the family. However, due to his inquisitive and inquisitive nature, he early addicted to books, especially travel books, which he read. However, childhood, apparently, did not leave pleasant impressions. Already being a famous traveler, Kozlov was very stingy with stories about this period of his life.

At the age of 12, he was sent to a four-year school, graduated from it at the age of 16, and, since he had to earn a living, he joined the office of a brewery 66 kilometers from his native Dukhovshchina, in the town of Sloboda, Porech district. The monotonous, uninteresting work in the office of the factory could not satisfy the young man's lively nature. He was eagerly drawn to learning and began to prepare for admission to the teacher's institute.

Shortly before that, a period of systematic research in Asia began, carried out by various scientific institutions, geographical societies and topographical services in England, France, Germany, Japan and China. The Russian Geographical Society, founded in 1845, also became more active. Even before the birth of Peter Kozlov, the famous geographer made his famous trip to the Tien Shan (1856-1857)

While young Petya Kozlov was still grazing horses in the meadows of his native Smolensk region, the name and portraits of his fellow countryman Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, who had successfully explored Asian expanses since 1870, did not leave the pages of newspapers and magazines. Young people enthusiastically read the fascinating descriptions of Przhevalsky's travels, and more than one young man, reading about the discoveries and exploits of this remarkable traveler, lit up with a dream of the same exploits. Pyotr Kozlov eagerly read everything that was printed about Przhevalsky. The articles and books of Przhevalsky himself ignited in him a romantic love for the expanses of Asia, and the personality of the famous traveler in the imagination of the young man took on the appearance of an almost fairy-tale hero. Reading about the legendary Przhevalsky, he caught fire with a dream - to become like a great explorer. But what chances did he have for such a fate - without education, connections and material support?

A case similar to the old fairy tale about Cinderella helped. Only the role of a poor stepdaughter was taken by a poor young peasant, and instead of a fairy godmother, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky himself appeared! Their meeting took place on one of the summer evenings of 1882 in the town of Sloboda - one of the picturesque corners of the Smolensk region, where, just after the next expedition, the conqueror of Central Asia arrived to rest in his estate Otradnoye. Przhevalsky accidentally saw 19-year-old Kozlov in the evening, in the garden, where the young man indulged in his favorite travel dreams. Nikolai Mikhailovich asked what the young man was thinking about. He looked around and froze in amazement and happiness: in front of him stood Przhevalsky himself, whose image he so well imagined from the portraits. He replied: "I thought that in distant Tibet these stars should seem even brighter than here, and that I would never have to admire them from the distant desert ridges." Such words and the sincerity with which they were spoken could not go unnoticed. Przhevalsky invited Kozlov to his place for a conversation, after which the fate of the latter was sealed. Subsequently, he himself wrote: “I will never forget that day, that day is significant for me. After all, so recently I only dreamed, only dreamed, as a boy can dream and dream under the strong impression of reading newspapers and magazines about returning to St. Petersburg glorious Przhevalsky's expedition ... dreamed and dreamed, being terribly far from the real thought of ever meeting face to face with Przhevalsky ... And suddenly my dream and dreams came true: suddenly, unexpectedly, that great Przhevalsky, to whom all my aspirations were directed , appeared in Sloboda, was fascinated by her wild charm and settled in her ... "

Despite the difference in age and social status, they turned out to be very congenial people. The famous scientist took under the patronage of his young friend, step by step introducing him into the world of professional travel. Gradually, a close, sincere friendship began between Przhevalsky and Kozlov. Feeling in Kozlov a person who sincerely loves the cause, to which he himself was selflessly devoted, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky took an ardent part in the life of a young man. In the autumn of 1882, he settled P.K. Kozlov at home and began to supervise his studies. The first days of life in the Przhevalsky estate seemed to Kozlov just a fabulous dream. The young man was under the spell of exciting stories about the delights of wandering life, about the grandeur and beauty of the nature of Asia. Pyotr Kozlov firmly decided to become Przhevalsky's companion in the near future. But first of all, it was necessary to complete secondary education.

In January 1883, P.K. Kozlov successfully passed the exam for the full course of the real school. Having received a secondary education, Kozlov had to enter the military service as volunteers, since Nikolai Mikhailovich formed his expeditions almost exclusively from the military. There were many reasons for this; the main one is the need to skillfully repel the frequent armed attacks of militant natives ... After serving for three months, Kozlov was enlisted in the new (fourth in a row) expedition of N.M. Przhevalsky. "My joy knew no end," writes PK Kozlov. "Infinitely happy, I lived through the first spring of my real life."

The first journey (1883-1885) P.K. Kozlov in the expedition of N.M. Przhevalsky on the study of Northern Tibet and Eastern Turkestan was a brilliant practical school for him. Under the leadership of N.M. Przhevalsky, an experienced and enlightened researcher, he received a good hardening, so necessary to overcome the difficult conditions of the harsh nature of Central Asia, and even a baptism of fire in the fight against the numerically superior armed forces of the population, which was repeatedly set against Russian travelers by local lamas. The first trip was very difficult. Due to the high humidity, we had to wear wet clothes for a long time. Weapons rusted, personal items dampened, plants collected for the herbarium could not be dried, and wet packs and camel saddles created additional difficulties during the campaign. But, nevertheless, Kozlov learned to make an eye survey of rough terrain, to determine heights, and most importantly, to observe nature, noting its main features. In addition, he got acquainted in practice with the organization of the expedition in extremely difficult working conditions. In his own words, the young traveler, "from that time on, the study of Central Asia became for me the guiding thread that determined the entire course of my future life."

Returning two years later to his native place, Kozlov continues to actively prepare himself for his chosen path. He replenishes his knowledge in the field of natural sciences, ethnography, and astronomy while working at the Pulkovo Observatory. Literally on the eve of sending on his second trip, also under the leadership of Przhevalsky, in the fall of 1887, Peter graduated from a military school in St. Petersburg and was promoted to officer.

In the autumn of 1888, P.K. Kozlov went with N.M. Przhevalsky on his second trip. However, at the very beginning of the journey near the city of Karakol (near Lake Issyk-Kul), the head of the expedition N.M. Przhevalsky fell ill and soon died. He was buried, as requested, on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul. Interrupted by the death of N.M. Przhevalsky, the expedition resumed in the fall of 1889 under the leadership of Colonel, and later Major General M.V. Pevtsova. Pevtsov, although he took command, understood that he would not be able to completely replace Przhevalsky and complete the amount of work he had planned. Therefore, it was decided to shorten the route, limiting ourselves to the study of Chinese Turkestan, the northern part of the Tibetan Highlands and Dzungaria. Despite this, the expedition collected rich geographical and historical material, a considerable share of which belonged to P.K. Kozlov, who explored the regions of Eastern Turkestan.

The third expedition (1893-1895), in which P.K. Kozlov, was held under the guidance of Przhevalsky's former senior assistant - V.I. Roborovsky. She had as her task the exploration of the Nan Shan mountain range and the northeastern corner of Tibet. On this journey, P.K. Kozlov independently, separately from the caravan, carried out surveys of the surroundings, passing along some routes up to 1000 km, in addition, he collected the vast majority of zoological specimens. Halfway through, V.I. fell seriously ill. Roborovsky. PC. Kozlov took over the leadership of the expedition and successfully brought it to the end. He presented a report on the expedition, published under the title "Report of the Assistant Chief of the Expedition P.K. Kozlov" (1899).

In 1899-1901 P.K. Kozlov made his first independent journey as the head of the Mongolian-Tibetan expedition. 18 people took part in the expedition, 14 of them were from the convoy. The route started from the Altaiskaya postal station near the Mongolian border, then it went along the Mongolian Altai, the Central Gobi and Kam - the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, almost unknown to the scientific world. Exploring the upper reaches of the Huang He, Yangtze-jiang and Mekong rivers, the expedition overcame natural difficulties, and more than once withstood resistance from the natives. Important materials were collected on the orography, geology, climate, flora and fauna of the Tibetan highlands and on the little-known Eastern Tibetan tribes. PC. Kozlov made detailed descriptions of numerous lakes (including Lake Kukunor, which lies at an altitude of 3200 m and has a circumference of 385 km), the sources of the Mekong, Yalongjiang (a tributary of the Yangtze River), many mountains, incl. two ridges in the Kunlun system, unknown to science until then. One of them P.K. Kozlov called the Dutreil-de-Rance ridge, in honor of the famous French traveler in Central Asia, who died shortly before at the hands of the Tibetans, and the other - the Woodville-Rockhill ridge, in honor of the English traveler. In addition, P.K. Kozlov gave brilliant essays on the economy and life of the population of Central Asia, among which the description of the customs of the Tsaidam Mongols with an extremely complex ritual of celebrating the most important events of life - the birth of a child, weddings, funerals, etc. stands out. From this expedition P.K. Kozlov took out an abundant collection of fauna and flora from the traversed areas. During the expedition, travelers more than once had to fight their way through battles with armed detachments, numbering up to 250-300 people, set on the expedition by local lamas. The almost two-year isolation of the expedition from the outside world was the reason for the persistent rumor about its complete death, which reached St. Petersburg. The Mongolian-Tibetan expedition was described by P.K. Kozlov in two large volumes - "Mongolia and Kam" and "Kam and the way back". For this journey, P.K. Kozlov was awarded a gold medal by the Russian Geographical Society.

In 1907-1909 P.K. Kozlov made his fifth trip to Central Asia (Mongol-Sichuan Expedition) from Kyakhta to Urga (Ulaanbaatar) and further to the middle and southern parts of Mongolia, the Kukunor region and to the northwestern part of Sichuan. The expedition was marked by the discovery in the sands of the Gobi in the center of Mongolia of the remains of the dead city of Khara-Khoto covered with sand, which provided archaeological material of great value. Of exceptional importance is the library of 2000 books discovered during the excavations of Khara-Khoto, mainly in the "unknown" language of the Xi-Xia state, which turned out to be the Tangut language. This was an exceptional discovery: none of the foreign museums or libraries has any significant collection of Tangut books. All finds in Khara-Khoto are of great historical and cultural significance, as they vividly depict many aspects of the culture and life of the ancient Tangut state Xi-Xia. The expedition collected ethnographic materials about the peoples of Mongolia and Tibet, especially the Buddhist cult and Chinese antiquity. The expedition collected a lot of materials on zoology, botany, etc. Remarkable is the collection of woodcuts (clichés) for printing books and iconic images discovered in Khara-Khoto hundreds of years before printing appeared in Europe. Of great interest is the world's only collection of paper money from the 13th-14th centuries discovered in Khara-Khoto. Excavations in Khara-Khoto also yielded a rich set of statues, figurines and all kinds of cult figurines and more than 300 Buddhist images on wood, silk, linen and paper, which came to the museums of Emperor Alexander III and the Academy of Sciences.

After the discovery of the dead city of Khara-Khoto, the expedition of P.K. Kozlova carefully studied Lake Kukunor, and then the vast little-known territory of Amdo in a bend in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. From this expedition, as well as from the previous one, P.K. Kozlov took out numerous collections of animals and plants, among which there were many new species and even genera. The results of the expedition are presented by Kozlov in the book "Mongolia and Amdo and the dead city of Khara-Khoto" (1923).

In 1910, Kozlov received large gold medals from geographical societies, English and Italian. When Russia entered the First World War, Colonel Kozlov asked to be sent to the active army. He was refused and seconded to Irkutsk as the head of an expedition for the urgent procurement of livestock for the army.

After the October Revolution, in December 1917, an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Geographical Society and the Environmental Commission, Major General P.K. Kozlov is sent to the Askania-Nova estate in the Tauride province in order to take measures to protect the zoo and the protected area of ​​the steppe. Sparing no effort, the scientist-traveler took all measures to save the unique monument of nature. In October 1918, he reported to the Minister of Public Education: "I was entrusted with the protection of the scientific and cultural parts of this estate. I am happy to say that Askania-Nova was saved: its most valuable corner remained unharmed ..." For further protection of the reserve, Kozlov asked to be transferred to the Academy Sciences of Ukraine, recruit 15-20 volunteers for permanent work on the estate, and even "release at least under my responsibility 20 rifles, 20 revolvers and 20 sabers, in addition, the corresponding (about a hundred rounds of ammunition for a gun and the same amount for a revolver) cartridges, the use of which is permitted only as a last resort. At the end of 1918, in the most difficult time of the Civil War, thanks to the efforts of P.K. Kozlov, 470 people already worked in Askania.

Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov left detailed memories of those terrible days: “At the end of December 1919, the White Guards occupied Askania-Nova. In the room of the emu, next to the nest of the unfortunate bird, busy incubating eggs, the Cossacks put their horses. As soon as the whites retreated, the Reds entered Askania-Nova, first in the form of a small reconnaissance, and then a whole regiment. The regiment in its entire composition scattered over the zoo. In mortal fear, the unfortunate animals again ran around the pen, and the deer ran up the snowdrift and disappeared into the steppe. In addition, the soldiers brought with them a dog that strangled a New Zealand ruddy shelduck, a bean goose and a pair of Benetti kangaroos in the garden. one day a kangaroo was killed by a rifle bullet..."

In 1922, the Soviet government decided on an expedition to Central Asia. Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov was appointed at the head of the expedition. He was 60 years old, but he was still full of strength and energy. His wife Elizaveta Vladimirovna, an ornithologist, also set off with him. During the sixth journey, made by him in 1923-1926, P.K. Kozlov explored the relatively small area of ​​Northern Mongolia and the upper basin of the Selenga River. However, here, too, he obtained major scientific results: in the Noin-Ula mountains (130 km northwest of Urga), P.K. Kozlov discovered 212 burial grounds, which turned out to be 2000-year-old Hun burials, and excavated them. This was the greatest archaeological discovery of the 20th century. Numerous objects of ancient culture were discovered, which can be used to restore the economy and life of the Huns from the 2nd century BC. BC. according to the 1st century AD Among them were a large number of artistically executed fabrics and carpets from the time of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which existed from the 3rd century BC. BC. until the 2nd century AD in the northern part of the modern territory of Iran, in Afghanistan and northwestern India. In terms of the abundance of examples of Greco-Bactrian art, the Noin-Ula collection has no equal in the world.

And on the top of Ikhe-Bodo in the Mongolian Altai, at an altitude of about three thousand meters, the expedition discovered an ancient khan's mausoleum. But the most amazing of the discoveries was made in the mountains of Eastern Khangai, where a tomb of thirteen generations of the descendants of Genghis Khan was found. Petr Kozlov became one of the first Europeans accepted by the ruler of Tibet. The Dalai Lama Agvan-Lobsan-Tubdan Jamtso gave Kozlov a pass to Lhasa - half a silk card with teeth on the edge. The other half was at the mountain guard on the outskirts of the capital of Tibet. However, the British, who took all measures to prevent the Russians from entering Lhasa, disrupted this trip, and Kozlov, unfortunately, did not get to Lhasa. The travel diaries were published under the title "Journey to Mongolia. 1923-1926".

Seventy-year-old Pyotr Kuzmich still dreamed of traveling, planned a trip to Lake Issyk-Kul to once again bow to the grave of his teacher, climb to the snows of Khan-Tengri discovered by Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, see the peaks of the Heavenly Mountains covered with blue ice. But the sixth journey of P.K. Kozlov was the last. After that, he lived in retirement in Leningrad, in Kyiv, but more in the village of Strechno, 50 km from Staraya Russa. There he built a small log house and settled in it with his wife. Soon P.K. Kozlov gained great popularity among the local youth. He organized a circle of young naturalists, whom he taught to collect collections, to accurately identify animals and plants scientifically, and to dissect birds and animals. Despite his advanced age, he often traveled around the country, speaking to various audiences with exciting stories about his travels. PC. Kozlov was an excellent storyteller and lecturer. No less interesting are his appearances in the press. Peru P.K. Kozlov owns over 60 works. Petr Kuzmich Kozlov was world famous as a researcher of Central Asia. The Russian Geographical Society awarded P.K. Kozlov medal named after N.M. Przhevalsky and elected him an honorary member, and in 1928 he was elected a full member by the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Among the researchers of Central Asia P.K. Kozlov occupies one of the most honorable places. In the field of archaeological discoveries in Central Asia, he is unique among all researchers of the 20th century.

Died P.K. Kozlov from heart sclerosis in a sanatorium in Peterhof on September 26, 1935. The scientist and traveler were buried at the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery.

A glacier in the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola ridge is named after Kozlov. In 1963, in connection with the 100th anniversary of his birth, his name was given to a secondary school in the town of Dukhovshchina, Smolensk region, where he studied. In 1988, by order of the Leningrad City Council, a memorial museum-apartment of the traveler was opened (Smolny pr., 6, apt. 32), where many rarities brought by Kozlov from distant wanderings are stored. The Tibetan Culture Hall displays colorful Tibetan icons, a real gong, and masks of various Buddhist deities. The library of Tibetan books is amazing. Each of them, consisting of separate, unfastened pages, is wrapped in a beautiful cloth. Many other exhibits of the medieval Tangut kingdom Xi-Xia, more than 300 paintings, metal and wooden figurines are currently stored in the Hermitage. No museum in the world has such a unique collection.

Petr Kuzmich Kozlov is one of the greatest explorers of Central Asia. He did not just live in an era of great travel. He managed to become one of those who himself created this era. To do this, he had to be a geographer, hydrologist, meteorologist, zoologist, botanist, ornithologist, entomologist, cartographer, astronomer and archaeologist... Companion N.M. Przhevalsky, together with him he completed the elimination of the "blank spot" on the map of Central Asia. Not many people manage to make a discovery in a lifetime that changes the scientific understanding for a particular era. The traveler and geographer Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov made two of them! In 1909 he found the dead city of Khara-Khoto, and in 1924 he dug up the graves of the Huns in the Noin-Ula tract. Research and discoveries of P.K. Kozlov earned him wide popularity far beyond the borders of our country.

"For as long as I can remember," P.K. Kozlov recalled, "from adolescence I had one dream - of a free wandering life in the wide expanses of the deserts and mountains of the great Asian continent. All my life has passed under the banner of a researcher of nature and a man of Central Asia." Petr Kozlov's childhood dream came true in full measure. Of the 52 years of his scientific activity, starting from the age of 20, Kozlov devoted about 15 years to expeditions. In other words, for two years of his life in a calm environment, there were about a year of wandering.

Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov(October 3, Dukhovshchina, Smolensk province - September 26, Peterhof, Leningrad region) - Russian explorer of Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang. Prominent member big game .

A student, follower and one of the first biographers of N. M. Przhevalsky. Full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (), honorary member of the Russian Geographical Society.

Biography

Pyotr Kozlov was born in the Smolensk province, in the family of a prasol, a cattle dealer. As a child, he often accompanied his father on his trips to Little Russia: then, probably, a passion for travel arose in him. Peter studied at the Alexander Real School, in Smolensk.

After a chance meeting with his great countryman N. M. Przhevalsky in 1882, Pyotr Kozlov received an offer to participate in 4th Central Asian expeditions. To do this, Kozlov had to enter the army as a volunteer, since N. M. Przhevalsky completed his expeditions exclusively from military personnel. From 1883 to 1926, Kozlov made six large expeditions to Mongolia, Western and Northern China, and Eastern Tibet, three of which he personally led.

In 1886, the founder of the private reserve Askania-Nova F. E. Falz-Fein “came out to Kozlov”. He asked for help with the capture in the Mongolian steppes and the delivery of Przewalski's horses to his zoo.

- recalled Kozlov. With the assistance of the familiar merchant Assanov, after a series of unsuccessful attempts, Kozlov managed to catch several wild stallions and mares, and deliver them unharmed to Ascania. And it was in this reserve for the first time in the world that Przewalski's horses gave birth in captivity.

In the winter of 1899-1900, Kozlov led an expedition of 3 officers and 14 Cossacks along the route from the Russian-Mongolian border to the "Land of Snows" in order to reach the capital of Tibet. British intelligence in India, closely watching the Russian expeditions in Central and East Asia, reported to their leadership:

Not satisfied with plans to seize a port in the Persian Gulf, Russia intends to get ahead of us in Tibet. Lieutenant Kozlov's goal is Lhasa.

In those years, the lands of Central Asia became the arena of the so-called. big game.

Despite the fact that this time Kozlov did not manage to get to Lhasa due to the refusal of the Tibetan authorities to let the expedition go further than Chambo (480 km northeast of Lhasa), he collected a lot of information about the political situation, geographical features and ethno-confessional contradictions in this part of Tibet inhabited by the Tanguts. The data collected by Kozlov, who was promoted to the next rank upon his return to Russia, formed the basis of a number of analytical notes by officers of the General Staff, who in 1901-1903 advocated plans to provide secret military assistance to Tibet to separate it from the Qing Empire and transform it into a Russian protectorate.

After the conflict around Pende (1885) and, in particular, the incident at Dogger Bank (October 1904), which brought relations between Russia and Great Britain to the lowest point since the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, and the likelihood of the opening of hostilities between the two powers, the Russian government sent P.K. Kozlov, at the head of another secret mission, this time to Urga, to probe the plans of the Dalai Lama XIII, who had taken refuge there after the British occupation of Lhasa, regarding the return to Tibet. Minister of War A.N. Kuropatkin Kozlov was instructed to accompany the Dalai Lama and record in conversations with him information that could be useful for Russia, along with the collection of information on the general state of affairs in Mongolia and Western China.

In April 1905, Kozlov arrived in Urga and, after meeting with the 13th Dalai Lama, informed the General Staff about the Tibetan leader's expectation of the recognition of the independence of Tibet by European countries through the mediation of Russia. The result of Kozlov's mission to Urga was the organization of the secret departure of the Dalai Lama from Urga in December 1906, first to Kumbum Monastery and then to Lhasa. The plan of the tsarist strategists turned out to be only half fulfilled, due to the decision of the new Minister of Foreign Affairs A.P. Izvolsky to refuse accreditation of the Russian political representative in Lhasa.

During the Mongol-Sichuan expedition (1907-1909), Kozlov discovered the ruins of the dead Tangut city of Khara-Khoto in the Gobi desert. During the excavations carried out in Khara-Khoto in 1908-1909, a library was discovered, consisting of the largest collection of texts in Tangut, Chinese and other languages ​​(the number is about 6000 scrolls). Among them are unique works of Buddhist literature, previously unknown and without parallels in other languages. The expedition collected important ethnographic materials about the peoples of Mongolia and Tibet. The results were presented by Kozlov in the book "Mongolia and Amdo and the dead city of Khara-Khoto" (1923).

December 8, 1917 Tauride Provincial Commissariat No. 11539

CERTIFICATE
This is given to the honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Geographical Society and the Environmental Commission, the scientist-traveler in Asia, Major General Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov, that he is sent to the Falz-Fein estates - Askania-Nova, Dorenburg and Preobrazhenka, Dnieper district in order to accept measures for the protection of the zoo and the protected area of ​​the steppe. Considering it extremely important to preserve such valuable natural monuments in the interests of the Russian state, I ask all institutions and individuals to provide Major General Kozlov with full assistance in the performance of the tasks assigned to him.

Provincial Commissar Bogdanov
.

On his last expedition (Mongol-Tibetan, 1923-1926), Kozlov planned to get to Lhasa, the capital of Tibet. But due to the political intrigues of the NKID and the OGPU, he had to change his plans and start the route from Urga. In the spring of 1923, during preparatory work in Moscow, Kozlov met the German geographer Wilhelm Filchner, who was also busy with his own Central Asian expedition. Kozlov presented Filchner with two of his books: Mongolia and Amdo and the Dead City of Khara-Khoto and Tibet and the Dalai Lama (1920). Filchner expressed admiration for the results of the Mongolian-Sichuan expedition. Kozlov expressed a wish to see the publication of the book in German. Forced, in the end, to focus on the study of Mongolia (without Tibet), Pyotr Kozlov decides to excavate the burial mounds of the Xiongnu (Hun) aristocracy (end of the 1st century BC - beginning of the 1st century AD) in the mountains of Noin -Ula (Noin-Ula burial mounds). The opening of burial grounds was crowned with new scientific discoveries of world significance [what?] . In November 1923, Kozlov's last meeting with the Swedish traveler Sven Gedin took place in Urga.

Retiring from scientific work, Kozlov lived alternately in a village near Novgorod and in his apartment in Leningrad.

Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov died of heart sclerosis in a sanatorium in Peterhof. He was buried in Leningrad at the Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery. His widow Elizaveta Vladimirovna, who survived her husband by 40 years, gained international recognition as an ornithologist.

A family

• Wife - Elizaveta Vladimirovna Kozlova (nee Pushkareva, 1892-1975), Soviet ornithologist.
• Granddaughter - Olga Nikolaevna Obolsina, Soviet art critic, art historian.

Addresses in St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad

Memory

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F. E. Falz-Fein and P. K. Kozlov

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Soviet postage stamp, 1951

Kozlov Kurgan Noin Ul Mongolia 1924 25.JPG

Hun burial mound in Mongolia, excavated by Kozlov in 1924

Kozlov P.K. (died in 1935) Noin-Ul find in the barrow 1924.JPG

Find during excavations by Kozlov Noin-Ula, 1924

Awards

• The Russian Geographical Society awarded P.K. Kozlov with the N.M. Przhevalsky medal.

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Notes

Literature

• Petukhov A.F. P. K. Kozlov / Ed. E. M. Murzaeva. - M .: Geografgiz, 1954. - 40 p. - (Wonderful geographers and travelers). - 75,000 copies.
• Ovchinnikova T. N. P. K. Kozlov - researcher of Central Asia / T. N. Ovchinnikova; USSR Academy of Sciences .. - M .: Nauka, 1964. - 200 p. - (Popular science series). - 12,500 copies.(reg.)
• Zhitomirsky S.V. Researcher of Mongolia and Tibet P. K. Kozlov. - M .: Knowledge, 1989. - 192 p. - (Creators of science and technology). - ISBN 5-07-000065-9.(reg.)
• Andreev A.I., Yusupova T.I.. The story of one not quite ordinary journey: the Mongolian-Tibetan expedition of P.K. Kozlov 1923-1926. // Issues of the history of natural science and technology. 2002. No. 2. S. 51-74.
• Yusupova T. I. PK Kozlov - an outstanding researcher of Central Asia // St. Petersburg-China. Three centuries of contacts. St. Petersburg, European House, 2006, pp. 154-168.
• Yusupova T. I. International recognition of the merits of P.K. Kozlov in the study of Central Asia // Izvestia of the Russian Geographical Society. 2013. No. 4. S. 79-84.
• Andreev A.I., Yusupova T.I. // Geographers Biobibliographical Studies. Vol. 34/Ed. by H. Lorimer and Ch.W. withers. London; New Delhi, New York; New York; Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. pp. 127-164.

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• on the site "Museum of the traveler P. K. Kozlov"

An excerpt characterizing Kozlov, Pyotr Kuzmich

- Please, ordered to bring.
- Kuragin! back,” shouted Dolokhov. - Treason! Back!
Dolokhov at the gate, at which he stopped, fought with the janitor, who was trying to lock the gate after Anatole had entered. With a last effort, Dolokhov pushed the janitor away and, grabbing Anatole, who had run out, by the arm, pulled him by the gate and ran with him back to the troika.

Marya Dmitrievna, finding the weeping Sonya in the corridor, forced her to confess everything. Intercepting Natasha's note and reading it, Marya Dmitrievna went up to Natasha with the note in her hand.
“You bastard, shameless,” she told her. - I don't want to hear anything! - Pushing away Natasha, who was looking at her with surprised, but dry eyes, she locked her with a key and ordered the janitor to let through the gate those people who would come that evening, but not let them out, and ordered the footman to bring these people to her, sat down in the living room, waiting kidnappers.
When Gavrilo came to report to Marya Dmitrievna that the people who had come had run away, she got up with a frown, and with her hands folded back, paced the rooms for a long time, pondering what she should do. At 12 o'clock in the morning, feeling the key in her pocket, she went to Natasha's room. Sonya, sobbing, sat in the corridor.
- Marya Dmitrievna, let me go to her for God's sake! - she said. Marya Dmitrievna, without answering her, unlocked the door and went in. “Disgusting, nasty ... In my house ... A scoundrel, a girl ... Only I feel sorry for my father!” thought Marya Dmitrievna, trying to appease her anger. “No matter how hard it is, I’ll order everyone to be silent and hide it from the count.” Marya Dmitrievna entered the room with resolute steps. Natasha lay on the couch, covering her head with her hands, and did not move. She lay in the very position in which Marya Dmitrievna had left her.
- Good, very good! said Marya Dmitrievna. - In my house, make dates for lovers! There is nothing to pretend. You listen when I talk to you. Marya Dmitrievna touched her hand. - You listen when I speak. You disgraced yourself like the last girl. I would have done something to you, but I feel sorry for your father. I will hide. - Natasha did not change her position, but only her whole body began to rise from the soundless, convulsive sobs that choked her. Marya Dmitrievna looked round at Sonya and sat down on the sofa beside Natasha.
- It is his happiness that he left me; Yes, I will find him,” she said in her rough voice; Do you hear what I am saying? She put her big hand under Natasha's face and turned her towards her. Both Marya Dmitrievna and Sonya were surprised to see Natasha's face. Her eyes were bright and dry, her lips pursed, her cheeks drooping.
“Leave ... those ... that I ... I ... die ...” she said, with an evil effort she tore herself away from Marya Dmitrievna and lay down in her former position.
"Natalia!..." said Marya Dmitrievna. - I wish you well. You lie down, well, lie down like that, I won't touch you, and listen... I won't say how guilty you are. You yourself know. Well, now your father will arrive tomorrow, what will I tell him? BUT?
Again Natasha's body shook with sobs.
- Well, he will know, well, your brother, the groom!
“I don’t have a fiancé, I refused,” Natasha shouted.
“It doesn’t matter,” continued Marya Dmitrievna. - Well, they will find out, what will they leave like that? After all, he, your father, I know him, after all, if he challenges him to a duel, will it be good? BUT?
“Ah, leave me, why did you interfere with everything!” What for? why? who asked you? shouted Natasha, sitting up on the sofa and looking angrily at Marya Dmitrievna.
- What did you want? cried Marya Dmitrievna again, excitedly, “why were you locked up or what?” Well, who prevented him from going to the house? Why take you away like a gypsy?... Well, if he had taken you away, what do you think, they wouldn't have found him? Your father, or brother, or fiancé. And he's a scoundrel, a scoundrel, that's what!
“He is better than all of you,” Natasha cried, rising. “If you hadn’t interfered… Oh, my God, what is it, what is it!” Sonya why? Go away! ... - And she sobbed with such despair with which people mourn only such grief, of which they feel themselves the cause. Marya Dmitrievna began to speak again; but Natasha screamed: “Go away, go away, you all hate me, despise me. - And again threw herself on the sofa.
Marya Dmitrievna went on admonishing Natasha for some more time and suggesting to her that all this must be hidden from the count, that no one would know anything if only Natasha took it upon herself to forget everything and not show to anyone that something had happened. Natasha didn't answer. She did not sob anymore, but chills and trembling became with her. Marya Dmitrievna put a pillow for her, covered her with two blankets, and herself brought her a lime blossom, but Natasha did not answer her. “Well, let her sleep,” said Marya Dmitrievna, leaving the room, thinking that she was sleeping. But Natasha did not sleep, and with fixed open eyes from her pale face looked straight ahead of her. All that night Natasha did not sleep, and did not cry, and did not speak to Sonya, who got up several times and approached her.
The next day, for breakfast, as Count Ilya Andreich had promised, he arrived from Moscow Region. He was very cheerful: business with the bidder was going well, and nothing now delayed him now in Moscow and in separation from the countess, whom he missed. Marya Dmitrievna met him and announced to him that Natasha had become very unwell yesterday, that they had sent for a doctor, but that she was better now. Natasha did not leave her room that morning. With pursed, chapped lips and dry, fixed eyes, she sat at the window and peered uneasily at those passing along the street and hurriedly looked back at those who entered the room. She was obviously waiting for news of him, waiting for him to come himself or write to her.
When the count went up to her, she turned uneasily at the sound of his manly steps, and her face assumed its former cold and even angry expression. She didn't even get up to meet him.
- What is the matter with you, my angel, are you sick? asked the Count. Natasha was silent.
“Yes, she is sick,” she answered.
To the count's restless questions about why she was so dead and whether something had happened to her fiancé, she assured him that it was nothing and asked him not to worry. Marya Dmitrievna confirmed Natasha's assurances to the count that nothing had happened. The count, judging by the imaginary illness, by the disorder of his daughter, by the embarrassed faces of Sonya and Marya Dmitrievna, clearly saw that something must have happened in his absence: but he was so afraid to think that something shameful had happened to his beloved daughter, he he loved his cheerful calmness so much that he avoided questioning and kept trying to assure himself that there was nothing special and only grieved over the fact that, on the occasion of her illness, their departure to the country was being postponed.

From the day his wife arrived in Moscow, Pierre was going to go somewhere, just so as not to be with her. Shortly after the arrival of the Rostovs in Moscow, the impression that Natasha made on him made him hurry to fulfill his intention. He went to Tver to the widow of Iosif Alekseevich, who had long promised to give him the papers of the deceased.
When Pierre returned to Moscow, he received a letter from Marya Dmitrievna, who called him to her on a very important matter concerning Andrei Bolkonsky and his bride. Pierre avoided Natasha. It seemed to him that he had a stronger feeling for her than that which a married man should have for his friend's fiancee. And some kind of fate constantly brought him together with her.
"What happened? And what do they care about me? he thought as he dressed to go to Marya Dmitrievna's. Prince Andrei would have come as soon as possible and would have married her!” Pierre thought on his way to Akhrosimova.
On Tverskoy Boulevard someone called out to him.
- Pierre! Have you arrived long time ago? a familiar voice called out to him. Pierre raised his head. In a double sleigh, on two gray trotters throwing snow at the heads of the sleigh, Anatole flashed by with his constant comrade Makarin. Anatole sat straight, in the classic pose of military dandies, wrapping the bottom of his face with a beaver collar and bending his head slightly. His face was ruddy and fresh, his hat with a white plume was put on sideways, revealing his curled, oiled and finely snowed hair.
“And right, here is a real sage! thought Pierre, he sees nothing further than a real moment of pleasure, nothing disturbs him, and therefore he is always cheerful, contented and calm. What would I give to be like him!” Pierre thought enviously.
In the hall, Akhrosimova, the footman, taking off his fur coat from Pierre, said that Marya Dmitrievna was asked to go to her bedroom.
Opening the door to the hall, Pierre saw Natasha sitting by the window with a thin, pale and angry face. She looked back at him, frowned, and with an expression of cold dignity went out of the room.
- What happened? asked Pierre, going in to Marya Dmitrievna.
“Good deeds,” answered Marya Dmitrievna, “I have lived in the world for fifty-eight years, I have never seen such shame. - And taking Pierre's word of honor to remain silent about everything that he learns, Marya Dmitrievna informed him that Natasha had refused her fiancé without the knowledge of her parents, that the reason for this refusal was Anatole Kuragin, with whom her wife Pierre had taken, and with whom she wanted to run away in the absence of his father, in order to secretly marry.
Pierre, raising his shoulders and opening his mouth, listened to what Marya Dmitrievna was telling him, not believing his ears. To the bride of Prince Andrei, so much loved, this formerly sweet Natasha Rostova, to exchange Bolkonsky for the fool Anatole, already married (Pierre knew the secret of his marriage), and fall in love with him so much as to agree to run away with him! - This Pierre could not understand and could not imagine.
The sweet impression of Natasha, whom he had known since childhood, could not unite in his soul with a new idea of ​​her baseness, stupidity and cruelty. He remembered his wife. “They are all the same,” he said to himself, thinking that he was not the only one who had the sad fate of being associated with a nasty woman. But he still felt sorry for Prince Andrei to tears, it was a pity for his pride. And the more he felt sorry for his friend, the more contempt and even disgust he thought about this Natasha, with such an expression of cold dignity, who now passed him along the hall. He did not know that Natasha's soul was filled with despair, shame, humiliation, and that it was not her fault that her face inadvertently expressed calm dignity and severity.
- Yes, how to get married! - Pierre said to the words of Marya Dmitrievna. - He could not get married: he is married.
“It doesn’t get any easier from hour to hour,” said Marya Dmitrievna. - Good boy! That's a scoundrel! And she waits, the second day she waits. At least she won't wait, I should tell her.
Having learned from Pierre the details of Anatole's marriage, pouring out her anger on him with abusive words, Marya Dmitrievna told him what she had called him for. Marya Dmitrievna was afraid that the count or Bolkonsky, who could arrive at any moment, having learned the matter that she intended to hide from them, would not challenge Kuragin to a duel, and therefore asked him to order his brother-in-law to leave Moscow on her behalf and not dare to appear to her on the eyes. Pierre promised her to fulfill her desire, only now realizing the danger that threatened the old count, and Nikolai, and Prince Andrei. Briefly and accurately setting out her demands to him, she let him into the living room. “Look, the Count knows nothing. You act as if you know nothing,” she told him. “And I’ll go tell her that there’s nothing to wait for!” Yes, stay to dinner, if you want, - Marya Dmitrievna shouted to Pierre.
Pierre met the old count. He was embarrassed and upset. That morning, Natasha told him that she had refused Bolkonsky.
“Trouble, trouble, mon cher,” he said to Pierre, “trouble with these girls without a mother; I'm so sad that I came. I will be frank with you. They heard that she refused the groom, without asking anyone for anything. Let's face it, I've never been very happy about this marriage. Suppose he is a good man, but well, there would be no happiness against the will of his father, and Natasha will not be left without suitors. Yes, all the same, this has been going on for a long time, and how could it be without a father, without a mother, such a step! And now she's sick, and God knows what! It’s bad, count, it’s bad with daughters without a mother ... - Pierre saw that the count was very upset, tried to turn the conversation to another subject, but the count again returned to his grief.
Sonya entered the living room with a worried face.
– Natasha is not quite healthy; she is in her room and would like to see you. Marya Dmitrievna is at her place and asks you too.
“But you are very friendly with Bolkonsky, it’s true that he wants to convey something,” said the count. - Oh, my God, my God! How good it was! - And taking hold of the rare temples of gray hair, the count left the room.
Marya Dmitrievna announced to Natasha that Anatole was married. Natasha did not want to believe her and demanded confirmation of this from Pierre himself. Sonya told this to Pierre while she was escorting him through the corridor to Natasha's room.
Natasha, pale and stern, sat beside Marya Dmitrievna, and from the very door met Pierre with a feverishly brilliant, inquiring look. She did not smile, did not nod her head at him, she only looked stubbornly at him, and her glance only asked him whether he was a friend or an enemy like everyone else in relation to Anatole. Pierre himself obviously did not exist for her.
“He knows everything,” said Marya Dmitrievna, pointing to Pierre and turning to Natasha. "He'll tell you if I told the truth."
Natasha, like a hunted, driven animal, looks at the approaching dogs and hunters, looked first at one, then at the other.
“Natalya Ilyinichna,” Pierre began, lowering his eyes and feeling a sense of pity for her and disgust for the operation that he was supposed to do, “whether it’s true or not, it should be all the same to you, because ...
So it's not true that he's married!
- No, its true.
Has he been married for a long time? she asked, “honestly?”
Pierre gave her his word of honor.
– Is he still here? she asked quickly.
Yes, I saw him just now.
She was obviously unable to speak and made signs with her hands to leave her.

Pierre did not stay to dine, but immediately left the room and left. He went to look for Anatole Kuragin in the city, at the thought of which now all his blood rushed to his heart and he experienced difficulty in taking a breath. On the mountains, among the gypsies, at the Comoneno - he was not there. Pierre went to the club.
Everything in the club went on in its usual order: the guests who had gathered for dinner sat in groups and greeted Pierre and talked about the city news. The footman, having greeted him, reported to him, knowing his acquaintance and habits, that a place had been left for him in a small dining room, that Prince Mikhail Zakharych was in the library, and Pavel Timofeich had not yet arrived. One of Pierre's acquaintances, between a conversation about the weather, asked him if he had heard about the kidnapping of Rostova by Kuragin, which they were talking about in the city, was it true? Pierre, laughing, said that this was nonsense, because now he was only from the Rostovs. He asked everyone about Anatole; he was told by one that he had not yet come, the other that he would dine to-day. It was strange for Pierre to look at this calm, indifferent crowd of people who did not know what was going on in his soul. He walked around the hall, waited until everyone had gathered, and without waiting for Anatole, he did not dine and went home.
Anatole, whom he was looking for, dined with Dolokhov that day and consulted with him about how to fix the spoiled case. It seemed to him necessary to see Rostova. In the evening he went to his sister's to talk with her about the means of arranging this meeting. When Pierre, having traveled all over Moscow in vain, returned home, the valet reported to him that Prince Anatol Vasilyich was with the countess. The drawing room of the Countess was full of guests.

The meaning of KOZLOV PETER KUZMICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia

KOZLOV PETER KUZMICH

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich is a famous traveler. Born in 1863. In 1883 he joined the fourth expedition of N.M. Przhevalsky, after which he completed his military education in St. Petersburg and again left with Przhevalsky in 1888. After the death of Przhevalsky, the expedition was completed in 1891 under the leadership of M.V. Pevtsova; Northern Tibet, Eastern Turkestan and Dzungaria were explored by her not only geographically, but also in natural history. In 1893 - 1895. Kozlov took part in the expedition of V.I. Roborovsky in Nan Shan and northeastern Tibet. On the way, Roborovsky fell ill, and the expedition returned under the command of Kozlov; its results are described by Kozlov in his book: "Report of the Assistant Head of the Expedition" (1899). In 1899 - 1901, Kozlov led an expedition to Tibet, and explored the upper reaches of the Huang He, Yangtze-jiang and Mekong rivers; the expedition had to overcome natural difficulties, and more than once to withstand resistance from the natives. This expedition is described by Kozlov in his essay "Mongolia and Kam" (1905 - 1906). In 1907 - 1909. Kozlov made his fifth trip to Central Asia: he explored the middle and southern parts of Mongolia, the Kuku-nora region and the northwestern part of Sichuan. In addition to rich material on the nature of the country, the expedition collected extensive ethnographic collections, especially on the Buddhist cult and Chinese antiquity. In the center of Mongolia, in the lower reaches of the Etsin-Gola River, Kozlov discovered the remains of the city of Khara-Khoto covered with sand; his excavations yielded rich material (in the form of manuscripts, objects of art, utensils, banknotes, etc.), which entered the museums of Emperor Alexander III and the Academy of Sciences. Kozlov described this journey in a number of articles in the Russkiye Vedomosti newspaper for 1907-1909 and in the book The Mongolian-Sichuan Expedition. In 1910, Kozlov received large gold medals from geographical societies, English and Italian.

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is PETER KUZMICH KOZLOV in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• KOZLOV PETER KUZMICH
  (1863-1935) Researcher Center. Asia, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1928). Member of the expeditions of N. M. Przhevalsky, M. V. Pevtsov, V. I. Roborovsky. Led…
• KOZLOV PETER KUZMICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Pyotr Kuzmich, Soviet researcher of Central Asia, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR ...
• KOZLOV in the Dictionary of Russian Surnames:
  Patronymic from the non-church male personal name Kozel (numerous examples from 1405 (Sl. Tupikov). A very common surname. According to B. ...
• PETER in the Bible Dictionary:
  , Apostle - Simon, son (descendant) of Jonah (John 1:42), a fisherman from Bethsaida (John 1:44), who lived with his wife and mother-in-law in Capernaum (Mat. 8:14). …
• KOZLOV in 1000 biographies of famous people:
  Alexey Alexandrovich (1831 - 1900) - professor of philosophy at Kyiv University, a spiritualist who recognized the real existence only for the world of animate individual beings ...
• KOZLOV in the Literary Encyclopedia:
  Ivan Ivanovich is a poet. He came from the ranks of the noble, but ruined nobility (the son of the secretary of state). He served in the military, then in the civilian ...
• PETER in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  Old Russian architect of the 12th century The builder of St. George's Cathedral of St. George's Monastery in Novgorod (begun in ...
• KOZLOV in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  the name of the city of Michurinsk in the Tambov region. before …
• PETER SAINTS OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH
  1) St. martyr, suffered for the confession of faith in Lampsacus, during the persecution of Decius, in 250; memory May 18; 2) St. …
• PETER in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  St. The apostle is one of the most prominent disciples of I. Christ, who had a huge impact on the subsequent fate of Christianity. Originally from the Galilee, a fisherman ...
• KUZMICH in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (Marychevsky). - Under this name, the Samara healer Fedor Kuzmich Mukhovikov, who lived in the village of Vilovatom, Buzuluk district, is known. In the 70s…
• PETER in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• PETER in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (? - 1326), Metropolitan of All Rus' (since 1308). He supported the Moscow princes in their struggle for the great reign of Vladimir. In 1324 ...
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  PETER OF LOMBARD (Retrus Lombardus) (c. 1100-60), Christ. theologian and philosopher, Rev. scholastics, Bishop of Paris (since 1159). Studied with P. Abelard ...
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• PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  PETER, dr.-rus. 12th century architect The builder of the monumental St. George's Cathedral Yuriev Mon. in Novgorod (started in ...
• PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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• PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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• PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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• KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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• KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  KOZLOV Peter Kuz. (1863-1935), researcher at the Center. Asia, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1928). Participant of the exp. N.M. Przhevalsky, M.V. Pevtsova, V.I. Roborovsky. Led…
• KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  KOZLOV Leon. Nick. (1927-98), chemist, Ph.D. RAS (1987), Hero of the Social. Labor (1985). Tr. in chemistry and technology special. materials for…
• KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  KOZLOV Iv. Iv. (1779-1840), Russian. poet, translator. In 1821 he went blind. Lyric. poems performed by the national romantic coloring. poem "Chernets" (1825). Verse. …
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• KUZMICH in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
  (Marychevsky). ? Under this name, the Samara healer Fyodor Kuzmich Mukhovikov is known, who lived in the village of Vilovatom, Buzuluk district. In the 70s…
• PETER in Collier's Dictionary:
  the name of a number of European kings and emperors. See also: PETER: EMPERORS PETER: ...
• PETER
  Broke a window in...
• PETER in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
  Paradise…