Perception is a definition in psychology. Perceptual processes

PERCEPTION

(lat. perceptio). 1) receiving, collecting, raising duties. 2) unconscious perception, a sensation related to the cause that produced it (psych. t.).

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910 .

PERCEPTION

[lat. perceptio] - psychol. perception, direct reflection of objective reality by the senses.

Dictionary of foreign words. - Komlev N.G., 2006 .

PERCEPTION

unconscious perception of any impression.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Pavlenkov F., 1907 .

PERCEPTION

perception in general; in a closer sense, the unconscious perception of impressions, in contrast to apperception - perception by consciousness.

A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. - Popov M., 1907 .

PERCEPTION

lat. perception. Conscious representation; collection, acceptance.

Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865 .

Perception

(lat. perception) psychol. perception, direct reflection of objective reality by the senses.

New dictionary of foreign words.- by EdwART,, 2009 .

Perception

perceptions, [lat. perceptio] (philosophical). Perception.

A large dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 .

Perception

and, pl. No, and. (German perception lat. perceptio understanding, perception, comprehension).
psychol. Perception, direct reflection of objective reality by the senses.
perceptual pertaining to perception.
|| Wed apperception.

Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words L. P. Krysina.- M: Russian language, 1998 .

Synonyms:

See what "PERCEPTION" is in other dictionaries:

- (lat. perceptio representation, perception, from percipio I feel, I perceive), in modern. psychology is the same as perception. Leibniz used the term "P." to denote the vague and the unconscious. perceptions ("impressions") as opposed to ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

PERCEPTION- (from Latin percipio I perceive), perception (see). The environment influences us in the course of our activity, and we perceive it, perceive it. Organ P., as well as the psyche in general, is our brain. P. is not an isolated process, but ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

Perception, perception Dictionary of Russian synonyms. perception noun, number of synonyms: 2 perception (5) ... Synonym dictionary

perception- (from Latin perceptio perception) the process of direct active reflection by the human cognitive sphere of external and internal objects (objects), situations, events, phenomena, etc. (see perception). Brief psychological dictionary. R … Great Psychological Encyclopedia

- (from the Latin perceptio representation, perception), the same as perception ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (from lat. perceptio representation perception), the same as perception. G. W. Leibniz has a vague and unconscious perception, as opposed to a clear awareness of apperception ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PERCEPTION, perceptions, female. (lat. perceptio) (philosophical). Perception. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

See PERCEPTION. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

PERCEPTION- (from lat perceptio - perception). Sensory perception, the reflection of things in the mind through the senses ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Perception- (from the Latin perceptio representation, perception), the same as perception. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

Anthology of colloquial speech. Some aspects of the theory. Litota - perception. Volume 2, Kharchenko V.K. Each volume of the five-volume contains theoretical information of a general nature, and as the main array - records of colloquial remarks personally collected by the author, systematized by aspects ...
Anthology of colloquial speech. Some aspects of the theory. In 5 volumes. Volume 2. Litota - Perception, V. K. Kharchenko. Each volume of the five-volume book contains theoretical information of a general nature, and as the main array - records of colloquial remarks personally collected by the author, systematized by aspects ...

The concept of perception

Definition 1

Perception is a cognitive process of direct active display by a person of various phenomena, objects, events, situations.

If this cognition is directed to social objects, then the phenomenon is called social perception. The mechanisms of social perception can be observed daily in our daily lives.

Mention of perception met already in the ancient world. A huge contribution to the development of this concept was made by philosophers, physiologists, artists, physicists. But it is psychology that attaches the greatest importance to this concept.

Perception is an important mental function of cognition, which manifests itself as a complex process of transformation and receipt of sensory information. Through perception, the individual forms an integral image of the object that affects the analyzers. Thus, perception is a peculiar form of sensory display.

Characteristics and properties of perception

This phenomenon has the following main characteristics:

identification of individual signs;
correct absorption of information;
formation of an accurate sensory image.

Perception is associated with logical thinking, attention and memory. It depends on the motivation of a person and has an emotional coloring of a certain type.

The main properties of perception:

structure,
apperception,
objectivity,
context,
meaningfulness.

Perception factors

Perceptual factors are of two types:

internal,
external.

External factors include:

intensity,
the size,
novelty,
contrast,
repeatability,
traffic,
recognition.

Internal perceptual factors include:

motivation, which lies in the fact that a person sees what he considers important or what he badly needs;
installations of personal perception, when an individual expects to see what he saw earlier in a similar situation;
experience that enables a person to perceive what his past experience has taught him;
characterological features of the personality.

Interaction with society through perception

Widely used in psychology is the concept of a variety of our perception - social perception.

Definition 2

Social perception is a person's understanding and evaluation of himself, other people, other social objects.

This term was introduced in 1947 by psychologist D. Bruner. The introduction of this concept into psychology allowed scientists to take a different look at the problems and tasks of human perception. Man is a social being and is a subject a large number different relationships. The positive or negative attitude of an individual towards other people depends on the perception and evaluation of communication partners.

Social perception manifests itself in several forms:

human perception;
perception by group members;
group perception.

Mechanisms of social perception

Perception has certain features of the functioning of its mechanisms. There are the following mechanisms of social perception:

stereotyping, which is the formation of a persistent image or idea of people and phenomena characteristic of all representatives of one social group;
identification, expressed in the intuitive identification and cognition of a person or group in a communication situation, in which there is a comparison or comparison of the internal states of partners;
empathy, which implies emotional empathy for others, the ability to understand other people by providing them with emotional support and getting used to their experiences;
reflection, that is, self-knowledge through interaction with other people;
attraction - knowledge of other people, based on a positive persistent feeling;
causal attribution, which is the process of predicting the feelings and actions of people around.

The specificity of interpersonal cognition lies in the fact that it takes into account both various physical features and behavioral features. Therefore, social perception is highly dependent on the emotions, motives, opinions, attitudes, prejudices of both partners. In social perception, there is also a subjective assessment of another person.

Perception is a complex mechanism of psychological interaction between an individual and an object perceived by him. This interaction occurs under the influence of a large number of factors.

In 1947, the American psychologist Bruner introduces the term social perception in psychology to denote the fact of perception of a person or a team, which depends on the characteristics of the object, its past experience, desires, and situational significance. Initially, the concept of perception referred to the objects of the material sphere, gradually the meaning of perception and evaluation expanded to social groups of people, classes, individuals and entire nations.

The concept of social perception

Perception of objects of the social environment has many specific features from the appreciation of inanimate things:

a social personality, group, individual does not show passivity in relation to the evaluating subject, he is not indifferent to the opinion of the other side, he seeks to change his opinion about himself in a positive direction;
the attention of the perceiving object of social perception is directed not to a holistic assessment of the image to reflect reality, but to the manifestation of the semantic load, options, reasons for the appearance of a particular interpretation;
the perception of animated objects shows a combination of information indicators and emotional components, depends on the meaning and motive of actions.

Perceptual actions

The concept of perception and evaluation of animated objects has an objective interpretation in the psychology of social perception. Perceptual actions are called components of simple processes to obtain a general concept of the image of an individual, a group or an entire nation. Actions consciously single out this or that feature, in a predetermined sensually determined situation, process the information received, and by means of the indicated methods build a complete picture of the studied image. At the same time, they develop a system of adequate correspondence to the existence in society and the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the object.

social perception consists in assessing the personality of one person by another individual and includes:

the appearance of a person;
correspondence of the personality image to its individual qualities;
recognition and forecast of further activities;
behavior assessment;
recognition of intentions and desires;
obtaining information about the abilities and attitudes to exist in the environment.

Social perception is interaction in the process of cognition and understanding of partner qualities that are most important for participants in perception at a particular time. Mutual perception is determined by the subjective perception of the person receiving the information and the objective attitude of the person being evaluated. Information can be received by an individual or a team. The individual evaluates various social objects:

a person from his group;
a member of a foreign group;
your team;
someone else's formation.

Provided that the perception of objects by a group of persons is clarified, then subject can be:

members of their own social formation;
representatives of another group;
own team;
the other group as a whole.

Interaction and understanding in the communication of individuals

For ways to directly assess, define, and understand another person standard mechanisms have been developed:

reflection;
empathy;
causal attribution;
attraction;
identification.

social reflection

This concept denotes the degree of understanding by a person of his individual character traits, appearance, their effect on the figurative perception of other personalities, the manifestation of peculiarities in behavior. People very often perceive themselves somewhat distorted, which differs from the external perception of neighboring social objects. It's about challenging behavior., which seems to be courageous or flashy in appearance, perceived by the individual as bright and original.

Empathy in psychology

This concept means penetration into the emotional mood of another person, understanding the reasons for his joyful, sad or other behavior, the emergence of experiences.

Causal attribution

This is the name of the concept of searching and consistently attributing to another person the causes of actions, while the real motives of his behavior are unknown. The person ascribes causes by identifying them by similar occurrences in the past, whether referring to similar behavior by an acquaintance, relative, or self-motivated. Despite the fact that the labeling of causes in this way in psychology is often untrue, people still continue to do so.

If, at the same time, negative traits are communicated to the perceived personality, this means that the evaluating person puts a positive assessment of his own character. The designation of attribution depends on the performance of the subject as an observer or personal participation in the event. There are three types of attribution:

circumstantial type with the definition of general environmental causes;
stimulus, if the motive comes from the object that is affected;
personal, when the reason is attributed to the one who committed the act.

attraction

Refers to the special cognition and evaluation of another person in psychology, resulting from the production of a positive attitude and a positive mood towards him. Attraction manifests itself against the background of individual relationships and is considered in the aspect of people's attachment to each other, similarly in the business sphere it expresses mutual sympathy for a customer or client. In the process of formation there are three stages:

the emergence of an attractive image of the desired person;
determination of the result;
the quality of the resulting relationship.

Identification

Identification in perception is the process of identifying one's own personality with another person, trying on his image, likening him. The concept is somewhat similar to empathy, but differs in a greater degree of intellectual dissolution in the personality of the perceived individual. The success of social perception in psychology largely depends on the accuracy of the consideration of the intellectual development of the identified person.

Effectiveness of Interpersonal Perception

The perception of a personality depends on its character and the traits of the one who perceives. For some, appearance and physical condition are important, others are interested in psychological aspects. Subjective assessment can be carried out incorrectly due to certain psychological and social reasons:

the effect of the first glance at a person;
halo impression;
perception of novelty and primacy;
aspect of the stereotype.

In order for social perception to have a truthful character, the individual should concentrate and make efforts to overcome the above complications. At the first impression, which subsequently takes on the character of a stable one, people look at appearance, manner of speaking, behavior.

The halo impression is the influence of previously obtained information about a person on the impression at the first meeting without meeting him. Information can be positive and negative, for some participants in perception, overcoming such a barrier is not easy.

The perception of novelty and primacy occurs depending on the order of receipt of information. In the case of social perception of a stranger, primary information appears, and the evaluation of an old acquaintance takes place under the auspices of new information.

Obedience to stereotypes works with a stable perception of people or phenomena associated with certain circumstances. For example, a person's belonging to any profession leaves stereotype of certain behavior, courage or courage, kindness and other qualities that may actually be absent in the individual in question. When using stereotypes, consequences arise:

simplified perception of the desired individual;
the emergence of a persistent prejudice or hostile attitude towards the individual.

Assessment Accuracy in Interpersonal Perception

When evaluating a person by another individual, it is very dangerous to show subjective perception. To avoid this effect, a special personality text has been developed, but it does not always work, using comes with some caveats:

there is no such test that would become decisive for all human characteristics;
the test cannot be used as the only reliable way to examine the character of a person, the results are subject to comparison by a third party, therefore subjective opinion may also be present here.

The existing method of expert assessments also sins with errors. The method consists in using the opinions of those who are well acquainted with the object of perception under study. In this case, several judgments are compared, but the choice of parameters is not strictly limited.

As a tool that increases the accuracy of social interpersonal perception, is reasoning and comprehension of factors interfering with an objective assessment. These include:

poor ability to consider and comprehend the further actions of a person, to recognize his intentions in the future, to determine the state and well-being of a person;
a history of pre-assessments and beliefs;
catchy stereotypes for similar conditions;
the desire to give an accelerated assessment without taking into account all the circumstances;
unwillingness to take into account the opinion of competent parties;
despite new circumstances, unwillingness to revise the old result of perception.

Asymmetric Negative Self-Esteem Effect

In the time interval there is attraction to intra-group opposite favoritism:

The Significance of Social Attitudes for Perception

The social role of each person acts as a brick of the social structure, given in the form of a normative system. Social role definitions in psychology they sound like this:

The role of the individual in the social environment defines his duties and rights, the combination of which serves to effectively fulfill its role. Perception in psychology serves the purpose of perceiving a person to determine the dysfunction of others and to consider the issue of assimilation of the role, regarding duties and rights.

Perception is a Latin word meaning perception, which is used to describe cognitive processes that are closely related to the display of various life situations, phenomena or objects. In the case when such perception is directed to social spheres, the term “social perception” is used to characterize this phenomenon. Each person daily faces manifestations of social perception. Let's take a look at the various psychological mechanisms of social perception.

Perception, translated from Latin (perceptio), means "perception"

The concept of social perception originates from the time of the ancient world. Many philosophers and artists of that time made a significant contribution to the formation of this sphere. It should also be noted that this concept is important in the field of psychology.

Perception is one of the important functions in mental perception, which manifests itself in the form of a process that has a complex structure. Thanks to this process, a person not only receives various information from the senses, but also transforms it. The impact on various analyzers leads to the formation of integral images in the mind of the individual. Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that perception is characterized as one of the forms of sensory reproduction.

Perception is based on the characteristics of individual features that help form information based on accurate sensory images.

The cognitive function under consideration is closely interconnected with skills such as memory, logical thinking and concentration. This concept depends on the strength of the influence of vital stimuli, which are endowed with an emotional color. Perception consists of structures such as meaningfulness and contextuality.

Perception is actively studied by representatives of various fields, including psychologists, cyberneticists and physiologists. During differential experiments, various techniques are used, including simulation of different situations, experiments and an empirical form of analysis. Understanding the mechanism of social perception is important in the field of practical psychology. It is this tool that acts as a foundation in the development of various systems affecting the sphere of human activity.

Social perception studies the manners of behavior between individuals with different levels of development

Influence of perceptual factors

Perceptual factors are divided into two categories: external and internal influences. Among external factors, criteria such as movement, number of repetitions, contrast, size and depth of manifestation should be distinguished. Among the internal factors, experts distinguish the following:

Stimulus- motivation to achieve goals that are of high importance for the individual.
Setting the individual's perception- getting into certain life situations, a person is based on previously gained experience.
An experience- various experienced life difficulties affect the perception of the world around.
Individual features of perception- depending on the type of personality (optimism or pessimism), a person perceives the same life difficulties in a positive or unfavorable light.
Perception of one's own "I"- all occurring events in a person's life are evaluated on the basis of a personal prism of perception.

The influence of psychological perception on interaction with society

Social perception in psychology is a term used to describe the process by which an individual evaluates and understands surrounding people, his own personality, or social objects. Such objects consist of social societies and various groups. The term under consideration began to be used in psychology in the forties of the last century. For the first time this concept was used by the American psychologist Jerome Bruner. Thanks to the work of this scientist, researchers were able to consider various problems associated with the perception of the world around us from a different angle.

Every person is social. Throughout his life path, a person builds communicative ties with other people. The formation of interpersonal relationships leads to the formation of separate groups that are connected by one worldview or similar interests. Based on this, we can say that a person as a person participates in various types of relationships between people. The nature of the relationship to society depends on the degree of personal perception and how a person evaluates the surrounding people. At the initial stage of building a communicative connection, external qualities are evaluated. Following the appearance, the interlocutor's behavior model is evaluated, which allows forming a certain level of relations.

It is on the basis of the above qualities that the image of the perception of people around is compiled. Social perception has many forms of manifestation. In most cases, this term is used to characterize personal perception. Each person perceives not only his own personality, but also the social group to which he belongs. In addition, there is a form of perception that is characteristic only for members of such groups. It is perception based on the framework of a social group that is the second form of manifestation of perception. The last form of perception is group perception. Each group perceives both its own members and members of other groups.

Behavioral reactions are formed on the basis of social stereotypes, the knowledge of which explains communication models

The function of social perception is to evaluate the activities of people around. Each individual subjects to a thorough analysis the individual characteristics of the temperament of others, their external attractiveness, lifestyle and actions. Based on this analysis, an idea is formed about the surrounding people and their behavior.

Mechanism of social perception

Social perception is a process on the basis of which the prediction of the model of behavior and reaction of the society in various life conditions is carried out. The mechanisms of interpersonal perception presented below allow us to study the subtlety of this process:

attraction- the study of people around, which is based on a positive perception. Thanks to this mechanism, people gain the ability to interact closely with others, which has a positive effect on the formation of sensory relationships. A striking example of this function is the manifestation of love, sympathy and friendly feelings.
Identification- this mechanism is used as an intuitive study of personality based on modeling various situations. Based on his own beliefs, a person analyzes the internal state of others. Example: when making assumptions about the state of the interlocutor, it is common for a person to mentally imagine himself in his place.
Casual attribution- is a mechanism for creating a forecast of the behavior of others, based on the characteristics of one's own personality. When a person is faced with a lack of understanding of the motives of the actions of others, he begins to predict the behavior of other people, based on his own feelings, incentives and other individual properties.
Reflection- a mechanism of self-knowledge, based on interaction in society. This "tool" is based on the skills of presenting one's own personality, through the "eyes" of the interlocutor. As an example, imagine the dialogue between Vasya and Pasha. At least six "personalities" take part in this type of communication: Vasya's personality, his idea of his own personality, and Vasya's representation of Vasya's personality through Pasha's eyes. Exactly the same images are recreated in Pasha's mind.
Stereotyping- a mechanism for creating a stable image of surrounding people and phenomena. It is important to note that such images have features depending on social factors. As an example of stereotyping, we can cite the persistent idea that most externally attractive people are prone to narcissism, Germans are pedantic, and law enforcement officers think straight.
Empathy- the ability of emotional empathy, the provision of psychological support and participation in the lives of others. This mechanism is a key skill in the work of specialists from the field of psychology, medicine and pedagogy.

The tools used by social perception ensure communication between individuals

The above types of knowledge of the personality of others are based not only on the physical characteristics of a person, but also on the nuances of a behavior model. The building of close communicative ties is facilitated by the participation in the conversation of both partners. Social perception depends on the stimuli, feelings and lifestyle of each of the participants in interpersonal relationships. An important component of this cognitive function is the subjective analysis of surrounding individuals.

The importance of first impressions

An in-depth study of social perception made it possible to identify the key factors that influence the strength of impressions about a person. According to experts, during an acquaintance, most people pay increased attention to hair, eyes and facial expressions. Based on this, we can say that a friendly smile during an acquaintance is perceived as a sign of cordiality and a positive attitude.

There are three main points that are decisive in the process of forming the first impressions of a new person. Such factors include the degree of superiority, attractiveness and attitude.

"Superiority" most acutely expressed in the situation when the personality of a particular individual is superior in some way, is perceived as dominant in other areas as well. Against this background, there is a global change in the assessment of one's own qualities. It is important to note that people with low self-esteem are more susceptible to the influence of “the superiority of others”. This explains the fact that in critical conditions people express confidence in those who were previously treated negatively.
"attractiveness" which is a feature of social perception - a factor on the basis of which the degree of attractiveness of others is analyzed. The main mistake of such a perception is that paying increased attention to external qualities, a person forgets about the analysis of the psychological and social characteristics of those around him.
"Attitude" is based on the perception of a person, depending on the attitude towards his personality. The negative effect of such perception is based on the fact that with a good attitude and a shared life position, a person begins to overestimate the positive qualities of others.

The effect of primacy in social perception is manifested at the first acquaintance

Methodology for the development of perceptual perception

According to the famous psychologist Dale Carnegie, a simple smile is enough to arouse sympathy among others. That is why, if you want to build a strong communicative connection with others, you should learn the right smile. To date, there are many psychological techniques for the development of facial gestures that help enhance the transmission of experienced emotions. Managing your own facial expressions allows you not only to improve the quality of social perception, but also to get the opportunity to better understand others.

One of the most effective methods for developing social perception skills is Ekman's practice. The basis of this method is the concentration of attention on three areas of the human face. These areas include the forehead, chin and nose. It is these zones that best display such emotional states as feelings of anger, fear, disgust or sadness.

The ability to analyze facial gestures allows you to decipher the feelings experienced by the interlocutor. This practice has become widespread in the field of psychology, thanks to which the specialist gets the opportunity to build a communicative relationship with people with mental disorders.

Perception is a complex mechanism of human mental perception. The quality of this system depends on many different external and internal factors. These factors include features of age, experience and individual personality traits.

Perception is a cognitive function of the psyche that forms an individual perception of the world. This function is a reflection of the whole phenomenon or object with its direct influence on the receptor surface parts of the sense organs. One of the core biological processes of the psyche, which determine the most complex operation of receiving and transforming information acquired through the sense organs, which form a personalized holistic image of an object that influences analyzers through a complex of sensations caused by this object, is the function of perception or perception.

Perception in psychology is the process of direct active display by the cognitive sphere of the subject of internal objects and external objects or phenomena. As a form of sensory reflection of an object, perception combines the identification of an object as inseparable, the distinction of individual qualities in it, the detection of informative content in it that corresponds to the purpose of the action, the development of a sensory image. Perception is the process of becoming aware of the stimulation of sensory receptors.

social perception

The origin and further successful development of interpersonal communicative interaction is possible only on the condition that there is mutual understanding between the persons involved in this process. The extent to which the subjects reflect the feelings and qualities of each other, understand and perceive others, and with their help their own personality, largely determines the process of communication, the relationship that is formed between the participants, and the methods by which they implement joint activities. Therefore, the process of cognition and comprehension by one subject of another acts as an obligatory component of communication. This component can be conditionally called the perceptual aspect of communication.

Social perception is one of the most serious and most important phenomena of social psychology. The definition of social perception was introduced for the first time by D. Bruner after the formation of a qualitatively different view of the subject's perception of the subject.

Perception in psychology is an action that arises in the course of the interaction of individuals with each other and combines the perception, passage, understanding and evaluation of social objects by individuals.

The concept of perception includes:

individual process of perception of observed actions;
interpretation of perceived causes of actions and expected consequences;
building a strategy of personal behavior;
emotional evaluation.

Social perception perception is a process of perception in the social sense of social objects. This is a process that arises during personal interaction, based on natural communications and proceeding in the form of perception and comprehension by the individual.

Interpersonal perception is characterized by dependence on emotional reactions, attitudes, attitudes, ideas, hobbies and prejudices. The nature of interpersonal relations differs significantly from the essence of socially oriented relations. Since a specific feature of interpersonal interaction is the presence of an emotional basis. Therefore, the interaction of an interpersonal nature should be considered as the cause of the psychological "microclimate" of the team. The emotional foundation of interpersonal relationships combines all types of emotional reactions of a person, such as feelings, emotions.

Allocate certain mechanisms of social perception. First of all, identification should be attributed to them, and.

The processes of social perception have a significant difference in the perception of non-social objects. This difference lies in the fact that objects of a social nature do not have passive and indifferent features in relation to the person of perception. In addition, social models are always characterized by the presence of evaluative interpretations and semantic judgments. In a sense, perception is an interpretation. However, the interpretation of another person or group of persons always depends on the past social experience of the perceiving subject, the behavioral reactions of the object of perception at a particular moment, the system of value orientations of the perceiving person, and other factors.

There are fundamental functions of perception, which include: knowing oneself, a communication partner, organizing collective activities based on mutual understanding and establishing the necessary emotional relationship.

Perceptual functions are necessary for a better understanding of the essence of perception. In the course of communicative actions, it is necessary to have mutual understanding in order to effectively assimilate information. The perception of a participant in communication is called the perceptual side of communicative interaction. This process can be represented as the internal foundation of the communication process, which has reached a fairly high level of development.

The phenomenon of social perception is based on mutual understanding of subjects. Therefore, it should be noted that there are several levels of mutual understanding. The first level occurs when the system of social meanings and individual meanings coincide in communicating individuals, and there are no coincidences in the degree of mutual evaluation of personal qualities.

An example of this level of perception is professional communicative interaction. The next level is observed when not only semantic systems coincide, but also the degree of mutual evaluation of personal qualities. It is observed when the subjects are mutually satisfied with their own emotions that arise in relation to one person to another. The third level is when there is a high degree of mutually directed trust of individuals and their openness. Communication at this level implies the absence of secrets from each other, which largely affect the interests of the partner.

Like any other mental process, perception is characterized by its own properties.

The properties of perception include objectivity (the perception of objects not as an incoherent complex of sensations, but as images that make up certain objects), structure (the object is perceived by consciousness as a modeled structure, abstracted from sensations), apperceptivity (the content of the psyche affects), constancy (the immutability of perception object when the stimulus changes), meaningfulness (the object is perceived through consciousness, then it is mentally named and refers to the class) and selectivity (the selection of some objects over others). The properties of perception develop depending on the age period of the individual.

Mechanisms of social perception

An individual enters into a communicative interaction always as a person; similarly, he is perceived as a person by a comrade in communication.

Communication as perception presupposes the presence of interpersonal perception - the development of an initial impression and interpersonal perception in general. Therefore, it is possible to single out the mechanisms of social perception, which are specific ways that determine the interpretation, understanding and evaluation by the individual of a partner in communicative interaction. The most common mechanisms include causal attribution, identification, empathy, attraction, social. Below is a more detailed description of these mechanisms.

Causal attribution is the attribution to the subject of the causes of a behavioral response. Each individual inadvertently builds his own assumptions about the reasons for the actions of the perceived individual, why exactly he behaves in this way. Attributing various causes of behavior to the partner, the observer does this based on the similarity of his behavioral reactions either with some person known to him or a known image of the personality, or based on an analysis of his own motives that could manifest themselves in an individual in a similar situation.

Casual attribution operates on the principle of analogy and depends on some aspects of the self-awareness of the person who perceives and evaluates the other.

The method of comprehending another, in which a hypothesis about his state of mind is built, based on attempts to put oneself in the place of a comrade in communication, is called identification. In other words, there is a comparison of oneself with the second individual. In the course of identification, the norms of the partner, his value orientations, behavioral reactions, habits and tastes are assimilated. Identification has a special personally significant meaning at a specific age stage, approximately in the transitional period and adolescence. Since at this stage, identification largely determines the nature of the relationship between the young man and a significant environment.

Communication as perception consists in understanding each other by communicating persons and is mediated not only by the presence of a common system for encoding or deciphering information and jointly directed action, but also by the specific features of the individual's perception of the individual.

Empathy is empathy with the emotional orientation of another individual. Through emotional responses, the individual comprehends the inner state of the partner. Empathy is based on the ability to correctly imagine and understand what is happening inside another individual, how he evaluates the environment, what he experiences. Empathy in interaction with the second participant in communication is often considered as one of the most necessary professional features of a psychologist, social worker and teacher.

Attraction is translated as attraction, and can be expressed as a special form of comprehension of another subject, based on the development of a stable positive feeling about him. In this case, the understanding of a comrade in interaction arises as a result of the formation of attachment to him, a friendly or deeper relationship of an intimate-personal nature.

Through the perception and subsequent interpretation of the environment and the social environment, the subject also perceives and then interprets his own personality, actions and motives.

Social reflection is the process and consequence of self-perception by an individual in a social context. Under social reflection as an instrument of social perception, we mean the understanding by the individual of his own individual characteristics and how they are expressed in external response, as well as the comprehension of how it is perceived by the environment.

Interpersonal perception Perception is usually driven by all of the above mechanisms.

Effects of social perception

Certain features that prevent adequate perception of each other by interacting partners are called social perception effects. These include: halo effect, projection, primacy, novelty, average error.

Interpersonal perception involves mutual evaluation by the participants of communicative interaction, but over time there is no change in the value judgments of partners. This happens due to natural causes and is called the halo effect. In other words, the once formed judgment of one participant about the other does not change, even though new information about the subject of communication accumulates and new experience arises.

The effect of social perception can be observed during the formation of the first impression about an individual, when a general good impression leads to a generally positive assessment and, conversely, an unfavorable impression provokes a predominance of negative assessments.

With such a social effect, such effects as primacy and novelty are closely related. During the perception of an unfamiliar individual, the primacy effect prevails. The opposite of this effect is the novelty effect, which consists in the fact that the information received last is more significant. The novelty effect works by perceiving a previously familiar individual.

They also distinguish the projection effect, which is the attribution of one's own merits to a pleasant interlocutor, and one's own shortcomings to an unpleasant interlocutor, in other words, to most clearly identify in the interlocutors precisely those qualities that are clearly expressed in the perceiving individual. The effect of the average error is expressed in the tendency to soften the assessment of the most pronounced features of the partner towards the average.

These effects should be considered as an expression of a special process that accompanies the perception of the individual by the individual. This process is called stereotyping.

Thus, the concept of perception is a reflection of things and situations of reality during their impact on the senses of people. In this case, the age period in which the perceiving individual is located plays an important role.