Russian writer with a German surname. Great people of the German-speaking countries

Germany is the birthplace of many famous composers, writers, poets, playwrights, philosophers and artists. German (Germanic) culture has been known since the 5th century. BC e. The culture of Germany also includes the culture of Austria and Switzerland, which are politically independent from Germany, but inhabited by Germans and belong to the same culture.

GREAT GERMAN WRITERS AND POETS

Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (German Christian Johann Heinrich Heine, pronounced Christian Johan Heinrich Heine; December 13, 1797, Düsseldorf - February 17, 1856, Paris) - German poet, publicist and critic. Heine is considered the last poet of the "romantic era" and at the same time its head. He made the spoken language capable of lyricism, raised the feuilleton and travel notes before art form and gave a previously unfamiliar elegant lightness to the German language. Composers Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Richard Wagner, Johann Brahms, P. I. Tchaikovsky and many others wrote songs on his poems.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (German Johann Wolfgang von Goethe German pronunciation of the name (inf.); August 28, 1749, Frankfurt am Main - March 22, 1832, Weimar) - German poet, statesman, thinker and naturalist.

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller; November 10, 1759, Marbach an der Neckar - May 9, 1805, Weimar) - German poet, philosopher, art theorist and playwright, professor of history and military doctor, representative of Sturm und Drang and Romanticism in literature, the author of "Ode to Joy", a modified version of which became the text of the anthem of the European Union. Entered the history of world literature as a fiery defender human personality. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788-1805) he was friends with Johann Goethe, whom he inspired to complete his works, which remained in draft version. This period of friendship between the two poets and their literary controversy entered into German literature called "Weimar Classicism".

Brothers Grimm (German: Brüder Grimm or Die Gebrüder Grimm; Jakob, January 4, 1785 - September 20, 1863 and Wilhelm, February 24, 1786 - December 16, 1859) - German linguists and German researchers folk culture. Collected folklore and published several collections under the name "Tales of the Brothers Grimm", which became very popular. Together with Karl Lachmann and Georg Friedrich Beneke, they are considered the founding fathers of Germanic philology and Germanistics. At the end of their lives, they set about creating the first dictionary German language: Wilhelm died in December 1859, having completed work on the letter D; Jakob outlived his brother by nearly four years, completing the letters A, B, C, and E. He died at his desk while working on the German word. Frucht (fruit). The brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm were born in the city of Hanau. For a long time they lived in the city of Kassel.

Wilhelm Hauff (German Wilhelm Hauff, November 29, 1802, Stuttgart - November 18, 1827, ibid) - German writer and a novelist, a representative of the Biedermeier movement in literature.

Paul Thomas Mann (German Paul Thomas Mann, June 6, 1875, Lübeck - August 12, 1955, Zurich) - German writer, essayist, master of the epic novel, laureate Nobel Prize in Literature (1929), brother of Heinrich Mann, father of Klaus Mann, Golo Mann and Erika Mann.

Erich Maria Remarque (German Erich Maria Remarque, born Erich Paul Remarque, Erich Paul Remark; June 22, 1898, Osnabrück - September 25, 1970, Locarno) - a prominent German writer of the XX century, representative lost generation. His novel "On Western front Without Change" is one of the big three "Lost Generation" novels published in 1929, along with "Farewell to Arms!" Ernest Hemingway and "Death of a Hero" by Richard Aldington.

Heinrich Mann (German Heinrich Mann, March 27, 1871, Lübeck, Germany - March 11, 1950, Santa Monica, USA) - German prose writer and public figure, older brother of Thomas Mann.

Bertolt Brecht (German: Bertolt Brecht; full name- Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht, Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (inf.); February 10, 1898, Augsburg - August 14, 1956, Berlin) - German playwright, poet, prose writer, theatrical figure, art theorist, founder of the Berliner Ensemble Theater. theatre, and his Political Views. Nevertheless, already in the 1950s, Brecht's plays were firmly established in the European theatrical repertoire; his ideas in one form or another were accepted by many contemporary playwrights, including Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Arthur Adamov, Max Frisch, Heiner Müller.

Heinrich von Kleist (German Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist; October 18, 1777, Frankfurt an der Oder - November 21, 1811, Wannsee, near Potsdam) - German playwright, poet and prose writer. One of the founders of the genre of the story ("Marquise d" O "1808," Earthquake in Chile "," Betrothal to St. Domingo "). In 1912, in the year of the centenary of the death of the writer, the prestigious German literary prize Heinrich Kleist.

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (German Gotthold Ephraim Lessing; January 22, 1729, Kamenz, Saxony - February 15, 1781, Braunschweig) - German poet, playwright, art theorist and literary critic-educator. Founder of German classical literature.

Lyon Feuchtwanger (German Lion Feuchtwanger, July 7, 1884, Munich - December 21, 1958, Los Angeles) - German writer of Jewish origin. One of the most widely read German-speaking authors in the world. Worked in the genre of historical novel.

Stefan Zweig (German Stefan Zweig - Stefan Zweig; November 28, 1881 - February 23, 1942) - Austrian critic, author of many short stories and fictionalized biographies. Was friendly with famous people like Emile Verhaarn, Romain Rolland, Frans Maserel, Auguste Rodin, Thomas Mann, Sigmund Freud, James Joyce, Hermann Hesse, H. G. Wells, Paul Valery, Maxim Gorky, Richard Strauss, Bertolt Brecht.

GREAT GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN SCIENTISTS

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (German Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß; April 30, 1777, Braunschweig - February 23, 1855, Göttingen) - German mathematician, mechanic, physicist, astronomer and surveyor. Considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time, "the king of mathematicians." Laureate of the Copley medal (1838), foreign member of the Swedish (1821) and Russian (1824) Academies of Sciences, of the English Royal Society.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz or German Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, MFA (German): June 21 (July 1), 1646 - November 14, 1716) - German philosopher, logician, mathematician, mechanic, physicist, lawyer, historian, diplomat, inventor and linguist. Founder and first president of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, foreign member of the French Academy of Sciences.

Leonhard Euler (German Leonhard Euler; April 15, 1707, Basel, Switzerland - September 7 (18), 1783, St. Petersburg, Russian empire) - Swiss, German and Russian mathematician and a mechanic who made a fundamental contribution to the development of these sciences (as well as physics, astronomy and a number of applied sciences). Euler is the author of more than 850 papers (including two dozen fundamental monographs) on mathematical analysis, differential geometry, number theory, approximate calculations, celestial mechanics, mathematical physics, optics, ballistics, shipbuilding, music theory and other areas. He deeply studied medicine, chemistry, botany, aeronautics, music theory, many European and ancient languages. Academician of the St. Petersburg, Berlin, Turin, Lisbon and Basel Academies of Sciences, foreign member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.

Ludwig Boltzmann (German Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann, February 20, 1844, Vienna, Austrian Empire- September 5, 1906, Duino, Italy) - Austrian theoretical physicist, founder of statistical mechanics and molecular kinetic theory. Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (1895), corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1899) and a number of others.

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (German Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck; April 23, 1858, Kiel - October 4, 1947, Göttingen) - German theoretical physicist, founder quantum physics. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1918) and other awards, member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1894), a number of foreign learned societies and academies of sciences. For many years one of the leaders of German science.

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (German pron. Röntgen) (German Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen; March 27, 1845 - February 10, 1923) - an outstanding German physicist who worked at the University of Würzburg. Since 1875, he has been a professor at Hohenheim, since 1876 - a professor of physics in Strasbourg, since 1879 - in Giessen, since 1885 - in Würzburg, since 1899 - in Munich. The first Nobel Prize winner in the history of physics (1901).

Albert Einstein (German Albert Einstein, MFA; March 14, 1879, Ulm, Württemberg, Germany - April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, USA) - theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, Nobel Prize winner in physics in 1921, humanist public figure. Lived in Germany (1879-1893, 1914-1933), Switzerland (1893-1914) and the USA (1933-1955). Honorary Doctor of about 20 leading universities in the world, member of many Academies of Sciences, including foreign honorary member Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1926). Einstein is the author of over 300 scientific works in physics, as well as about 150 books and articles in the field of history and philosophy of science, journalism, etc.

LIST OF GREAT GERMAN COMPOSERS

There is also a layer of surnames ending in "-in", in which philologists see an echo of the ancient, still Varangian era, ties between the South Baltic lands and Russia.
So, in Russia there was a popular actor Georgy Vitsin. The surname Vitsin is also found among the Germans. There is a version that the representative of the Vitsin family became the ancestor of the Fonvizin family, from which the playwright Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin came. His ancestor, the steward of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich Andrey Afanasyevich Fon-Vizin, in the pedigree indicated the origin of his family from the swordsmen. Another member of the Fonvizin family at the end of the 18th century called the founder of the family a certain Berndt-Voldemar Fon-Wissin, who was taken prisoner in Livonia under Ivan the Terrible. Subsequently, the surname could turn into Fon-Vizin, and then into Fonvizin. By the way, in Russia it is not so often, but there are surnames with the prefix "-fon" or "-fan": Fondyurin, Fonderin, Fanberin. It is possible that they all came from the names of German aristocrats who once settled in Russia.
Both in Russia and Germany there are such surnames as Babin, Belin, Bodin, Bredin, Veltsin, Volin, Galin, Devin, Demin, Dolin, Zelin, Ledin, Lepin, Lipin, Repin. There are also consonant surnames: Gribin - Griben, Dubin - Duben, Kolpin - Kelpin, Lyubin - Lyuben, Tsaplin - Zepelin. Theoretically, they can common origin. True, in this case it is difficult to say whether it is German or Russian.

December 12 marks the 220th anniversary of the death of Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin. The amount of "obligatory" knowledge about this descendant of the Russified Livonian nobles is extremely insignificant. In the 9th grade "gallop across Europe" are "Undergrowth". And… everything. What else does Russian culture owe to this man?

true gaiety

No doubt, "Undergrowth" is the pearl of Russian everyday drama of the second half of XVIII century. Leaving aside the satirical component, the play describes the fundamental breakdown of patriarchal life, the transition of the Russian "first estate" to the pan-European cultural standards formed by the Enlightenment. For all the classic simplicity of The Undergrowth (straightforwardly expressed social problems, a clear division into positive and negative characters, and the author's obvious solidarity with the positive ones), this work is unique. First of all, with his wit: according to P.A. Vyazemsky, "with the exception of Fonvizin, none of our authors had true gaiety." The wit of "Undergrowth", as well as other plays by Fonvizin - "The Brigadier", "Korion", "The Choice of a Tutor" - were based on the aphoristic accuracy of descriptive characteristics. Denis Ivanovich brought out in the play not abstractions of vices and virtues, but living, written off from nature, characters. This realism formed the basis of all Russian drama - psychologically accurate and attentive to life - despite the fact that the latter is not identical with the speculative ideal.

Friend of freedom

In "Eugene Onegin" there are such lines:

Magic edge! there in the old days,

Satyrs are a bold ruler,

Fonvizin shone, friend of freedom,

And the capricious Knyazhnin

Why did Pushkin honor the playwright with this name? DI. Fonvizin was one of the founders of the so-called. "free-thinking" in Russian culture. His ideal was an enlightened (ideally, constitutional) monarchy, which would be based not on violence and deceit, but on the free acceptance by citizens of the “rules of the game”, that is, the laws established in the state: “The main science of government is to be able to make people able to live under good government. No nominal decrees are suitable for this. The legitimization of being good does not fit under any chapter of the Rule of Deanery. It would be in vain to carve it on boards and put it on tables in councils; if it is not cut into the heart, then all the councils will be poorly managed. To arrange morals, there is no need for any magnificent and solemn rites. The property of true majesty is to do the greatest deeds in the simplest way. Common sense and the experience of all ages show that the virility of the sovereign alone forms the virility of the people. In his hands is a spring, where to turn people: to virtue or vice. Everyone looks at him, and the radiance surrounding the sovereign illuminates him from head to toe for all the people. Not the slightest of his movements are hidden from anyone, and such is the happy or unhappy royal state that he can neither hide his virtues nor his vices. He judges the people, and the people are judged by his justice. If, however, he hopes for the corruption of his nation so much that he thinks of deceiving it with false virtue, he himself is greatly deceived. To seem like a good sovereign, you must be like that. These are the words from Fonvizin’s “political science” essay “Discourse on the indispensable state laws". Almost 50 years after it was written, the Decembrist A.A. Bestuzhev, answering the question of the Secret Committee: “Since when and from where did you borrow a free way of thinking?”, - showed: “The free way of thinking borrowed the most from books ... As for handwritten Russian writings, they are too unimportant and insignificant for production of any impression. I didn’t happen to read anything from them except: “On the Necessity of Laws” (by the late Fonvizin), two letters from Mikhail Orlov to Buturlin, and some sparkles of A. Pushkin in verse.

In addition to “Discourse ... on Laws,” Fonvizin wrote several more treatises on similar issues, among which the most famous is “Discourse on absolutely every form that has been exterminated in Russia state government and from that about the unsteady state of both the empire and the sovereigns themselves, ”in fact, a prolegomena to the draft Constitution drawn up by Fonvizin together with Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin.

And this is not all facets of Fonvizin's work. During his life he made many translations - from German, Danish, French and Latin. Among the translated authors are Voltaire, Ovid, Terrason and Golberg. Fonvizin is almost unknown - a poet and philologist, memoirist and publicist. Repeatedly visiting Western Europe, he left extremely vivid and extremely unflattering descriptions of Prussia, Italy and France, which are useful to read along with Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Like Radishchev, Fonvizin was under the almost hypnotic influence of the thought of the French enlighteners. But this did not at all prevent him from admitting that the conditions of life in Russia were not only not worse, but much better than in Europe at that time.

On the edge of the coffin

The last day of Fonvizin's life is described by the poet I.I. Dmitriev: “Through Derzhavin, I made friends with Denis Ivanovich Fon-Vizin. Upon returning from his Belarusian estate, he asked Gavril Romanovich to introduce him to me. The date of our meeting was fixed. Fon-Vizin arrived at six o'clock in the afternoon. Seeing him for the first time, I shuddered and felt all the poverty and vanity of man. He joined Derzhavin's cabinet, supported by two young officers from Shklovsky cadet corps who came with him from Belarus. He could no longer control one arm, and one leg became stiff as well. Both were stricken with paralysis. He spoke with extreme effort, and uttered every word in a hoarse and wild voice; but his big eyes sparkled. He came to me with questions about his compositions: do I know the Undergrowth? did you read the Epistle to Shumilov, Lisa Kaznodeika; translation of his Eulogy to Marcus Aurelius? etc; how do I find them?.. It seemed that with such questions he wanted to find out from the first time the properties of my mind and character. Finally he asked me about someone else's composition: what do I think about Darling? - She is from the best works our poetry, I replied. - Pretty! he confirmed with an expressive smile. Then Fon-Vizin told the owner that he had brought to show him his new comedy: Chamberlain. The master and hostess expressed their desire to hear the news. He signaled to one of his leaders, who read the comedy in one breath. As the author continued to read, with his eyes, nodding his head, and moving his good hand, he reinforced the force of those expressions that he himself liked. The playfulness of the mind did not leave him even in the painful state of the body. Despite the difficulty of the story, he made us laugh more than once ... We parted with him at eleven o'clock in the evening, and the next morning he was already in the coffin!

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