Biographies Characteristics Analysis

Most common in organic molecules. The Wonderful World of Organics

From Guest >>

1. What is the name of an organic substance whose molecules contain C, O, H atoms, which perform an energy and building function?
A-nucleic acid B-protein
B-carbohydrate G-ATP
2. What carbohydrates are polymers?
A-monosaccharides B-disaccharides B-polysaccharides
3. The group of monosaccharides includes:
A-glucose B-sucrose B-cellulose
4. Which carbohydrates are insoluble in water?
A-glucose, fructose B-starch B-ribose, deoxyribose
5. Fat molecules are formed:
A-from glycerol, higher carboxylic acids B-from glucose
B-from amino acids, water D-from ethyl alcohol, higher carboxylic acids
6. Fats perform a function in the cell:
A-transport B-energy
B-catalytic G-information
7. What compounds in relation to water are lipids?
A-hydrophilic B-hydrophobic
8. What is the importance of animal fats?
A-structure of membranes B-thermoregulation
B-source of energy D-source of water E-all of the above
9. Protein monomers are:
A-nucleotides B-amino acids C-glucose G-fats
10. The most important organic substance, which is part of the cells of all kingdoms of living nature, which has a primary linear configuration, is:
A-to polysaccharides B-to lipids
B-to ATP G-to polypeptides
2. Write the functions of proteins, give examples.
3. Task: According to the DNA chain AATGCGATGCTAGTTTAGG, it is necessary to complete the complementary chain and determine the length of the DNA

1. Choose one correct answer
1. How many of the known amino acids are involved in protein synthesis?
A-20 B-100 V-23
2. What part of the amino acid molecules distinguishes them from each other?
A-radical B-carboxyl group C-amino group
3. What compounds are included in ATP?
A- adenine, carbohydrate ribose, 3 molecules of phosphoric acid
B- guanine, fructose sugar, phosphoric acid residue.
B-ribose, glycerol and any amino acid
4. What is the role of ATP molecules in a cell?
A-provide the transport function B-transmit hereditary information
B-provide vital processes with energy G-accelerate biochemical reactions
5. Nucleic acid monomers are:
A-amino acids B-fats
B-nucleotides G-glucose
6. What class of chemical substances does ribose belong to?
A-protein B-carbohydrate C-lipid
7. What nucleotide is not part of the DNA molecule?
A-adenyl B-uridyl
B-guanyl G-thymidyl
8. Which of the nucleic acids has the greatest length?
A-DNA B-RNA
9. Guanyl nucleotide is complementary to the nucleotide:
A-thymidyl B-cytidyl
B-adenyl G-uridyl
10. The process of doubling DNA molecules is called:
A-replication B-transcription
B-complementarity G-translation.
2. Write lipid functions, give examples.
3. Task. In what sequence will the nucleotides be located in the i-RNA, if the DNA chain has the following composition: GGTATAGCGTTAAGCCTT, determine the length of the i-RNA.

From Guest >>


1. What is the name of an organic substance whose molecules contain C, O, H atoms, which perform an energy and building function?
A-nucleic acid B-protein
B-carbohydrate G-ATP
2. What carbohydrates are polymers?
A-monosaccharides B-disaccharides B-polysaccharides
3. The group of monosaccharides includes:
A-glucose B-sucrose B-cellulose
4. Which carbohydrates are insoluble in water?
A-glucose, fructose B-starch B-ribose, deoxyribose
5. Fat molecules are formed:
A-from glycerol, higher carboxylic acids B-from glucose
B-from amino acids, water D-from ethyl alcohol, higher carboxylic acids
6. Fats perform a function in the cell:
A-transport B-energy
B-catalytic G-information
7. What compounds in relation to water are lipids?
A-hydrophilic B-hydrophobic
8. What is the importance of animal fats?
A-structure of membranes B-thermoregulation
B-source of energy D-source of water E-all of the above
9. Protein monomers are:
A-nucleotides B-amino acids C-glucose G-fats
10. The most important organic substance, which is part of the cells of all kingdoms of living nature, which has a primary linear configuration, is:
A-to polysaccharides B-to lipids
B-to ATP G-to polypeptides
2. Write the functions of proteins, give examples.
3. Task: According to the DNA chain AATGCGATGCTAGTTTAGG, it is necessary to complete the complementary chain and determine the length of the DNA
1. Choose one correct answer
1. How many of the known amino acids are involved in protein synthesis?
A-20 B-100 V-23
2. What part of the amino acid molecules distinguishes them from each other?
A-radical B-carboxyl group C-amino group
3. What compounds are included in ATP?
A- adenine, carbohydrate ribose, 3 molecules of phosphoric acid
B- guanine, fructose sugar, phosphoric acid residue.
B-ribose, glycerol and any amino acid
4. What is the role of ATP molecules in a cell?
A-provide the transport function B-transmit hereditary information
B-provide vital processes with energy G-accelerate biochemical reactions
5. Nucleic acid monomers are:
A-amino acids B-fats
B-nucleotides G-glucose
6. What class of chemical substances does ribose belong to?
A-protein B-carbohydrate C-lipid
7. What nucleotide is not part of the DNA molecule?
A-adenyl B-uridyl
B-guanyl G-thymidyl
8. Which of the nucleic acids has the greatest length?
A-DNA B-RNA
9. Guanyl nucleotide is complementary to the nucleotide:
A-thymidyl B-cytidyl
B-adenyl G-uridyl
10. The process of doubling DNA molecules is called:
A-replication B-transcription
B-complementarity G-translation.
2. Write lipid functions, give examples.
3. Task. In what sequence will the nucleotides be located in the i-RNA, if the DNA chain has the following composition: GGTATAGCGTTAAGCCTT, determine the length of the i-RNA.

Classification of organic substances

Depending on the type of structure of the carbon chain, organic substances are divided into:

  • acyclic and cyclic.
  • marginal (saturated) and unsaturated (unsaturated).
  • carbocyclic and heterocyclic.
  • alicyclic and aromatic.

Acyclic compounds are organic compounds in whose molecules there are no cycles and all carbon atoms are connected to each other in straight or branched open chains.

In turn, among acyclic compounds, limiting (or saturated) compounds are distinguished, which contain only single carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds in the carbon skeleton and unsaturated (or unsaturated) compounds containing multiples - double (C \u003d C) or triple (C ≡ C) communications.

Cyclic compounds are chemical compounds in which there are three or more bonded atoms forming a ring.

Depending on which atoms the rings are formed, carbocyclic compounds and heterocyclic compounds are distinguished.

Carbocyclic compounds (or isocyclic) contain only carbon atoms in their cycles. These compounds are in turn divided into alicyclic compounds (aliphatic cyclic) and aromatic compounds.

Heterocyclic compounds contain one or more heteroatoms in the hydrocarbon cycle, most often oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms.

The simplest class of organic substances are hydrocarbons - compounds that are formed exclusively by carbon and hydrogen atoms, i.e. formally do not have functional groups.

Since hydrocarbons do not have functional groups, they can only be classified according to the type of carbon skeleton. Hydrocarbons, depending on the type of their carbon skeleton, are divided into subclasses:

1) Limiting acyclic hydrocarbons are called alkanes. The general molecular formula of alkanes is written as C n H 2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule. These compounds do not have interclass isomers.

2) Acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons are divided into:

a) alkenes - they contain only one multiple, namely one double C \u003d C bond, the general formula of alkenes is C n H 2n,

b) alkynes - in alkyne molecules there is also only one multiple, namely triple C≡C bond. The general molecular formula of alkynes is C n H 2n-2

c) alkadienes - in the molecules of alkadienes there are two double C=C bonds. The general molecular formula of alkadienes is C n H 2n-2

3) Cyclic saturated hydrocarbons are called cycloalkanes and have the general molecular formula C n H 2n.

The remaining organic substances in organic chemistry are considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons, formed upon the introduction of so-called functional groups into hydrocarbon molecules, which contain other chemical elements.

Thus, the formula of compounds with one functional group can be written as R-X, where R is a hydrocarbon radical, and X is a functional group. A hydrocarbon radical is a fragment of a hydrocarbon molecule without one or more hydrogen atoms.

According to the presence of certain functional groups, the compounds are divided into classes. The main functional groups and classes of compounds in which they are included are presented in the table:

Thus, various combinations of types of carbon skeletons with different functional groups give a wide variety of variants of organic compounds.

Halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons

Halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons are compounds obtained by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule of any initial hydrocarbon with one or more atoms of a halogen, respectively.

Let some hydrocarbon have the formula C n H m, then when replacing in its molecule X hydrogen atoms on X halogen atoms, the formula for the halogen derivative will look like C n H m-X Hal X. Thus, monochlorine derivatives of alkanes have the formula C n H 2n+1 Cl, dichloro derivatives C n H 2n Cl 2 etc.

Alcohols and phenols

Alcohols are derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by the hydroxyl group -OH. Alcohols with one hydroxyl group are called monatomic, with two - diatomic, with three triatomic etc. For example:

Alcohols with two or more hydroxyl groups are also called polyhydric alcohols. The general formula of limiting monohydric alcohols is C n H 2n+1 OH or C n H 2n+2 O. The general formula of limiting polyhydric alcohols is C n H 2n+2 O x, where x is the atomicity of the alcohol.

Alcohols can also be aromatic. For example:

benzyl alcohol

The general formula of such monohydric aromatic alcohols is C n H 2n-6 O.

However, it should be clearly understood that derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms at the aromatic nucleus are replaced by hydroxyl groups do not apply to alcohols. They belong to the class phenols . For example, this given compound is an alcohol:

And this is phenol:

The reason why phenols are not classified as alcohols lies in their specific chemical properties, which greatly distinguish them from alcohols. It is easy to see that monohydric phenols are isomeric to monohydric aromatic alcohols, i.e. also have the general molecular formula C n H 2n-6 O.

Amines

Amines called ammonia derivatives in which one, two or all three hydrogen atoms are replaced by a hydrocarbon radical.

Amines in which only one hydrogen atom is replaced by a hydrocarbon radical, i.e. having the general formula R-NH 2 are called primary amines.

Amines in which two hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydrocarbon radicals are called secondary amines. The formula for a secondary amine can be written as R-NH-R'. In this case, the radicals R and R' can be either the same or different. For example:

If there are no hydrogen atoms at the nitrogen atom in amines, i.e. all three hydrogen atoms of the ammonia molecule are replaced by a hydrocarbon radical, then such amines are called tertiary amines. In general, the formula of a tertiary amine can be written as:

In this case, the radicals R, R', R'' can be either completely identical, or all three are different.

The general molecular formula of primary, secondary and tertiary limiting amines is C n H 2 n +3 N.

Aromatic amines with only one unsaturated substituent have the general formula C n H 2 n -5 N

Aldehydes and ketones

Aldehydes called derivatives of hydrocarbons, in which, at the primary carbon atom, two hydrogen atoms are replaced by one oxygen atom, i.e. derivatives of hydrocarbons in the structure of which there is an aldehyde group –CH=O. The general formula for aldehydes can be written as R-CH=O. For example:

Ketones called derivatives of hydrocarbons, in which two hydrogen atoms at the secondary carbon atom are replaced by an oxygen atom, i.e. compounds in the structure of which there is a carbonyl group -C (O) -.

The general formula for ketones can be written as R-C(O)-R'. In this case, the radicals R, R' can be either the same or different.

For example:

propane he butane he

As you can see, aldehydes and ketones are very similar in structure, but they are still distinguished as classes, since they have significant differences in chemical properties.

The general molecular formula of saturated ketones and aldehydes is the same and has the form C n H 2 n O

carboxylic acids

carboxylic acids called derivatives of hydrocarbons in which there is a carboxyl group -COOH.

If an acid has two carboxyl groups, the acid is called dicarboxylic acid.

Limit monocarboxylic acids (with one -COOH group) have a general molecular formula of the form C n H 2 n O 2

Aromatic monocarboxylic acids have the general formula C n H 2 n -8 O 2

Ethers

Ethers - organic compounds in which two hydrocarbon radicals are indirectly connected through an oxygen atom, i.e. have a formula of the form R-O-R'. In this case, the radicals R and R' can be either the same or different.

For example:

The general formula of saturated ethers is the same as for saturated monohydric alcohols, i.e. C n H 2 n +1 OH or C n H 2 n +2 O.

Esters

Esters are a class of compounds based on organic carboxylic acids, in which the hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group is replaced by the hydrocarbon radical R. The general form of esters can be written as:

For example:

Nitro compounds

Nitro compounds- derivatives of hydrocarbons, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a nitro group -NO 2.

Limit nitro compounds with one nitro group have the general molecular formula C n H 2 n +1 NO 2

Amino acids

Compounds that simultaneously have two functional groups in their structure - amino NH 2 and carboxyl - COOH. For example,

NH 2 -CH 2 -COOH

Limiting amino acids with one carboxyl and one amino group are isomeric to the corresponding limiting nitro compounds i.e. like they have the general molecular formula C n H 2 n +1 NO 2

In the USE assignments for the classification of organic substances, it is important to be able to write down the general molecular formulas of the homologous series of different types of compounds, knowing the structural features of the carbon skeleton and the presence of certain functional groups. In order to learn how to determine the general molecular formulas of organic compounds of different classes, material on this topic will be useful.

Nomenclature of organic compounds

Features of the structure and chemical properties of compounds are reflected in the nomenclature. The main types of nomenclature are systematic and trivial.

Systematic nomenclature actually prescribes algorithms, according to which one or another name is compiled in strict accordance with the structural features of an organic substance molecule or, roughly speaking, its structural formula.

Consider the rules for naming organic compounds according to systematic nomenclature.

When naming organic substances according to systematic nomenclature, the most important thing is to correctly determine the number of carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain or count the number of carbon atoms in a cycle.

Depending on the number of carbon atoms in the main carbon chain, compounds will have a different root in their name:

Number of C atoms in the main carbon chain

Name root

prop-

pent-

hex-

hept-

dec(c)-

The second important component taken into account when compiling names is the presence / absence of multiple bonds or a functional group, which are listed in the table above.

Let's try to give a name to a substance that has a structural formula:

1. The main (and only) carbon chain of this molecule contains 4 carbon atoms, so the name will contain the root but-;

2. There are no multiple bonds in the carbon skeleton, therefore, the suffix to be used after the root of the word will be -an, as for the corresponding saturated acyclic hydrocarbons (alkanes);

3. The presence of a functional group -OH, provided that there are no more senior functional groups, adds after the root and suffix from paragraph 2. another suffix - "ol";

4. In molecules containing multiple bonds or functional groups, the numbering of carbon atoms of the main chain starts from the side of the molecule to which they are closer.

Let's look at another example:

The presence of four carbon atoms in the main carbon chain tells us that the root “but-” is the basis of the name, and the absence of multiple bonds indicates the suffix “-an”, which will follow immediately after the root. The eldest group in this compound is carboxyl, which determines whether this substance belongs to the class of carboxylic acids. Therefore, the ending at the name will be "-ovoic acid". At the second carbon atom is an amino group NH2 -, therefore, this substance belongs to amino acids. Also at the third carbon atom we see the hydrocarbon radical methyl ( CH 3 -). Therefore, according to the systematic nomenclature, this compound is called 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.

The trivial nomenclature, in contrast to the systematic one, as a rule, has no connection with the structure of the substance, but is mainly due to its origin, as well as chemical or physical properties.

Formula Name according to systematic nomenclature Trivial name
hydrocarbons
CH 4 methane marsh gas
CH 2 \u003d CH 2 ethene ethylene
CH 2 \u003d CH-CH 3 propene propylene
CH≡CH ethin acetylene
CH 2 \u003d CH-CH \u003d CH 2 butadiene-1,3 divinyl
2-methylbutadiene-1,3 isoprene
methylbenzene toluene
1,2-dimethylbenzene ortho-xylene
(about-xylene)
1,3-dimethylbenzene meta-xylene
(m-xylene)
1,4-dimethylbenzene pair-xylene
(P-xylene)
vinylbenzene styrene
Alcohols
CH3OH methanol methyl alcohol,
wood alcohol
CH 3 CH 2 OH ethanol ethanol
CH 2 \u003d CH-CH 2 -OH propen-2-ol-1 allyl alcohol
ethanediol-1,2 ethylene glycol
propanetriol-1,2,3 glycerol
phenol
(hydroxybenzene)
carbolic acid
1-hydroxy-2-methylbenzene ortho-cresol
(about-cresol)
1-hydroxy-3-methylbenzene meta-cresol
(m-cresol)
1-hydroxy-4-methylbenzene pair-cresol
(P-cresol)
phenylmethanol benzyl alcohol
Aldehydes and ketones
methanal formaldehyde
ethanal acetaldehyde, acetaldehyde
propenal acrylic aldehyde, acrolein
benzaldehyde benzoic aldehyde
propanone acetone
carboxylic acids
(HCOOH) methane acid formic acid
(salts and esters - formates)
(CH3COOH) ethanoic acid acetic acid

(salts and esters - acetates)

(CH 3 CH 2 COOH) propanoic acid propionic acid
(salts and esters - propionates)
C 15 H 31 COOH hexadecanoic acid palmitic acid
(salts and esters - palmitates)
C 17 H 35 COOH octadecanoic acid stearic acid
(salts and esters - stearates)
propenoic acid acrylic acid
(salts and esters - acrylates)
HOOC-COOH ethanedioic acid oxalic acid
(salts and esters - oxalates)
1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid terephthalic acid
Esters
HCOOCH 3 methylmethanoate methyl formate,
formic acid methyl ester
CH 3 COOK 3 methyl ethanoate methyl acetate,
acetic acid methyl ester
CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 ethyl ethanoate ethyl acetate,
acetic acid ethyl ester
CH 2 \u003d CH-COOCH 3 methyl propenoate methyl acrylate,
acrylic acid methyl ester
Nitrogen compounds
aminobenzene,
phenylamine
aniline
NH 2 -CH 2 -COOH aminoethanoic acid glycine,
aminoacetic acid
2-aminopropionic acid alanine

In the past, scientists divided all substances in nature into conditionally inanimate and living ones, including the animal and plant kingdoms among the latter. Substances of the first group are called mineral. And those that entered the second, began to be called organic substances.

What is meant by this? The class of organic substances is the most extensive among all chemical compounds known to modern scientists. The question of which substances are organic can be answered as follows - these are chemical compounds that include carbon.

Please note that not all carbon-containing compounds are organic. For example, corbides and carbonates, carbonic acid and cyanides, carbon oxides are not among them.

Why are there so many organic substances?

The answer to this question lies in the properties of carbon. This element is curious in that it is able to form chains from its atoms. And at the same time, the carbon bond is very stable.

In addition, in organic compounds, it exhibits a high valence (IV), i.e. the ability to form chemical bonds with other substances. And not only single, but also double and even triple (otherwise - multiples). As the bond multiplicity increases, the chain of atoms becomes shorter, and the bond stability increases.

And carbon is endowed with the ability to form linear, flat and three-dimensional structures.

That is why organic substances in nature are so diverse. You can easily check it yourself: stand in front of a mirror and carefully look at your reflection. Each of us is a walking textbook on organic chemistry. Think about it: at least 30% of the mass of each of your cells is organic compounds. The proteins that built your body. Carbohydrates, which serve as "fuel" and a source of energy. Fats that store energy reserves. Hormones that control organ function and even your behavior. Enzymes that start chemical reactions within you. And even the "source code," the strands of DNA, are all carbon-based organic compounds.

Composition of organic substances

As we said at the very beginning, the main building material for organic matter is carbon. And practically any elements, combining with carbon, can form organic compounds.

In nature, most often in the composition of organic substances are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus.

The structure of organic substances

The diversity of organic substances on the planet and the diversity of their structure can be explained by the characteristic features of carbon atoms.

You remember that carbon atoms are able to form very strong bonds with each other, connecting in chains. The result is stable molecules. The way carbon atoms are connected in a chain (arranged in a zigzag pattern) is one of the key features of its structure. Carbon can combine both into open chains and into closed (cyclic) chains.

It is also important that the structure of chemicals directly affects their chemical properties. A significant role is also played by how atoms and groups of atoms in a molecule affect each other.

Due to the peculiarities of the structure, the number of carbon compounds of the same type goes to tens and hundreds. For example, we can consider hydrogen compounds of carbon: methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc.

For example, methane - CH 4. Such a combination of hydrogen with carbon under normal conditions is in a gaseous state of aggregation. When oxygen appears in the composition, a liquid is formed - methyl alcohol CH 3 OH.

Not only substances with different qualitative composition (as in the example above) exhibit different properties, but substances of the same qualitative composition are also capable of this. An example is the different ability of methane CH 4 and ethylene C 2 H 4 to react with bromine and chlorine. Methane is capable of such reactions only when heated or under ultraviolet light. And ethylene reacts even without lighting and heating.

Consider this option: the qualitative composition of chemical compounds is the same, the quantitative is different. Then the chemical properties of the compounds are different. As in the case of acetylene C 2 H 2 and benzene C 6 H 6.

Not the last role in this variety is played by such properties of organic substances, "tied" to their structure, as isomerism and homology.

Imagine that you have two seemingly identical substances - the same composition and the same molecular formula to describe them. But the structure of these substances is fundamentally different, hence the difference in chemical and physical properties. For example, the molecular formula C 4 H 10 can be written for two different substances: butane and isobutane.

We are talking about isomers- compounds that have the same composition and molecular weight. But the atoms in their molecules are located in a different order (branched and unbranched structure).

Concerning homology- this is a characteristic of such a carbon chain in which each next member can be obtained by adding one CH 2 group to the previous one. Each homologous series can be expressed by one general formula. And knowing the formula, it is easy to determine the composition of any of the members of the series. For example, methane homologues are described by the formula C n H 2n+2 .

As the “homologous difference” CH 2 is added, the bond between the atoms of the substance is strengthened. Let's take the homologous series of methane: its first four members are gases (methane, ethane, propane, butane), the next six are liquids (pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane), and then substances in the solid state of aggregation (pentadecane, eicosan, etc.). And the stronger the bond between carbon atoms, the higher the molecular weight, boiling and melting points of substances.

What classes of organic substances exist?

Organic substances of biological origin include:

  • proteins;
  • carbohydrates;
  • nucleic acids;
  • lipids.

The first three points can also be called biological polymers.

A more detailed classification of organic chemicals covers substances not only of biological origin.

The hydrocarbons are:

  • acyclic compounds:
    • saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes);
    • unsaturated hydrocarbons:
      • alkenes;
      • alkynes;
      • alkadienes.
  • cyclic compounds:
    • carbocyclic compounds:
      • alicyclic;
      • aromatic.
    • heterocyclic compounds.

There are also other classes of organic compounds in which carbon combines with substances other than hydrogen:

    • alcohols and phenols;
    • aldehydes and ketones;
    • carboxylic acids;
    • esters;
    • lipids;
    • carbohydrates:
      • monosaccharides;
      • oligosaccharides;
      • polysaccharides.
      • mucopolysaccharides.
    • amines;
    • amino acids;
    • proteins;
    • nucleic acids.

Formulas of organic substances by classes

Examples of organic substances

As you remember, in the human body, various kinds of organic substances are the basis of the foundations. These are our tissues and fluids, hormones and pigments, enzymes and ATP, and much more.

In the bodies of humans and animals, proteins and fats are prioritized (half of the dry weight of an animal cell is protein). In plants (about 80% of the dry mass of the cell) - for carbohydrates, primarily complex - polysaccharides. Including for cellulose (without which there would be no paper), starch.

Let's talk about some of them in more detail.

For example, about carbohydrates. If it were possible to take and measure the masses of all organic substances on the planet, it would be carbohydrates that would win this competition.

They serve as a source of energy in the body, are building materials for cells, and also carry out the supply of substances. Plants use starch for this purpose, and glycogen for animals.

In addition, carbohydrates are very diverse. For example, simple carbohydrates. The most common monosaccharides in nature are pentoses (including deoxyribose, which is part of DNA) and hexoses (glucose, which is well known to you).

Like bricks, at a large construction site of nature, polysaccharides are built from thousands and thousands of monosaccharides. Without them, more precisely, without cellulose, starch, there would be no plants. Yes, and animals without glycogen, lactose and chitin would have a hard time.

Let's look carefully at squirrels. Nature is the greatest master of mosaics and puzzles: from just 20 amino acids, 5 million types of proteins are formed in the human body. Proteins also have many vital functions. For example, construction, regulation of processes in the body, blood coagulation (there are separate proteins for this), movement, transport of certain substances in the body, they are also a source of energy, in the form of enzymes they act as a catalyst for reactions, provide protection. Antibodies play an important role in protecting the body from negative external influences. And if a discord occurs in the fine tuning of the body, antibodies, instead of destroying external enemies, can act as aggressors to their own organs and tissues of the body.

Proteins are also divided into simple (proteins) and complex (proteins). And they have properties inherent only to them: denaturation (destruction, which you have noticed more than once when you boiled a hard-boiled egg) and renaturation (this property is widely used in the manufacture of antibiotics, food concentrates, etc.).

Let's not ignore and lipids(fats). In our body, they serve as a reserve source of energy. As solvents, they help the course of biochemical reactions. Participate in the construction of the body - for example, in the formation of cell membranes.

And a few more words about such curious organic compounds as hormones. They are involved in biochemical reactions and metabolism. These small hormones make men men (testosterone) and women women (estrogen). They make us happy or sad (thyroid hormones play an important role in mood swings, and endorphins give a feeling of happiness). And they even determine whether we are “owls” or “larks”. Whether you are ready to study late or prefer to get up early and do your homework before school, not only your daily routine, but also some adrenal hormones decide.

Conclusion

The world of organic matter is truly amazing. It is enough to delve into its study just a little to take your breath away from the feeling of kinship with all life on Earth. Two legs, four or roots instead of legs - we are all united by the magic of mother nature's chemical laboratory. It causes carbon atoms to join in chains, react and create thousands of such diverse chemical compounds.

You now have a short guide to organic chemistry. Of course, not all possible information is presented here. Some points you may have to clarify on your own. But you can always use the route we have planned for your independent research.

You can also use the definition of organic matter, classification and general formulas of organic compounds and general information about them in the article to prepare for chemistry classes at school.

Tell us in the comments which section of chemistry (organic or inorganic) you like best and why. Don't forget to "share" the article on social networks so that your classmates can also use it.

Please report if you find any inaccuracy or error in the article. We are all human and we all make mistakes sometimes.

blog.site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

There are several definitions of what organic substances are, how they differ from another group of compounds - inorganic. One of the most common explanations comes from the name "hydrocarbons". Indeed, at the heart of all organic molecules are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen. There are other elements that have received the name "organogenic".

Organic chemistry before the discovery of urea

Since ancient times, people have used many natural substances and minerals: sulfur, gold, iron and copper ore, table salt. Throughout the existence of science - from ancient times to the first half of the 19th century - scientists could not prove the connection between animate and inanimate nature at the level of microscopic structure (atoms, molecules). It was believed that organic substances owe their appearance to the mythical life force - vitalism. There was a myth about the possibility of growing a little man "homunculus". To do this, it was necessary to put various waste products into a barrel, wait a certain time until the vital force was born.

A crushing blow to vitalism was dealt by the work of Weller, who synthesized the organic substance urea from inorganic components. So it was proved that there is no life force, nature is one, organisms and inorganic compounds are formed by atoms of the same elements. The composition of urea was known even before Weller's work; the study of this compound was not difficult in those years. Remarkable was the very fact of obtaining a substance characteristic of metabolism outside the body of an animal or a person.

Theory of A. M. Butlerov

The role of the Russian school of chemists in the development of the science that studies organic substances is great. Whole epochs in the development of organic synthesis are associated with the names of Butlerov, Markovnikov, Zelinsky, Lebedev. The founder of the theory of the structure of compounds is A. M. Butlerov. The famous chemist in the 60s of the XIX century explained the composition of organic substances, the reasons for the diversity of their structure, revealed the relationship that exists between the composition, structure and properties of substances.

On the basis of Butlerov's conclusions, it was possible not only to systematize knowledge about already existing organic compounds. It became possible to predict the properties of substances not yet known to science, to create technological schemes for their production in industrial conditions. Many of the ideas of leading organic chemists are being fully implemented today.

When hydrocarbons are oxidized, new organic substances are obtained - representatives of other classes (aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, carboxylic acids). For example, large volumes of acetylene are used to produce acetic acid. Part of this reaction product is further consumed to obtain synthetic fibers. An acid solution (9% and 6%) is in every home - this is ordinary vinegar. Oxidation of organic substances serves as the basis for obtaining a very large number of compounds of industrial, agricultural, and medical importance.

aromatic hydrocarbons

Aromaticity in organic molecules is the presence of one or more benzene nuclei. A chain of 6 carbon atoms closes into a ring, a conjugated bond appears in it, so the properties of such hydrocarbons are not similar to other hydrocarbons.

Aromatic hydrocarbons (or arenes) are of great practical importance. Many of them are widely used: benzene, toluene, xylene. They are used as solvents and raw materials for the production of drugs, dyes, rubber, rubber and other products of organic synthesis.

Oxygen compounds

Oxygen atoms are present in a large group of organic substances. They are part of the most active part of the molecule, its functional group. Alcohols contain one or more hydroxyl species —OH. Examples of alcohols: methanol, ethanol, glycerin. In carboxylic acids, there is another functional particle - carboxyl (-COOOH).

Other oxygen-containing organic compounds are aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids, alcohols and aldehydes are present in large quantities in various plant organs. They can be sources for obtaining natural products (acetic acid, ethyl alcohol, menthol).

Fats are compounds of carboxylic acids and the trihydric alcohol glycerol. In addition to linear alcohols and acids, there are organic compounds with a benzene ring and a functional group. Examples of aromatic alcohols: phenol, toluene.

Carbohydrates

The most important organic substances of the body that make up the cells are proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fats (lipids). Simple carbohydrates - monosaccharides - are found in cells in the form of ribose, deoxyribose, fructose and glucose. The last carbohydrate in this short list is the main substance of metabolism in cells. Ribose and deoxyribose are constituents of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids (RNA and DNA).

When glucose molecules are broken down, the energy necessary for life is released. First, it is stored in the formation of a kind of energy transfer - adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP). This substance is carried by the blood, delivered to tissues and cells. With the successive cleavage of three phosphoric acid residues from adenosine, energy is released.

Fats

Lipids are substances of living organisms that have specific properties. They do not dissolve in water, are hydrophobic particles. The seeds and fruits of some plants, nervous tissue, liver, kidneys, blood of animals and humans are especially rich in substances of this class.

Human and animal skin contains many small sebaceous glands. The secret secreted by them is displayed on the surface of the body, lubricates it, protects it from moisture loss and the penetration of microbes. The layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue protects internal organs from damage, serves as a reserve substance.

Squirrels

Proteins make up more than half of all organic substances of the cell, in some tissues their content reaches 80%. All types of proteins are characterized by high molecular weights, the presence of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. When heated, they are destroyed - denaturation occurs. The primary structure is a huge chain of amino acids for the microcosm. Under the action of special enzymes in the digestive system of animals and humans, the protein macromolecule breaks down into its constituent parts. They enter the cells, where the synthesis of organic substances takes place - other proteins specific to each living being.

Enzymes and their role

Reactions in the cell proceed at a rate that is difficult to achieve under industrial conditions, thanks to catalysts - enzymes. There are enzymes that act only on proteins - lipases. The hydrolysis of starch occurs with the participation of amylase. Lipases are needed to decompose fats into their constituent parts. Processes involving enzymes occur in all living organisms. If a person does not have any enzyme in the cells, then this affects the metabolism, in general, health.

Nucleic acids

Substances, first discovered and isolated from cell nuclei, perform the function of transmitting hereditary traits. The main amount of DNA is contained in chromosomes, and RNA molecules are located in the cytoplasm. With the reduplication (doubling) of DNA, it becomes possible to transfer hereditary information to germ cells - gametes. When they merge, the new organism receives genetic material from the parents.