Garegin Ter Harutyunyan. Political parties and public organizations
Garevin Nzhde (գ նժդեհ նժդեհ) real name - Garevin Egishevich Ter -arityyan (գ տեր տեր հ ն) was born on January 1, 1886 - died on December 21, 1955) - Armenian military and statesman, founder of workshopronism - concepts of Armenian nationalist ideology, collaborating from Third Reich during World War II to gain Armenia's independence from the USSR. Participation in the Balkan War. September 23, 1912, in view of the beginning of the 1st Balkan War, Garegin volunteered in Bulgarian army. As a Bulgarian reserve officer, he was instructed to form a company of Armenian volunteers. Together with Andranik, he formed and led a company of 229 (later 271/273) people. On October 20, 1912, Nzhdeh was appointed commander of the Second Armenian Company. In early November, he fights in Uzun-Khamidir. In November 1912, near the village of Merkhamli on the banks of the Maritsa River in the White Sea Region, as part of the Third Bulgarian Brigade, Nzhde and his company participated in the defeat of the Turkish corps of General Yaver Pasha, for which Nzhde received Bulgarian (including: the Bulgarian Cross "For Courage" IV degree) and Greek awards and the title of "Hero of the Balkan peoples". During the war, on June 18, 1913, Garegin Nzhdeh was wounded. In 1913, in Sofia, Garegin Ter-Harutyunyan became engaged to a local Armenian woman, Epime Sukiasyan. On July 19, 1913, the Kyiv Thought newspaper publishes an essay by its war correspondent Lev Trotsky about the Armenian volunteer company that took part in the first Balkan war against Turkey for the liberation of Macedonia and Thrace: "At the head of the Armenian volunteer detachment formed in Sofia was Andranik, the hero songs and legends ... The company is commanded by an Armenian officer in uniform. He is simply called "comrade Garegin". Garegin, this is a former student of St. school and was listed before the war as a lieutenant in the reserve of the Bulgarian army ... A detachment diligently marches, in which it is now difficult to recognize innkeepers, clerks and cafejievs. No wonder Garegin taught them the secrets of military art for ten days, ten hours a day. He was completely hoarse from the command and speeches, he feverish look, and his blue-black hair is knocked out from under the office in stormy waves. Izersky cap ... - It was hard on the campaign, - the wounded said, - very hard ... Garegin is very brave, he never lay down in battle, but ran across with a saber from position to position. Garegin shared the last piece with us. When our first warrior fell, Garegin came up, kissed him on the forehead and said: “Here is the first martyr!” World War I. On the eve of World War I, Nzhdeh received a pardon from tsarist government and in early October 1914 he moved to Tiflis. At the first stage of the war, he was deputy commander of the 2nd Armenian Volunteer Regiment in the Russian Army (Dro was the regiment commander), later he commanded a separate Armenian-Yazidi military unit. In addition, Nzhdeh fought as a deputy commander and as part of the Ararat squad and the 1st Armenian regiment. From May 1915 to July 25, 1916, Nzhdeh participated in the battles for the liberation of Western Armenia, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree, St. Anna of the 4th degree and St. George's crosses of the 3rd and 2nd degrees. In July 1915 he received the rank of lieutenant. From May 1917, Nzhdeh was the city commissar in Alexandropol. First Republic of Armenia. In May 1918, Garegin Nzhdeh covered the retreat of the Armenian troops from the Kars region, fighting at Aladzha; At the same time, Garegin managed to take out materials from the excavations of Professor N. Ya. Marr from Ani. May 21, 1918 Turkish troops approached Karakilisa. On May 25-28, 1918, Nzhdeh commanded a detachment in the battle near Karakilisa (Vanadzor), as a result of which the Turks decided not to advance deep into Armenia. In this battle he was again wounded. Awarded the Order of Courage. In December 1918, Nzhdeh crushed the uprising of the Turks in Vedi. In 1919, Nzhdeh served in the Armenian army and participated in various battles. For the suppression of the uprising in Vedibasar, Nzhdeh was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree. In August 1919, the Minister of War of Armenia, by order No. 3, assigns Nzhdeh the rank of captain. Activities in Zangezur. On September 4, 1919, Nzhdeh was sent with his detachment to Zangezur (Syunik region). In October, 33-year-old Nzhdeh was appointed commander of the southeastern front of Zangezur (Syunik), while the defense of the northern region, Sisian, was led by Poghos Ter-Davtyan. In Nzhdeh's own words, "Then I devoted myself to the physical protection of the endangered Armenians of Kapan and Arevik, repelling the periodic attacks of Musavatist Azerbaijan and Turkish pashas Nuri and Khalil." In December 1919, Nzhdeh in Geghvadzor suppressed resistance in 32 Azerbaijani villages, which, according to Armenian data, became a disaster for Kafan and the surrounding regions. The offensive of the Azerbaijani forces was stopped by the Armenian side in early November near Geryusy. In March 1920, the Armenian-Azerbaijani war resumed throughout the disputed regions (Zangezur, Karabakh, Nakhichevan). On April 28, Baku was occupied by the Red Army, and Soviet power was proclaimed there; in early July, the Red Army invaded Zangezur, and in the middle of the month fighting broke out between it and the Armenian forces. In the spring of 1920, the Armenian government assigned Garegin Nzhdeh the rank of colonel. On August 10, 1920, an agreement was concluded between Soviet Russia and the Republic of Armenia, according to which the disputed areas were occupied by the Red Army. Fearing that Zangezur might then come under the control of Soviet Azerbaijan, Nzhdeh did not recognize this agreement and refused to leave Zangezur (unlike Dro, who was the former commander in Zangezur). In early September, Kapan was occupied by the Reds, and Nzhdeh with his detachment was pushed back to the Khustupk mountains (near Meghri, ancient Arevik), where he fortified himself, taking advantage of the inaccessibility of the terrain. However, at the beginning of October 1920 in Zangezur began mass uprising against the Soviet government, which Nzhdeh immediately headed (along with Ter-Davtyan, and after the death of the latter - alone). By November 21, two brigades of the 11th Red Army and several Turkish battalions of Zaval Pasha allied to it were defeated by the rebels in the battle near the Tatev Monastery, and on November 22 Nzhdeh entered Goris. The Soviet forces left Zangezur (during these events, according to some sources, about 12,000 soldiers from the Red Army were destroyed. On December 25, 1920, the congress held in the Tatev Monastery proclaimed the “Autonomous Syunik Republic”, which was actually headed by Nzhdeh, who took the ancient Armenian title of sparapet (Commander-in-Chief). The leadership of Soviet Armenia announced a reward for the head of the "head of the Zangezur counter-revolution" "adventurer Nzhdeh". By that time, Nzhdeh had extended his power to part of Nagorno-Karabakh, uniting with the rebels operating there.On April 26, 1921, at the II Tatev Congress, in which 95 delegates from 64 villages took part, the Republic of Lernaayastan (Republic of Mountainous Armenia) was proclaimed, and Nzhdeh headed it as prime minister, military Minister of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs. On June 1, at a joint meeting of the "Committee for the Liberation of the Motherland" and the Republic of Mountainous Armenia held in Goris, Mountainous Armenia is renamed Armenia (Republic of Armenia), as a continuation of the First Republic; Simon Vratsyan, the prime minister of the latter, was appointed its prime minister, and Nzhdeh was appointed minister of war. According to Nzhdeh himself, the only mistake in those days was the announcement of Lernaayastan by Armenia, which happened against his will. In July 1921, after the official publication in the press of the decision of the Revolutionary Committee of Armenia to leave Syunik as part of Armenia and having secured guarantees from the leadership of Soviet Armenia regarding the preservation of Syunik as part of Armenia, Nzhdeh and his associates crossed the Araks River to Persia. According to the testimony (during interrogation in prison) of Dashnak Hovhannes Devedjyan, former secretary of the bureau of the government of Armenia, Nzhdeh, heading military affairs in Zangezur, was used by the Dashnak government of Armenia, first to pacify local Azerbaijanis, rather to clear the territory of Zangezur from Azerbaijanis, and then to fight against the Red Army. Army. According to Tom de Waal, having captured Zangezur in 1921, Nzhdeh expelled the remnants of the Azerbaijani population from there and achieved, as the Armenian author Claude Mutafyan euphemistically put it, "rearmenization" of the region. Emigration. In Persia, Nzhdeh stopped for a while in the village of Muzhambar, and about a month later he moved to Tabriz. By that time, a slanderous campaign was launched against Garegin Nzhde, the instigators of which were Bolshevik agents and those members of the united government of the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Lernaayastan, whom Nzhde publicly condemned more than once. In July 1921, the Supreme Court of the ARFD initiated a court case against Garegin Nzhdeh. He was charged with "facilitating the fall of the Republic of Lernaayastan." On September 29, the party court ruled: "Exclude Nzhdeh from the ranks of the Dashnaktsutyun party and submit his case for consideration at the upcoming 10th party congress." However, in April-May 1923, the party congress, and then the 10th congress (November 17, 1924-January 17, 1925), reinstates Nzhdeh in the ranks of the party. From 1922 to 1944, Nzhdeh lived in Sofia (Bulgaria), was a member of the Balkan Committee of the ARF. In 1932, he participated in the work of the 12th general congress of the party and, by decision of the congress, Nzhdeh left for the United States as a leader. Upon arrival in the United States, he took up the formation of the youth organization "Dashnktsutyuna" ("Armenian Youth Dashnak Organization", headquartered in Boston (from 1933-1941 was referred to as "Ukhty Tsegakron ARFD"). In the fall of 1934, Nzhdeh returned to Bulgaria, and he married Epime Sukiasyan in 1935. In 1937, Nzhdeh left the Dashnaktsutyun party, due to numerous disagreements that had existed since 1926 with the representative of the ARF Bureau Ruben Ter-Minasyan (English) Russian. Hayk Asatryan founded the "Taronakanutyun" movement. At the beginning of World War II, Garegin Nzhde began to cooperate with the German authorities, pursuing the goal of preventing a possible Turkish invasion of Soviet Armenia in the event of the Germans seizing Transcaucasia and, if possible, with the help of Germany, restoring the independence of Armenia. In December 1942, Nzhde becomes one of the seven members of the Armenian National Council (established in Berlin) and deputy editor of the National Council newspaper Azat Ayas tan” (“Free Armenia”) (editor-in-chief - Abram Gyulkhandanyan. According to the documents of the CIA, declassified in accordance with the law on the disclosure of Nazi war crimes, in the Armenian weekly "Armenian Mirror-Spectator" on September 1, 1945, an original German document was published, according to which, the National Council of Armenia, consisting of Dashnak leaders - the chairman Artashes Abegyan, Deputy Abram Fulkhandanyan, Harutyun Baghdasaryan, David Davidkhanyan, Garegin Nzhdeh, Vagan Papazyan, Dro Kanayan and Dertovmasyan, turned to the Nazi Minister of the Eastern Occupied Territories Alfred Rosenberg to turn Soviet Armenia into a German colony. Later, during interrogation in prison, according to testimony signed by Hovhannes Devedjyan, Nzhdeh repeatedly made propaganda speeches to Armenian prisoners of war, urging them to armed struggle against the USSR, stating: “Whoever dies for Germany, he dies for Armenia ". Arrest and imprisonment. When approaching Soviet troops Sophia Nzhdeh refused to leave Bulgaria, not wanting to expose his organization to a blow. In addition, he hoped that the USSR would soon declare war on Turkey and he would be able to take a direct part in this war. After the entry of the Soviet troops, he wrote a letter with this proposal to General Tolbukhin. On October 9, Nzhdeh was summoned to the Soviet mission, where he was informed that he had to leave for Moscow in order to personally make his proposal to the leadership. On October 12, he was arrested by SMERSH and sent to Moscow, to the internal prison of the MGB on Lubyanka, from where in 1946 he was transferred to the Yerevan prison. Nzhdeh was accused of counter-revolutionary activities, primarily of participating in the "anti-Soviet" uprising in Zangezur and massacres communists during this uprising (this accusation extremely outraged him, since back in 1921 an amnesty was declared for the Zangezur rebels). He was tortured by insomnia, but not by physical force. The main point of accusation was the "execution in Tatev", which has already become important part Soviet anti-Dashnak propaganda - it was alleged that after the occupation of Goris, Nzhdeh shot, and partly threw alive from the Tatev rock up to 400 captured communists and Red Army soldiers. Nzhdeh himself denied accusations of killing communists, arguing that captured Turks from the Zaval Pasha detachment, dressed in Red Army uniforms, were shot, without his knowledge, at the initiative of the local population. April 24, 1948 sentenced to 25 years in prison. He was sent to the Vladimir prison. In March 1952, Garegin Nzhdeh was brought to Yerevan for the second time. In the summer of 1953, before Nzhdeh was transferred to the Vladimir prison, by order of the Minister of State Security of the Armenian SSR, Garegin Nzhdeh was taken by car to show Yerevan, erected buildings, and various sights. AT different periods Nzhdeh was imprisoned in Moscow prisons: Butyrka, Lefortovo, Krasnaya Presnya; when transferred from Yerevan to the Vladimir prison, he remained in the prisons of Baku, Saratov, Kuibyshev, Rostov for a short time, until Nzhde's death he was kept for a year in a prison and hospital in Tashkent (summer 1953 - September 1955). From a variety of diseases (tuberculosis, hypertension, and so on) in 1954, the health of Garegin Nzhde deteriorated to such an extent that the leadership of the prison hospital decided to release him early from prison, but Nzhde was not released. In September 1955, he was again sent to the Vladimir prison. December 21, 1955 Nzhdeh dies in the Vladimir prison.
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"The Armenian volunteer detachment formed in Sofia was headed by Andranik, the hero of a song and legend... The company is commanded by an Armenian officer in uniform. "Dashnaktsutyun process and acquitted after a three-year imprisonment. He completed a military school course in Sofia and was listed before the war as a second lieutenant in the reserve of the Bulgarian army ...A detachment is diligently marching, in which it is now difficult to recognize innkeepers, clerks and cafejievs.
No wonder Garegin taught them the secrets of martial art for ten days, ten hours a day. He is completely hoarse from the command and speeches, he has a feverish look, and his blue-black hair is knocked out in stormy waves from under the officer's cap ...
It was hard on the campaign, - the wounded said, - very hard ... Garegin is very brave, he never lay down in battle, but ran across with a saber from position to position. Garegin shared the last piece with us. When our first warrior fell, Garegin came up, kissed him on the forehead and said: “Here is the first martyr!”
World War I
On the eve of World War I, Nzhdeh received a pardon from the tsarist government and moved to Tiflis in early October 1914. At the first stage of the war, he was deputy commander of the 2nd Armenian Volunteer Regiment in the Russian Army (Dro was the regiment commander), and subsequently commanded a separate Armenian-Yazidi military unit. In addition, Nzhdeh fought as a deputy commander and as part of the Ararat squad and the 1st Armenian regiment.
From May 1917, Nzhdeh was the city commissar in Alexandropol.
First Republic of Armenia
Activities in Zangezur
In Nzhdeh's own words - " Then I devoted myself to the cause of the physical protection of the endangered Armenians of Kapan and Arevik, repelling the periodic attacks of Musavat Azerbaijan and Turkish pashas Nuri and Khalil» .
The offensive of the Azerbaijani forces was stopped by the Armenian side in early November near Geryusy.
In July 1921, after the official publication in the press of the decision of the Revolutionary Committee of Armenia to leave Syunik as part of Armenia and having secured guarantees from the leadership of Soviet Armenia regarding the preservation of Syunik as part of Armenia, Nzhdeh and his associates crossed the Araks River to Persia.
According to the testimony (during interrogation in prison) of Dashnak Hovhannes Devedjian, former Secretary of the Bureau of the Government of Armenia, Nzhdeh, heading military affairs in Zangezur, was used by the Dashnak government of Armenia, first to pacify the local Azerbaijanis, rather to clear the territory of Zangezur from Azerbaijanis, and then to fight against the Red Army .
Emigration
By that time, a slanderous campaign was launched against Garegin Nzhde, the instigators of which were Bolshevik agents and those members of the united government of the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Lernaayastan, whom Nzhde publicly condemned more than once.
Upon arrival in the United States, he took up the formation of the youth organization "Dashnktsutyuna" ("Armenian Youth Dashnak Organization" (English)Russian), headquartered in Boston (from 1933-1941 it was referred to as "Ukhty Tsegakron ARF").
In 1937-1938, together with Doctor of Philosophy Hayk Asatryan, he founded the Taronakanutyun movement.
In December 1942, Nzhdeh became one of the seven members of the Armenian National Council (established in Berlin) and deputy editor of the National Council newspaper Azat Hayastan"(Free Armenia") (editor-in-chief - Abram Gyulkhandanyan (arm.)Russian).
According to declassified documents of the CIA, in accordance with the law on the disclosure of Nazi war crimes, in the Armenian weekly Armenian Mirror-Spectator On September 1, 1945, an original German document was published, according to which, the National Council of Armenia, consisting of Dashnak leaders - Chairman Artashes Abeghyan, Deputy Abram Fulkhandanyan, Harutyun Baghdasaryan, David Davidkhanyan, Garegin Nzhdeh, Vahan Papazyan, Dro Kanayan and Dertovmasyan, appealed to the Nazi Minister of the Eastern Occupied Territories, Alfred Rosenberg, to turn Soviet Armenia into a German colony. .
Later, during interrogation in prison, according to testimony, on which is (was) signed Hovhannes Devedjyan, Nzhdeh repeatedly made propaganda speeches to Armenian prisoners of war, urging them to armed struggle against the USSR, stating: "Whoever dies for Germany dies for Armenia."
Arrest and imprisonment
At different periods, Nzhdeh was imprisoned in Moscow prisons: Butyrka, Lefortovo, Krasnaya Presnya; when transferred from Yerevan to the Vladimir prison, he remained in the prisons of Baku, Saratov, Kuibyshev, Rostov for a short time, until Nzhde's death he was kept for a year in a prison and hospital in Tashkent (summer 1953 - September 1955).
In September 1955, he was again sent to the Vladimir prison.
Memory
In 2016, a monument to Garegin Nzhdeh was unveiled in Yerevan.
Some works of Garegin Nzhdeh
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An excerpt characterizing Nzhdeh, Garegin
The prince, apparently, understood, and understood, as he did at the evening at Annette Scherer's, that it was difficult to get rid of Anna Mikhailovna.“This meeting wouldn’t be hard for him, chere Anna Mikhailovna,” he said. - Let's wait until the evening, the doctors promised a crisis.
“But you can’t wait, prince, at this moment. Pensez, il u va du salut de son ame… Ah! c "est terrible, les devoirs d" un chretien ... [Think, it's about saving his soul! Oh! this is terrible, the duty of a Christian…]
A door opened from the inner rooms, and one of the princesses, the count's nieces, entered, with a gloomy and cold face and a long waist strikingly disproportionate to her legs.
Prince Vasily turned to her.
- Well, what is he?
- All the same. And as you wish, this noise ... - said the princess, looking at Anna Mikhailovna, as if she were a stranger.
“Ah, chere, je ne vous reconnaissais pas, [Ah, my dear, I didn’t recognize you,” Anna Mikhailovna said with a happy smile, approaching the count’s niece with a light amble. - Je viens d "arriver et je suis a vous pour vous aider a soigner mon oncle. J`imagine, combien vous avez souffert, [I came to help you follow your uncle. I imagine how much you suffered,] - she added, with participation rolling his eyes.
The princess made no answer, did not even smile, and went out at once. Anna Mikhailovna took off her gloves and, in a conquered position, settled down on an armchair, inviting Prince Vasily to sit down beside her.
- Boris! - she said to her son and smiled, - I'll go to the count, to my uncle, and you go to Pierre, mon ami, for the time being, don't forget to give him an invitation from the Rostovs. They invite him to dinner. I don't think he will? she turned to the prince.
“On the contrary,” said the prince, apparently out of sorts. – Je serais tres content si vous me debarrassez de ce jeune homme… [I would be very happy if you would get rid of this young man…] Sitting here. The Count never once asked about him.
He shrugged. The waiter led the young man up and down another staircase to Pyotr Kirillovich.
Pierre did not manage to choose a career for himself in St. Petersburg and, indeed, was exiled to Moscow for riot. The story told at Count Rostov's was true. Pierre participated in tying the quarter with a bear. He arrived a few days ago and stayed, as always, at his father's house. Although he assumed that his story was already known in Moscow, and that the ladies surrounding his father, who were always unfriendly to him, would take advantage of this opportunity to annoy the count, he nevertheless went to half his father on the day of his arrival. Entering the living room, the usual residence of the princesses, he greeted the ladies who were sitting at the embroidery frame and at the book, which one of them was reading aloud. There were three. The eldest, clean, long-waisted, strict girl, the same one who went out to Anna Mikhailovna, was reading; the younger ones, both ruddy and pretty, differing from each other only in that one had a mole above her lip, which made her very pretty, sewed in a hoop. Pierre was greeted as dead or plagued. The eldest princess interrupted her reading and silently looked at him with frightened eyes; the youngest, without a mole, assumed exactly the same expression; the smallest, with a mole, of a merry and humorous disposition, bent down to the hoop to hide a smile, probably provoked by the upcoming scene, the amusingness of which she foresaw. She pulled down the hair and bent down, as if sorting out the patterns and barely holding back her laughter.
“Bonjour, ma cousine,” said Pierre. - Vous ne me hesonnaissez pas? [Hello cousin. You don't recognize me?]
“I know you too well, too well.
How is the Count's health? May I see him? Pierre asked awkwardly, as always, but not embarrassed.
“The Count suffers both physically and morally, and it seems that you took care to inflict more moral suffering on him.
May I see the count? Pierre repeated.
“Hm!.. If you want to kill him, kill him completely, you can see. Olga, go and see if the broth is ready for the uncle, the time will soon be, ”she added, showing Pierre that they are busy and busy reassuring his father, while he is obviously busy only upsetting.
Olga left. Pierre stood for a moment, looked at the sisters, and, bowing, said:
- So I'll go to my place. When you can, tell me.
He went out, and the sonorous but quiet laughter of the sister with the mole was heard behind him.
The next day, Prince Vasily arrived and settled in the count's house. He called Pierre to him and said to him:
- Mon cher, si vous vous conduisez ici, comme a Petersbourg, vous finirez tres mal; c "est tout ce que je vous dis. [My dear, if you behave here as in Petersburg, you will end up very badly; I have nothing more to say to you.] The count is very, very sick: you do not need to see him at all.
Since then, Pierre has not been disturbed, and he spent the whole day alone upstairs in his room.
While Boris entered him, Pierre was walking around his room, occasionally stopping in the corners, making threatening gestures to the wall, as if piercing an invisible enemy with a sword, and sternly looking over his glasses and then starting his walk again, pronouncing obscure words, shaking shoulders and arms outstretched.
- L "Angleterre a vecu, [End of England]," he said, frowning and pointing his finger at someone. - M. Pitt comme traitre a la nation et au droit des gens est condamiene a ... [Pitt, as a traitor to the nation and the people right, sentenced to ...] - He did not have time to finish Pitt's sentence, imagining himself at that moment as Napoleon himself and, together with his hero, having already made a dangerous crossing through the Pas de Calais and having conquered London, - as he saw a young, slender and handsome officer entering him He stopped. Pierre left Boris a fourteen-year-old boy and decidedly did not remember him, but, in spite of this, with his characteristic quick and cordial manner, he took him by the hand and smiled amiably.
- Do you remember me? Boris said calmly, with a pleasant smile. - I came with my mother to the count, but it seems that he is not completely healthy.
Yes, it looks unhealthy. Everything disturbs him, - Pierre answered, trying to remember who this young man was.
Boris felt that Pierre did not recognize him, but did not consider it necessary to identify himself and, without experiencing the slightest embarrassment, looked into his eyes.
“Count Rostov asked you to come and dine with him today,” he said after a rather long and awkward silence for Pierre.
- BUT! Count Rostov! Pierre spoke happily. “So you are his son, Ilya. You can imagine, I didn't recognize you at first. Remember how we went to Sparrow Hills with m me Jacquot ... [Madame Jaco ...] a long time ago.
“You are mistaken,” Boris said slowly, with a bold and somewhat mocking smile. - I am Boris, the son of Princess Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya. Rostov's father's name is Ilya, and his son's name is Nikolai. And I m me Jacquot didn't know any.
Pierre waved his arms and head as if mosquitoes or bees had attacked him.
- Oh, what is it! I confused everything. There are so many relatives in Moscow! You are Boris...yes. Well, here we are with you and agreed. Well, what do you think of the Boulogne expedition? Surely the English will have a hard time if only Napoleon crosses the canal? I think the expedition is very possible. Villeneuve would not have blundered!
Boris did not know anything about the Boulogne expedition, he did not read the newspapers and heard about Villeneuve for the first time.
“We are more busy here in Moscow with dinners and gossip than with politics,” he said in his calm, mocking tone. I don't know anything about it and don't think so. Moscow is busy with gossip the most,” he continued. “Now they are talking about you and the count.
Pierre smiled his kind smile, as if afraid for his interlocutor, lest he say something that he would begin to repent of. But Boris spoke distinctly, clearly and dryly, looking directly into Pierre's eyes.
“Moscow has nothing else to do but gossip,” he continued. “Everyone is busy with who the count will leave his fortune to, although perhaps he will outlive us all, which I sincerely wish ...
- Yes, it's all very hard, - Pierre picked up, - very hard. - Pierre was still afraid that this officer would inadvertently enter into an awkward conversation for himself.
“But it must seem to you,” Boris said, blushing slightly, but without changing his voice and posture, “it must seem to you that everyone is only busy getting something from the rich man.
"So it is," thought Pierre.
- And I just want to tell you, in order to avoid misunderstandings, that you will be very mistaken if you count me and my mother among these people. We are very poor, but I, at least, speak for myself: precisely because your father is rich, I do not consider myself his relative, and neither I nor my mother will ever ask for anything and will not accept anything from him.
Pierre could not understand for a long time, but when he understood, he jumped up from the sofa, grabbed Boris by the arm from below with his characteristic speed and awkwardness, and, blushing much more than Boris, began to speak with a mixed feeling of shame and annoyance.
– This is strange! I really ... and who could have thought ... I know very well ...
But Boris interrupted him again:
- I'm glad I said it all. Maybe it’s unpleasant for you, you’ll excuse me, ”he said, reassuring Pierre, instead of being reassured by him,“ but I hope that I didn’t offend you. I have a rule to say everything directly ... How can I convey it? Are you coming to dine at the Rostovs?
And Boris, apparently having shifted from himself a heavy duty, himself getting out of an awkward position and putting another in it, became again completely pleasant.
“No, listen,” said Pierre, calming down. - You amazing person. What you just said is very good, very good. Of course you don't know me. We haven’t seen each other for so long… children still… You can assume in me… I understand you, I understand you very much. I wouldn't do it, I wouldn't have the spirit, but it's wonderful. I am very glad that I got to know you. Strange,” he added, after a pause and smiling, “what you supposed in me! He laughed. - Well, so what? We will get to know you better. You are welcome. He shook hands with Boris. “You know, I have never been to the Count. He didn't call me... I feel sorry for him as a person... But what can I do?
- And you think that Napoleon will have time to transport the army? Boris asked smiling.
Pierre realized that Boris wanted to change the conversation, and, agreeing with him, began to outline the advantages and disadvantages of the Boulogne enterprise.
The footman came to summon Boris to the princess. The princess was leaving. Pierre promised to come to dinner in order to get closer to Boris, firmly pressed his hand, affectionately looking into his eyes through his glasses ... After his departure, Pierre walked around the room for a long time, no longer piercing an invisible enemy with a sword, but smiling at the memory of this sweet, smart and tough young man.
As happens in early youth, and especially in a lonely situation, he felt an unreasonable tenderness for this young man and promised himself to make friends with him without fail.
Prince Vasily saw off the princess. The princess held a handkerchief to her eyes, and her face was in tears.
- It's horrible! terrible! she said, “but whatever the cost, I will do my duty. I will come to spend the night. You can't leave him like this. Every minute is precious. I do not understand what the princesses are delaying. Maybe God will help me find a way to prepare it!… Adieu, mon prince, que le bon Dieu vous soutienne… [Farewell, prince, may God support you.]
- Adieu, ma bonne, [Farewell, my dear,] - answered Prince Vasily, turning away from her.
“Ah, he is in a terrible position,” said the mother to her son, as they got back into the carriage. He barely recognizes anyone.
- I don’t understand, mother, what is his relationship with Pierre? the son asked.
“The testament will say everything, my friend; our destiny depends on it...
“But why do you think he would leave anything for us?”
- Ah, my friend! He is so rich and we are so poor!
“Well, that’s not enough reason, mother.
- Oh my god! My God! How bad he is! mother exclaimed.
When Anna Mikhailovna went with her son to Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhy, Countess Rostova sat alone for a long time, putting a handkerchief to her eyes. Finally, she called.
“What are you, dear,” she said angrily to the girl, who kept herself waiting for several minutes. You don't want to serve, do you? So I will find a place for you.
The countess was upset by the grief and humiliating poverty of her friend and therefore was not in a good mood, which was always expressed in her by the name of the maid "dear" and "you".
“Guilty with,” said the maid.
“Ask the Count for me.
The count, waddling, approached his wife with a somewhat guilty look, as always.
- Well, Countess! What a saute au madere [saute in Madeira] of grouse will be, ma chere! I tried; I gave a thousand rubles for Taraska not for nothing. Costs!
He sat down beside his wife, valiantly leaning his hands on his knees and ruffling his gray hair.
- What do you want, countess?
- Here's what, my friend - what do you have dirty here? she said, pointing to the vest. "That's sauté, right," she added, smiling. - Here's the thing, Count: I need money.
Her face became sad.
- Oh, Countess! ...
And the count began to fuss, taking out his wallet.
- I need a lot, count, I need five hundred rubles.
And she, taking out a cambric handkerchief, rubbed her husband's waistcoat with it.
- Now. Hey, who's there? he shouted in a voice that only people shout, confident that those whom they call will rush headlong to their call. - Send Mitenka to me!
Mitenka, that noble son, brought up by the count, who was now in charge of all his affairs, entered the room with quiet steps.
“That’s what, my dear,” said the count to the respectful young man who entered. “Bring me…” he thought. - Yes, 700 rubles, yes. Yes, look, don’t bring such torn and dirty ones as that time, but good ones, for the countess.
“Yes, Mitenka, please, clean ones,” said the countess, sighing sadly.
“Your Excellency, when would you like me to deliver it?” Mitenka said. “If you please know that ... However, please don’t worry,” he added, noticing how the count had already begun to breathe heavily and quickly, which was always a sign of incipient anger. - I was and forgot ... Will you order to deliver this minute?
- Yes, yes, then bring it. Give it to the Countess.
“What gold I have this Mitenka,” added the count, smiling, when the young man left. - There is no such thing as impossible. I can't stand it. Everything is possible.
“Ah, money, count, money, how much grief they cause in the world!” said the Countess. “I really need this money.
“You, countess, are a well-known winder,” said the count, and, kissing his wife’s hand, went back into the study.
When Anna Mikhailovna returned again from Bezukhoy, the countess already had money, all in brand new paper, under a handkerchief on the table, and Anna Mikhailovna noticed that the countess was somehow disturbed.
- Well, my friend? the countess asked.
Oh, what a terrible state he is in! You can't recognize him, he's so bad, so bad; I stayed for a minute and did not say two words ...
“Annette, for God’s sake, don’t refuse me,” the countess suddenly said, blushing, which was so strange with her middle-aged, thin and important face, taking money from under her handkerchief.
Anna Mikhaylovna instantly understood what was the matter, and already bent down to deftly embrace the countess at the right time.
- Here's Boris from me, for sewing a uniform ...
Anna Mikhaylovna was already embracing her and crying. The Countess was crying too. They wept that they were friendly; and that they are kind; and that they, girlfriends of youth, are occupied with such a low subject - money; and that their youth had passed ... But the tears of both were pleasant ...
Countess Rostova was sitting with her daughters and already with a large number of guests in the drawing room. The count ushered the male guests into his study, offering them his hunter's collection of Turkish pipes. Occasionally he would come out and ask: has she come? They were waiting for Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimova, nicknamed in society le terrible dragon, [a terrible dragon,] a lady famous not for wealth, not for honors, but for her directness of mind and frank simplicity of address. Marya Dmitrievna knew the royal family, knew all of Moscow and all of St. Petersburg, and both cities, surprised at her, secretly laughed at her rudeness, told jokes about her; yet everyone, without exception, respected and feared her.
In an office full of smoke, there was a conversation about the war, which was declared by the manifesto, about recruitment. No one has yet read the Manifesto, but everyone knew about its appearance. The count was sitting on an ottoman between two smoking and talking neighbors. The count himself did not smoke or speak, but tilting his head, now to one side, then to the other, he looked with evident pleasure at the smokers and listened to the conversation of his two neighbors, whom he pitted against each other.
One of the speakers was a civilian, with a wrinkled, bilious, and shaven, thin face, a man already approaching old age, although he was dressed like the most fashionable young man; he sat with his feet on the ottoman with the air of a domestic man, and, sideways thrusting amber far into his mouth, impetuously drew in the smoke and screwed up his eyes. It was the old bachelor Shinshin, cousin countess, an evil tongue, as they said about him in Moscow drawing rooms. He seemed to condescend to his interlocutor. Another, fresh, pink, officer of the Guards, impeccably washed, buttoned and combed, held amber near the middle of his mouth and with pink lips slightly pulled out the smoke, releasing it in ringlets from his beautiful mouth. It was that lieutenant Berg, an officer of the Semyonovsky regiment, with whom Boris went to the regiment together and with which Natasha teased Vera, the senior countess, calling Berg her fiancé. The Count sat between them and listened attentively. The most pleasant occupation for the count, with the exception of the game of boston, which he was very fond of, was the position of the listener, especially when he managed to play off two talkative interlocutors.
“Well, father, mon tres honorable [most respected] Alfons Karlych,” said Shinshin, chuckling and combining (which was the peculiarity of his speech) the most popular Russian expressions with exquisite French phrases. - Vous comptez vous faire des rentes sur l "etat, [Do you expect to have income from the treasury,] do you want to receive income from the company?
- No, Pyotr Nikolaevich, I only want to show that in the cavalry there are much fewer advantages against the infantry. Now consider, Pyotr Nikolaitch, my position...
Berg always spoke very precisely, calmly and courteously. His conversation always concerned only him alone; he was always calmly silent while talking about something that had no direct relation to him. And he could remain silent in this way for several hours, without experiencing or producing in others the slightest confusion. But as soon as the conversation concerned him personally, he began to speak at length and with visible pleasure.
“Consider my situation, Pyotr Nikolaevich: if I were in the cavalry, I would receive no more than two hundred rubles a third, even with the rank of lieutenant; and now I get two hundred and thirty,” he said with a joyful, pleasant smile, looking at Shinshin and the count, as if it were obvious to him that his success would always be main goal desires of all other people.
“Besides, Pyotr Nikolaevich, having transferred to the guards, I am in the public eye,” Berg continued, “and vacancies in the guards infantry are much more frequent. Then, think for yourself how I could get a job out of two hundred and thirty rubles. And I’m saving and sending more to my father,” he continued, blowing the ring.
- La balance y est ... [The balance is established ...] The German threshes a loaf on the butt, comme dit le roverbe, [as the proverb says,] - shifting amber to the other side of his mouth, said Shinshin and winked at the count.
The Count laughed. Other guests, seeing that Shinshin was talking, came up to listen. Berg, not noticing either ridicule or indifference, continued to talk about how, by being transferred to the guard, he had already won a rank in front of his comrades in the corps, how in wartime a company commander could be killed, and he, remaining a senior in a company, could very easily be company commander, and how everyone in the regiment loves him, and how pleased his papa is with him. Berg apparently enjoyed telling all this, and seemed unaware that other people might also have their own interests. But everything he said was so sweetly sedate, the naivety of his young selfishness was so obvious that he disarmed his listeners.
- Well, father, you are both in the infantry and in the cavalry, you will go everywhere; I predict this for you, - said Shinshin, patting him on the shoulder and lowering his legs from the ottoman.
Berg smiled happily. The count, followed by the guests, went out into the drawing-room.
There was that time before a dinner party when the assembled guests do not start a long conversation in anticipation of a call for an appetizer, but at the same time find it necessary to stir and not be silent in order to show that they are not at all impatient to sit down at the table. The owners glance at the door and occasionally exchange glances with each other. From these glances, guests try to guess who or what else they are waiting for: an important late relative or food that has not yet ripened.
Pierre arrived just before dinner and sat awkwardly in the middle of the living room on the first chair that came across, blocking everyone's way. The countess wanted to make him talk, but he naively looked around him through his glasses, as if looking for someone, and answered all the questions of the countess in monosyllables. He was shy and alone did not notice it. Most of the guests, who knew his history with the bear, looked curiously at this big, fat and meek man, wondering how such a lump and modest could do such a thing with the quarter.
- Have you just arrived? the Countess asked him.
- Oui, madame, [Yes, ma'am,] - he answered, looking around.
- Have you seen my husband?
- Non, madam. [No, ma'am.] - He smiled quite inappropriately.
- You seem to have recently been in Paris? I think it's very interesting.
- Very interesting..
The countess exchanged glances with Anna Mikhailovna. Anna Mikhaylovna realized that she was being asked to keep this young man busy, and, sitting down beside him, she began to talk about her father; but, like the countess, he answered her only in monosyllables. The guests were all busy with each other. Les Razoumovsky… ca a ete charmant… Vous etes bien bonne… La comtesse Apraksine… [The Razumovskys… It was delightful… You are very kind… Countess Apraksina…] was heard from all sides. The Countess got up and went into the hall.
— Marya Dmitrievna? – I heard her voice from the hall.
"She's the best," came the rude reply. female voice, and after that Marya Dmitrievna entered the room.
All the young ladies and even the ladies, except for the oldest ones, stood up. Marya Dmitrievna stopped at the door and, from the height of her corpulent body, holding high her fifty-year-old head with gray curls, looked around the guests and, as if rolling up, unhurriedly straightened the wide sleeves of her dress. Marya Dmitrievna always spoke Russian.
“Dear birthday girl with children,” she said in her loud, thick voice that overwhelms all other sounds. “Are you an old sinner,” she turned to the count, who was kissing her hand, “do you miss tea in Moscow?” Where to run the dogs? But what, father, to do, this is how these birds will grow up ... - She pointed to the girls. - Whether you like it or not, you need to look for suitors.
Quite recently, another “misunderstanding” surfaced in relations between Russia and Armenia.
At a briefing in Moscow, the official representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Maria Zakharova, expressed surprise at the installation of a monument to Nzhdeh in Yerevan.
According to her, everyone is well aware of Russia's position towards manifestations of any form of revival, glorification of fascism, neo-Nazism, Nazism. She also recalled that on December 17, 2015, at the 70th session of the UN General Assembly, the resolution “Combating the glorification of Nazism, neo-Nazism and other practices that contribute to the escalation of contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance” was adopted, which Armenia then supported.
In turn, the MP from the ruling Republican Party of Armenia, Margarita Yesayan, responded to this with the following words: “Let them look at themselves, look at their history,” thereby accusing Russia of inappropriate attitude to its own history and historical figures.
Moreover, the opening of the monument to Garegin Nzhdeh was personally attended by Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan.
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But Garegin Nzhdeh (real name Garegin Ter-Harutyunyan) during the Second World War collaborated with the Nazis, supported them and hoped that Germany would defeat the USSR and he would be able to return to Armenia. Nzhdeh furiously agitated the captured Armenians to join the armed struggle against the USSR, declaring: "Whoever dies for Germany dies for Armenia." That is, it was clearly fixed in his mind that Hitler and Armenia were kindred spirits.
And now, when the whole world solemnly celebrated the 71st anniversary of the victory over fascism in Armenia with pomp in the city center on May 28 - on the official holiday - the Day of the First Republic - a monument to the Nazi bastard is being opened, and this despite the fact that there are already Garegin Nzhdeh Square.
In fact, the Republican Party of Armenia and its leader, President Sargsyan, once again confirmed by this that they adhere to the ideology of Garegin Nzhdeh. By the way, it is worth noting that the central office of the ruling party is located a few meters from the site of the monument. From the point of view of Hitler's Nazi ideology, everything is logical.
And there is no longer any doubt that Armenia, suffering from a chronic diagnosis of great-power chauvinism, already at the genetic level preaches totalitarianism, cruelty and the ideology of misanthropy. A vivid, illustrative example of this is the heroization of personality Garegin Nzhdeh, an accomplice of the Nazis, who is now the Armenian public
hides to present as a philosopher, the developer of the ideology of national existence.
On the picture: on the right "A poster about the call of Armenians to serve inwaffen— ss”, on the right - Garegin Nzhdeh
... In order for someone to be declared a hero in Armenia, this person must have a great “ achievement list". Let us consider the facts concerning the life of Garegin Nzhdeh - the "hero" of the Armenian legend, and in life and life - Ter-Harutyunyan Garegin Yegishevich.
According to the Armenian publicist Sargis Kilikyan, Ter-Harutyunyan, who later entered the field of political adventurism and took the pseudonym Nzhde, which means a wanderer, was born on January 20 (according to some versions, February 2), 1886, in the family of a priest in Nakhchivan. At baptism he was named after Arakel.
He studied at the school of the Arakelots monastery in Mush. In 1894 he entered an elementary school in Nakhchivan, and was soon transferred to the Russian seven-year Higher Primary School. Upon graduation, he entered the gymnasium, and in 1902 - at Faculty of Law Petersburg University, from which two years later he was expelled for his connection with the revolutionaries. As Nzhde himself writes in his autobiography: “To revolutionary movement I joined at the age of 17, still a high school student.
Since it was a time when students were massively infected with the virus of Marxism, which basically meant the opportunity not to study or work, but to engage in political provocations, expropriation, learn the basics of terrorism, substantiating all this revolutionary ideology, then Nzhdeh, realizing that among the revolutionaries who acted against tsarist Russia, “ free places No”, devotes himself to participating in national movement for "Great Armenia". Well, he reasoned quite reasonably: it is better to be a big hummock in your swamp than a hundred thousandth cobblestone on a cobblestone pavement.
“... I returned to the Caucasus in order to go to Turkish Armenia with the Haiduk detachment of Murad. After that I acted in Persia. In 1909 he returned to the Caucasus again and was arrested. I spent more than 3 years in prisons from Julfa to St. Petersburg; after the well-known trial of 163 members of the Dashnaktsutyun, in order to avoid exile in Siberia, I went to Bulgaria, Nzhde writes further in his autobiography. - In 1912, I gathered a company of Armenian volunteers and, together with Andranik, participated in the Balkan War for the liberation of Macedonia and Thrace. With the beginning of the world war, having received forgiveness from the tsarist government, I returned to the Caucasus to participate in the hostilities against Turkey.
But here he is lying. As stated in the "Reference" received by the First Main Directorate of the USSR MGB from Sofia and signed by the head of the 4th department of the 3rd department of the PGU of the MGB of the USSR, Lieutenant Colonel Agayan:
« At the end of the Balkan War, Nzhdeh leaves his detachment and goes to fight against the Serbs with other units. After the armistice, he returns to Sofia, travels around Bulgaria, opposes Andranik Pasha, raises funds and inflames the national feelings of naive patriots for his personal and his organization's purposes. Volunteers expose Nzhde's dishonest policy, fermentation occurs among the Dashnaks, then Nzhde strengthens his ties with the Macedonians and works in favor of the Macedonian movement, while receiving Alexandrov's support. In 1913, he left for the congress of Dashnaks in Paris. At the end of the congress, he returns to Bulgaria (Varna), after a short period of time he leaves for Romania, where he gathers his like-minded people and soon leaves for Tbilisi through the city of Poti. Here he takes part in the work of the military commission of the Dashnaks and in 1914 organizes a detachment with which, as part of the Russian army, he opposes Turkey, resulting in Nzhde being awarded the rank of captain. During the counter-revolutionary speech of the Dashnaks, as a representative of the headquarters of the Dashnak organization, Nzhdeh carried out a lot of arrests and executions of progressive people. He was the initiator of the robberies of the Armenian population and the destruction of residential buildings of tax evaders in his organization. In 1920, the military detachment of Nzhdeh shot about 18 thousand people from Erivan and other cities. In the same year, he went to the mountains and, with the support of the interventionists, tried to organize resistance against Soviet power ».
In early September 1919, Nzhdeh was sent with his detachment to Zangezur, where he was appointed to lead the defense southern border district. In his own words, "from that time on, he consecrated himself to the cause of protection and salvation from the annihilation of the Armenians of Kapan and Arevik." In early December, Nzhdeh occupied the Geghvadzor gorge with a fight, according to his personal statement, "destroying the resistance of 32 Tatar villages", after which he went on the offensive and occupied Azerbaijani villages, carrying out ethnic cleansing there.
On August 10, 1920, an agreement was concluded between Soviet Russia and the Republic of Armenia, according to which these regions were occupied by the Red Army. Nzhdeh with his detachment was pushed back to the Khustupk mountains, where he fortified himself, taking advantage of the inaccessibility of the terrain. However, in early October 1920, a mass uprising against the Soviet regime began in Zangezur, which Nzhdeh immediately led. On December 25, 1920, a congress held in the Tatev Monastery proclaimed the "Autonomous Syunik Republic", which was actually headed by Nzhdeh, who took the ancient title of sparapet (commander in chief).
The leadership of Soviet Armenia announced a reward for the head of the "head of the Zangezur counter-revolution" "adventurer Nzhde", whose deeds become clear when you look at an excerpt from a copy of the protocol of the arrested Hovhannes Akopovich Devedjyan dated August 28, 1947:
“... Nzhdeh in Zangezur committed the brutal murder of over thirty communists, threw them alive from the Tatev rock into the abyss. I first became aware of this fact from conversations with the leader of the Dashnaktsutyun party and responsible figures of the Dashnak adventure of 1921 in Tabriz, and then Nzhde himself told me about the same, stating that he acted as a statesman, and not as a Christian ".
The February uprising of 1921 in Armenia pulled back the forces of the Bolsheviks, and Nzhdeh, taking advantage of this, extended his power to part of Nagorno-Karabakh, uniting with the Armenian militants operating there. On April 27, 1921, the entity under his rule was proclaimed the "Republic of Mountainous Armenia", and Nzhdeh headed it as prime minister, minister of war and minister of foreign affairs. On July 1, "Nagornaya Armenia" adopted the name "Republic of Armenia", Simon Vratsyan was declared its prime minister, and Nzhdeh was declared the Minister of War. However, soon the Soviet troops went on the offensive, and on July 9, Nzhdeh left for Iran with the remnants of the rebels.
From Iran he flees to France, from France to America. In America, having not received support from the Dashnaks, Nzhdeh returned to Paris and, not finding the help he needed here, in 1924 went to Bulgaria. In Sofia, he restores contact with the Macedonians and, with the help of the Russian White Guards, tries to create a military-terrorist organization.
Wherever and what Nzhde did, his activities, adventurous and terrorist, always had a provocative character, which is also proved by the following document:
"Top secret. In ZAKCHEKA, Tiflis, copy of ARMCHEK, Erivan.
According to available information, from Paris to Tabriz arrived former boss one of the Dashnak detachments of Nzhdeh, from where he informed the Dashnaks of Erivan, Tiflis, Armavir and Rostov-on-Don through couriers that he had begun organizing Dashnak detachments, which, under the guise of Turks, would attack border points and villages, in case of success or favorable conditions will cross the border and even capture Erivan. With these actions, on the one hand, they will discredit the Soviet government of Armenia, and on the other hand, they will undermine the good neighborly relations of Russia with Turkey and Persia.
Deputy PP OGPU in South / East Russia Frinovsky, Deputy head. Eastern department. May 30, 1924, No. 022062/s Abulyan.
Basically, Nzhdeh lived in Bulgaria, having taken Bulgarian citizenship, but in the summer of 1933 he moved to the United States in order to help K. Tandergyan in the murder of the Turkish ambassador Mukhtar Bey. Even before Nzhdeh's arrival in the United States, the Armenian youth organizations "Ayordi", "Sons of Armenia" and others functioned there.
However, they acted separately, which prompted Nzhdeh to create an organization uniting the Armenian youth of the Diaspora. To organize and implement this difficult task, Nzhdeh created the Ethnover movement (Tsegakron). The organization was called upon to overcome the decadent moods that reigned in the souls of young Armenians and were the result of being in a foreign land. Not particularly successful in his plans and disappointed, Nzhdeh turned his wandering gaze to Germany, where Hitler had already unfolded with might and main.
By the way, in the Nazi archives, a memorandum of Rosenberg, who met Nzhdeh in 1934, was preserved, after which, six months later, Hitler was presented with the same memorandum, in which, by studying the anthropology of the Armenian people, the “Aryan origin of the Armenians” was recognized.
I consider it necessary to note that Nzhdeh turned to Hitler even before the start of World War II - in 1934! So to speak, at the behest of the heart.
In 1941, in Sofia, Nzhdeh officially contacted the Nazi occupiers and negotiated with them to convene a Dashnak conference in Berlin with the aim of creating an “Armenian Liberation Committee under Hitler's army". This conference is convened in April 1943, the delegates from Bulgaria were Nzhde and Karo Ghazarosyan, it was decided to start recruiting volunteers to fight the Soviet army.
Upon returning to Sofia from Berlin, Nzhde, in pursuance of the decision of the above conference, with the support of the Bulgarian authorities and the Gestapo, was actively recruiting volunteers, for the same purpose he created the Merciful Cross women's organization.
Establishing relationships with management Nazi Germany, Nzhdeh most often meets with Reich Minister Rosenberg, participates in the Caucasian bloc, consisting of representatives of emigrant organizations of the Caucasian peoples and created on the platform of supporting Germany as the future "liberator of the Caucasus from Soviet domination."
On December 15, 1942, Garegin Nzhdeh became one of the seven members of the Armenian National Council created by the Germans and deputy editor of the newspaper of the National Council "Free Armenia". The Armenian paramilitaries formed in Germany under the leadership of Dro and Garegin Nzhdeh were trained by SS instructors and took an active part in the operations to occupy the Crimean peninsula and attacks on the Caucasus.
The Nazis also planned to use the Armenian population as a destabilizing factor within Turkey and Soviet Union. Since Nzhdeh only dreamed about this, in 1942, together with Dro, he participated in the formation of the Armenian units that were part of the German Wehrmacht, recruiting captured Armenian Red Army soldiers for this.
Already in 1944, it became clear that Germany would lose the war. With the approach of the Soviet army, Nzhdeh goes into hiding. For some time he hides in the town of Panagyurits, in the house of the cow-keeper Bedikyan, on the eve of September 9, 1944, he moves to Plovdiv, where he lives in the Komersial Hotel, and then returns again to Panagyurits to Bedikyan, from where he moves to Sofia by the latter’s car. Here he is arrested by representatives of the Soviet authorities.
In the archives of the Ministry of National Security of Armenia, in case No. 11278, v.4. A letter to Nzhdeh dated September 1944, that is, written immediately after his arrest, has been preserved:
"I came Soviet army and what I expected happened. Taking advantage of the current confusion, several Armenians, as police agents, accompanied by armed Bulgarian police, go door to door looking for me. Forever disgusting slaves, friends, relatives - no one will open the door for you ... They forgot, all the Armenians forgot everything that only thanks to my efforts they did not suffer the fate of the Jews, and for four years they only got richer and richer. Diaspora, you once again made me feel the bitterness of shame. Shame on you!"
Well, what can I say, I was upset ... Nzhdeh is really an extraordinary person, even by Armenian standards - the leader of a gang, a sadist, a war criminal, a Nazi and ... a writer. Imitating Hitler, imagining himself as the “Fuhrer of the Armenian people”, he left a whole “legacy” of his messages to the young Armenian generation, for example, “A people professing courage is true Aryanism”, “Punished cowardice, cowardice, these are two words that characterize our sad political the present".
And the manuscript “My Credo” (do you feel the analogy with “Mein Kapf” by Adolf Hitler?), where the main idea Nzhdeh: “There should not be a single day without a fight against the Turk,” a real quote from a dictator who professes a sectarian ideology, in which he puts himself, his beloved, at the center of the universe.
However, in Nzhdeh's letters to the Soviet commander Kliment Voroshilov we read: …returning to my cell, I found that my things had been transferred to another bunk, standing almost at the door, and that the mattress had been replaced by an empty bag. This was a harbinger of the Inquisition over me. The most terrible tortures began, which only a sadistic mind can invent, so that it could be seen that I do not close my eyes: I was deprived of the right to wear stockings and a hat. I had a fever, I asked the doctor, they didn’t call me, I fainted from extreme nervous tension. … I declare myself a martyr».
This is Garegin Nzhdeh, the “sacred hero” of the Armenian people. Describe all the adventures and deeds of this " eternal wanderer”I don’t have enough patience, and the paper will turn red with shame. The only thing I would like to add is that in Germany, which recognized the so-called "Armenian genocide", they should think about Hitler's friends, who sincerely and completely supported Hitler's ideas, which was proved by the occupation of Azerbaijani land and the subtly cruel attitude towards the civilian population of Azerbaijan because of his other ethnicity.
Nationalism and its activation is a sign of the decline of a nation, a crisis of its ideology, a regression. Mononationalism is a tragedy for any nation that affects its further development as a nation, on the formation of its statehood. And in Armenia, where practice has confirmed scientific theory, this factor led to the real degradation of the Armenian statehood, the loss of sovereignty.
The nationalism that won in Armenia, like gangrene, corroded and turned the country into a small geographic point from which, from danger zone, its own people are scattered all over the world, forgetting about national pride, and love for their native fatherland, and about national dignity, and about faith in their Armenian God.
Tatyana Chaladze,
Honored Journalist of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Nazi or national hero?
There has been a scandal recently. Some unfriendly countries and hostile media in Russia raised a fuss - Wah, wah, how is it that in Armenia they consider the Nazi a national hero, and they honor him at the state level?
Maria Zakharova answered their question in the briefing, choosing her words from the position of “talked and forgot”, - “ We all know about the feat of the Armenian people during the Second World War. For us, the main indicator of Yerevan's official position on the issue of preserving historical truth is the attitude towards the May 9 holiday. Armenia is one of the co-sponsors of the UN General Assembly resolution on combating the glorification of Nazism. I would like to emphasize that the adoption of this resolution at the 70th session of the UN General Assembly, it was the Armenian delegation that voiced the joint statement of the CSTO member states in support of this important initiative. We proceed from the fact that this is the official position of Yerevan..».
The fact is that recently a monument to Garegin Nzhdeh was erected in Yerevan.
Garegin Nzhdeh, Armenian military and statesman, founder of one of the Armenian nationalist ideology. In the 20s he fought against the Turks, Azerbaijanis, liberated part of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh from them. He also fought against the revolutionary troops, knowing that the Soviet government would decide to give Nagorno-Karabakh Azerbaijan. After the communists came to power in Armenia, he left and lived in exile in Iran and Bulgaria. Collaborated with the Nazis during World War II with the hope that after the attack on Turkey, as they planned, the Armenian territories would be liberated from the Turks.
In 1944, in Sofia, Nzhdeh deliberately surrendered to the Soviet troops. He surrendered with the hopes that the USSR would soon declare war on Turkey and he would be able to take a direct part in this war. It was not destined ... Stalin abandoned plans due to the fact that the Americans dropped atomic bombs to Japan. Nzhdeh was arrested, accused of counter-revolutionary activities, and sentenced to 25 years. Died in prison in 1955.
In Armenia, Garegin Nzhdeh is perceived as a hero just for that historical episode when he fought against the Turks, arranging, against the Azerbaijanis, freeing the Armenian villages from them, and against the Soviet troops helping the Azerbaijanis, passing them on.
In the Soviet years in Armenia, Nzhdeh was perceived as a national hero, albeit unofficial, controversial.
When the former Soviet republics dispersed to their national homes, for each of them the interests of their country became a paramount issue.
In our time, when interethnic relations have become aggravated, and conflicts have already arisen, the glorification of their national heroes has become a necessity for these countries. Nzhdeh is very useful for Armenia in this context. And he deservedly became a hero of the nation.
And the fact that Nzhdeh was with the Germans at some time in his life is no longer remembered or does not want to be remembered. His services to the Motherland are much greater than his connection with the Nazis with erroneous hopes.
Conclusions: Attempts to raise a fuss in connection with the glorification of Garegin Nzhdeh in Armenia and the accusation in this regard are meaningless.
Controversial heroes, like the Armenian Nzhdeh, are found in every independent state. I will not list.
No, I will. Just one example.
The recent escalating scandal with the Kadyrov bridge and the Mannerheim memorial in St. Petersburg.
Inconsistency not only in the characters, but also in politics.
PS. There will always be countries and people who, on the basis of historical and political contradictions, will "muddle the waters" and extract their own selfish interests.
It's good that in this case they fail to do so. Since, there are such smartest beauties as Maria Zakharova, who will answer them, "we talked and forgot", realizing that there is no need to spoil the relationship between countries.
Since Nzhdeh is pride and a national hero for Armenians.
We are no longer surprised by the demolition of Soviet monuments in Poland, the equating of Bandera in Ukraine with the heroes of World War II, and parades of SS veterans in the Baltic states. Let this continue to resent us, but, probably, to some extent, we have “reconciled” with this. But do you know that the glorification of fascism takes place not only there, but in neighboring and, as we continue to believe, allied Armenia?
In 2016, a monument to the new national hero of the Republic, Garegin Nzhdeh, was erected on the main square of Yerevan. Why new? Because in the days of Soviet Armenia, Nzhdeh was considered a collaborator, one of the founders of the Armenian SS Legion. However, first things first. Let's see who Garegin Nzhdeh is and "what's wrong with him"?
"Aryanism, courage - this is the religion of your generation, young Armenian"
Garegin Nzhdeh
In the 1930s, an Armenian military man who had once been in the service of tsarist army, Garegin Egishevich Ter-Harutyunyan, who later took on the short pseudonym Nzhdeh, developed the teaching of tsehakronism - a nationalist ideology, according to which the highest value for an individual is his nation, outside of which he cannot fully exist.
It seems to be a sound idea - to love the motherland, to be part of the nation and to preserve their original culture. It seems to be ... if it were not for the similarity in thoughts with another remarkable "author", who at that time was starting his journey in Germany. So, in his teaching, Nzhde divides Armenians into three types: Tsekhamard, Joghovurd and Takank. The former are the best part of the Armenian nation, the latter are a vacillating and undecided crowd, far from eternal ideals and goals. Still others are “anti-general shaitans”, the internal enemy of the clan in the Armenians themselves, part of the external enemy. These are spineless and disgusting people who do nothing useful for the state. A familiar idea?
This is very similar to the racist concept of mensche and untermensch - man and subhuman. By the way, one of the “works” of Garegin Nzhdeh is titled “My Credo”: even in the title one can feel the analogy with “ Mein Kampf". Another text of the "hero" of Armenia is called "The people professing courage-Aryanism." Yes, Aryan! Back in the 30s, Garegin Nzhdeh sought cooperation with Hitler, and in order to get a loyal ally in the Caucasus, the Third Reich had to recognize the "Aryan origin of the Armenians." However, we are getting ahead of ourselves a little.
"The native land of one people cannot become the permanent homeland of another"
Garegin Nzhdeh
In 1919, after the Russian Empire ceased to exist, Garegin Nzhdeh decides to fight for the creation of an independent Armenia. In September of the same year, he arrives in Zangezur (South-East of Armenia) and begins to carry out a violent "Armenization" of the region, expelling the remnants of the Azerbaijani population from there and brutally suppressing uprisings in 32 local Azerbaijani villages.
The “hero” himself said that he “dedicated himself to the cause of the physical protection of endangered Armenians.” However, even the former secretary of the government of the first Republic of Armenia, Hovhannes Devedjyan, later admitted that Garegin Nzhdeh was used by the government "to clear Zangezur from Azerbaijanis, and then to fight against the Red Army."
Bolsheviks Garegin Nzhdeh, like the German National Socialists, considered "organic enemies", and therefore, when the Red Army entered Armenia, he raised an uprising. In Zangezur alone, the Soviet authorities left 12,000 soldiers dead. But this was only the beginning of the war that Nzhdeh declared to the Soviet Union.
"Whoever dies for Germany dies for Armenia"
Garegin Nzhdeh
In 1921, Nzhdeh fled abroad. First to Persia, then to Bulgaria. For some time he lives in the USA, until he finally settles in Germany, where he begins cooperation with the highest representatives of the Third Reich.
Now among the Armenian intelligentsia it is customary to say that, they say, in fact, Nzhdeh was forced to agree to such cooperation in order to protect Armenia from a possible attack by Turkey and restore the independence of the Republic from the Soviet Union. However, the documents declassified by the CIA, in accordance with the law on the disclosure of Nazi crimes, tell a different story. On September 1, 1945, the Armenian weekly Armenian Mirror-Spectator published a document in the US, according to which the National Council of Armenia appealed to the Nazi Minister of the Eastern Occupied Territories, Alfred Rosenberg, to turn Soviet Armenia into a German colony. Among the members of the Council was Garegin Nzhdeh.
However, the mere fact that Garegin Nzhdeh voluntarily began to cooperate with the Nazi regime and became one of the founders of the Armenian SS Legion is enough. The fighters of this formation participated in the occupation of the Crimea and the Caucasian offensives.
In October 1945, Garegin Nzhdeh was arrested by SMERSH and sent to prison in Lubyanka. He died in 1955 in the Vladimir prison.
"If you want to see the future of a nation, look at its youth"
Garegin Nzhdeh
25 years after the collapse of the USSR, Nzhdeh was again remembered in Armenia. But not as a collaborator, but as a “national hero” and… a philosopher. The country began to name streets and squares in his honor, erect monuments, make films, and publish books with his sayings. Here, for example, is a quote from "My Credo": "There should not be a single day without a fight with the Turk." Well, you understand, right? This is not the Soviet agitation “Beat the fascist reptile!”, Not “We will ruthlessly defeat and destroy the enemy!”. There is direct hatred for a particular nation.
Of course, the revival of the "cult" of Nzhdeh in Armenia did not go unnoticed. The reaction of the Russian Foreign Ministry was relatively restrained, but straightforward: “Everyone knows very well our attitude to the Great Patriotic War, as well as to any form of revival, glorification and any manifestations of Nazism, neo-Nazism, extremism. These relations are fixed in international documents. It is not clear to us why this monument was erected, because we all know about immortal feat of the Armenian people during the Great Patriotic War, World War II,” said the official representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Maria Zakharova.
What are the documents the diplomat is talking about? For example, resolution of the 71st session of the UN General Assembly 71/179 “Combating the glorification of Nazism, neo-Nazism and other practices that contribute to the escalation of modern forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.” The foreign ministers of the member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) recalled that "the ongoing targeted efforts to rewrite history, distort and revise the results of World War II, attempts to glorify Nazism and militant nationalism" are a "direct violation" of the above resolution. in their joint statement on July 17, 2017.
Some time after the installation of the monument, a petition appeared on change.org demanding that the monument be removed. The signatories are mostly the grandchildren of those who went through the war and do not agree with the opinion that "Nzhdeh is the greatest humane philosopher and commander of all times and peoples." Fascism, in fact, is not as far away as it seems, see Armavir residents ask to remove the memorial plaque to the Nazi accomplice.
One can argue with this statement, but one should probably agree with Nzhdeh's words, put in the epigraph of this block about the future of the nation and youth. This is one of the few quotes worth accepting. The only pity is that the new Armenian generation can do it in their own way. It seems that Armenia is writing its own alternative history for him. But why be surprised? Russian schools in Armenia began to close immediately after the collapse of the Union, and by 2000 they remained only on the territory of the garrisons of Russian military personnel. That is, the Armenian government did everything to prevent Armenian children from studying in Russian schools.
The elite of the state are actively trying to convince modern Armenian youth that Garegin Nzhdeh is the savior of the nation. And, paying tribute to the time when he fought for independence from the Soviet regime, they turn a blind eye to the facts of cooperation with the Nazi regime.
Is it fair? If so, then any betrayal and any crime against humanity can be justified. Though General Vlasov, even Hitler himself, he also wanted a better life for his people. How it all ended, we remember well.
This is a video from the opening of the monument. One of the high-ranking officials says: “It seemed that the qualities of the Armenians disappeared, but the generation that was born and grew up during the years of independence showed itself in April of this year. Nzhdeh as a phenomenon, as an Armenian type in terms of returning to the roots, has become a reality today.” What is this "Armenian type" and "return to the roots"?
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