Nikolaev Engineering School. Tiflis military school

The Elisavetgrad cavalry cadet school was solemnly opened on September 26, 1865.

Earlier in Elisavetgrad in 1859-1865. there was an officer cavalry school intended for special education cavalry officers, which taught tactics, riding, vaulting, artillery, fortification, veterinary medicine, blacksmithing, fencing and gymnastics. The course of study lasted 2 years. According to the Decree of the Minister of War of August 2, 1866 and the statement of the Military Council, it was attached to the training cavalry squadron, with accommodation in the town of Selishchensky Barracks, Novgorod province. This officer's cavalry school can be considered the predecessor of the Yelisavetgrad cavalry cadet school - it left its premises and teachers to the EKLU.

The Yelisavetgrad cavalry cadet school was intended for staffing the cavalry units of the Kyiv, Odessa and Kharkov military districts with officers.

At first, the school had one squadron (out of 90 cadets). The curriculum of the school was designed for 2 years and in addition to general subjects(the law of God, the Russian language, mathematics, geography, history, drawing, natural history), included special tactics, military topography, field fortification, artillery, military administration, military legislation, hippology, military hygiene, methods of teaching soldiers school literacy, workshops on tactics, topography and sapper business.

Gradually, the regular number of junkers in the EKUU increased: in 1868 - 150, in 1871 - 200, in 1874 - 300 people. In 1874, the junkers were divided into 2 squadrons: the 1st - to complete the dragoon regiments, the 2nd - for the hussars and uhlan regiments.

In 1876, a Cossack department for 35 people was opened at the Elisavetgrad Cavalry Junker School. By that time, in the Russian Empire, there was only one exclusively Cossack school - the Novocherkassk police officer (was founded in 1869) and the training of future officers of the Cossack troops, besides him, was still carried out in 3 mixed cadet-sergeant schools: Orenburg (founded in 1867 ), Stavropol (founded in 1870) and Irkutsk (founded in 1872), as well as at the Cossack departments of the Vilna and Warsaw cadet military schools. In 1878, the Orenburg and Stavropol schools became completely Cossack. In 1886, the Cossack branch of the EKUU was transferred to the Novocherkassk Cossack School.

By 1880, there were 16 cadet schools in the Russian Empire - 10 infantry, 3 - Cossack, 1 - mixed and 2 cavalry - Elisavetgrad and Tver. The TKUU (like the EKYUU) was founded in 1865 with 60 cadets. In 1868 the Tver cavalry cadet school increased its staff to 90, and in 1880 150 cadets were trained there.

In addition to these two cadet schools (TKYUU and EKYUU), officers for the cavalry were trained by the Nikolaev Cavalry School in St. Petersburg (founded in 1865 on the basis of the Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers). In the modern sense, it had a higher level of accreditation - its graduates of the 1st and 2nd categories (who passed the “successfully”) were sent to the unit as officers, while graduates of the cadet schools received the rank of standard junkers (in the infantry - the junker harness) and only after the camp fees in their regiments, those released by the 1st category were promoted to officers on the proposal of their superiors without any vacancies in the regiment, and graduates of the 2nd category waited for a vacancy to appear. The student body of the NKU consisted of 200 cadets, and only in 1890, when a Cossack hundred appeared in the school, total cadets increased to 320.

In 1866, due to the existence of the NKU, Elisavetgrad and Tver cavalry cadet schools, graduation from other schools into the cavalry was discontinued.

Thus, it can be argued that the Elisavetgrad cavalry cadet school has already since 1874 become the main supplier of officer cadres for the cavalry of the Russian Empire - its graduates were one third more than the Nikolaev cavalry school, and twice as many as the Tver cavalry cadet school.

The cadet schools accepted graduates of military gymnasiums or relevant civilian educational institutions, as well as volunteers. Since 1869, non-commissioned officers called up by recruitment could also enter. In 1868-1886. in Elisavetgrad there was a military progymnasium - a four-year educational institution, the main purpose of which was elementary education future junkers of the EKUU. In addition, the school received former students Elisavetgrad zemstvo real school, classical and other gymnasiums, as well as the Kyiv and Poltava military gymnasiums closest to Elisavetgrad (reformed in 1865 from cadet corps, and in 1882 again transformed into cadet corps).

The main composition of the students of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School was diverse. Hereditary nobles (among whom there were also titled princes and barons) made up no more than 20%, and even together with the children of junior officers and officials they barely reached half the course in the 19th century, and from the beginning of the 20th century most of the junkers were peasant, bourgeois and Cossack origin.

On May 20, 1898, the Elisavetgrad City Duma adopted a Decree on the adoption of the report of the City Council on the justification for the need to open a cadet corps in Elisavetgrad and authorized the Council to begin to bother with the Chief military educational institutions and before the Commander of the Troops of the Odessa Military District that the new cadet corps planned to be founded in the South of Russia be built in Elisavetgrad, for which in Kovalevka, between the railway and Sladkaya Balka, specialists chose a place with an area of ​​about 10 acres. In addition to Elisavetgrad, several more southern cities, including Odessa, showed a desire to open this cadet corps. The "competition" was won by Odessa, where in 1899 a cadet corps was opened.

Military gymnasiums (cadet corps) were intended for general secondary education by future cadets of military schools, but those cadets who, for one reason or another, did not complete the course, entered the cadet schools.

The course of the cadet school consisted of two classes - junior general and senior special. The volume and content of special education was dictated by the knowledge and skills necessary for commanding a battalion (in military schools, the level of training was geared towards commanding a regiment).

With the development of the network of cadet schools, the provision officer rank without a course of study was terminated. But volunteers could become officers without entering and passing the course of the school, after passing the final exams, that is, as an external student. The EKJU also retrained officers who received ranks during the hostilities without passing exams.

In order to educate future officers at the level of military schools, since 1886, departments with a military school course began to open at cadet schools. Such a department was opened in the EKJUU in 1888 (according to other sources, the first section of the junior class of the military school course in the EKJU was opened in 1892).

In 1893, the junkers of the military school courses were given the same uniform.

In 1901-1904. the cadet departments of the school were turned into military schools. In 1902, the EKUU was renamed the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School (EKU) and in 1904 completed the last graduation from the cadet departments. Thus, JCU became the second (after the St. Petersburg Nikolaev Cavalry School) cavalry school in the Russian Empire (the Tver cavalry cadet school was reorganized into a military school only in 1911, in which all cadet schools, by reforming into military schools, ceased to exist as type of military schools).

On January 21, 1903, the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School was awarded the highest standard.

In 1908, all the ranks of the school were given the uhlan uniform.

January 19, 1913 was approved Chest sign Elisavetgrad Cavalry School, which was made of silver or white metal and was a two-headed eagle of the time of Elizabeth Petrovna with a torch and a wreath in its paws, above the heads of which there is a silver glow with the monogram of Emperor Alexander II (honorary founder of the school), between the heads and wings are the numbers 18 and 65 (the year of foundation), on the chest of the eagle there is a red enamel shield with the image of George the Serpent Fighter, on the tail of the eagle is the monogram of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich Sr. (Inspector General of the cavalry and engineering troops).

At the end of 1917, the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School was disbanded.

In 1918, during the period of the Hetmanate, the work of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School was resumed and personnel for the Hetman's troops were trained there. The fate of the school of the times of the UNR (Ukrainian People's Republic) is unknown. In 1919, accelerated courses for red commanders were operating in Elisavetgrad. Later, the Soviet military educational institution, which occupied the premises of the JCU, was called the 5th Ukrainian Cavalry School named after. CM. Budyonny, as well as the Zinoviev Cavalry School, which existed here until 1935, after which it was transferred to the city of Penza, where it merged into the Penza Cavalry School, which became the only cavalry school in the USSR.

Many graduates of the school became outstanding military leaders, and its teachers and directors were also famous.

The head of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry Officer School (1859-1866) was Colonel Eduard Abramovich Gaili. Perhaps this is the same Eduard Gaili, who (in the rank of captain) was a comrade in the service of A.A. Feta in the Order Cuirassier Regiment. Here is how the poet described him: “He was the type of a former hussar. Of medium height, with a reddish tint of hair on his head and a mustache hanging over his entire chest, Gaili personified good-naturedly mocking carelessness. A sign of past foppery in the left mustache was the golden head of a man's earring. Gailey's favorite saying was the phrase: "For a young man, there is nothing more honorable than a military system."

Order No. 1 for the school on its grand opening at 11 o'clock on September 26, 1865 was signed the day before by Major Rousseau.

The order to dissolve the school in accordance with the decision of the Council of Workers', Rural and Soldiers' Deputies was given on August 30, 1917 by Major General Savelyev.

It was somewhere
Far from the Seine
The sun smelled like summer
The wind is lilac.
was at the parade
Under April skies
in Elizabethgrad,
On the training ground:
Light checkers comb,
Horses, banners.
Listened to the prayer service
Both squadrons
About the Christ-loving
Imperial army,
And holy impulse
The heart responded.
The music boomed.
Junkers with her
In the name of the Great
Rumbled - hurrah!

Anthems resounded,
The parade rang -
And there was no name:
Elizavetgrad.*
On the sand - hearts -
Horse tracks...
And go to eternity
Horse ranks.
Clear and rainy
Will be, as always
And Christ-loving
Hosts - never!

*) Elisavetgrad (1754-1924),
Zinovievsk (1924-1934),
Kirovo (1934-1939),
Kirovograd (1939-2016)
Kropyvnytskyi (since 2016)

Anatoly Evgenievich Velichkovsky (1901-1981), White Warrior, poet of the Russian Diaspora.
(Face to face. - Paris: Rhyme, 1952)
[poem inserted by site author]

The most famous boss (1896-1904) was Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov (1859-1914). The funeral train with his body, brought from East Prussia, met on the platform of Elisavedgradsky railway station the formation of cadets and teachers of the school, headed by the head, Major General Vladimir Grigorievich Lishin.

Among the teachers of the JCU were a member of the revolutionary democratic movement Nikolai Dementievich Novitsky (1833-1906), a cultural and educational figure Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorovsky (1838-1918), a talented military theorist, after the revolution - a major Soviet military leader Pavel Pavlovich Sytin (1870-1938). The teacher and treasurer of the JCU in his last years was captain Evgeny Vasilyevich Velichkovsky, father of the Elisavetgrad gymnasium student, later a wonderful poet, Anatoly Evgenievich Velichkovsky (1901-1981). By the way, the father of the famous Soviet writer Leonid Panteleev, I.A. Eremeev, was a graduate of JCU when it was headed by A.V. Samsonov.

At the school in different years trained interesting personalities, who over time have distinguished themselves well in the field of their activities. The range of talents formed within the walls of the cavalry school is very wide - from the invincible ace of the First World War (Colonel Alexander Alexandrovich Kazakov, cavalier of the St. , in vows - Nil, 1868-1933).

Notable among the graduates are: the famous gendarmerie general Vasily Dementievich Novitsky, figures white movement Lieutenant General Ivan Gavrilovich Barbovich (1874-1947) and Major General Vladimir Nikolayevich Vygran (1889-1983), Ukrainian military general cornet Ivan Vladimirovich Omelyanovich-Pavlenko (1881-1962) and ataman of the free Cossack army Ivan Vasilyevich Poltavets-Ostryanitsa (1890-1957).

Several JCU graduates have become original artists - Ambrose Zhdakha, Konstantin Podushkin, Georgy Gursky, Viktor Arnautov. Former Junkers of the JCU can also be found among writers - Iosif Varfolomeevich Shevchenko (1854 - until 1900), Yuri Aleksandrovich Slezkin (1890-1977). Enumeration famous people associated with the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School is not difficult to continue, but even so it can be concluded that it was a significant state educational institution in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

[Ippolit Mikhailovich Rogge from September 1872 to June 1874 studied at the Yelisavetgrad cavalry cadet school and graduated from it in the 2nd category with a mark of "successful" with production in the junker harness.]

Appendix

Heads of EKUU – EKU*

1865: Colonel Russo Osip Gavrilovich.
1878-1885: Colonel Rynkevich Efim Efimovich (1846 - after 1896).
1885-1891: Major General Sakharov Vladimir Viktorovich (1853-1920).
1891-1896: Colonel Alexander Ivanovich Litvinov (1853-?).
1896: Major General Sukhotin Nikolai Nikolaevich 1847- after 1917.
1896-1904: Colonel Samsonov Alexander Vasilyevich (1859-1914).
1904-1905: Major General De Witt Lev Vladimirovich (1861 - after 1919).
1905-1907: Major General Moritz Alexander Arnoldovich (1861-1936).
1907-1910: Major General Alexander Vasilyevich Novikov (1864-after 1931).
1910-1914: Major General Peters Vladimir Nikolaevich (1864 - after 1919).
1914-1917: Major General Lishin Vladimir Grigorievich (1857-?).
1917: Major General Viktor Zakharovich Savelyev (1875-1943).
1918: Major General Gerngross Boris Vladimirovich (1878 - after 1939).
1919: Major General Sergei Dmitrievich Prokhorov (1870-1953).

Church of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School in honor of St. Michael the Archangel

Elisavetgrad is a county town of the Kherson province, on the Ingul River, at the Elisavetgrad station of the South-Western Railway. dor. Trade city. 72 thousand population (Russians, Jews, Germans, etc.). Educational institutions: Cavalry school, men's gymnasium, women's state and two private gymnasiums, one women's gymnasium, real school, religious school, commercial and urban 6 cells. colleges and several parochial schools. There are nine churches in the city; military - at the Cavalry School.

The cavalry school and the church attached to it are located in a magnificent building ( former palace Prince Potemkin-Tauride). The school was founded in 1865. The church was built in 1904 on economic school funds, on the lower floor of the school. The movable throne is in the name of St. Archangel Michael. This house church of the school used to be in Kyiv and was arranged in 1862 in the building of the former Kyiv military department school, later renamed its military progymnasium. With the transfer of the aforementioned progymnasium from Kyiv to Elisavetgrad in 1869, the iconostasis of this church and part of the utensils were transferred to the Kyiv military cathedral, and the rest of the church belongings with temple icons were transferred together with the educational institution to the city of Elisavetgrad. After the abolition of the military gymnasium and with the transfer of the building to the jurisdiction of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School, the church and church property were also transferred to this school. Initially, it was located on the third floor of the main building of the school, and in 1904, on September 19, with the permission of Protopresbyter Zhelobovsky and with the blessing of His Eminence Justin, Archbishop of Kherson and Odessa, it was moved to the lower floor. Accommodates 800 people. There are many icons of artistic writing in the church.

On the basis of the decree of the Holy Synod, dated September 6, 1890, No. 3403, and according to the order of the General Staff of the Military Ministry, the church of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School was transferred from the Kherson Diocesan Office to the administration of the protopresbyter of the military and naval clergy.

According to the state, the church is assigned: one priest and a psalmist.

The drill education of the junkers consisted of practical and theoretical classes, distributed over 2 years.

From 1865 AD, military administration and topography were introduced, and in next years- analytical geometry, mechanics, military hygiene and topography, artillery and fortification drawing, and the teaching of physics was excluded.

According to the regulation of 1867 AD, the curriculum of the school included the following subjects:

• military - tactics, artillery (service with a gun, firing rules, materiel), fortification, military jurisprudence, regulations and instructions (service duties in the troops), military administration and military writing, drill, drawing (fortification, artillery and topographic)
• special - hippology, vaulting and horse riding, fencing, cutting with a sword and handling a pike, shooting training and teaching about weapons
• general education - the Law of God, Russian and foreign languages ​​\u200b\u200b(French and German), mathematics, chemistry, physics, analytical geometry, mechanics, political history and statistics (In the 1863-64 academic year, logic and psychology were also passed)

In 1883 AD, they were excluded from the curriculum of the school political history, statistics, military hygiene, and then mathematics, and introduced military history.

At the same time, the "Instruction on the Academic Part" published in the same year completely changed the very system of conducting classes: the classroom system of lectures gave way to 22-hour lectures in each class separately; practical classes were still conducted in the classrooms and the arena, and the verification of the knowledge of the junkers was carried out at rehearsals.

Giving broad development to practical exercises in each subject during the winter period of classes, the instruction of 1883 AD also transfers them to the field: with access to the camp, junior class cadets, in addition to field riding and tactical and special classes, produce semi-instrumental shooting, and senior class cadets - military shooting -eye and solve tactical problems in the field.

Since 1908 AD, perspective photography has been added to this. At the end of filming, the cadets practiced setting up, tracing, and building field trenches.

In the camp, the junkers were engaged in front-line exercises, field riding, engineering and topographic work, got acquainted with firing from guns and with the materiel of artillery.

Shooting from machine guns was introduced into the course of shooting training.

Since 1908 AD, military hygiene, gymnastics, military engineering, military geography and, as a special department of military jurisprudence, the teaching of socialist theories were again introduced into the course of the school.

The latter was due to the fact that with the transition of our fatherland to a new political system, when one way or another political theories received relative freedom of religion, and people who did not recognize the principle of "the army is out of politics" began to penetrate the ranks of the army, the officer needed to know how he could paralyze the possible propaganda of the followers of extreme parties.

Chemistry and mechanics were withdrawn from teaching subjects and transferred to the cadet corps. Finally, a number of commissions came to the conclusion that it was necessary to shift the center of gravity of the school course from theory to more practical ground.

July 28, 1910 A.D. the programs developed by these commissions were approved by the Minister of War and accepted for leadership. The main idea of ​​the new programs is "to bring the military knowledge of the cadets closer to military life and to prepare them for the duties of an educator and teacher of a soldier and for the role of leader of a small unit entrusted to him (platoon, half squadron) in the field."

A young officer graduating from the school had to not only know, but also be able to apply knowledge in the field of activity that awaited him upon entering the cavalry unit.

And since the service of a platoon commander and a half-squadron ahead of the junker, first and foremost, demanded from him the most serious practical training, then the development of instructor abilities and only then general military education, the main attention was paid to tactics and special training (tactics - 8 hours per a week in the junior class and 10 hours in the senior class).

Pursuing the goal of developing the mind, and not a burden on memory, the new programs were designed so that they did not require knowledge based on memory, which quickly vanished. Giving tactics a dominant place among all academic subjects, this reform caused a natural decrease in the volume of the course of these subjects; Thus, military history, having received the new name "history of the Russian army", pursued only the familiarization of the junkers with the most important periods in the life of the Russian army; the former passage of entire campaigns in a cursory strategic essay was excluded.

Likewise, the military topography course was colored in tactical color; all questions of a purely mathematical nature (triangulation) and a detailed study of tools with which a combat officer would not have to work were excluded from the course; route survey was introduced instead.

By setting close connection artillery course with a "manual for learning to shoot", the new program pursued purely utilitarian goals: to provide basic knowledge, skills and abilities - in the basics combat use artillery subunits in combat and the organization of interaction between the cavalry and artillery commander, according to the rules of firing and fire control, in fire service (combat work) of field artillery subunits.

Information from financial and police law was introduced into the course of jurisprudence, but the teaching of a special department on extreme doctrines was canceled

Production

At the end of the course of sciences and flying. practical occupations of the cadet squadron were divided into 3 categories, respectively, but the junkers are assigned a trace upon graduation. rights:

1st cut issued in part of the arm. cavalry cornets with 1 year. seniority in rank; the most excellent of the first-class junkers, having in cf. a conclusion in the sciences of at least 9 and knowledge of the systems. service not less than 11, are awarded, in the determined military. min-rum for each. of the year, especially in number, production in the cornets of the guards. cavalry.

Under Nicholas II, a number of rules were observed in the guards cavalry, giving it a certain specificity:

• officers had to belong to the hereditary aristocracy or nobility, and this rule knew no exceptions. If a guards non-commissioned officer of non-noble origin was promoted to cornet, he was automatically transferred to an army regiment.
• since 1884 AD, ranks in the guard were considered one rank higher than the army.
• the regimental commander, as a rule, was a major general (whereas in the army - a colonel). Guards colonel could only be acting as commander.

Rules for the admission of young cavalry officers to the guard at the beginning of the twentieth century:

During last year training, the cadet independently sent a petition to the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions with a request to enroll him in one or another Guards Regiment. The head of the school informed the regiment commander about the candidacy of the future officer. The choice of a regiment by a future officer, as a rule, was predetermined and only occasionally depended on his own desire.

When enrolling in one or another guards regiment, they played a role various factors. Thus, the candidate's nationality could play a role. In some regiments, for example, in the Horse Guards, persons of mainly Baltic origin served, but there were also predominantly Russian regiments.

But family traditions played a key role in choosing a regiment. Often, already from birth, a noble boy was predestined to serve in the regiment in which his ancestors also served. Often, several generations of a particular noble family served in a particular regiment.

In addition to belonging to the enati and the number of points scored, there were also informal criteria for admitting a candidate to the regiment. And here two trials awaited him.

Firstly, he had to be accepted by society, confirming his educational level and upbringing in communication with the officers of the regiment, and the opinion of their wives played far from the last role.

Second, he had to make good impression in the officers' meeting, where candidates were invited to lunch or dinner by officers and generals. These men's meetings were accompanied by copious libations, and attention was paid to the behavior of the tipsy candidate and how much he could drink. In some parts, tradition directed the candidate to drink a regimental headdress filled with liquor.

In the end, the deputy commander of the regiment called the regimental officers' meeting, at which the candidate's application for enrollment in the regiment was officially read out. “Gentlemen, someone wants to comment on admission. . . . to our regiment? he asked.

The meeting was held in the absence of the candidate. The discussion was completely free. Those who rejected the candidate had to substantiate their point of view. Voting was by show of hands. The regimental adjutant informed the head of the military educational institution about the decision, who in turn informed the cadet himself, War Department and the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions.

An unfavorable decision was passed on to the unsuccessful candidate without explanation. The motives for refusal could be varied, sometimes random and, as a rule, were not related to the actual professional qualities of the applicant as a military man. So, often a fatal role was played by a lack of education and upbringing, especially the inability to behave with ladies, insufficient respect for senior officers, a tendency to start drunken quarrels, too free behavior in the circle of officer wives.

The reason for the refusal could also be the origin. If the candidate's relatives already served in the regiment, this could play into his hands, but the opposite option was also possible, as the following example shows. A certain Georgian prince, a brave officer, who served well in the Life Guards of the Cossack regiment, like many Caucasians, was distinguished by an explosive temperament. Having quarreled with a senior officer, he was transferred to a line regiment, serving in which he fell heroically in 1915 AD. A few months after the death of the prince, his younger brother applied for admission to the Life Guards Cossack regiment, but was rejected, because the officers feared that the candidate was as hot-tempered as his brother.

The candidate's excessive confidence that he would be enlisted in one or another regiment was considered reprehensible. Many cadets sewed the uniforms of one or another Guards regiment before the issue of their enrollment was decided, and so they never put them on.

Of course, there were exceptions to the rule. Sometimes petitioners were accepted into the regiment, who did not like the officers' circle too much. So, in 1915 AD in Poland, the Life Guards Cossack Regiment was stationed not far from the headquarters of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, who was then commander-in-chief of the Russian army. The officers were asked to approve the admission to the regiment of a candidate for whom the Grand Duke himself interceded. The candidate was Prince Radziwill, who, in the event of a victory over Germany, was to take the throne of autonomous Poland. Of course, there was no question of rejecting the prince's petition, and he was accepted by an overwhelming majority on one condition: this officer joined the regiment with the rank of Yesaul, but did not receive the corresponding position. In gratitude, the prince presented the regiment with a magnificent silver cup, which is still kept in the regiment's collection.

Another incident occurred with the chamber-page of the Empress Shatilov. Being ranked in the 1st category of graduates, he was going to enter either the horse artillery or the uhlans. However, Nicholas II, once meeting him, asked: “Are you, of course, entering the Guards Cossacks?” In fact, this question was an order, and Shatilov, willy-nilly, became a Cossack. During civil war he rose to the rank of general and served as chief of staff for Baron Wrangel.

2nd category issued in part of the army cavalry as cornets without seniority and 3rd category was transferred from the school to the part of the army cavalry as non-commissioned officers (ensigns), with the right to be promoted to cornets without an exam, but only by honoring his superiors, not earlier than 6 months after the production of their comrades in the school and only for vacancies, at least and not in those parts in which they served as non-commissioned officers.

Junkers of the squadron, who, due to their success in science and good morals, were to be promoted to officers, but recognized as incapable of military service due to their health, were simultaneously renamed into the corresponding civilian rank with seniority in military rank; those assigned to the 3rd category in case of their morbid condition were awarded the rank of XIV class, with the provision of all of them, in case of restoration of their ability for military service, to re-enter military service with the rights acquired upon graduation.

Junkers of the Cossack Hundred , on the same grounds, were produced either in the combat units of their Cossack troops, or in the combat units of regular and other Cossack troops.

The Cossacks were considered a special estate, living according to their own laws and rules. They traditionally did not like non-residents, that is, new settlers to the Cossack lands from other regions of Russia. They were born warriors, brought up in democratic traditions, and there was not much difference between the officers of the guards and army Cossack regiments, despite the fact that the entry of an officer into the guards regiment immediately made him a representative of the nobility.

The ataman regiment, in principle, was replenished with officers only Cossack origin, while in the regiment of His Majesty up to 50% of the officers were not Cossacks. However, all of them, before being enlisted in the regiment, were assigned to the village and became registered Cossacks (for example, the future Siberian).

Released with the rights of the 1st or 2nd category, the squadron cadet (state-owned) and hundreds received: a one-time allowance for uniforms in the amount of 300 rubles, issued in the 3rd category at the time of graduation from the school as an allowance for the initial acquisition of linen, shoes and other necessary things - 50 rubles, and then in the production of officers for uniforms - another 250 rubles.

As you can see, it was not easy to enter the service of the guard, in addition, it was necessary to have considerable means in order to live in accordance with the standards of the Petersburg nobility. The salary was rather modest, and the expenses were assumed to be considerable.

Brilliant, sometimes luxurious and very expensive, diverse form: summer and winter, front, full dress uniform, a ballroom uniform, an ordinary overcoat, a Nikolaev overcoat, a horse (in whole or in part) blooded, usually two or three - all this cost a lot of money, was purchased by an officer from his own funds. Not to mention the fact that in society it was necessary to keep an appropriate image life.

Expenses for the Officers' meeting (in guards regiments), balls, receptions, offerings, ceremonial dinners required large expenses. Often the officer only signed for the receipt of salary, all of which went to deductions. In some regiments, there was a tradition - when entering into marriage, to donate a silver cutlery to the collection. All officers from the Guards regiments had to make a “reverse” before the wedding - several thousand rubles to ensure future family life.

In some parts, the officers made up a kind of collective reserve fund, the contribution to which, for example, in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, was 1000 rubles.

Having entered the regiment, the young man found himself in new family. The officers of the regiment, both in peacetime and in war, kept together, observing the tradition of regimental brotherhood. Any transgression against the code of honor dishonored the entire regiment. Countess Kleinmichel, in her book Memoirs of a Lost World, tells of one incident. An officer of the Life Guards of the Hussar Regiment lost a colossal amount of money at cards, the debt was paid by all the officers of the regiment, and some of them had to leave the service after that, since their financial costs were too high.

Thus, it is obvious that the candidates were not in vain subjected to trials, because both their moral qualities and education had to meet the highest requirements. What, however, the officer had to possess par excellence was courage, and, it must be said, in battle the guardsmen always demonstrated it.

The service of an officer in the guards cavalry was no different from the usual army strap. Training, classes, maneuvers, household duties, parades took up most of the time. Along with this, the guard units (some more often, others less often) also performed special duties at the sovereign and court. Officers actively participated in social life, and best houses vied for the honor of seeing among their guests brilliant guards officers.

Service in the guard gave a high social status which caused jealousy army officers. In fact, guards officers could be transferred to the army, but it was almost impossible to move from the army to the guards. In general, the transfer to the army did not weigh on the guards officers, unlike, for example, their Prussian colleagues, Great War and battles internecine war gave numerous examples of the courage of the guards officers and soldiers, up to last hour aware that they belong to the elite.

In many foreign armies, the Nikolaev Cavalry School had no analogues:

So in France, those graduating to the cavalry from the Saint-Cyr military school (for infantry and cavalry) were obliged, after serving a year in the ranks, to undergo an 11-month course of the Saumur cavalry school

In Italy, those graduating to the cavalry from the Modena Military School, with a 2-year course, for infantry and cavalry (two divisions) were promoted to second lieutenants with the obligation to take an 8-month course in Pignerolskaya cavalry school(near Turin).

In Austria-Hungary, the Military School in Wiener Neustadt trained officers for the infantry, rangers and cavalry.

Junkers of the Nikolaev Cavalry School, with their commanding, teaching, educational and service personnel, did not accept the state February-March coup.

After the coup, the new authorities demanded that the leadership of the school report daily on the situation in the school, as well as lists of people who are being expelled and are going to be expelled from the school.

However, the head of the school, Major General M. Marchenko, did not send such lists. In March 1917 AD he was fired.

And the cadets of the Nikolaev Cavalry School and in exile proudly recalled and wrote that the Nikolaev Cavalry School never swore allegiance to the Provisional Government.

Every day brought news of extrajudicial killings of officers... In Vyborg, the commander of the 42nd corps, cavalry general Vladimir Aloizievich Oranovsky, was killed, brutally killed General Staff Generals Stepanov, Vasiliev and dragoon colonel Karpovich. In Luga, in the horse reserve, the former commander of the cavalry guards, General Count Mengden, horse grenadier Colonel Egershtrom, the young Life Hussar Staff Captain Count Kleinmichel were killed ...

The school did not have time to take part in the performance of the junkers (“Vladimirites”) in Petrograd on November 11, 1917 AD. It was disbanded earlier.

Early in the morning of November 11, the "Vladimirites" seized the telephone exchange and captured the Bolshevik commander of the troops of the Petrograd Military District V.A.Antonov-Ovseenko. Following this, the junkers occupied a military hotel and a telegraph office, but after a bloody battle they were driven out.

Junkers were killed everywhere in Petrograd, thrown from bridges into stinking canals. The Vladimir and Pavlovsk military schools were completely destroyed. Many junkers were killed and maimed while defending their schools, although the red gangs paid dearly for the "victory".

The Bolsheviks' heads, cut off by dragoon sabers, were planted on spears of an iron grate, which is along Grebetskaya.

Of course, those young people who studied at the School were the most active among the participants in the armed resistance to the Soviet deputies in 1918-1920 AD, they were distinguished a high degree patriotism and the fact that it was more uncompromising than all the others, it related to the destroyers of the Russian statehood.

Interior of the Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit in the school

In 1839 AD, the school finally moved to the Obvodny Canal, in the expanded building of the Conductor's School of Communications (1823–1826 AD, architect V.K. Tretter), where there was already a double-height church with choirs and a wooden dome, consecrated on March 26, 1827 AD by Bishop Reval Nicanor. Occupying the part of the second floor of the main building protruding into the courtyard, this temple was decorated inside according to the project of P. Jaco with Corinthian pilasters made of artificial yellow against the background of walls made of white stucco.

A white and gilded two-tier empire iconostasis was carved by the Okhta workshop of A. Tarasov. The image was written by Acad. I. E. Yakovlev, icons of holidays - school teacher M. Dovgalev, painting by M. Ya. Shiryaev, modeling (including reliefs) - L. Kruglov and F. Stadzhi. Gas bronze chandeliers and candelabra were made by the master Karl Thieme, the utensils were purchased from the merchant Lokhov. Part of the utensils and icons were taken from the church of the Military Construction School (Church of St. Martyr Simeon, Kin of the Lord, at the Institute of Civil Engineers of Emperor Nicholas I). Decoration costs amounted to 50 thousand rubles.

In 1843 AD A. I. Travin restored the interior and re-painted the evangelists in sails.

The area of ​​the temple was 55 square meters. soot; black marble boards with the names of the fallen pupils hung on its walls, according to which a memorial service was served annually at the release of the junkers. Prayer before the image of St. Alexander Nevsky and Nikolai celebrated the founding day of the school, one of the most prestigious in Russia.

In 1903 AD, during the remodeling of the church, arch. I. I. Yakovlev, stucco high reliefs appeared on its portal.

For almost 45 years (since 1842 AD) the rector was Fr. Kirill Kirillovich Krupsky, and the last before the revolution - Archpriest. John Vasilyevich Elenevsky.

In 1917 AD, a plaster relief with the image of St. George the Victorious was attached to the apse (sk. I. V. Krestovsky). The church ceased to function in bad memory 1917 AD; Now the building seems to be occupied by a design organization.

The former life of the Russian cavalry with its colorful existence, chivalrous spirit and beautiful traditions has gone into the irrevocable past.

The chiefs of the school were generals:

• P. P. Godeyn (1823-31AD)
• bar. M. A. Schlippenbach (1831-43 AD)
• A. N. Sutgof (1843-63 AD)
• J. F. Sievers (1863-65 AD)
• bar. M. A. Taube (1865-74 AD)
• W. F. Vinberg (1874-78 AD)
• A. A. Bilderling (1878-90AD)
• E. E. Rynkevich (1890-99 AD)
• P. A. Plehve (1895-99 AD)
• P. A. Mashin (1899-1901 AD)
• F. F. Gryaznov (1901-1905 AD)
• L. W. de Witt (1905-10 AD)
• E. K. Miller (1910-12AD)

In 1913 AD, Mr.-m. M. K. Marchenko.

School and college inspectors were

special military schools for preparing officers for service in the cavalry; exist in almost all European states- in Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, England. In Russia, they are of two kinds: 1) the Nikolaev K. school in St. Petersburg and 2) the cadet K. schools. In 1823 a school for ensigns of the Guards was founded. In 1826, a squadron of K. junkers was formed at the school, and it received the name of the school of guards ensigns and K. junkers. In 1857, the school was renamed the Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers, and in 1865, during the reform of military educational institutions, it was transformed: the higher, special classes formed the present Nikolaev K. School, and the lower, general ones - the Preparatory Board of the School (now Nikolaev cadet corps). In 1890, a Cossack hundred was established at the school. According to the current situation (St. V. P. Book XV and Order. According to Military Vedic 1890 156), the Nikolaev K. School has as its purpose the preparation of young people for officer service in regular cavalry regiments and in mounted Cossack units. The school consists of two classes, with a one-year course in each. In combat terms, it is a squadron and a hundred; students are called junkers. The regular set of junkers is 320, including 120 Cossacks. The immediate management of the school is assigned to its head; educational part is managed by the class inspector. The school has committees: pedagogical, disciplinary and economic. AT junior class Nikolaev K. Schools are accepted, upon reaching the age of 16: a) who have successfully completed the full course in the cadet corps and b) who have completed the course in secondary educational institutions, or who have submitted certificates of passing tests at these institutions in the scope of the entire course. Persons of the second category are accepted, however, only for free vacancies. Cossack natives are kept in the school at public expense; other young people are taken in by their own boarders; external students are allowed only with the permission of the chief head of military educational institutions. Training course Key words: 1) the law of God, 2) mathematics, 3) chemistry, 4) tactics, 5) artillery, 6) fortification, 7) military topography, 8) initial military administration, 9) military jurisprudence, 10) practical classes in Russian and foreign languages, 11) hippology and 12) drawing - topographic, artillery and fortification. In the camp, the junkers are engaged in front-line exercises, engineering and topographic work, get acquainted with the firing of guns and with the materiel of artillery. At the end of the course, the junkers, classified by the exam to the first category, are issued by the cornets of the army cavalry, with one year of seniority, and those who distinguished themselves from them - by the cornets of the guards cavalry; those assigned to the second category - by cornets of the army cavalry without seniority, those assigned to the third category are transferred to the regiments of the army cavalry as non-commissioned officers for 6 months. Those incapable of military service are awarded, at graduation, the civil ranks of the XII or XIV class, depending on their success. Junker K. schools at present there are two - Tver and Elisavetgrad and, moreover, three Cossack: Novocherkassk, Stavropol and Orenburg. See Junker schools.

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"Cavalry Schools" in books

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