Artificial languages. Extraterrestrial intelligence, elves and Dothraki
The answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, phrase, number or sequence of words, numbers. Write the answer to the right of the assignment number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Read the text and complete tasks 1–3.
(1)None of artificial languages has not become a full-fledged means of communication. (2) The fact is that language is not only and not so much a means of communication: the first purpose of language is to store the information accumulated by humanity about the world and man. (3) ____ this allows the language to successfully perform its functions; The absence of such a basis prevented artificial languages from fulfilling the tasks assigned to them.
1
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys MAIN information contained in the text?
1. The lack of ability to store information about the world and man accumulated by humanity has prevented artificial languages from becoming a full-fledged means of communication.
2. None of the artificial languages became a full-fledged means of communication, because they did not fulfill the tasks assigned to them.
3. Language is not only and not so much a means of communication, but also the keeper of the information accumulated by humanity about the world and man.
4. Artificial languages are not a full-fledged means of communication, since they do not fulfill the main purpose of any language - to store information about the world and people.
5. The ability to store information about the world and man accumulated by humanity allows language to successfully perform its functions.
2
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down.
1. Probably
3. Fortunately,
5. Hardly
3
Read the fragment dictionary entry, which provides the meaning of the word MEANS. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
REMEDY, -a, cf.
1. Reception, method of action for achieving something. Simple s. To achieve something by all means. All means are good for someone. (no one disdains anything to achieve his goals, success; ind.).
2. A tool (object, set of devices) for carrying out something. activities. Means of transport. Means of protection.
3. Medicine, an item necessary for treatment, as well as a cosmetic item (in 2 values). Medicines. S. for cough. Dressings. Cosmetical tools.
4. Mn. Money, loans. Working capital. Release funds for something.
5. Mn. Capital, condition. Man of means. Living beyond your means (spending more than your income or wealth allows).
4
In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
accountant
plum
repeated
SEAL
5
One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
1. One of my uncles loved to DECLARE poems, that is, read them in a chant manner.
2. What a pity that modern schoolchildren don't feel the BENEFIT of the book: this true friend, this is a beacon in doubt, this is an anchor in a storm of passions!
3. During the Renaissance, a new GLASS material was discovered, crystal clear and perfect in plasticity.
4. Listening to his DIFFICULT, but still precise speech, punctuated with jokes, was creepy.
5. He was one of those limited people, which are especially pleasant precisely because of their LIMITATIONS.
6
In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
pair of STOCKINGS
SOUGHT OPTION
one and a half hundred meters
sent the magazine by parcel post
LONGER than a pencil
7
Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| OFFERS | GRAMMATICAL ERRORS |
| A) In works Saltykova-Shchedrin There is both satire on the ruling circles and on the common people. | 1) misuse case form noun with preposition |
| B) Whoever came to our city admired its provincial antiquity. | 2) violation of the connection between subject and predicate |
| C) He thanked the professor and added that I would certainly take your wishes into account. | 3) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application |
| D) Upon arrival in the capital, we hurried on an excursion. | 4) error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members |
| D) When turning to scientists for clarification, I want to learn something new. | 5) incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrases |
| 6) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases | |
| 7) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech |
Write your answer in numbers without spaces or other symbols
8
Identify the word in which the unstressed unchecked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
region... to roll
time...to get involved
t...singular
agreement
9
Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write down these words by inserting the missing letter.
non...eating, pr...parents
pr...hail, pr...possible
ra...double, nor...fall
on...bite, oh...row
be generous and...hold out
10
Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
suede
magnesium
toy
assign
harden
11
Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank.
hear...my
checked
you can stand it
separate
bring back...my
12
Determine the sentence in which NOT is written SEPARATELY with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.
1. Indifferent to native nature a person (not) can love his homeland.
2. The (un)paved street went straight into the field.
3. Air is (not) moving.
4. It’s been (un)hot in the morning.
5. A person with an indignant conscience becomes stronger than a (non) scoundrel.
13
Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are written HYPHENED. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
1. In the heat, all living things hid SOMEWHERE and are afraid to raise their heads, SO as not to burn their hair or burn their nose.
2. Pavel recognized the very first, (CHILDLY) naive buildings in the park: a monk’s hut, a gazebo (IN) THE VIEW of a tower.
3. Everything was good and somehow especially, not (ALWAYS) clear and close.
4. Among the bushes you can still see SOME representatives of the flora, for example, rose hips, lemongrass, and ALSO viburnum.
5. Now, between the small surviving islands of forest on the slopes of the hill, juniper bushes RARELY, but STILL, grow.
14
Indicate the number(s), in whose place(s) one letter N is written.
I remember the evening soft blue fogs, and the night fogs, pierced by (1) azure (2) light (they seem silver(3)), and the morning (4) pale pink, colored (5) dawn.
15
Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1. Frost taps on the trunks and branches of thick trees and light silver frost falls off in flakes.
2. Among the meadow herbs there are anise and chamomile, St. John's wort and yarrow.
3. In Japan, evergreen trees and shrubs with hard and shiny leaves grow - camellias.
4. The day was completely clear, quiet and hot.
5. The sun stood directly above the forest and constantly burned his back and head.
16
The waves (1) running onto the shore (2) fell heavily (3) breaking into splashes (4) hissed angrily (5) rolling off the stones.
17
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.
1) Yazykov, who (1) according to Pushkin (2) had an amazing fire of language, magnificently described the Volga and Oka in one of his poems.
2) And when he told me this story, then (3) according to him (4) everything turned out completely differently.
18
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
It is not the one who is smart (1) who knows how to distinguish good from evil (2) but the one (3) who knows how to choose the lesser of two evils.
19
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be commas in the sentence.
It was a dazzling morning in mid-March (1) when the snow had settled to the ground everywhere (2) and compacted in the fields (3) and only the roadsides were already cut by the sun.
20
Edit sentence: correct lexical error, replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the chosen word, observing the norms of modern Russian literary language.
We wish the organizers to organize such evenings more often.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-26.
(1) As long as little Kolya could remember during the war, he was always hungry. (2) He could not get used to it, adjust to hunger, and his sunken eyes glittered angrily, constantly looking for prey. (3) Black-haired, uncut, disheveled, with visible ribs, he looked like a small, emaciated wolf cub. (4) At home he was given food and bread. (5) Mother added brooms - threshed panicles of millet - to the flour, and the bread was heavy and sticky; he smelled of damp clay. (6) But the hungry boy ate this bread too instantly.
(7) Once during the entire war he ate enough bread. (8) And the bread was not made from brooms - it was real. (9) Our machine gunners brought it with them. (10) They entered the hut at night. (11) Little Kolya hid in a corner and cautiously watched the aliens. (12) And then he was noticed by a high-cheeked soldier limping on his left leg. (13) He beckoned Kolya to him:
(14) - Hey, master, come here. (15) Do you want some bread?
(16) The boy wanted to shout: “I want it!” Want!" (17) But a lump came to my throat. (18) He could not utter a word and silently swallowed his saliva.
(19) - You probably had a big dinner?
(20) Kolya blinked in confusion, and the high-cheeked soldier untied the bag and thrust a large piece of bread into his hand. (21) The hungry boy felt dizzy. (22) He climbed onto the stove, closed his eyes and fell to the bread. (23) He breathed bread, warmed it with his hands and cheek. (24) He bit off the crumb, then gnawed the crust with cheerful excitement. (25) A calm satiety spread sweetly throughout the body. (26) He fell asleep. (27) And all night he dreamed of bread.
(28)... When the war was coming to an end, the mother sowed a strip of wheat in the garden. (29) Soon timid shoots emerged from the ground. (30) Then the ears appeared - big-eyed, bluish, slightly sweaty. (31) Then the strip became straw-like.
(32) When the first harvest was harvested, my grandmother, to celebrate, baked two cakes the size of a sunflower. (33) The cakes were fragrant and rosy. (34) Grandmother greased them with an oil feather and sprinkled them with salt, as coarse as crushed glass. (35) Heat came from the cakes, and they glowed like two small salted suns.
(36) The boy was sitting in front of the table, and his sunken eyes were glued to the cakes. (37) He waited for someone to treat him, and inhaled the warm spirit of baked bread. (38) He could barely restrain himself from reaching out and taking the enviable treat without asking. (39) Finally, the grandmother came up to him and said:
(40) - Try my cake, grandson.
(41) Some hidden spring worked inside - the hands instantly rushed to the cake, the fingers squeezed it tightly and pulled it into the mouth.
(42) The crust burned my lips, the salt tingled my tongue, my nostrils flared, afraid to miss a bit of the delicious smell. (43) Korzh was soon gone... (44) Kolya sighed heavily. (45) And the second cake, ruddy, whole and probably even more delicious, lay on the table and smiled invitingly with its whole face.
(46) “Take this cake to your grandfather to the apiary,” said the grandmother.
(48) Grandma wrapped the hot cake in burdock and handed it to Kolya.
(49) Grandfather was happy. (50) He turned the cake over in his hands and smelled it. (51) And Kolya stood in front of the old man, absorbed in the hope that his grandfather would break the cake in half.
(52) But the grandfather did not eat the gift, but took it to the hut. (53) What a greedy grandfather! (54) He went completely wild with his bees. (55) He specially hid the cake so as not to share it and then calmly chew it, dipping it in sticky buckwheat honey.
(56) Kolya was about to leave. (57)V last minute, when the grandfather handed over a knapsack with dirty laundry, let the grandmother wash it! - Something trembled in Kolya’s head, and he almost asked his grandfather for a piece of cake. (58) But he managed to overcome a momentary weakness. (59) And he remained silent.
(60) He walked slowly, waving his knapsack, and thought that when the war ended, there would be a lot of bread in the house and he would eat cakes in the morning, at lunch and in the evening. (61) And now grandfather is eating the cake - he, Kolya, has already eaten his.
(62) At home, he handed the knapsack to his grandmother and muttered:
(63) - Grandfather ordered to wash!
(64) Grandmother silently began to lay out grandfather’s underwear on the bench. (65) At the bottom of the knapsack there was a clean rag tied in a knot. (66) Grandma slowly untied the knot with naughty fingers. (67) There was a cake in the rag. (68) She didn’t say anything. (69) She laid an unexpected gift in front of her grandson.
Using one of national languages as an intermediary language always gave an advantage to the nation for which it was native. This circumstance gave rise to numerous attempts to create an international artificial language, which, on the one hand, would be “nobody’s” and, therefore, would not give advantages to any nation, and on the other hand, would belong to all of humanity.
The first attempt to create an artificial language known to us was made in the 2nd century AD. Greek physician Galen. In total, over the history of mankind, about a thousand international artificial language projects have been created. However, very few of them have received any practical application.
The first artificial language that truly became a means of communication between people was created in 1879 in Germany by J.M. Schleyer, Volapuk. Due to the extreme complexity and detail of its grammar, Vopalyuk widespread was not received in the world and by about the middle of the 20th century it completely fell out of use.
A much happier fate awaited L.L., invented in 1887. Zamenhof language Esperanto. Creating his own language, L.L. Zamenhof sought to make it as simple and easy to learn as possible. He succeeded. Esperanto spelling is based on the principle of “one sound - one letter”. Nominal inflection is limited to four, and verbal inflection to seven forms. The declension of names and the conjugation of verbs are unified, in contrast to natural national languages, where, as a rule, we encounter several types of declension and conjugation. Mastering the Esperanto language usually takes no more than a few months.
Esperanto has a rich original and translated fiction, numerous newspapers and magazines are published (about 40 periodicals), radio broadcasting in some countries. Esperanto, along with French, is official language International Postal Association.
Among the artificial languages that have received some practical use are also Interlingua (1903), Occidental (1922), Ido (1907), Novial (1928), Omo (1926) and some others. However, they have not received wide distribution. Of all the currently existing artificial languages, only Esperanto has a real chance of becoming over time the main means of international communication.
All artificial languages are divided into a posteriori and a priori. A posteriori are such artificial languages that are composed “on the model and from the material of natural languages.” Examples of a posteriori languages include Esperanto, Latin-sine-flexione, Novial, and Neutral idiom. A priori are those artificial languages whose vocabulary and grammar are in no way related to the vocabulary and grammar of natural languages, but are built on the basis of principles developed by the creator of the language. Examples of a posteriori languages are solresol and rho.
Along with attempts to create an international artificial language, attempts have been made more than once to create international system writing, with the help of which it was possible to create texts readable in any language. Such writing systems are called pasigraphy.
As an example of pasigraphy, we can cite the picto letter created by the Dutchman K. Jansen. Here are some signs of this letter: ⌂ “house”, Λ “go”, ∞ “talk”, “love”, I “I, me, me”, II “you, you, you”, III “he, him, his ”, .□ “in front, in front”, □. “behind”, |- verb “to be” in the present tense, .|- verb “to be” in the past tense, |-. verb “to be” in the future tense, |+ verb “to have” in personal form, Ō “city”.
In addition to this kind of simple drawing systems, numerous digital pasigraphy systems were also created, in which each word was encoded with a certain set of numbers. Neither pictorial nor digital pasigraphy became widespread, remaining only a curious experiment in the history of linguistics.
A.Yu. Garbage. Fundamentals of the science of language - Novosibirsk, 2004.
CONSTRUCTED LANGUAGES TODAY
1.
Considering the issue of artificial languages, I would like to note that more and more more languages, and now anyone who wants to, having studied methodological literature, can easily create your own tongue according to your taste and color. Or, another option, he can take any of the languages, be it artificial or natural, and change it at his discretion.
2.
The creation of languages turns into a household craft, or into art, depending on the skill. It could be a homemade project created in one day by one person, or the work of hundreds of scientists working for many years.
3.
In this regard, one gets the impression that this activity is not serious, and that there is no practical benefit from it. In those days when only a few languages were known, the attitude towards “Esperanto” was more serious, but now, when there are many languages, these creations of thought do not seem like something great, but look ordinary.
4.
There are many opinions regarding the future of the whole language. Groups of like-minded people have formed who speak and know at least one language. They don’t need to explain why this is necessary. I call them “intermen”.
5.
I think that the initial impulse that prompted the creation of a new language was never determined by the goal of creating a means of universal communication. This is, rather, an artist’s impulse, a surge of creative energy, and not a cold calculation based on the fact that it is necessary to make all of humanity happy, and at the same time become famous throughout the world. Already further, creating everything new and new project language, the creator directs himself in such a way that it comes out exactly world language, not a toy for your own amusement.
6.
Roughly speaking, then everyone new language- it is a toy. Some have one kind of entertainment, others have another. What caused the need to create new languages?
7.
Speaking about myself, I have always been interested in the sound of the Russian language. Within the framework of secondary education, this was the most interesting thing for me. As a result, my certificate shows only one A - in Russian. Everything else is boring and boring. I started creating languages late, this is due to the fact that there was no example, and no one suggested how exactly this could be done. As a result, it was only in 2001, when I was 27 years old, that my first language gradually began to emerge. According to its parameters, it could well pass for international. Creating more and more new projects and sketches, from time to time I created conlangs that would not pass for international. Knowing the method that I discovered for myself without outside help, I could have created something in 10 years. There was a desire.
8.
It is caused by the imperfection of the Russian language. Russian, like other languages, is imperfect. It is possible that its ancestor, the Thracian language, was much more elegant and interesting, but it has sunk into the oblivion of the past. I can name many shortcomings of the Russian language, and many others. But I think there is no need for this, since someone else could have already done it. There are also many shortcomings in “Esperanto” and “Lideple”.
9.
I would like to know where these 1000 languages are located, and whether they can be found on the Internet. I was only able to find about a dozen languages. Having put in the search “all artificial languages”, I still did not find anything that would fit this definition.
10.
If we consider complex languages, where words from different languages, then a couple of points can be noted. Usually the words there are chosen on the basis of their greatest prevalence in the world. this moment. If one word root appears in several languages selected for merging, then it is selected. But, if the merging of languages had not occurred artificially, but on its own, from the people, the choice of words could have been different. And not only could it, but in reality all the words are connected ARTIFICIALLY, not the way it would actually happen. This doesn’t bother some people at all, and they fearlessly lump together Chinese words with French ones, mixing in German, Hindi and Arabic. Everything looks good, but high goal bringing people together gives inspiration.
11.
The end result is a product that looks like nothing. With exactly the same success you can lump together not the most popular words, but arbitrarily, whatever comes along. The result will be exactly the same, and the sound of the language will not suffer from this. Strict discipline requires that there be some kind of algorithm in the selection of words, but this will not affect the final result. All rules exist for practical purpose, but in this case it’s a rule for yourself, an obligation to follow a strict algorithm so as not to lose your sense of self-importance.
12.
A language created using an algorithm “for purity of conscience” is considered successful, there are dozens of fans, they study it, they are crazy. But, on the other hand, will you be equally enthusiastic about a language in which words are collected without any system? The language is equally brilliant, but you do not accept it. So you don't agree that 1=1? A language, roughly speaking, is accepted only because it has been worked on unified scheme. The work itself is recognized, not final result. Language is no longer a work of art, like everyone else natural languages, but there is a simple convention. You and I agree that this is a LANGUAGE, and you undertake to admit that this is, yes, the most real LANGUAGE. But in reality, it doesn’t matter who thinks what, who agreed on what, but what matters is only what exists. If the picture is drawn not under inspiration, but based on some thoughts, then it is not a work of art. And any complex language, where words from different languages are combined into one, is, as it were, not a language at all. And it's a fake. A sensitive subject understands this, but the crowd does not. Tell them that this is art, and they will believe it.
13.
Feeling an urgent need to create something holistic, and not an arbitrary bunch of rules and words, experts created “interlingua”. Together with a number of other languages, this project seems like something holistic. Some combine Romance languages, others Germanic. It's starting to look like a tongue. But, nevertheless, as in the previous case, the problem is still the same - you cannot connect the incompatible. It can unite on its own if you simply mix peoples, but any artificial connection will be reflected in the external sound.
14.
This is how the “simples” arose, or simplified languages. A simple is created from one language by simplifying it. But it should be noted that the same process of language simplification occurs in real life. But in real life, everything happens NATURALLY, and designing the language of the future is the same as designing the future itself. Not a single person, I think, is able to predict what our future will be like in 100 years. The same thing applies to the design of languages, in this case, symbols. I would not design a Russian simple, but would rather experiment with the Old Russian one. At the same time, we should not strive to recreate ancient language, but to create something new, sharply distinguishable, it will be original.
26.
All languages are becoming simpler. In the future, the Russian language should lose all its cases, and there is no need to be horrified by this. Forms that disappear play no role in the expression of thoughts. Lost forms may be replaced by new parts of speech, and then the language will not become simpler, but many times more complex, allowing one to express complex thoughts swarming in one’s head smart people. The brain, so to speak, will begin to work better, assimilating complex concepts and categories. If these parts of speech do not arise by themselves, we will create them ourselves.
15.
I'm currently trying to create a zip-jazz language that will have 38 parts of speech. This is about three times more than in Russian. If someone doesn’t need them, he can ignore what he hears, understanding only the main meaning. Here the wolves will be well fed and the sheep will be safe. The same language serves both primitive and educated people. I would like zip-jazzik to become an international language.
16.
For my part, I would like to note that I prefer some of the other languages I have created, for example, Grassonian. But the zip-jolzik is more phlegmatic than the others, and this should have approval among people who are themselves phlegmatic. Everything is thought out in such a way as to satisfy the most average person. Other languages are more emotional and suit my personality better. Zip-jolzik is also as far removed from resemblance to anything national as possible. It can be noted that the Esperanto ending “-o” appeals more to Italians and Spaniards than to anyone else, and “Interlingua” actually resembles a variety of Italian.
17.
Zip-Jolzik, like a paralanguage, uses more intuition than logic. But the Arahau language, created by Ahanera, takes a different path. There, on the contrary, everything is subject to logic. Intuition is only 20%. Both are good. Language must be either a product of the brain, that is, logic, or a product of intuition. Zip-jolzik has 70% intuition and 30% logic. In other languages, logic and intuition are distributed approximately equally. It remains unclear whether it is possible to create a language 100% according to the laws of logic, and whether it will sound so successful that it will work as an international one? And it is absolutely clear that you cannot create a language based only on intuition, since such a person must have 100% perfection.
18.
The Arachau language is created in such a way that each of its words is decomposed into letters, thanks to which each word is a perfect product, and, moreover, can be comprehended. The price for this is the loss of external sound. For some, external sound is the main thing, and such people usually study natural language. More intuition is involved in paralanguages and mutants, but intuition, as we know, is compressed logic. The brain does thousands logical operations per second during the creation of each word in paralanguage. But some people think that since you did it yourself, it means it’s all a gag and not some kind of art. In fact, this is not a gag, but the work of the brain. Any brilliant painting by an artist is the same “gag”, where the author cannot logically justify every brush stroke. But we put up with it and accept the picture without asking for evidence.
19.
Separately, the tongue “hammer” can be noted. He belongs to the simple mutants. This is simplified Russian. The author did not stop at simplification alone, but used his own original ideas, which made the language more perfect. The best of the mutant languages could have arisen in real world, if you know how to put people in such artificial environment, where a language with given parameters can appear. Everything here is like in jazz: based on one rhythm, various improvisations are possible, and all of them will be correct.
20.
Paralanguages, in turn, require skill and powerful intuition. If some paralanguage is clumsy, then we can remember natural languages and find even more shortcomings.
21.
The Arachau language, created according to the laws of logic, is somewhat inferior in external sound, but it allows you to construct any words you want. This allows you to express the most complex thoughts and easily create terminology. At some point, an intellectual conversation in Arachau comes to the point where you stop hearing the language and words altogether, and only catch one movement of thoughts. I haven't tried it yet, but I think it's true. To equip the brain, you just need to give it a constructor language, and so that complex things can be expressed briefly. Brevity, in essence, is a way of expressing thoughts. When we need to express a long thought (in Russian), we simply refrain from doing so. If we need to speak a whole sentence, instead of one word, we choose silence. And in a number of cases, they simply do not understand us, having ignored the word indicating the context. The text is understood as if there were no indication of the desired meaning. Starting to speak simply and savagely (but understandably), we do not say anything smart, and we cannot prove the correctness of our views. Personal beliefs begin to seem like stupid stubbornness to your opponent. Therefore, the zip-jolzik also has tools for constructing more complex thoughts. At a minimum level.
22.
Imagining a future in which everyone knows Zip-Jolzik, I would prefer to speak both Russian and Zip-Jolzik in it. I do not exclude Russian from my vocabulary. Some will prefer to speak only one language - either Zip-Jolzik or Russian.
23.
At the moment, it is necessary for intermen to come over to my side and begin to promote zip-jolzik and speak it. Then everything will go easier. If it is decided that some other language should become international, and if this is a worthy project, then I will give up my developments and start studying this language. In this case, I will not need to completely create the zip-zip.
24.
If we consider that there are more than 1000 artificial languages, then among them there may well be a worthy candidate for the role of a world language. It seems strange to me that there is no site where all these languages would be collected and divided into categories. I also don’t know if there are any other paralanguages besides mine. Only the most widely known popular languages. But it may turn out that some little-known language is the best. The little-known should not be overlooked, but should be considered together with the popular.
25.
It may also happen that international language aliens will throw us. Their technology has developed over millions of years, and there may be some kind of language suitable for us. If so, even better. At least, I can say for sure that complex languages are only the first stage of evolution, and a dead-end one at that. In the future, interest in complex languages and simple simplam should dry up. Both of them are the 20th century, the stone era of interlinguistics. Now the time is different, and we need to look forward.
Why are artificial languages needed?
There are more than 7 thousand natural languages, that is, those that were chaotically formed in societies, responding to the needs of a changing way of life. IN Russian Federation 37 languages have been officially declared state languages, and this does not take into account the various dialects and languages spoken by visiting citizens. Great amount explained quite simply - different peoples developed and lived separately, each with its own special realities, traditions, and culture. Due to such fragmentation, each individual living group developed its own language that met all the requirements of the community. However, common languages have common roots. This is also understandable: over many centuries, people mixed and moved a lot around the world, bringing their culture with them.
It is difficult to say when the first natural language appeared. Sumerian writing, for example, existed in archaic form already in the third millennium BC. However, some researchers suggest that people began to speak to each other using some kind of systemic phonetic structure tens of thousands of years earlier.
Artificial languages began to appear en masse much later, if not quite recently. This was the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. The thinkers of that time suddenly felt the need to create a language that would be devoid of the shortcomings of any “natural”. Plus, the influence of Latin in the world, which served universal remedy communication for science, religion and art. Something had to replace Latin and be well rationalized so that one did not have to spend a lot of time studying.
First artificial languages
At the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries, there lived a German nun and writer, Hildegard of Bingen. In addition to being the founder of female religious mysticism in literature, Hildegard is actually the first person in history to invent her own language. She called it Lingua Ignota ("Language Unknown"). We learned about him thanks to two manuscripts that are now kept in Wiesbaden and Berlin. The nun suggested 1000 new words for her language, but there were no grammar rules in it. The words were specific, often of unknown origin, and the phonetic picture was dominated by l sound « z » .
Ta Hildegard also compiled an alphabet for Lingua Ignota. Why did she do all this? No one knows. Maybe for fun, maybe in the name of achieving some spiritual goals.
But the next writer of language in history fully outlined his motives. The priest John Wilkins, who lived in England in the 17th century, criticized natural languages, and among them the then dominant language. scientific community Latin, for imperfection, and decided to take on the difficult task of a person who will come up with a new means of communication without all the shortcomings. Wilkins wrote a treatise, An Essay on Genuine Symbolism and philosophical language", in which he presented his universal language with its own phonetics, symbolic system, vocabulary and grammar. The language turned out to be logical, harmonious, orderly, but... no one needs it. They completely forgot about him until the 20th century, when Jorge Luis Borges became interested in him and dedicated an essay to him “ Analytical language John Wilkins."
After this, an endless series of linguistic constructions began. All and sundry offered their own languages, either devoid of natural shortcomings, or designed to make people kinder, or simply experimental. Loglan, Tokipona, Ifkuil, Esperanto... We cannot list them all in one text. We'd better tell you how these artificial systems classified.
Classification of artificial languages
Artificial languages can be divided based on the goals of their creation. Let's start with ambitious goal– influence people’s thinking by creating a better mechanism for transferring ideas between them. This led to the creationphilosophical or logicallanguages. Sometimes they are also callededjlangs(from English engineered languages). Unfortunately, it is impossible to check their effectiveness. More precisely, it is possible, but this is an unethical method, and so far no one has used it. After all, in order to find out how an artificial language will affect thinking, you need to teach a person to speak it with early childhood, excluding teaching other natural languages. It is clear that conducting such an experiment would make the subject unadapted to existence in society. The creators of one of the logical languages, Lojban, planned to teach it to their adopted children, but the plans were thwarted due to a phrase said by one Bulgarian linguist:
“If it turns out that Lojban, as a not entirely natural language, does not lend itself to natural assimilation, and children do not speak it, and miss the chance to speak like a human being, they will become wolf cubs in the human environment.”
The design of languages may have another goal - to build a universal auxiliary system, which will serve to establish mutual understanding between all people. Actually, such languages are calledinternational auxiliaries, or auxiliaries(from the English auxiliary language - “auxiliary language”).
Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof - creator of Esperanto
Their most famous representative is Esperanto. Everyone has heard something about him. It was not invented by a linguist, but by the Polish ophthalmologist Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. In 1887, he published The International Language under the pseudonym Doctor Esperanto, which in his new language meant “hopeful.” A good auxlang, according to the author, should be easy to learn, convenient for quickly starting communication with its help, and used by the broad masses, due to its high-quality promotion. Has Zamenhof created the perfect auxiliary international language? Obviously not. Some of his grammatical decisions look strange, some phonetic units difficult for many peoples of the world to pronounce, the morphology is redundant. However, Doctor Esperanto still accomplished some task - his language became the most popular among all artificial languages.
The third goal of linguistic construction is the most impractical. You can create languages just like that, in the name of creativity. This is how they appearartisticartificial languages, orartlangs. You've definitely heard about these. This is Sindarin, the language of the elves in Tolkien, and Klingon in the science fiction epic " Star Trek", and Dothraki from the popular series "Game of Thrones". Some of the artlangs are very well developed and have their own alphabet, grammar, lexicon, and phonetics. Some are worse - may be presented separate rules and lack a clear structure.
In addition to this classification, there is another one - according to the method of linguistic construction. A language can be created based on already known rules. Take, for example, one natural language and try to improve it. Such languages are calleda posteriori. On the other hand, nothing ever prevents you from simply inventing a language entirely out of your head, without relying on anyone’s experience. Such languages are calleda priori. Which of them will take root better in people’s speech? Most likely, a posteriori. To invent a language from scratch you need to have a good education and clear ideas about how natural languages function. Not everyone has this skill.
There are a lot of artificial languages, and you can be sure that they will continue to be created. Perhaps you, dear reader, will do this someday. Linguistic construction is not just entertainment, it helps us understand how natural languages work, and therefore human nature. Who knows, maybe in the future we will communicate in a language that, using scientific method came up with it ourselves.
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Summary of the open lesson "Creativity of Agnia Barto"
Making the correct “L” sound in a child
Games for the formation of correct sound pronunciation: automation and differentiation of various sounds Games for the development of sound pronunciation in children