Everyone knows what speech etiquette is. Rules of condolence, sympathy and apology

In Novokuznetsk pedagogical institute prepared for publication Dictionary-reference book of Russian speech etiquette and common folk benevolent treatment of the XIX-XX centuries. The work is unique in many ways. In terms of volume and content, it has no analogues in domestic and, as far as we know, foreign lexicography, although it cannot be said that Russian speech etiquette is a completely unexplored area. The collection of formulas of Russian speech courtesy, courtesy, courtesy has a long history in Russia. It is known that back in the XVII-XVIII and especially in XIX centuries various reference books and manuals were published for courteous oral treatment, as well as for writing everyday and official letters ("pistorovniks"). Attempts were also made to compile collections of "friendly" words and expressions. After the revolution, the very word "etiquette" fell into the category of "old-fashioned", and work in this direction was interrupted for a long time, which, of course, had a negative impact on the study and state of Russian speech culture. Since the mid 1970s. during the period of "detente", when the Russian language began to spread widely as one of the world languages, Russian linguists and methodologists published reference books and study guides on speech etiquette (see the well-known works of Prof. N.I. Formanovskaya and her colleagues).

The compiled dictionary by type is a thematic explanatory dictionary-reference book. "Thematic", that is, dedicated to one topic, covering the vocabulary and phraseology of thematic groups of one semantic field- polite, friendly treatment. "Dictionary-reference book" - according to the classification of Academician L.V. Shcherby - means "descriptive dictionary", which is not strictly normative, but seeks to reflect the signs of speech etiquette of various social spheres and territorial dialects of the Russian language. The principle of normativity of the description is maintained only partially: by the arrangement of stresses; individual grammatical forms; stylistic marks that establish the scope and boundaries of the use of the word; quotations showing the use of a word or expression in a specific speech situation; reflecting some of the features of spelling. It was not the task of the compiler to give assessments: "correct - incorrect" and recommendations: "it is necessary to say so - it is not necessary to say so." Such instructions are more appropriate in speech science workshops. The tasks of the dictionary are more answered by information - "so (it was) customary to say (write)

A person's speech is a very important characterological feature; it can be used to determine not only the level of education, but also the degree of his responsibility and discipline. Speech betrays his attitude towards other people, himself, his work. Therefore, any person who wants to achieve success in communicating with other people needs to work on his speech. Rules of speech etiquette, summary which each of us learns in childhood, contribute to a better mutual understanding between people and help to establish relationships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Etiquette is a set of norms and rules of conduct, usually an unwritten code that each person learns along with culture. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette is usually not required to be performed in an order or writing, but they are a must for anyone who wants to build relationships with other people. Speech etiquette prescribes the desired verbal design of typical communication situations. Nobody invented these rules intentionally, they were formed in the course of human communication over millennia. Each etiquette formula has its roots, functions and variants. Speech etiquette, etiquette rules are a sign of a well-mannered and polite person and subconsciously tune in to a positive perception of the person using them.

History of occurrence

The word "etiquette" French came from Greece. Etymologically, it goes back to the root, meaning order, rule. In France, the word was used to refer to a special card on which the rules of seating and behavior at the royal table were written. But in the time of Louis the Fourteenth, the very phenomenon of etiquette, of course, does not arise, it has much more ancient origin. Rules of speech etiquette, the summary of which can be described by the phrase " successful communication”, begin to form when people had to learn to build relationships and negotiate with each other. Already in ancient times, there were rules of conduct that helped interlocutors overcome mutual distrust and establish interaction. Yes, the code good behavior described in the texts of the ancient Greeks, Egyptians. Etiquette rules in ancient times were a kind of ritual that prompted interlocutors that they were “of the same blood”, that they did not pose a threat. Each ritual had a verbal and non-verbal component. Gradually, the original meaning of many actions is lost, but the ritual and its verbal design are preserved and continue to be reproduced.

Functions of speech etiquette

A modern person often has a question about why the rules of speech etiquette are needed? Briefly, you can answer - to please other people. The main function of speech etiquette is to establish contact. When the interlocutor follows the general rules, this makes him more understandable and predictable, we subconsciously trust what is familiar to us more. This has been going on since primitive times, when the world around was very unguaranteed and danger threatened from everywhere, the observance of rituals was then extremely important. And when the communication partner performed a familiar set of actions, he spoke Right words, this removed some of the mistrust and facilitated contact. Today, our genetic memory also tells us that a person who follows the rules can be more trusted. The rules and norms of speech etiquette perform the function of forming a positive emotional atmosphere, helping to have a beneficial effect on the interlocutor. Speech etiquette also acts as a means of demonstrating respect for the interlocutor, helps to emphasize the status distribution of roles between communicators and the status of the communication situation itself - business, informal, friendly. Thus, the rules of speech etiquette are a tool Part of the tension is removed by simple etiquette formulas. Speech etiquette as a formal part of ethics performs a regulatory function, it helps to establish contacts, influences people's behavior in typical situations.

Types of speech etiquette

Like any speech, etiquette speech behavior is very different in its written and oral form. The written variety has stricter rules, and in this form etiquette formulas more mandatory. oral form more democratic, some omissions or replacement of words with actions are allowed here. For example, sometimes instead of the word “Hello”, you can get by with a nod of your head or a slight bow.

Etiquette dictates the rules of behavior in certain areas and situations. It is customary to single out several different types speech etiquette. Official, business or professional speech etiquette defines the rules speech behavior while doing official duties, in negotiations, in the preparation of documents. This view is rather highly formalized, especially in its written form. The rules of Russian speech etiquette in formal and informal settings can be very different, the first signal of the transition from one type of etiquette to another may be the change of appeal to “you” to the appeal to “you”. Everyday speech etiquette is more free than official, there is a large variability in key etiquette formulas. There are also such varieties of speech etiquette as diplomatic, military and religious.

Principles of modern speech etiquette

Any rules of conduct come from the universal principles of morality, and speech etiquette is no exception. Golden Rule speech etiquette is based on the main moral principle formulated by I. Kant: act towards others as you would like to be treated towards you. Thus, polite speech should also include such formulas that the person himself would be pleased to hear. The basic principles of speech etiquette are relevance, accuracy, brevity and correctness. The speaker must select speech formulas in accordance with the situation, the status of the interlocutor, the degree of acquaintance with him. In any case, you should speak as briefly as possible, but do not lose the meaning of what was said. And, of course, the speaker must respect his communication partner and try to build his statement in accordance with the rules of the Russian language. Speech etiquette is based on two more important principles: goodwill and cooperation. treats other people with an initial attitude of kindness, he must be sincere and friendly. Communicators on both sides should do everything to make communication productive, mutually beneficial and enjoyable for all participants.

Etiquette situations

Etiquette regulates behavior in different situations. Traditionally, speech differs significantly in official settings and in everyday life, as well as in different forms its existence: in written or oral. However, there are general rules of speech etiquette in various speech situations. The list of such cases is the same for any spheres, cultures and forms. Standard etiquette situations include:

Greetings;

Attracting attention and appeal;

introduction and introduction;

Invitation;

Offer;

Request;

Gratitude;

Refusal and consent;

Congratulations;

condolences;

Sympathy and consolation;

Compliment.

Each etiquette situation has a stable set of speech formulas that are recommended for use.

National features of etiquette

Speech etiquette is based on universal, universal moral principles. Therefore, its basis is the same in all cultures. Such universal principles, characteristic of all countries, include restraint in the manifestation of emotions, politeness, literacy and the ability to use standard speech formulas appropriate to the situation, positive attitude to the interlocutor. But the private implementation of universal norms can vary significantly in different national cultures. Variation usually manifests itself in the speech design of a standard situation. The general culture of communication affects the national speech etiquette. The rules of etiquette, for example, in Russian, involve maintaining a conversation even with strangers if you happened to be with them in a confined space (in a train compartment), while the Japanese and the British will try to remain silent in the same circumstances or speak on the most neutral topics. In order not to get into trouble in communicating with foreigners, you should, in preparation for the meeting, familiarize yourself with their etiquette rules.

Contact situation

The basic rules of speech etiquette at the beginning of a conversation are related to the speech design of greetings and appeals. For the Russian language, the main greeting formula is the word "hello". Its synonyms can be the phrases “greeting you” with an archaic connotation and “good afternoon, morning, evening” are more sincere than the main wording. The stage of greeting is one of the most important in establishing contact, the words should be pronounced with sincere intonation, with notes of positive emotionality.

The means of attracting attention are the words: “let / allow me to turn”, “sorry”, “excuse me” and adding an explanatory phrase to them: representations, requests, suggestions.

Treatment situation

Appeal is one of the difficult etiquette situations, as it can be difficult to find the right name for the person you need to address. In the Russian language today, the address “mister / madam” is considered universal, but in speech they still do not always take root well due to negative connotations in Soviet time. The best treatment is by name, patronymic or by name, but it is not always possible. Worst option: handling the words "girl", "woman", "man". In a situation professional communication you can refer to the person's job title, for example, "Mr. Director". General rules speech etiquette can be briefly described as the desire for the comfort of communicants. In no case should the appeal indicate any personal characteristics (age, nationality, faith).

Contact termination situation

The final stage in communication is also very important, the interlocutors will remember it and you need to try to leave positive impression. The usual rules of speech etiquette, examples of which we have known since childhood, recommend using traditional phrases for parting: “goodbye”, “see you”, “goodbye”. However, the final stage should also include words of gratitude for the time spent on communication, perhaps for joint work. You can also additionally express hopes for continued cooperation, say parting words. Speech etiquette, rules of etiquette recommend maintaining a favorable impression at the end of contact, creating an emotional atmosphere of sincerity and warmth. This is helped by more stable formulas: “It was very pleasant to talk with you, I hope for further cooperation.” But formulaic phrases must be pronounced as sincerely and with feeling as possible, so that they acquire a true meaning. Otherwise, farewell will not leave the desired emotional response in the memory of the interlocutor.

Introduction and dating rules

The situation of acquaintance requires a solution to the issue of treatment. Business communication, contacts with unfamiliar people imply an appeal to “you”. According to the rules of speech etiquette, “you” is only possible within the framework of friendly and everyday communication. The presentation is made out with such phrases as “let me introduce you”, “get acquainted, please”, “let me introduce you”. The presenter also gives brief description represented: "position, full name, place of work or some particularly remarkable detail." Acquaintances must, in addition to voicing their name, say positive words: “pleased to meet you”, “very nice”.

Rules for congratulations and thanks

Modern rules of speech etiquette in Russian offer a fairly large range of formulas for From simple "thank you" and "thank you" to "infinitely grateful" and "much grateful." It is customary for a great service or gift to add an additional positive phrase to the words of gratitude, for example, “very nice”, “I am touched”, “you are so kind”. There are a lot of formulas for congratulations. When writing a congratulation on any occasion, it is worth considering individual words, in addition to the usual "congratulations", which would emphasize the peculiarity of the occasion and the personality of the honored. The text of the congratulations necessarily includes any wishes, it is desirable that they are not stereotyped, but correspond to the personality of the hero of the occasion. Congratulation should be pronounced with a special feeling that will give the words great value.

Rules for invitation, offer, request, consent and refusal

When inviting someone to take part in something, you should also follow the rules of speech etiquette. The situations of invitations, offers and requests are somewhat similar, in which the speaker always slightly lowers the status of his role in communication and emphasizes the importance of the interlocutor. The stable expressions of the invitation is the phrase “we have the honor to invite”, which notes the special importance of the invitee. For invitation, offer and request, the words “please”, “be kind”, “please” are used. In the invitation and the proposal, you can additionally say about your feelings for the invitee: “we will be glad / happy to see you”, “we are happy to offer you”. Request - a situation in which the speaker deliberately lowers his position in communication, but you should not overdo it, the traditional design of the request is the words: “please”, “could you”. Consent and refusal require different speech behavior. If consent can be extremely concise, then the refusal must be accompanied by mitigating and motivating wording, for example, “unfortunately, we are forced to refuse your offer, because at the moment ...”.

Rules of condolence, sympathy and apology

In dramatic and tragic etiquette, the rules of etiquette recommend expressing only sincere feelings. Usually regret and sympathy should be accompanied by encouraging words, for example, "we sympathize with you in connection ... and sincerely hope that ...". Condolences are brought only on really tragic occasions, it is also appropriate to talk about your feelings in them, it is worth offering help. For example, “I bring you my sincere condolences in connection with ... this loss caused me bitter feelings. If necessary, you can count on me."

Rules of approval and praise

Compliments - main part establishing good relationships, these social strokes - effective tool establishing good relationships. But giving compliments is an art. What distinguishes them from flattery is the degree of exaggeration. A compliment is just a slight exaggeration of the truth. The rules of speech etiquette in Russian say that a compliment and praise should always refer to a person, not to things, so the words: “how does this dress suit you” is a violation of the rules of etiquette, and the real compliment will be the phrase: “how beautiful you are in this the dress". It is possible and necessary to praise people for everything: for skills, character traits, for the results of their activities, for feelings.

Speech etiquette

- a set of rules of speech behavior adopted by society in the relevant areas and situations of communication. Speech behavior is regulated by social hierarchy, national culture and etiquette, ritual, upbringing of a linguistic personality, constant practice controlled by consciousness.

In social contacts, to maintain communication in the right tone, etiquette formulas are used - multi-level language units(full-significant word forms, words of non-significant parts of speech - (particles, interjections), phrases and whole phrases adopted in certain situations in different social groups. The social symbolism of etiquette formulas was emphasized by the French stylist C. Bally. He wrote: "It is as if speech phenomena absorb the smell inherent in the environment and the circumstances in which they are usually used ... Thus, they manage to symbolize, evoke in the mind the idea of this group (people - ed.) with her way of life or forms of activity. " Units of speech etiquette reflect constant social signs participants in communication: their age, degree of education, upbringing, place of birth, upbringing and residence, gender, as well as variable social roles (comrade, patient, client, policeman, etc.).

Usually, more than ten most important etiquette positions (situations) are named, which are clearly different and have their own etiquette vocabulary, which is characterized by a variety of options: appealing and attracting attention, acquaintance, greeting, farewell, apology, gratitude, congratulations, wish, compliment, sympathy, invitation, request , consent, refusal.

In the scientific, business, socio-political, everyday spheres, not only are repeated typical situations R. e., but new ones are being created. For example, in scientific field communication in the field of speech etiquette includes the rules of self-manifestation of the author of a scientific work, and in the business sphere, in particular, in judicial communication, the rules for expressing attitudes towards defendants and victims. Thus, a number of situations R. e. not closed, but, on the contrary, open to a wide area of socially and nationally specific stereotypes of communication.

In conditions of spontaneous communication, communicants are required to be "automatic" in the choice and use of "polite words". Speech etiquette is learned both in practice speech activity, and in the process of special, targeted training or self-training. Let's name the speech formulas of the most socially significant situations, where in modern conditions the most common violations of etiquette.

Appeals: Direct Appeals: Ladies and Gentlemen! Citizen! Mister!- official; Comrade!- official (arm.); Brothers and sisters!- elevated; Friends!- auction; Pavel Antonovich! Colleague! Dear! Young man!- commonly used; Madam!- ironic; Young woman! Guys!- open; Old man!- familiar. - The male! Female! Guys! Mother! Mother! Father! Kuzmich! Ivanovna!- space; contact formulas: Do not refuse courtesy ... Be kind!- official; Sorry…, Sorry to disturb…, Sorry…; Tell me please…; Please! Would you say?- commonly used; Tell…- open; Listen…; Would you suggest...?- space.

Greetings: Greetings! Let me (let me) greet you! Glad to welcome you (to see)!- official, ceremonial; Hello!- official (arm.); Hello! Good afternoon (morning, evening)! With Good morning! Welcome! How are you doing?- commonly used; Welcome! Hey! What's new? How are you? Long time no see!- open; My regards! Hi! Ours to you!- ironic, jocular; Hello!- jarg.

Acquaintance without an intermediary: Let me introduce myself! Allow (allow) (to meet you)! Nice to meet you!- official; My name is …; Let's get acquainted!– neutral; through an intermediary: Let me introduce you! Let me introduce you! Get acquainted, please!- official; Meet!- commonly used Let's get acquainted! Let's get acquainted!- razg.

Apologies: I have to apologize- official; I sincerely ask you to forgive me! I offer (to you my) (deep) apologies!- ceremony; Sorry! Sorry! I apologize! I'm sorry to trouble you! Excuse me, please! Sorry for…- commonly used

Modern etiquette turns of speech have often lost their original meaning (for example, 'Thank you'- God save you; 'please'- Perhaps, come, enter my house; 'thank you'- I give you a blessing). Many formulas are allegorical, metaphorical ( I apologize to you; allow me to bow; I don't know how to thank you; don't judge me harshly).

Means R. e. stable (close to phraseological units, for example: Enjoy Your Bath! Welcome! Please love and respect! You are welcome to our hut!). Despite such stability, standardization, they are flexible and easy to vary. At the same time, they form expanded synonymous series, differing in their attachment to specific situations (officially, unofficially), to social groups and layers (generally, widely used (colloquially), narrowly used, i.e. vernacular, slang), expressive-emotional shades (neutral, sublime, solemn, ceremonial, playful, ironic).

Keeping the "etiquette frame" of texts of different functional styles, the author must consciously choose from synonymous series only those means that are extralinguistically conditioned, i.e. goals, objectives, conditions of communication. Indeed, playful, friendly addresses, appropriate in private correspondence, do not at all correspond to the style of official business letters. In the scientific field, in order to preserve the objectivity of the presentation, which is necessary here, it is not customary to categorically express disagreement with the opponent’s point of view ( negative evaluation softened, indirectly expressed with the help of euphemisms). In the socio-political sphere, the neutralization of evaluation in speech is impossible in principle, because communication here involves an open expression of one's position.

In the use of etiquette phrases, the role of intonation is huge (it must be friendly) and non-verbal means communication (true facial expressions, especially the eyes, as well as gestures, facial expressions, postures, body movements).

R. e. opposed to "anti-etiquette". However, not only in the wrong choice of formulas can manifest lack of speech etiquette. His violations are varied and are found: in tactlessness, cheeky familiarity, rudeness (the boss in relation to subordinates, the student to the teacher, the young to the elderly, the man to the woman, in the family); in order administration, insult, humiliation, scolding, swearing (when communicating between a boss and a subordinate, service workers and customers, a teacher and students, officials and visitors, husband and wife, parents and children).

R. e. - an integral element of the culture of the people, an important part of the culture of behavior and communication, a product cultural activities person. The main features of national Russian etiquette can be formulated as maxims of etiquette speech behavior. The speaker should: show only a kind attitude towards the interlocutor through appropriate courtesy (taking into account age, gender, official or social position addressee); do not impose on the interlocutor own opinions and assessments, be able to take the point of view of a partner; select linguistic means in accordance with the chosen tone of the text, focusing not only on the situation of communication as a whole, but also on the formality or informality of the situation; do not interrupt the interlocutor; adequately respond to the appeal and the question posed by the interlocutor; use the possibilities of non-verbal means of communication.

All these rules are based on the principles of cooperation (with a partner in achieving communication goals) and the principle of courtesy (respect for a partner), i.e. tolerance, harmony speech communication.

The study of Russian speech etiquette began with an article by V.G. Kostomarov "Russian speech etiquette" (1967). AT recent decades, thanks primarily to the works of N.I. Formanovskaya, R. e. becomes the subject of linguistic research. Moreover, scientific research is carried out in different aspects: linguoculturological ( Akishina, Formanovskaya, 1975), pragmatic ( Formanovskaya, 1982, 1989), sociolinguistic ( Goldin, 1978), methodical ( Lazutkina, 1998; Smelkova, 1997). As a result, multi-level linguistic means used in communication as etiquette formulas were identified, the semantics of these units was determined, their social meanings (Formanovskaya). The classification of these formulas according to situations has received scientific rationale. Thus, their social and stylistic marking was revealed, the national specificity of the Russian R. e. was determined. in comparison with some other languages (particularly Hungarian and Czech languages see in the book: Formanovskaya N.I., Sepeshi E., 1986; Formanovskaya N.I., Tuchny P.G., 1986; Formanovskaya, 1989). Studied etiquette dialogue and its genres: apology, gratitude, praise, etc. ( Arutyunova, 1970; 1998). AT last years there is an intensification of research on speech etiquette in the genological aspect ( Tarasenko, 2000). In connection with the actualization of linguo-methodological research, a study of the use of R. e. in various areas of communication, for example, in the business sphere ( Smelkova, 1997; Koltunova, 2000).

Lit.: Kostomarov V.G. Russian speech etiquette. - RYAZR. - 1967. - No. 1; Arutyunova N.D. Some types of dialogic reactions and "why" - replicas in Russian. - FN. - 1970. - No. 3; Her: Man and his world. - M., 1998; Akishina A.A., Formanovskaya N.I. Russian speech etiquette. - M., 1975; Them: Etiquette of Russian writing. - M., 1986; Goldin V.E. Speech and etiquette. - M., 1978; Formanovskaya N.I. Russian speech etiquette: linguistic and methodological aspects. - M., 1982; Her: The use of Russian speech etiquette. - M., 1982; Her: Speech etiquette and culture of communication. - M., 1989; Her: Speech etiquette. - LES; Formanovskaya N.I., Sepeshi E. Russian speech etiquette in the mirror of Hungarian. – M.; Budapest, 1986; Formanovskaya N.I., Tuchny P.G. Russian speech etiquette in the mirror of Czech. – M.; Prague, 1986; Akishina A.A. Etiquette of Russian telephone conversation. - M., 1990; Vereshchagin E.M., Kostomarov V.G. Language and culture. - 4th ed. - M., 1990; Smelkova Z.S. business man: the culture of speech communication. - M., 1997; Lazutkina E.M. Ethics of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech // Culture of Russian speech. - M., 1998; Tumina L.E. Speech etiquette // Pedagogical speech science. Dictionary reference. - M., 1998; Tarasenko T.V. Etiquette genres of Russian speech: gratitude, apology, congratulations, condolences: Abstract… cand. philol. n. - Krasnoyarsk, 1999; Koltunova M.V. Languages business conversation: Norms, etiquette. - M., 2000.

L.R. Duskaeva, O.V. Protopopov

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

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It is important for a modern person to have a certain culture and behave correctly with others, regardless of their social status. To do this, his speech must be correct and polite, follow the rules of speech etiquette.

A good interlocutor is someone who can listen carefully without interrupting and listen respectfully, sincerely empathize and be interested in the story.

What does it mean to be able to persuade a business partner to your point of view and influence him so that he does what is necessary in your interests, while respecting his own interests, that is, it is the ability to find mutual language with your partner.

The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday language practice and language norm. Indeed, any native speaker (including those who have a poor command of the norm) uses the rules of speech etiquette in everyday life, easily recognizing these formulas in the flow of speech and expecting the interlocutor to use them in certain situations. Elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived as "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the daily, natural and regular behavior of people. With ignorance of the rules and requirements of speech etiquette, and their failure to comply (for example, addressing an adult stranger to You), others may perceive how they want to offend, as bad manners.

The basis of speech etiquette is speech formulas, an example of a character that depends on the situation and on the characteristics of communication. Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final part. In this regard, speech etiquette formulas can be divided into 3 main groups:

1. Speech formulas to start communication;

2. Speech formulas used in the process of communication;

3. Speech formulas for ending communication.

Rules and norms of speech etiquette at the beginning of communication: appeal, greeting.

Appeal is one of the most important and necessary components of speech etiquette. After all, the appeal is an integral part of communication, is used throughout the communication.

From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. This is a vocative function.

Since, as appeals are used as proper names, and the names of people by degree of kinship (father, uncle, grandfather), by position in society, by profession, by position, by age and gender (old man, boy, girl), the appeal, in addition to the vocative function, indicates the corresponding feature.

So, appeals can be expressive and emotionally colored, contain an assessment: Irochka, Irka, muddler, well done, well done. The peculiarity of such appeals lies in the fact that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his upbringing, his attitude towards the interlocutor, emotional condition. The given address words are used in informal communication; only some of them, for example, proper names (in their basic form), names of professions, positions, serve as appeals in official speech.

Greeting: If the interlocutors are unfamiliar with each other, then they begin communication with an acquaintance. This can happen both directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are situations when it is still necessary to introduce yourself. Etiquette suggests some formulas:

Let me get to know you (you).

I would like to meet you (you).

Let me (those) get to know you (you).

I would be glad to meet you (you).

Let's get acquainted.

When visiting any institution, office, when you have a conversation with an official, you need to introduce yourself using one of the formulas:

Allow (permit) me to introduce myself.

My name is Alexander Gennadievich.

Mikhail Sidorov.

Ekaterina Ivanova.

If the visitor does not name himself, then the one to whom they came asks himself:

What is your (your) last name?

What is your (your) name, patronymic?

What is your (your) name?

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers start with a hello.

In Russian, the main greeting is hello. It comes to us from the Old Church Slavonic verb "hello", which means "to be healthy", i.e. healthy. Also, in addition to this form of greeting, a greeting is common that indicates the time of the meeting: good morning, Good afternoon good evening.

The speech etiquette of greetings also provides for the nature of behavior, that is, the sequence of greetings. Welcome first:

A man is a woman;

The youngest (youngest) in age - the oldest (oldest);

The youngest woman is a man who is significantly

older than her;

Junior in position - senior;

A member of the delegation - its leader (regardless of whether the failure of the legation or foreign).

The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication. These are formulas for parting, ending communication. They wish:

All the best (good) to you!

Goodbye;

Hope for new meeting: Until the evening (tomorrow, Friday). I hope we're apart for a while. I hope to see you soon.

Speech etiquette, one way or another, is connected with the situation of speech communication and its parameters: the personalities of the interlocutors, topic, place, time, motive and goals of communication. First of all, it is a complex linguistic phenomena, which are focused on the addressee, although the personality of the speaker (or writer) is also taken into account. It's possible the best way demonstrate on the use of You - and You - forms in communication. General principle is that you is a form that is used as a sign of respect and greater formality of communication; You - this form, on the contrary, is used in informal communication between equal in age, position. However, the implementation of this principle can be presented in different ways, depending on how the participants in verbal communication are related according to the age and / or service hierarchy, whether they are in family or friendly relations; on the age and social status of each of them, etc.

Speech etiquette is found in different ways. It depends on the topic, place, time, motive and purpose of communication. So, for example, the rules of verbal communication may differ depending on whether the topic of communication is a sad or joyful event for the participants in communication; there are specific etiquette rules associated with the place of communication.

Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings, which are determined by the situation. The most common are 3 situations: solemn, working, mournful. The solemn ones include public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees, receiving awards, birthdays, name days and significant dates of the family or its members, presentation, conclusion of an agreement, creation new organization etc. For every solemn event, significant date invitations and congratulations follow. Depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.

Invitation:

Allow (allow), I will invite you .;

Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ..).

Congratulation:

Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, sincere) congratulations ..;

On behalf of (on behalf of) congratulations;

Sincerely (warmly) congratulations.

As in many other situations of interpersonal communication, congratulations should be extremely correct, appropriate and sincere. Congratulation is a society-accepted ritual of respect and joy for a loved one, native person, but this is by no means a way of conducting a conversation or correspondence; congratulations should not contain purely personal topics and questions of the addressee of congratulations.

A sad situation is associated with death, death, murder and other events that bring misfortune, grief. In this case, condolences are expressed. It should not be dry, state-owned.

Condolence formulas, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored:

I want to express (to you) my (my) sincere condolences.

I offer you my deepest condolences.

I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune).

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, expressions of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

In a daily business environment (business, work situation), speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summing up the results of work, when determining the results of the sale of goods, it becomes necessary to thank someone or, conversely, make a remark. In any job, in any organization, someone may need to give advice, make a suggestion, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, refuse someone.

Let's bring speech cliches that are used in these situations.

Gratitude:

Let me (let me) thank you;

The firm (management, administration) expresses its gratitude to all employees for…

In addition to official thanks, there are also ordinary, unofficial thanks. This is an ordinary “thank you”, “thank you”, “you are very kind”, “no thanks”, etc.

Politeness and understanding.

Consider the relationship between such phenomena as etiquette and politeness. Since politeness is one of the concepts of morality, let's turn to the Dictionary of Ethics, which defines politeness as follows: "... moral quality, which characterizes a person for whom respect for people has become a daily norm of behavior and a familiar way of dealing with others. So politeness is a sign of respect. Politeness is both a readiness to render a service to someone who needs it, and delicacy, and tact. And, of course, timely and appropriate speech manifestation- speech etiquette is an integral element of politeness.

If politeness is a form of showing respect for another, then respect in itself implies recognition of the dignity of the individual, as well as a sensitive and delicate attitude towards another.

Rules and norms of speech etiquette at the end of communication: farewell, summary and compliments.

End of communication: At the end of the conversation, the interlocutors use the formulas of parting, ending communication. They wish:

All the best to you!;

Goodbye!;

Hope for a new meeting (Until the evening (tomorrow, Sunday);

I hope for a short break. I hope to see you soon.

In addition to the usual forms of farewells, there is a long-established ritual of a compliment. A tactfully and timely compliment, it cheers up the addressee, sets up a positive attitude towards the interlocutor.

A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment. The compliment refers to the appearance, speaks of the good professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment:

You look good (remarkable).

You are (so, very) charming (amiable, beautiful, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent) specialist.

It is a pleasure (excellent, good) to do business with you (work, cooperate).

It was very nice to meet you!

You are a very nice (interesting) person (interlocutor).

When parting and parting, according to custom, there are verbal clichés. They are called instructions. They originate from antiquity, when they were almost spells, for example, "gully way", "no fluff, no feather", etc. It was believed that a happy road or the success of some business depends on the parting word. Now parting words have been simplified: “Goodbye”, “All the best”, “Farewell”, “Be healthy”.

Features of speech etiquette in remote communication: communication using the phone, the Internet.

Scientific and technological progress has introduced a new culture of communication into etiquette - communication using the phone. ON THE. Akishina in her book "Speech Etiquette of Russian Telephone Conversation" writes:

“The etiquette of a telephone conversation requires a short flow of time, which is caused by the following reasons: the impossibility of talking with many subscribers at once, unexpectedly and unplanned, the daily routine of the addressee of the call is violated, the phone is designed to resolve urgent issues, the time of the telephone conversation is paid.

As can be seen from the above, telephone conversation is a form of oral spontaneous dialogue carried out with the help of technical means.

Unlike contact oral speech communication, a telephone conversation is indirect. The interlocutors do not see each other, and therefore communication takes place without such important means of non-verbal communication as somatisms (gestures, posture, facial expressions, facial expressions), reliance on the situation, the significance of the spatial location of the interlocutors, and this leads to the activation of verbal expression.

Among the etiquette requirements for oral speech, important place occupies the intonation of the utterance. A native speaker can accurately determine the entire range of intonations - from emphatically polite to dismissive. Although to determine which intonation corresponds to speech etiquette, and which goes beyond it, in general view, without taking into account the specific speech situation is unlikely to succeed. The same utterances with different intonation express various oppositions: in meaning, in actual division, according to stylistic nuances, including the expression of the attitude of the speaker to the listener.

This relation can determine which intonational construction in this case should be used and which should not. So, in accordance with the rules of etiquette, intonation should not indicate a dismissive or patronizing attitude, the intention to teach the interlocutor, aggression and defiance. In particular this applies different kind interrogative statements.

In addition to intonation, oral speech distinguishes from written use paralinguistic signs - gestures and facial expressions. From the point of view of speech etiquette, the following paralinguistic signs are distinguished: they do not carry a specific etiquette load; required by etiquette rules (bows, handshakes, etc.); having an invective, offensive meaning.

At the same time, the regulation of gestures and facial expressions covers not only the last two categories of signs, but also signs of a non-etiquette character - up to purely informative ones; cf., for example, the etiquette prohibition to point a finger at the subject of speech.

In addition to all this, the requirements of speech etiquette can apply to the paralinguistic level of communication in general. For example, in Russian speech etiquette, it is prescribed to refrain from too lively facial expressions and gestures, as well as from gestures and facial movements that mimic elementary physiological reactions.

It is essential that the same gestures and mimic movements may have different meanings in different linguistic cultures.

Conclusions on the first chapter

Each native speaker should strive to improve his own speech culture, you need to know and understand the expressive means of the Russian language, being able to use them, be able to use the stylistic and semantic riches of the Russian language in all its structural diversity. When using speech etiquette, social information is transmitted about the speaker and his addressee, about whether they are familiar or unfamiliar, about their official and social status, about personal relationships, about the setting in which the conversation is being conducted (in official or informal), etc.

Any society at any moment of its existence is heterogeneous, many-sided, and that for each layer and layer there is both its own set of etiquette means and neutral expressions common to all. And there is an awareness that in contacts with a different environment, it is necessary to choose either stylistically neutral or means of communication characteristic of this environment.

student speech etiquette teacher

Speech etiquette is a set of requirements for the content, form, order, nature and appropriateness of situational statements accepted in a particular culture. This concept also includes expressions and words that people use to ask, say goodbye, apologize. It is also necessary to include here various forms appeals, intonation features. Etiquette standards even get their names based on countries or places of application. An example is the so-called "Russian speech etiquette" as a form of ethics that is unique to Russians. This phenomenon is studied by linguists, historians and culturologists, psychologists, regional studies, ethnologists and geographers.

Speech etiquette and its boundaries

In the broadest sense of the word, it can be interpreted as any more or less successful moment (act) of communication. That is why speech etiquette is associated with certain communication postulates that make the interaction of all participants in communication possible and more successful. These postulates include:

Quality (a speech message must have a proper basis, not be deliberately false);

Quantity (balance and harmony between brevity and conciseness of presentation and its lengthy fuzziness);

Attitude (relevance in relation to the addressee);

Method (clarity, clarity of transmitted information for the addressee).

Speech etiquette and its peripheral postulates

Considering the above rules solely as necessary for effective execution tasks of transmitting information, then politeness and tact can be thrown out of there. This means that requirements such as truthfulness and relevance can also be omitted in some valid cases.

Speech etiquette and its levels

In a narrow sense, this concept can be characterized as a system of certain linguistic means that are required to establish contacts and relationships. The elements of this system can be considered at different levels:

The level of vocabulary and phraseology (this includes set expressions and special words);

Grammar level (use plural for courtesy, for example, the pronoun "You");

Stylistic level (cultural, literate speech, rejection of obscene and shocking words);

Intonation level (polite intonation, use of softening euphemisms);

Orthoepic level (for example, using the word “hello” instead of “hello” or “great”);

Organizational and communicative level (prohibition on interrupting the interlocutor, interference in someone else's conversation).

Speech etiquette in everyday practice

This norm is somehow tied to the situation of communication. The rules of speech etiquette are a set of parameters that correspond to the situation, the personality of the interlocutor, the place, motive, time and purpose of the conversation. First of all, these are the criteria of phenomena that are focused on the addressee, but the personality of the speaker himself, of course, is taken into account. Communication rules may vary depending on the situation, topic. There are more specific norms of vocabulary (for example, speeches during a feast, at a funeral, etc.).