Qualitative reactions to glycerin. Qualitative reactions to glycerol Qualitative reactions to glycerol
Place 2 drops of copper sulphate solution, 2 drops of sodium hydroxide solution into a test tube and mix - a blue gelatinous precipitate of copper (II) hydroxide is formed. Add 1 drop of glycerin to the test tube and shake the contents. The precipitate dissolves and a dark blue color appears due to the formation of copper glycerate.
Process chemistry:
Copper glycerate
Glycerin is a trihydric alcohol. Its acidity is greater than that of monohydric alcohols: an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups enhances the acidic character.
Glycerin readily forms glycerates with heavy metal hydroxides. However, its ability to form metal derivatives (glycerates) with polyvalent metals is explained not so much by its increased acidity, but by the fact that intra-complex compounds with special stability are formed in this case. Compounds of this kind are called chelated (from the Greek "hela" - claw).
The reaction with copper hydroxide is a qualitative reaction for polyhydric alcohols and makes it possible to distinguish them from monohydric ones.
Oxidation of ethyl alcohol with copper oxide
Place 2 drops of ethyl alcohol into a dry test tube. Holding a spiral of copper wire with tweezers, heat it in the flame of an alcohol lamp until a black coating of copper oxide appears. Another hot spiral is lowered into a test tube with ethyl alcohol. The black surface of the spiral immediately turns golden due to the reduction of copper oxide. At the same time, a characteristic smell of acetic aldehyde (the smell of apples) is felt.
The formation of acetaldehyde can be detected using a color reaction with fuchsine sulphurous acid. To do this, 3 drops of a solution of fuchsine sulfuric acid are placed in a test tube and 1 drop of the resulting solution is added with a pipette. A pinkish-purple color appears. Write the reaction equation for the oxidation of alcohol.
Oxidation of alcohols with a chromium mixture
Place 2 drops of ethyl alcohol into a dry test tube, add 1 drop of sulfuric acid solution and 2 drops of potassium dichromate solution. The orange solution is heated over the flame of an alcohol lamp until the color changes to bluish-green. At the same time, a characteristic smell of acetic aldehyde is felt.
Carry out a similar reaction using isoamyl alcohol or another alcohol available, noting the smell of the resulting aldehyde.
Explain the chemistry of a process The chemistry of a process by writing the equations for the corresponding reactions .
Oxidation of ethyl alcohol with a solution of potassium permanganate
Place 2 drops of ethyl alcohol, 2 drops of potassium permanganate solution and 3 drops of sulfuric acid solution into a dry test tube. Carefully heat the contents of the test tube over a burner flame. The pink solution becomes colorless. There is a characteristic smell of acetic aldehyde, which can also be detected by a color reaction with fuchsine sulphurous acid.
Process chemistry : (write the reaction equation).
Alcohols are oxidized more easily than the corresponding saturated hydrocarbons, which is explained by the influence of the hydroxy group present in their molecule. Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes under mild conditions, to acids under harsher conditions. Secondary alcohols give ketones when oxidized.
Polyhydric alcohols - organic compounds, the molecules of which contain several hydroxyl groups (-OH) connected to a hydrocarbon radical
Glycols (diols)
- Syrup-like, viscous colorless liquid, has an alcoholic smell, mixes well with water, greatly lowers the freezing point of water (60% solution freezes at -49 ˚С) - this is used in engine cooling systems - antifreeze.
- Ethylene glycol is toxic - a strong Poison! Depresses the central nervous system and affects the kidneys.
triplets
- Colorless, viscous syrupy liquid, sweet in taste. Not poisonous. Without smell. Mixes well with water.
- Widespread in wildlife. It plays an important role in metabolic processes, as it is part of the fats (lipids) of animal and plant tissues.
Nomenclature
In the names of polyhydric alcohols ( polyols) the position and number of hydroxyl groups are indicated by the corresponding numbers and suffixes -diol(two OH groups), -triol(three OH groups), etc. For example:
Obtaining polyhydric alcohols
I. Obtaining dihydric alcohols
In industry
1. Catalytic hydration of ethylene oxide (production of ethylene glycol):
2. Interaction of dihalogenated alkanes with aqueous solutions of alkalis:
3. From synthesis gas:
2CO + 3H2 250°,200 MPa,kat→CH 2 (OH)-CH 2 (OH)
In the laboratory
1. Alkene oxidation:
II. Obtaining trihydric alcohols (glycerol)
In industry
Saponification of fats (triglycerides):
Chemical properties of polyhydric alcohols
Acid properties
1. With active metals:
HO-CH 2 -CH 2 -OH + 2Na → H 2 + NaO-CH 2 -CH 2 -ONa(sodium glycolate)
2. With copper hydroxide( II ) is a qualitative reaction!
Simplified scheme
Basic properties
1. With hydrohalic acids
HO-CH 2 -CH 2 -OH + 2HCl H+↔ Cl-CH 2 -CH 2 -Cl + 2H 2 O
2. FROM nitric acid
T rinitroglycerin - the basis of dynamite
Application
- ethylene glycol lavsan production , plastics, and for cooking antifreeze - aqueous solutions that freeze well below 0°C (their use for engine cooling allows cars to work in winter); raw materials in organic synthesis.
- Glycerol widely used in leather, textile industry for finishing leather and fabrics and in other areas of the national economy. Sorbitol (hexahydric alcohol) is used as a sugar substitute for diabetics. Glycerin is widely used in cosmetics , Food Industry , pharmacology , production explosives . Pure nitroglycerin explodes even with a slight impact; it serves as a raw material for smokeless powder and dynamite An explosive that, unlike nitroglycerin, can be safely thrown. Dynamite was invented by Nobel, who founded the world famous Nobel Prize for outstanding scientific achievements in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine and economics. Nitroglycerin is toxic, but in small quantities serves as a medicine , as it expands the heart vessels and thereby improves the blood supply to the heart muscle.
Experience 4. Interaction of glycerin with copper (II) hydroxide
Reagents and materials: glycerin; copper sulfate, 0.2 N. solution; caustic soda, 2 N solution.
Hosted on ref.rf
Place 2 drops of copper sulfate solution, 2 drops of sodium hydroxide solution in a test tube and mix - a blue gelatinous precipitate of copper hydroxide (P) is formed. Add 1 drop of glycerin to the test tube and shake the contents. The precipitate dissolves and a dark blue color appears due to the formation of copper glycerate.
Process chemistry:
Glycerin is a trihydric alcohol. Its acidity is greater than that of monohydric alcohols: an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups enhances the acidic character.
Hosted on ref.rf
Glycerin readily forms glycerates with heavy metal hydroxides.
At the same time, its ability to form metal derivatives (glycerates) with polyvalent metals is explained not so much by its increased acidity, but by the fact that in this case intra-complex compounds are formed that are especially stable. Compounds of this type are often called chelated(from the Greek ʼʼhelaʼʼ - claw).
Experiment 4. Interaction of glycerin with copper (II) hydroxide - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Experiment 4. Interaction of glycerin with copper (II) hydroxide" 2017, 2018.
Lesson No. 5 Brake system Topic No. 8 Control mechanisms According to the arrangement of automotive equipment Conducting a group lesson Plan - abstract Teacher of the POPON cycle, Lieutenant Colonel Fedotov S.A. "____"... .
From position I, we calmly turn the key by 180 °, to position II. As soon as you get into the second position, some lights will definitely turn on on the instrument panel. These can be: battery charge indicator lamp, emergency oil pressure lamp, ....
12. ; CA - heat capacity [of water + metal] of the first part of the refrigerator 3. Linearization. is translated into the Equation of the dynamics of the capacitance "A". Equation to final form: in relative form. II. The equation of the control object, which is also controlled... .
A selective protection action is called such a protection action, in which only the damaged element or section is turned off. Selectivity is ensured both by different settings of protection devices and by the use of special schemes. An example of ensuring selectivity with... .
In the era of Hellenism in sculpture, the craving for pomp and grotesque intensifies. In some works, excessive passions are shown, in others, excessive closeness to nature is noticeable. At this time, they began to diligently copy the statues of former times; thanks to copies, today we know many ... .
In the XI century. in France, the first signs of the revival of monumental sculpture appeared. In the south of the country, where there were many ancient monuments and the traditions of sculpture were not completely lost, it arose earlier. The technical equipment of the masters at the beginning of the era was ....
The beginnings of French Gothic sculpture were laid in Saint-Denis. The three portals of the western facade of the famous church were filled with sculptural images, in which for the first time the desire for a strictly thought-out iconographic program was manifested, a desire arose ... .
ISTANBUL DECLARATION ON SETTLEMENTS. 1. We, the Heads of State and Government and official delegations of countries, assembled at the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in Istanbul, Turkey, from 3 to 14 June 1996,... .
Fantastic heads were very much appreciated by contemporaries, the Italian master had many imitators, but none of them could compare in liveliness and ingenuity with Archimbold's portrait compositions. Giuseppe Arcimboldo Hilliard...
During the experiment, we use Microlaboratory for chemical experiment
Purpose of experience: study the qualitative reaction to glycerin.
Equipment: test tubes (2 pcs.).
Reagents: sodium hydroxide solution NaOH, copper(II) sulfate solution CuSO4, glycerin C3H5(OH)3.
1. Add 20-25 drops of copper(II) sulfate into two test tubes.
2. Add an excess of sodium hydroxide to it.
3. A precipitate of blue copper(II) hydroxide is formed.
4. Add glycerin dropwise to one test tube.
5. Shake the test tube until the precipitate disappears and a dark blue solution of copper(II) glycerate is formed.
6. Compare the color of the solution with the color of copper(II) hydroxide in the control tube.
Conclusion:
A qualitative reaction to glycerin is its interaction with copper (II) hydroxide.
Alcohol, a little like alcohol.
Nitroglycerine obtained by nitrating, treating with a mixture of concentrated acids (nitric and sulfuric, the latter is needed to bind the resulting water) the simplest and most famous of the trihydric alcohols - glycerol C3H5 (OH) 3. The production of explosives and gunpowder is one of the main consumers of glycerin, although, of course , is far from the only one.
Nowadays, quite a lot of glycerin is used in the production of polymeric materials. Glyphthalic resins - the products of the reaction of glycerin with phthalic acid, when dissolved in alcohol, turn into a good, albeit somewhat fragile, electrical insulating varnish. Glycerin is also needed to produce the much more popular epoxy resins. From glycerin, epichlorohydrin is obtained - a substance indispensable in the synthesis of the famous "epoxy". But not because of these resins, and even less because of nitroglycerin, glycerin is considered a vital substance for us.
It is sold in pharmacies. But in medical practice, pure glycerin is used very limitedly. It softens the skin well. In this capacity - a skin softener - we mainly use it at home, in everyday life. He plays the same role at the enterprises of the shoe and leather industries. Sometimes glycerin is introduced into the composition of medical suppositories (at the appropriate dosage, it acts as a laxative). This, in fact, limits the medicinal functions of glycerin. Derivatives of glycerol, primarily nitroglycerin and glycerophosphates, are used much more widely in medical practice.
Glycerophosphate, which is sold in a pharmacy, actually contains two glycerophosphates. The composition of this medicine, which is prescribed for adults with general overwork and exhaustion of the nervous system, and for children with rickets, includes 10% calcium glycerophosphate, 2% sodium glycerophosphate and 88% ordinary sugar.
The essential amino acid methionine is synthesized from glycerol. In medical practice, methionine is used for liver diseases and atherosclerosis.
Derivatives of glycerol are always present in organisms of higher animals and humans. These are fats - esters of glycerol and organic acids (palmitic, stearic and oleic) - the most energy-intensive (although not always useful) substances of the body. It is estimated that the energy value of fats is more than twice that of carbohydrates. It is no coincidence that the body stores precisely this, the most high-calorie "fuel", in reserve. And besides, the fat layer also serves as thermal insulation: the thermal conductivity of fats is extremely low. In plants, fats are found mainly in seeds. This is one of the manifestations of the eternal wisdom of nature: thus, she took care of the energy supply for the next generations ...
For the first time on our planet, glycerin was obtained in 1779. Karl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) boiled olive oil with lead litharge (lead oxide) and obtained a sweetish syrupy liquid. He called it sweet oil or the sweet beginning of fats. Scheele, of course, could not determine exactly the composition and structure of this "beginning": organic chemistry was only just beginning to develop. The composition of glycerin was discovered in 1823 by the French chemist Michel Eugene Chevrel, who was studying animal fats. And the fact that glycerin is a trihydric alcohol was first established by the famous French chemist Charles Adolph Wurtz. By the way, he was the first to synthesize in 1857 the simplest dihydric alcohol ethylene glycol.
Synthetic glycerin from petroleum (more precisely, from propylene) was first obtained in 1938.
Glycerin is partly similar to the most, perhaps, the most popular of alcohols - wine, or ethyl. Like wine spirit: It burns with a soft blue flame. Like wine alcohol, it actively absorbs moisture from the air. As in the formation of alcohol-water solutions, when glycerol and water are mixed, the total volume turns out to be less than the volume of the initial components. Like ethyl alcohol, glycerin is needed for the production of gunpowder. But if in this production the role of C2H5OH is, in general, auxiliary, then glycerin is an indispensable raw material for the production of nitroglycerin. So, and ballistic gunpowder, and dynamite too. Finally, like wine alcohol, glycerin is part of alcoholic beverages.
True, contrary to popular belief, there is no glycerin in the composition of liqueurs. Liqueurs are thickened with sugar syrup. But in natural wines, glycerin is always present. Such wines are served in expensive establishments like http://www.tatarcha.net/ and who would have thought that at one time they wanted to get such cheap glycerin from them.
Glycerin is formed during the hydrolysis of fats, when at high pressure (25 105 pascals) and a temperature slightly above 200 ° C, water destroys fats. But only a few people know that the same glycerol is a normal product of the fermentation of sugars. About three percent of the sugar found in grapes is eventually converted to glycerin. In wine, however, there is much less glycerin: in the process of wine maturation, it partially turns into other organic substances, but there are fractions of a percent of glycerin in all natural wines, and in some wines it was introduced and introduced intentionally, for example, when making good port wine according to classical technology.
At the end of the last century, when the demand for glycerin increased in all industrialized countries, chemists quite seriously discussed the possibility of extracting glycerin from distillery waste, specifically from stillage. Nowadays, the need for glycerin is even greater: but still it is not extracted from the stillage. Now glycerin is obtained mainly synthetically - from propylene, although the classical method for the production of glycerin - the hydrolysis of fats - has not lost its significance.
If pure glycerin is cooled very slowly, it solidifies at about 18°C. But this peculiar liquid is much easier to supercool than to turn into crystals. It can remain liquid even at temperatures below 0°C. Its aqueous solutions behave in a similar way. For example, a solution in which there is one part of water for two parts by weight of glycerol freezes at minus 46.5 ° C.
In addition, glycerin is a moderately viscous liquid, almost non-toxic, well dissolving many organic and inorganic substances. Because of this set of properties, glycerin has recently found a very unexpected use.
Here we allow ourselves a small lyrical digression.
Mayakovsky in the final part of the poem "About this" has the following lines:
Here he is,
big forehead
silent chemist,
wrinkled his forehead before the experiment.
The book - "The whole earth" -
looking for a name.
Twentieth century.
Resurrect who?
Let's interrupt the quote, let's turn to the sad prose.
In 1967, the famous American psychologist Professor James Bedford died of leukemia. According to the will of the deceased, immediately after the onset of clinical death, his body was frozen. Bedford hoped that ultra-low temperatures would stop the process of cell decay and keep them unchanged until science found a means of combating an as-yet incurable disease. Then the body will be thawed and they will try to bring the scientist back to life...
It is unlikely that these hopes can be considered justified. The largest specialist in the field of resuscitation, Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences V. A. Negovsky wrote that by cooling the body to a temperature below + 10 ° C, it is possible to extend the reversible state of clinical death up to 40-60 minutes. The use of sub-zero temperatures when freezing living tissues and cells leads to their death.
Nevertheless, the hopes of a resurrection in the future attract many. These hopes are fueled by faith in the omnipotence of the science of the future. To some extent, this belief is supported by some properties of glycerin and blood substitutes prepared on its basis.
Qualitative reaction to glycerin
In the United States, more than a thousand people have undergone freezing procedures in the hope of a revival and cure in the future. In the town of Farmingdale in 1971, a "clinic for the dead" began to function. Immediately after death, all the blood is drained from the body of the patient of this clinic and the veins are filled with a special glycerin solution. After that, the body is wrapped in steel and placed in a vessel with dry ice (-79 ° C), and then in a special sealed capsule with liquid nitrogen. “If nitrogen is changed in a timely manner, the body will never decompose,” said the head of the clinic, K. Henderson.
But this is not enough! Not then did people agree to post-mortem freezing so that their corpses would be well preserved.
Glycerin does make it harder for ice crystals to form that destroy blood vessels and cells. Once it was possible to revive the heart of a chicken embryo, cooled in glycerin to almost absolute zero. But to do something similar with the whole body has not even tried yet. To bring a person out of a state of clinical death years after its onset - too. Therefore, once again we quote Vladimir Alexandrovich Negovsky:
“I know,” he said, “the only such case with a happy ending is the case of the sleeping beauty. A kiss woke her from a hundred-year sleep. This is also a way of resuscitation, and besides, it’s also pleasant. ”
But glycerin - let's add from ourselves - has nothing to do with it.
Trihydric alcohols (glycerin).
Trihydric alcohols contain three hydroxyl groups at different carbon atoms.
The general formula CnH2n is 1(OH)3.
The first and main representative of trihydric alcohols is glycerol (propanetriol-1,2,3) HOCH2-CHOH-CH2OH.
Nomenclature. For the name of trihydric alcohols according to the systematic nomenclature, it is necessary to add the suffix -triol to the name of the corresponding alkane.
The isomerism of trihydric alcohols, as well as dihydric ones, is determined by the structure of the carbon chain and the position of three hydroxyl groups in it.
Receipt. 1. Glycerin can be obtained by hydrolysis (saponification) of vegetable or animal fats (in the presence of alkalis or acids):
H2C-O-C//-C17H35 H2C-OH
HC-O-C//-C17H35 + 3H2O ® HC-OH + 3C17H35COOH
H2C-O-C//-C17H35 H2C-OH
triglyceride (fat) glycerin stearic
Hydrolysis in the presence of alkalis leads to the formation of sodium or potassium salts of higher acids - soap (therefore, this process is called saponification).
2. Synthesis from propylene (industrial method):
| Cl2, 450-500 oC | H2O (hydrolysis)
CH ----® CH ----®
propylene chloride
CH2OH HOCl (hypo- CH2OH CH2OH
| chlorination) | H2O (hydrolysis) |
®CH ----®CHOH ----®CHOH
|| -HCl | -HCl |
allyl monochloroglycerol
alcohol hydrine
glycerine
Chemical properties. In terms of chemical properties, glycerin is in many ways similar to ethylene glycol. It can react with one, two or three hydroxyl groups.
1. Formation of glycerates.
Glycerin, reacting with alkali metals, as well as with hydroxides of heavy metals, forms glycerates:
H2C-OH H2C-Oæ /O-CH2
2 HC-OH + Cu(OH)2 ® HC-O/ãO-CH + 2H2O
H2C-OH H2C-OH HO-CH2
copper glycerate
2. Formation of esters. With organic and mineral acids, glycerol forms esters:
H2C-OH HO-NO2 H2C-O-NO2
HC-OH + HO-NO2 -® HC-O-NO2 + 3H2O
H2C-OH HO-NO2 H2C-O-NO2
glycerol nitric trinitrate
glycerol acid
(nitroglycerine)
H2C-OH HO-OC-CH3 H2C-O-COCH3
HC-OH + HO-OC-CH3 -® HC-O-COCH3 + 3H2O
H2C-OH HO-OC-CH3 H2C-O-COCH3
glycerin acetic triacetate
glycerol acid
3. Replacement of hydroxyl groups with halogens. When glycerol interacts with hydrogen halides (HC1, HBr), mono- and dichloro- or bromhydrins are formed:
H2C-OH ® HC-OH ® HC-Cl ù CH2\
| HCl | | HCl | | | KOH | O
HC-OH --| H2C-OH -- | H2C-OH|---®CH/
| -H2O | -H2O | | -KCl, -H2O |
H2C-OH ® H2C-OH ® H2C-Cl û CH2Cl
monochloro-dichloro- epichloro-
hydrine hydrine hydrine
4. Oxidation. During the oxidation of glycerol, various products are formed, the composition of which depends on the nature of the oxidizing agent. The initial oxidation products are: glyceraldehyde HOCH2-CHOH-CHO, dihydroxyacetone HOCH2-CO-CH2OH and the final product (without breaking the carbon chain) - oxalic acid HOOC-COOH.
individual representatives. Glycerin (propanetriol-1,2,3) HOCH2-CHOH-CH2OH is a viscous, hygroscopic, non-toxic liquid (bp 290 °C with decomp.), sweet in taste. Miscible with water in all proportions. Used for the production of explosives, antifreezes and polyester polymers. It finds application in food (for the manufacture of confectionery, liqueurs, etc.), textile, leather and chemical industries, in perfumery.
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Home / Glycerin
Glycerol
quality standard
GOST 6824-96
Formula
Description
Viscous liquid, colorless and odorless, sweet in taste. Because of its sweet taste, the substance got its name (lat.> glycos [glycos] - sweet). Miscible with water in any ratio. Not poisonous. The melting point of glycerin is 8°C, the boiling point is 245°C. The density of glycerin is 1.26 g/cm3.
The chemical properties of glycerin are typical of polyhydric alcohols. Of the organic compounds, it is readily soluble in alcohol, but insoluble in fats, arenes, ether, and chloroform. Glycerin itself dissolves well mono- and disaccharides, as well as inorganic salts and alkalis. Hence the wide range of applications of glycerin. In 1938, a method was developed for the synthesis of glycerol from propylene. This way produces a significant part of the glycerol.
Application
The scope of glycerin is diverse: food industry, tobacco industry, medical industry, production of detergents and cosmetics, agriculture, textile, paper and leather industries, plastics, paint and varnish industry, electrical engineering and radio engineering.
Glycerin is used as a food additive E422 in the production of confectionery products to improve the consistency, to prevent chocolate from sagging, to increase the volume of bread.
The addition of glycerin reduces the staling time of bread products, makes pasta less sticky, and reduces the sticking of starch during baking.
Glycerin is used in the manufacture of extracts of coffee, tea, ginger and other plant substances, which are finely ground and treated with an aqueous solution of glycerin, heated and evaporated water. It turns out an extract that contains about 30% glycerol. Glycerin is widely used in the production of soft drinks. The extract prepared on the basis of glycerin, in a diluted state, gives the drinks "softness".
Due to its high hygroscopicity, glycerin is used in the preparation of tobacco (to keep the leaves moist and eliminate unpleasant taste).
In medicine and in the production of pharmaceuticals, glycerin is used to dissolve drugs, increase the viscosity of liquid preparations, prevent changes during the fermentation of liquids, and prevent ointments, pastes and creams from drying out. Using glycerin instead of water, highly concentrated medical solutions can be prepared. It also dissolves iodine, bromine, phenol, thymol, mercury chloride and alkaloids well. Glycerin has antiseptic properties.
Glycerin enhances the cleaning power of most types of toilet soaps in which it is used, gives the skin a whiteness and softens it.
In agriculture, glycerin is used to treat seeds, which contributes to their good germination, trees and shrubs, which protects the bark from bad weather.
Glycerin in the textile industry is used in weaving, spinning, dyeing, which gives the fabrics softness and elasticity. It is used to obtain aniline dyes, solvents for paints, in the production of synthetic silk and wool.
In the paper industry, glycerin is used in the production of tissue paper, parchment, tracing paper, paper napkins and heat-resistant paper.
In the leather industry, glycerin solutions are used in the process of fattening leather, adding it to aqueous solutions of barium chloride. Glycerin is a part of wax emulsions for leather tanning.
Glycerin is widely used in the production of transparent packaging materials.
QUALITATIVE REACTION TO GLYCERIN
Due to its plasticity, ability to retain moisture and endure cold, glycerin is used as a plasticizer in the production of cellophane. Glycerin is an integral part in the production of plastics and resins. Polyglycerols are used to coat paper bags in which oil is stored. Paper packaging material becomes fire resistant if it is impregnated under pressure with an aqueous solution of glycerin, borax, ammonium phosphate, gelatin.
In the paint industry, glycerin is an ingredient in polishing compounds, especially varnishes used for finishing.
In radio engineering, glycerin is widely used in the production of electrolytic capacitors, alkyd resins, which are used as an insulating material, in the processing of aluminum and its alloys.
Medicinal properties and indications for the use of glycerin
Glycerin in a 10-30% mixture with water, ethyl alcohol, lanolin, petroleum jelly has the ability to soften tissues and is usually used as an emollient for the skin and mucous membranes.
Glycerin is used as a base for ointments and as a solvent for a number of medicinal substances (borax, tannin, ichthyol, etc.).
On the basis of glycerin, other fat-free skin care products are also prepared - creams (creams-glycerolates), jellies (fat-free ointments) and other dosage forms and cosmetic preparations, for example, 3-5% glycerin is added to lotions to soften the skin).
In a mixture with ammonia and alcohol (ammonia alcohol - 20.0, glycerin - 40.0, ethyl alcohol 70% - 40.0), glycerin is used as a means to soften the skin of the hands (for rubbing hands with dry skin).
Package
From 1 and 2.5 liter polyethylene bottles for research and laboratory applications, 25 and 190 liter plastic drums, up to 1000 liter containers.
Transportation
Transported in aluminum or steel railway tanks and barrels.
Storage
Store glycerin in airtight containers made of aluminum or stainless steel under a nitrogen blanket.
in a ventilated dry room at a low temperature.
The shelf life of glycerin is 5 years from the date of manufacture.
Specifications
- Molar mass - 92.1 g / mol
– Density - 1.261 g/cm3
– Thermal properties
– Melting point - 18 °C
— Boiling point - 290 °C
- Optical refractive index - 1.4729
CAS number - 56-81-5
— SMILES-OCC(O)CO
| Indicators | Glycerol | |||
| C-98 | PK-94 | T-94 | T-88 | |
| Relative density at 20 °C 1 relative to water of the same temperature, not less than | 1,2584 | 1,2481 | 1,2481 | 1,2322 |
| Density at 20 °C, g/cm3, not less than | 1,255 | 1,244 | 1,244 | — |
| Glycerol reaction, 0.1 mol/dm3 solution of HC1 or KOH, cm3, not more | 1,5 | 1,5 | 1,5 | 1,5 |
| Mass fraction of pure glycerin, %, not less than | 98 | 94 | 94 | 88 |
| Mass fraction of ash, %, no more | 0,14 | 0,01 | 0,02 | 0,25 |
| Saponification coefficient (esters), mg KOH per 1 g of glycerin, not more than | 0,7 | 0,7 | 2,0 | — |
| chlorides | Traces | Absence | Traces | — |
| Sulfate compounds (sulfites) | « | « | « | — |
| Carbohydrates, acrolein and other reducing substances, iron, arsenic | Absence | |||
| Lead content, mg/kg, max | — | 5,0 | — | — |
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Staging sounds in children
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Synopsis of a speech therapy lesson in the senior group “Sounds (P - Pb), letter P