objective needs. Social space of the consumer

Introduction

Every living organism, in order to live, needs certain conditions and means supplied to it by the external environment. Man, like other living beings, needs certain conditions and means for his existence and activity. He must have communion with the outside world, individuals of the opposite sex, food, books, entertainment, and so on.

Unlike the needs of animals, which are more or less stable and limited mainly by biological needs, the needs of man multiply and change all the time during his life: human society creates for its members more and more new needs that were absent in previous generations.

Social production plays a significant role in this constant renewal of needs: by producing more and more new consumer goods, it thereby creates and brings to life ever new needs of people.

The characteristic features of the needs are:

1) the specific content of the need, usually associated either with an object that people strive to possess, or with any activity that should give a person satisfaction (for example, a certain job, game, etc.);

2) a more or less clear awareness of this need, accompanied by characteristic emotional states (the attractiveness of the object associated with this need, displeasure and even suffering from dissatisfaction of the need, etc.);

3) the presence of an often poorly realized, but always present emotional-volitional state, orienting to the search for possible ways to satisfy needs;

4) weakening, and sometimes complete disappearance of these states, and in some cases even their transformation into opposite states when needs are satisfied (for example, a feeling of disgust at the sight of food in a state of satiety);

5) the re-emergence of a need, when the need underlying it again makes itself felt.

The purpose of this work is to study the main theories and methods for measuring needs.

Ø study of literature;

Ø identification of basic concepts;

Ø study of the basic theories of needs;

Ø study of the psychological aspect of identifying and measuring needs.

Essence of Needs

In everyday life, “need”, “need”, the desire to acquire what is missing is considered a need. To satisfy a need means to eliminate the absence of something, to give what is needed. However, a deeper analysis shows that the need has a complex structure. It has two main components - objective and subjective.

The objective in needs is a person's real dependence on the external natural and social environment and on the properties of his own organism. These are the needs for sleep, food, breathing and other fundamental biological needs without which life is impossible, as well as some more complex social needs.

The subjective in needs is that which is introduced by the subject, determined by him, dependent on him. The subjective component of a need is a person's awareness of his objective needs (correct or illusory).

Given the relationship between the objective and subjective components of the need, we can formulate the following definition:

A need is a state of a person that develops on the basis of a contradiction between what is available and what is necessary (or what seems necessary to a person) and encourages him to work to eliminate this contradiction.

Only in the simplest, ideal case, people understand their objective needs well, see ways to satisfy them, and have everything necessary to achieve them. Most often it happens otherwise, and this is due to the following:

III a person may have an objectively determined need for rest, treatment, education, in any items and services, but not be aware of this;

Ш need can be realized vaguely and inaccurately, when a person vaguely feels it, but does not find ways to implement it;

III in the most difficult case, the subjective aspirations of a person do not coincide with his objective interests and needs or even contradict them, as a result, the so-called pseudo-needs, perverted needs, unreasonable needs (there are various terms for referring to phenomena of this kind) Service activity. / Under the general editorship. Romanovich V.K. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. - p.-16 ..

The very formulation of the question of the existence of "reasonable" and "unreasonable" needs (pseudo-needs) runs into a problem that has a deep philosophical and ideological content: what is the criterion for reasonable needs? People have very different ideas about reasonable needs. For the scientist, the need for creative scientific research will seem most important, and he will find the need for luxury absurd. For an artist, the need for fame and wide recognition is typical. A music lover feels the need to listen to music, and for an emaciated person, the need for food comes to the fore.

Needs can be divided into two broad layers.

1. There are so-called primary, urgent, or vital, needs, without the satisfaction of which a person cannot exist at all. These are the needs for food, shelter and clothing. However, the ways of satisfying urgent needs are constantly changing, giving rise to new, secondary, or derivative, needs. Economists have formulated a special law - the law of the rise of needs: the satisfaction of some needs leads to the formation of others, more complex ones.

2. The idea of reasonable needs is based not only on the objective properties of the human body, but also on the system of values, worldview ideas that prevail in society as a whole or in a separate social group. Therefore, people who have similar primary, biological needs may have completely different needs of a social nature. Social needs are not inherited biologically, but are re-formed in each person in the process of education, familiarization with the culture of their time. These needs acquired in the course of individual development depend on the social environment and the system of values adopted in it.

In modern European civilization, humanistic values prevail. Therefore, most people believe that reasonable needs are the satisfaction of which contributes to the development of the individual, the realization of the inclinations and abilities inherent in each person, as well as the progressive development of the entire human community. Society classifies as unreasonable, destructive (destructive) those needs, the satisfaction of which destroys the human personality and social system, for example, the need for alcohol, drugs, the commission of criminal and immoral acts, self-affirmation through participation in terrorist activities, etc.

Thus, there are socially approved, supported by society and the state types of needs that society recognizes as reasonable.

Actually social needs are associated with the development of education, culture, the labor process, the use of technical devices, art and all types of human creative activity. Just as biological needs are subject to social adjustment in society, so social needs are not isolated from biological ones. Any social need contains a biological component included in it, which must be taken into account when providing services to meet this need.

Needs as internal mental states regulate the behavior of the individual, determine the direction of thinking Management. / Comp. Basakov M.I. - M .: Dashkov and K, 2005. - p.-54 .. A person seeks to satisfy his needs. Depending on whether needs are met or not, a person experiences states of tension or calmness, emotions of joy or grief, feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction.

Human needs are diverse, but each person is characterized by a certain system of needs. It includes dominant needs and subordinate needs. Dominants will determine the main direction of behavior. For example, a person has a strong need for success. He subordinates all his actions and actions to this need. This main need for success can be subordinated to the need for knowledge, communication, work, etc.

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The objective in needs is the real dependence of a person on the external natural and social environment and on the properties of his own organism. These are the needs for sleep, food, breathing and other fundamental biological needs without which life is impossible, as well as some more complex social needs.

The subjective in needs is what is introduced by the subject, determined by him, dependent on him. The subjective component of a need is a person's awareness of his objective needs (correct or illusory).

Given the relationship between the objective and subjective components of the need, we can formulate the following definition:

Ø a person may have an objectively determined need for rest, treatment, education, in any items and services, but not be aware of this;

Ø the need may be realized vaguely and inaccurately, when a person vaguely feels it, but does not find ways to implement it;

Ø in the most difficult case, the subjective aspirations of a person do not coincide with his objective interests and needs or even contradict them, as a result, the so-called pseudo-needs, perverse needs, unreasonable needs are formed (there are various terms for describing phenomena of this kind).

Needs can be divided into two broad layers.

The transition from youth to adulthood (23-30 years old)
From what point of view can people be considered adults? There are several such points of view. Physiological (in terms of the functioning of all body systems). Physiologically, in many girls (about 25%), sexual desire reaches its full development only by the age of 26-30, the maximum - by the age of 28-30, and for many it stays at this level ...

Orientation in the structure of personality. Types of directions
Almost none of the researchers object to the fact that the leading component of the personality structure, its backbone property (feature, quality) is orientation - a system of stable motives (dominant needs, interests, inclinations, beliefs, ideals, worldview, etc.), which determines personal behavior...

Method 2. Diagnostics of personal creativity (E.E. Tunik)
No. Curiosity 24 Imagination 24 Complexity 26 Risk appetite 26 Total score Level 1. 18 21 12 14 65 s 2. 11 9 7 8 35 s 3. 5 9 4 4 22 n 4. 21 19 23 15 78 at 5.15 21 20 17 73 at 6. ...

1. Essence of needs

3. Psychological aspect of needs

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Social production plays a significant role in this constant renewal of needs: by producing more and more new consumer goods, it thereby creates and brings to life ever new needs of people.

The characteristic features of the needs are:

3) the presence of an often poorly realized, but always present emotional-volitional state, orienting to the search for possible ways to satisfy needs;

5) the re-emergence of a need, when the need underlying it again makes itself felt.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the basic theories and methods for measuring needs.

Ø study of literature;

Ø identification of basic concepts;

Ø study of the basic theories of needs;

Ø study of the psychological aspect of identifying and measuring needs.

1. Essence of needs

Given the relationship between the objective and subjective components of the need, we can formulate the following definition:

Ø a person may have an objectively determined need for rest, treatment, education, in any items and services, but not be aware of this;

Ø the need may be realized vaguely and inaccurately, when a person vaguely feels it, but does not find ways to implement it;

Needs can be divided into two broad layers.

Thus, there are socially approved, supported by society and the state types of needs that society recognizes as reasonable.

Needs as internal mental states regulate the behavior of the individual, determine the direction of thinking. Man seeks to satisfy his needs. Depending on whether needs are met or not, a person experiences states of tension or calmness, emotions of joy or grief, feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction.

2. Theories of classification of needs

Psychologists, sociologists and philosophers have made numerous attempts to give a general classification of needs. Any of these classifications can serve as the basis for classifying the types of service activities aimed at meeting these needs. So, there are needs:

Ø material and spiritual;

Ø predominantly social and predominantly biological;

Ø socially approved and socially not approved, ranked as unreasonable;

Ø essential, or basic, of the first order, and derivatives, of the second order.

Needs differ to a certain extent depending on several reasons: age, type of work, level of education and training, natural and climatic conditions, national characteristics, traditions, customs, habits, character traits, marital status, etc.

When a need is felt by a person, it awakens in him a state of aspiration to satisfy it (an impulse to action).

The hierarchical theory, proposed in the 1940s by psychologists Abraham Maslow, states that five basic types of needs form a hierarchical structure that largely determines human behavior. On fig. 1 shows a pyramid of needs: its lower steps form primary needs (basic). The needs of the third, fourth and fifth steps are the highest.

The need for self-expression

Need for recognition

Hierarchy of Needs

according to A. Maslow Social needs

The Need for Security

Physiological Needs

Rice. 1. Pyramid of Needs

1. Basic physiological needs - food, water, shelter, rest, sex.

2. The need for security is the preservation of life and health, confidence in the future, etc.

3. Social needs - the need to be accepted, to receive support, the benevolent attitude of people.

4. The need for recognition - the need to feel a sense of self-importance and need, social prestige, to see the respect of others, to have a high social status.

5. The need for self-expression - the desire to reveal one's abilities and self-improvement, to creativity and development.

According to the concept of A. Maslow, the needs of a higher level arise and begin to act as a motivating factor if the needs of the previous level are at least partially satisfied. Needs of a higher level become relevant if the basic ones - I, II stages are sufficiently satisfied. In unison with this, the thoughts of A. Morita sound: “People need money, but they want to enjoy their work and be proud of it.”

However, A. Maslow's hierarchical structure of needs is not strict. Life demonstrates that the relative importance of various needs of people can change, life situations bring to the fore one or another need.

F. McClelland supplemented A. Maslow's scheme by introducing the concepts of needs for power, success and involvement. Thus, this theory emphasizes the needs of higher levels.

The need for power - this desire to influence other people - is between the need for respect and the need for self-expression. People with this need most often manifest themselves as frank and energetic people, defending their original positions, not afraid of confrontation. They demand more attention. They are often attracted to management, as it provides an opportunity to manifest and realize themselves.

The need for success (achievement) is satisfied by the process of bringing the work to a successful conclusion. Such people take moderate risks, like to take personal responsibility for finding a solution to a problem. Therefore, such people need to be motivated by setting them tasks with a moderate degree of risk or the possibility of failure, delegate them sufficient authority to unleash the initiative in solving the tasks; regularly and specifically encourage them in accordance with the results achieved.

People with a need for belonging are interested in the company of acquaintances, building friendships, helping others. These people will be attracted to a job that gives them the opportunity to communicate. Leaders must maintain an atmosphere that does not limit interpersonal relationships and contacts, or give these people more time and their attention.

Figure 2 shows F. McKelland's needs model.

Power

Needs model

D. McKelland Success

Involvement

Rice. 2. Model of needs

F. Herzberg in the second half of the 50s proposed a model, highlighting two groups of factors:

Ø hygienic factors related to the external environment;

Ø motivational factors related to the nature of the work.

The first group includes:

Ø company policy;

Ø working conditions;

Ø earnings;

Ø relationships with management and colleagues.

These factors, if sufficient, only prevent the development of a feeling of dissatisfaction, but in themselves they are not motivating factors.

To achieve motivation, it is necessary to ensure the impact of motivating factors (the second group):

Ø feeling of success,

Ø recognition from others,

Ø Growth of opportunities (opportunity for business and creative growth).

F. Herzberg believes that an employee begins to pay attention to hygiene factors only when he considers their implementation inadequate or unfair.

Surveys conducted by the Central Research Laboratory of Labor Resources have shown that in industry and construction in Russia, the main factors of dissatisfaction are poor social and living conditions, insufficient wages, that is, hygiene factors.

Of course, hygienic factors do not matter for individual people (for ascetics, primitive people with low needs, etc.). But people showing asceticism are not so common, and therefore the creation of normal, human-worthy working conditions is of great importance. Low wages also corrupt people, who become accustomed to mistreating the duties they perform and, as a result, lose their qualifications.

Its individual members, socio-economic groups of the population. They are influenced by the production relations of the socio-economic formation in which they are formed and developed. Public needs are divided into two large groups - the needs of society and the population (personal needs). The needs of society are determined by the need to ensure the conditions for its ...

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Translation of "objective need" in English

Other translations

In the opinion of the competent authorities, episodes of a general criminal nature do not indicate objective need strengthen the security of foreign diplomatic and consular missions.

In the view of the competent authorities, the episodes of common crime do not indicate an objective need to step up security at foreign diplomatic and consular offices.

An objective need to step up security at foreign diplomatic and consular offices.">

The proposal, which was of key importance, with which his delegation fully agreed, was to continue to apply the approach adopted in the draft articles on prevention, not only for reasons of formal compatibility, but also for objective need in uniformity.

The key suggestion, with which his delegation fully agreed, was to continue the approach adopted in the draft articles on prevention, not only reasons for formal compatibility, but also because of an objective need for uniformity.

An objective need for uniformity.">

Suggest an example

Other results

arose objective need in the legislative framework that would regulate the current system of social services.

A legal framework to regulate the existing social services system has clearly become necessary.">

caused objective needs the so-called "proliferation" of international jurisprudence quite rightly leads to the question of the relationship between the various institutions of international justice.

This proliferation of international jurisprudence caused by objective needs, quite legitimately gives rise to the question of the nature of the relationship among the various institutions of international justice.

Objective needs, quite legitimately gives rise to the question of the nature of the relationship among the various institutions of international justice.">

The Secretariat was inclined to offer advice based on what the Council wanted rather than on what was objectively needed .

Objectively needed.">

The Committee notes that other funds and programs are taking a similar approach and points out the need for results to truly reflect objective needs rather than career growth of employees.

The Committee notes that a similar approach is taken by other funds and programs and is concerned that the result should indeed reflect objective needs, rather than the career development of the staff.

Objective needs, rather than the career development of the staff.">

Although the number of preparatory classes and teachers working in them is constantly growing, it seems clear that objective needs, are much higher.

Although the number of preparatory classes and tutors has been continuously growing, objective needs are evidently much higher.

Objective needs are evidently much higher.">

Thus, in this area, too, we have to state that the involvement of women in the decision-making process is inadequate to the level of their education, social activity, does not meet objective needs democratization of society.

Thus, it must be acknowledged that the involvement of women in the decision-making process is inadequate given their high level of education and activity in public affairs, and does not meet the objective needs of a democratic society.

objective needs of a democratic society.">

The Advisory Committee emphasizes the need to ensure that disaster recovery requirements are based on objective needs, and the need for a comprehensive analysis of the most cost-effective solutions.

The Advisory Committee emphasizes the need to ensure that disaster recovery requirements are based on objective needs and that the most cost-effective solutions are fully explored.

Objective needs and that the most cost-effective solutions are fully explored.">

These rights are not based simply on the will of the people, state reality or the power of society, they are rather based on objective needs human nature.

Those rights are not based on the mere will of human beings, or in the reality of the State or in public powers, but rather are grounded in the objective requirements of the nature bestowed on man.

Objective requirements of the nature bestowed on man.">

The report of the Secretary-General draws attention to the fact that donor decisions to provide resources are not primarily explained by objective needs but rather internal considerations, traditional spending patterns and geopolitical interests.

The Secretary-General's report draws attention to the fact that donor decisions to allocate resources are not driven primarily by objective needs but more by domestic considerations, traditional patterns of expenditure and geopolitical interests.

Objective needs but more by domestic considerations, traditional patterns of expenditure and geopolitical interests.">

However, there may be objective need in subsidizing access to energy, when the initial costs associated with connecting to the grid or purchasing related equipment are beyond the reach of the poorest households.

The Working Group recognizes that “the goal facing South Africa is to transform racially motivated immigration and migration policies into non-racial and rational policies that are in line with objective needs countries".

The working group maintains that "the challenge for South Africa is to transform a racially-motivated immigration/migration system into a non-racial and rational policy responsive to the objective needs of the country".

Objective needs of the country".">

But the wide range of proposed schemes for attracting resources for development assistance raises difficult questions about striking the right balance between objective needs and reasonable and efficient financing

But the broad range of proposed schemes to bolster resources for development assistance raises hard questions about the appropriate balance between objective needs and sound and effective financing.

Objective needs and sound and effective financing.">

Having carefully analyzed objective needs process of transition to the independence of East Timor and the practical recommendations of the Secretary-General, China decided to support the recommendations of the Secretary-General.

Having carefully considered the objective needs of the independence process of East Timor and the practical recommendations made by the Secretary-General, China endorses those recommendations.

Objective needs of the independence process of East Timor and the practical recommendations made by the Secretary-General, China endorses those recommendations.">

The provisions of the Military Doctrine take into account the current military-political situation and the forecast of its development, objective needs ensuring the military security of Turkmenistan, as well as an analysis of the content and nature of modern wars and armed conflicts, domestic and foreign experience in military construction and military art.

The needs of the individual (need) is the so-called source of personal activity, because it is the needs of a person that are his motivating reason for actions in a certain way, forcing him to move in the right direction. Thus, need or need is such a personal state in which the dependence of subjects on certain situations or conditions of existence is revealed.

Personal activity is manifested only in the process of satisfying its needs, which are formed during the upbringing of the individual, introducing him to social culture. In its primary biological manifestation, necessity is nothing but a certain state of the organism, expressing its objective need (desire) for something. Thus, the system of needs of the individual directly depends on the lifestyle of the individual, the interaction between the environment and the sphere of its use. From the standpoint of neurophysiology, need means the formation of some kind of dominant, i.e. the appearance of excitation of special brain cells, characterized by stability and regulating the required behavioral actions.

Types of personality needs

Human needs are quite diverse and today there is a huge variety of their classifications. However, in modern psychology, there are two main classifications of types of needs. In the first classification, needs (needs) are divided into material (biological), spiritual (ideal) and social.

The realization of material or biological needs is connected with the individual species existence of the individual. These include - the need for food, sleep, clothing, security, home, intimate desires. Those. need (need), which is due to biological need.

Spiritual or ideal needs are expressed in the knowledge of the world that surrounds, the meaning of existence, self-realization and self-respect.

The desire of an individual to belong to any social group, as well as the need for human recognition, leadership, dominance, self-affirmation, affection of others in love and respect, is reflected in social needs. All these needs are divided into important types of activity:

labor, work - the need for knowledge, creation and creation;

development - the need for training, self-realization;

social communication - spiritual and moral needs.

The needs or needs described above have a social orientation, therefore they are called sociogenic or social.

In another type of classification, all needs are divided into two types: need or need for growth (development) and conservation.

The need for preservation combines such needs (needs) - physiological: sleep, intimate desires, hunger, etc. These are the basic needs of the individual. Without their satisfaction, the individual is simply not able to survive. Further the need for security and preservation; abundance - the comprehensiveness of the satisfaction of natural needs; material needs and biological.

The need for growth combines the following: the desire for love and respect; self-actualization; self-respect; knowledge, including life meaning; needs for sensual (emotional) contact; social and spiritual (ideal) needs. The above classifications make it possible to highlight the more significant needs of the subject's practical behavior.

OH. Maslow put forward the concept of a systematic approach to the study of the psychology of the personality of subjects, based on a model of personality needs in the form of a pyramid. Hierarchy of personality needs according to A.Kh. Maslow is the behavior of an individual, directly dependent on the satisfaction of any of his needs. This means that the needs at the top of the hierarchy (realization of goals, self-development) guide the behavior of the individual to the extent that his needs at the very bottom of the pyramid are satisfied (thirst, hunger, intimate desires, etc.).

There are also potential (non-actualized) needs and actualized ones. The main driver of personal activity is the internal conflict (contradiction) between the internal conditions of existence and external ones.

All types of needs of the individual, located on the upper levels of the hierarchy, have a different level of severity in different people, but without society, no person can exist. A subject can become a full-fledged personality only when he satisfies his need for self-actualization.

Social needs of the individual

This is a special kind of human need. It consists in the need to have everything necessary for the existence and life of an individual, any social group, society as a whole. This is an internal motivating factor of activity.

Public needs are people's need for work, social activity, culture, and spiritual life. Needs created by society are those needs that are the basis of social life. Without motivating factors for meeting needs, production and progress in general are impossible.

Also, social needs include the needs associated with the desire to form a family, joining various social groups, teams, with various areas of production (non-production) activities, the existence of society as a whole. Conditions, factors of the external environment that surround the individual in the course of his life, not only contribute to the emergence of needs, but also form opportunities to meet them. In human life and the hierarchy of needs, social needs play one of the defining roles. The existence of an individual in society and through it is the central area of manifestation of the essence of man, the main condition for the realization of all other needs - biological and spiritual.

They classify social needs according to three criteria: the needs of others, their own needs, and joint needs.

The needs of others (needs for others) are the needs that express the generic basis of the individual. It consists in the need for communication, protection of the weak. Altruism is one of the expressed needs for others, the need to sacrifice one's own interests for others. Altruism is realized only through the victory over egoism. That is, the need “for oneself” must be transformed into the need “for others”.

Own need (need for oneself) is expressed in self-affirmation in society, self-realization, self-identification, in the need to take one’s place in society and the team, the desire for power, etc. Such needs, therefore, are social, which cannot exist without needs “for others ". Only through doing something for others, it is possible to realize their desires. Take any position in society, i.e. to achieve recognition for oneself is much easier to do without hurting the interests and claims of other members of society. The most effective way of realizing one's egoistic desires will be one in which the movement contains a share of compensation to satisfy the claims of other people, those who can claim the same role or the same place, but can be satisfied with less.

Joint needs (needs "together with others") - express the motivating power of many people at the same time or society as a whole. For example, the need for security, freedom, peace, change in the existing political system, etc.

Needs and motives of the individual

The main condition for the life of organisms is the presence of their activity. In animals, activity is manifested in instincts. But human behavior is much more complicated and is determined by the presence of two factors: regulatory and incentive, i.e. motives and needs.

The motives and system of needs of the individual have their own main features. If a need is a need (deficiency), the need for something and the need to eliminate something that is in excess, then the motive is a pusher. Those. the need creates a state of activity, and the motive gives it a direction, pushes the activity in the required direction. Necessity or necessity, first of all, is felt by a person as a state of tension inside, or manifests itself as reflections, dreams. This encourages the individual to search for the object of need, but does not give direction to activities to satisfy it.

The motive, in turn, is the motivating reason for achieving the desired or, conversely, avoiding it, to carry out activities or not. Motives can be accompanied by positive or negative emotions. Satisfaction of needs always leads to the removal of tension, the need disappears, but after a while it may arise again. With motives, the opposite is true. The goal and the motive itself do not coincide. Because the goal is where or what a person aspires to, and the motive is the reason for which he aspires.

Goals can be set for a variety of reasons. But it is also possible that the motive shifts to the goal. This means the transformation of the motive of activity directly into a motive. For example, a student first learns lessons because his parents force him to, but then interest awakens and he begins to study for the sake of studying. Those. it turns out that the motive is an internal psychological stimulus of behavior or actions, which is stable and encourages the individual to carry out activities, giving it meaning. A need is an internal state of feeling of need, which expresses the dependence of a person or animals on certain conditions of existence.

Needs and interests of the individual

The category of needs is inextricably linked with the category of interests. Interests are always based on needs. Interest is an expression of the purposeful attitude of an individual to any kind of his needs.

The interest of a person is not so much directed precisely at the subject of need, as directed at such social factors that make this subject more accessible, mainly these are the various benefits of civilization (material or spiritual), which ensure the satisfaction of such needs. Interests are also determined by the specific position of people in society, the position of social groups and are the most powerful incentives for any activity.

Interests can also be classified depending on the direction or the bearer of these interests. The first group includes social, spiritual and political interests. To the second - the interests of society as a whole, group and individual interests.

The interests of the individual express its orientation, which largely determines its path and the nature of any activity.

In its general manifestation, interest can be called the true cause of social and personal actions, events, which stands directly behind the motives - the motives of individuals participating in these very actions. Interest can be objective and objective social, conscious, realizable.

An objectively effective and optimal way to meet needs is called objective interest. Such an interest is of an objective nature, does not depend on the consciousness of the individual.

An objectively effective and optimal way to meet the needs of a public space is called an objective social interest. For example, there are a lot of stalls and shops in the market, and there is definitely an optimal path to the best and cheapest product. This will be a manifestation of objective social interest. There are many ways to make various purchases, but among them there will definitely be one that is objectively optimal for a particular situation.

The ideas of the subject of activity about how to better satisfy their needs is called conscious interest. Such interest may coincide with the objective one or differ slightly, or it may have an absolutely opposite direction. The immediate cause of almost all the actions of subjects is precisely the interest of a conscious nature. Such interest is based on the personal experience of a person. The path that a person goes to meet the needs of the individual is called realizable interest. It can completely coincide with the interest of a conscious nature, or absolutely contradict it.

There is another kind of interests - this is a product. This variety is both a way to satisfy needs and a way to satisfy them. A product may or may not appear to be the best way to meet a need.

Spiritual needs of the individual

The spiritual needs of the individual is a directed striving for self-realization, expressed through creativity or through other activities.

There are 3 aspects of the term spiritual needs of the individual:

The first aspect is the desire to master the results of spiritual productivity. It includes familiarization with art, culture, science.

The second aspect lies in the forms of expression of needs in the material order and social relations in today's society.

The third aspect is the harmonious development of the individual.

Any spiritual needs are represented by the inner impulses of a person to his spiritual manifestation, creativity, creation, creation of spiritual values and their consumption, to spiritual communications (communication). They are caused by the inner world of the individual, the desire to withdraw into oneself, to focus on what is not related to social and physiological needs. These needs encourage people to engage in art, religion, culture, not in order to satisfy their physiological and social needs, but in order to understand the meaning of existence. Their hallmark is insatiability. For the more internal needs are satisfied, the more intense and stable they become.

There are no limits to the progressive growth of spiritual needs. The limitation of such growth and development can only be the amount of wealth of a spiritual nature accumulated earlier by mankind, the strength of the individual's desires to participate in their work and his capabilities. The main features that distinguish spiritual needs from material ones:

needs of a spiritual nature arise in the mind of the individual;

needs of a spiritual nature are inherently necessary, and the level of freedom in choosing ways and means to satisfy such needs is much higher than that of material ones;

the satisfaction of most needs of a spiritual nature is connected mainly with the amount of free time;

in such needs, the connection between the object of need and the subject is characterized by a certain degree of disinterestedness;

the process of meeting the needs of a spiritual nature has no boundaries.

Yu. Sharov singled out a detailed classification of spiritual needs: the need for labor activity; the need for communication aesthetic and moral needs; scientific and educational needs; the need for recovery; military duty. One of the most important spiritual needs of a person is knowledge. The future of any society depends on the spiritual foundation that will be developed among today's youth.

Psychological needs of the individual

The psychological needs of an individual are those needs that are not reduced to bodily needs, but do not even reach the level of spiritual ones. Such needs usually include the need for affiliation, communication, etc.

The need for communication in children is not an innate need. It is formed through the activity of surrounding adults. Usually actively begins to manifest itself by two months of life. Adolescents, on the other hand, are convinced that their need for communication brings them the opportunity to actively use adults. Insufficient satisfaction of the need for communication has a detrimental effect on adults. They immerse themselves in negative emotions. The need for acceptance lies in the desire of an individual to be accepted by another person by a group of people or by society as a whole. Such a need often pushes a person to violate generally accepted norms and can lead to antisocial behavior.

Among the psychological needs, the basic needs of the individual are distinguished. These are needs that, if not met, young children will not be able to fully develop. They seem to stop in their development and become more susceptible to certain diseases than their peers, in whom such needs are satisfied. So, for example, if the baby is regularly fed, but grows up without proper communication with the parents, his development may be delayed.

The basic needs of the personality of adults of a psychological nature are divided into 4 groups: autonomy - the need for independence, independence; need for competence; the need for meaningful interpersonal relationships for the individual; the need to be a member of a social group, to feel loved. This also includes a sense of self-worth and a need for recognition by others. In cases of non-satisfaction of basic physiological needs, the physical health of the individual suffers, and in cases of non-satisfaction of basic psychological needs, the spirit (psychological health) suffers.

Motivation and needs of the individual

Motivational processes of an individual have in themselves the direction of achieving or, conversely, avoiding the set goals, to realize a certain activity or not. Such processes are accompanied by various emotions, both positive and negative, for example, joy, fear. Also, during such processes, some psychophysiological stress appears. This means that motivational processes are accompanied by a state of excitement or agitation, and there may also be a feeling of decline or a surge of strength.

On the one hand, the regulation of mental processes that affect the direction of activity and the amount of energy needed to perform this very activity is called motivation. And on the other hand, motivation is still a certain set of motives, which gives direction to the activity and the very internal process of motivation. Motivational processes directly explain the choice between different options for action, but which have equally attractive goals. It is motivation that affects perseverance and perseverance, with the help of which an individual achieves his goals, overcomes obstacles.

A logical explanation of the causes of actions or behavior is called motivation. Motivation may be different from real motives or consciously applied in order to disguise them.

Motivation is quite closely related to the needs and needs of the individual, because it appears when desires (needs) or a lack of something arise. Motivation is the initial stage of physical and mental activity of an individual. Those. it is a kind of motivation to produce actions by a certain motive or process of choosing reasons for a particular line of activity.

It should always be borne in mind that completely similar, at first glance, actions or actions of the subject can be completely different reasons, i.e. their motivation may be very different.

Motivation can be external (extrinsic) or internal (intrinsic). The first is not related to the content of a particular activity, but is due to external conditions relative to the subject. The second is directly related to the content of the activity process. A distinction is also made between negative and positive motivation. Motivation based on positive messages is called positive. And motivation, which is based on negative messages, is called, respectively, negative. For example, a positive motivation would be - "if I behave well, then they will buy me ice cream", a negative one - "if I behave well, then they will not punish me."

Motivation can be individual, i.e. aimed at maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of his body. For example, avoidance of pain, thirst, the desire to maintain an optimal temperature, hunger, etc. It can also be group. It includes caring for children, searching for and choosing one's place in the social hierarchy, etc. Cognitive motivational processes include various gaming and research activities.

Basic needs of the individual

The basic (leading) needs of the needs of the individual can differ not only in content, but also in terms of the level of conditioning by society. Regardless of gender or age, as well as social class, every person has basic needs. A. Maslow described them in more detail in his work. He proposed a theory based on the principle of hierarchical structure ("Hierarchy of Personal Needs" according to Maslow). Those. Some needs of the individual are primary in relation to others. For example, if a person is thirsty or hungry, he will not really care whether his neighbor respects him or not. Maslow called the absence of an object of need scarce or scarce needs. Those. in the absence of food (an object of need), a person will strive by any means to make up for such a deficit in any way possible for him.

Basic needs are divided into 6 groups:

1. These include primarily physical need, which includes the need for food, drink, air, sleep. This also includes the need of the individual in close communication with subjects of the opposite sex (intimate relationships).

2. The need for praise, trust, love, etc. is called emotional needs.

3. The need for friendship, respect in a team or other social group is called a social need.

4. The need to get answers to the questions posed, to satisfy curiosity are called intellectual needs.

5. Belief in divine authority or simply the need to believe is called a spiritual need. Such needs help people find peace, experience troubles, etc.

6. The need for self-expression through creativity is called creative need (needs).

All of the listed needs of the individual are part of each person. Satisfaction of all basic needs, desires, needs of a person contributes to his health and positive attitude in all his actions. All basic needs necessarily have a cyclical process, direction and tension. All needs in the processes of their satisfaction are fixed. Initially, the satisfied basic need temporarily subsides (extinguishes) in order to emerge with even greater intensity over time.

Needs that are expressed more weakly, but repeatedly satisfied, gradually become more stable. There is a certain pattern in fixing needs - the more diverse the means used to fix needs, the more firmly they are fixed. In this case, the needs become the basis of behavioral actions.

Need determines the entire adaptive mechanism of the psyche. The objects of reality are reflected as probable obstacles or conditions for meeting needs. Therefore, any basic need is equipped with peculiar effectors and detectors. The emergence of basic needs and their actualization directs the psyche to determine the corresponding goals.