Trans-Urals from ancient times to the end of the 16th century. I warned my friends in advance

On the border between Ural mountains and the West Siberian Lowland, east of the Sverdlovsk and Nizhny Tagil urban agglomerations, a “meridional” chain of cities of the industrial Trans-Urals stretched out: one large - Kamensk-Uralsky, one medium - Alapaevsk and 4 small - Bogdanovich, Sukhoi Log, Artemovsky and Rezha (The territory of the industrial Trans-Urals is formed by: Alapaevsky, Kamensk-Uralsky city councils, Alapaevsky, Artemovsky, Bogdanovichsky, Kamensky, Rezhevsky and Sukholozhsky administrative districts). Occupying 10.6% of the region's territory, the district concentrates 11.1% of its urban population. Here, over 70% of the total population of the territory lives in 15 urban settlements. The location of the cities of the industrial Trans-Urals at the junction of the Trans-Ural forest and agricultural territories and the mining zone of the region, the presence of minerals near these cities, the location of most of them on important latitudinal and meridional railways contributed to the transformation of these cities into diversified industrial centers with developed transport functions. And it is no coincidence that in terms of urban population growth rates, the industrial Cis-Ural region is second only to the Sverdlovsk urban agglomeration. So, for 1959-1974. the number of urban residents here increased by 20.7%, and the share in the total urban population of the region increased from 10.9 to 11.1%. The cities of the industrial Trans-Urals, together with the settlements gravitating towards them, form local industrial hubs: Alapaevsky, Bogdanovichsko-Sukholozhsky, Artemovsko-Rezhevsky. Kamensk-Uralsky is developing in the form of a large “single city”. Labor, cultural and everyday connections between individual settlements are usually confined to these industrial hubs.

On the territory of the industrial Trans-Urals, a significant agricultural zone with a pronounced suburban specialization of the economy was also formed, and areas of mass recreation were also formed. All urban settlements are to one degree or another in the sphere of influence of the Sverdlovsk urban agglomeration (and Alapaevsk is also the Tagil agglomeration), near which they are located.

KAMENSK-URALSKY

Kamensk-Uralsky is a city of regional subordination, located 100 km southeast of Sverdlovsk, in a quiet area of ​​the Trans-Ural region, cut only by the deep valleys of the Iset and Kamenka rivers. It is located at the intersection of important railway lines: meridional - Serov - Alapaevsk - Bogdanovich - Chelyabinsk and latitudinal - Sverdlovsk - Kurgan. In addition, through the area railway Kamensk-Uralsky - Bogdanovich city has access to the important highway Sverdlovsk - Tyumen. The major highway Sverdlovsk - Kurgan also runs through Kamensk-Uralsky.

In my own way economic potential, the population of Kamensk-Uralsky follows Sverdlovsk and Nizhny Tagil. It is home to 180.6 thousand people (versus 169.3 thousand according to the 1970 census). The city is divided into two administrative districts - Sinarsky and Krasnogorsky.

Kamensk-Uralsky is located in a large agricultural area of ​​the region, devoid of other significant industrial centers, and actively interacts with its immediate surroundings. In Kamensky administrative region there are 32.8 thousand inhabitants.

From the history

June 8, 1700 on the bank of the river. Kamenka, on the site of the monastery domnitsa, the foundation stone of the Kamensky state-owned iron smelting plant took place, which became the founder of state industry in the Urals. The first cast iron for cannons was obtained here on October 15, 1701, and the first guns were cast in December of the same year. At the end of April 1703 from the Utkinskaya pier, on the river. Chusova, the first caravan with guns, mortars and iron produced by the Kamensky plant was sent. Kamensk guns took part in famous battle near Poltava (by this time over 850 artillery pieces and more than 27 thousand pounds of shells had been delivered). For a whole century, the Kamensk plant was the main supplier of cannons and cannonballs for the Russian army. The second century of the enterprise’s life also began with the fulfillment of military orders. During Patriotic War 1812 The Kamensk plant cast over 1,400 guns, which smashed Napoleonic hordes on the battlefields from Moscow to Paris.

Although the Kamensky plant was not even a day in the hands of private entrepreneurs, the exploitation of workers at the state-owned Kamensky plant was no less than at the factories of the Demidovs, Turchaninovs or Yakovlevs. And when during Peasant War Pugachev's detachment appeared near the Kamensky plant (at the end of January 1774), but it did not meet any resistance. The people of Kamensk not only warmly welcomed the rebels, but also provided them with assistance, preparing a batch of cannons and cannonballs for them. Many residents of the village joined the ranks of the Pugachevites.

In the 19th century The Kamensky plant entered with outdated equipment that needed radical reconstruction. Attempts to stop the decline of the plant led to nothing. In post-reform times, the Kamensk plant produced significantly less cast iron than a century ago.

In the village, other manufacturing industries began to become increasingly widespread, mainly related to the processing of agricultural raw materials. The construction of the Yekaterinburg - Tyumen railway with the Bogdanovich - Sinarskaya branch (1883-1885) brought some revival to the economy of Kamensk.

According to the 1897 census, 6,335 people lived in Kamensk.

XX century I met Kamensk not as an industrial center, but as a merchant-philistine center. The metallurgical plant remained an enterprise with extremely primitive technology, which finally lost its significance as a major metal producer. In 1915, the Kamensk plant smelted only 379.2 thousand pounds of pig iron (compared to 642 thousand in 1900).

The former glory of the mining plant was eclipsed by trading houses and various companies. In Kamensk, shoes, leather, soap, oil, flour, etc. were produced. 350 workers worked at the enterprises of the village and about 500 were employed in the handicraft industry.

The organizational significance of Kamensk for the wider agricultural region grew after the construction of the Sinarskaya - Shadrinsk railway (1911 -1913).

Before the revolution, there were over 9 thousand inhabitants in the Kamensky village. Over the 217 years of its existence, Kamensk acquired a monastery and several churches, two hospitals with 20 beds each, and four schools with 340 students. 3 doctors and 14 teachers represented the Kamensk intelligentsia. In 1899, in honor of the centenary of the birth of A.S. Pushkin, a library was opened, as well as a club and a cinema.

Pre-revolutionary Kamensk occupied an area of ​​180-200 hectares. The center of the village was on the right bank of the river. Kamenki: the factory administration, church, and manager’s house were located here. Around the square are the houses of merchants and officials, including 41 two-story ones. Along the main Moscow street there are numerous squat warehouses, stone shops, and visiting courtyards.

The outskirts of the village by the Kamenka River and ravines were divided into several parts: Barabu, Kalukha, Rotten Corner, Nazemka, Voronyatskaya Mountain.

Kamenets are known for their glorious revolutionary traditions. The village workers accepted Active participation in the revolution of 1905. By October 1917, a fairly strong group of Bolsheviks had already formed in Kamensk. October Revolution The village greeted me enthusiastically. On November 9, 1917, it was proclaimed in Kamensk Soviet authority. Kamensk Red Guards took part in the suppression of kulak rebellions in the surrounding villages, and then joined the ranks of the Red Army detachment that arrived here, formed in the village of Katayskoye (later it was the First Peasant Communist Regiment named after the Red Eagles). In Kamensk, the Fourth Ural Regiment was reformed and replenished. On July 25, 1918, whites came to the village. For 12 long months they rampaged in Kamensk. In the summer of 1919, under the blows of the Red Army, white gangs hastily left the village.

Still going on Civil War, and Kamensk enterprises began to produce the products necessary for the republic. The small Kamensky plant smelted cast iron, manufactured water pipes, fittings for them, etc. But after the industry of the Urals came to life, it was decided to stop the Kamensky plant with primitive and worn-out equipment and build a new one instead. In April 1926, the old plant ceased to exist.

The first five-year plans were the second birth of Kamensk. It was during these years that the large Kamensk-Sinarsky industrial hub was founded, consisting of a pipe and aluminum plant, and the Krasnogorsk Thermal Power Plant.

The first major new building in Kamensk was a pipe plant. The future plant was called “Counter Ural-Kuzbass”, because it was built “in accordance with the counter plan, by finding reserves within the region...”. The site for the construction of the plant was chosen 3 km from Kamensk, near the Sinarskaya station, which is why the plant itself was called Sinarsky. On April 1, 1934, the shaped foundry shop of the pipe plant was put into operation, and on the night of March 20, 1936, the first pipes were produced from the pipe foundry, the largest in Europe.

In the 1930s, another giant of the heavy industry of the Urals was built here - an aluminum plant. For the construction of the enterprise, a site was chosen 6-8 km from the village. Kamensk, on the right bank of the Iset, near the villages of Baynova, Krasnaya Gorka and Volkovskoye.

On September 5, 1939, the first aluminum plant in the Urals produced metal. The launch of this enterprise was a significant event not only for Kamensk, but also for the entire country. At the new plant, not only was the method for producing alumina developed and improved, but also aluminum electrolysers were put into commercial operation for the first time, the power of which was one and a half times greater than the power of the electrolyzers operating at our plants. Here, for the first time, continuous self-baking anodes, mercury current rectifiers, etc. were used on a mass scale.

The pipe and aluminum smelters not only radically changed the economic and social structure old Kamensk, but also completely transformed its appearance. On the distant outskirts, in the forest and in vacant lots, new neighborhoods and entire villages with comfortable houses, shops, schools, etc. were rapidly growing. G. K. Ordzhonikidze was present at the foundation stone of the first residential building of the socialist village at the aluminum plant.

For 1926-1940 The housing stock of Kamensk increased 6.8 times and amounted to 190.8 thousand square meters. m. By the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of April 20, 1935, the village of Kamensky was transformed into the city of Kamensk, and on June 6, 1940, by the Decree of the Presidium Supreme Council RSFSR, it is renamed the city of Kamensk-Uralsky, separated into an independent administrative unit of regional subordination. At this time, Kamensk-Uralsky entered the group of cities with a population of fifty thousand (50.9 thousand people according to the 1939 census).

During the Great Patriotic War, Kamensk-Uralsky took over factories evacuated from the west of the country and established the production of military products. In difficult wartime conditions, the city's industry was significantly expanded, the most important facilities were put into operation, and mass production of defense products was mastered.

During wartime, the aluminum plant increased its production output almost 8 times. For the successful fulfillment of the government task of supplying the aviation and tank industries with aluminum and silumin, the Ural Aluminum Plant in 1945 was awarded awarded the order Lenin. At the same time, the Krasnogorsk Thermal Power Plant also received the Order of Lenin.

At the Sinarsky Pipe Plant during the war, new workshops were opened: pipe drawing, sheet rolling, etc. During the war years, the production volume at the enterprise increased more than 8 times.

The industry of Kamensk-Uralsky has also been replenished with new enterprises. So, on March 1, 1942, at the very height of the war, the first tons of rolled products were produced by a non-ferrous metals processing plant. The installation and commissioning of equipment evacuated from near Moscow (Kolchugino) was completed much ahead of schedule. During these same years, another enterprise appeared - the Stroymontazhkonstruktsiya plant.

Even during the difficult times of war, civil construction did not stop in the city. So, living space in the city increased almost 1.9 times. During the war years, 3 technical schools, 2 vocational schools, 3 FZO schools, a drama theater, etc. were reopened.

Immediately after the end of the war, Kamensk enterprises switched to producing civilian products. The restructuring of production on a peaceful basis was completely completed in the first half of 1946.

New large enterprises arose in the city: a reinforced concrete plant, a confectionery factory, which marked the beginning of a new industry, a children's toy factory re-specialized in the production of electric motors, etc. The volume of civil engineering. For 1950-1960 The residential area in the city more than doubled and amounted to about 810 thousand square meters. m. New houses, entire neighborhoods and villages have sprung up. The most significant was the village of aluminum workers that grew up on Krasnaya Gorka.

For 1939-1959 the population of Kamensk-Uralsky increased almost 2.8 times and amounted to 141 thousand people.

Economy

Kamensk-Uralsky is one of the large economically developed cities of the Urals. Not only industry, but also transport received significant development. In industries material production Over 4/5 of the population works, including more than 60% in industry.

Kamensk-Uralsky acts primarily as a city with a diversified industry, where there is a significant share of metallurgy, mechanical engineering and metalworking (86.8% of the value of gross output and 90.3% of the number of industrial production personnel). The largest enterprise in the city is the Sinarsky Pipe Plant (STZ). Over the 40 years of its existence, STZ has turned into a diversified enterprise, the products of which are in great demand in all industries National economy countries, as well as in more than 20 foreign countries. In 1972, Sinarans for the first time sent to their customers products that were awarded the highest rating - the state Quality Mark.

The Ural Order of Lenin Aluminum Plant (UAZ) is one of the largest enterprises in Kamensk-Uralsky. The plant's products are sent to many non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises in the country. At the beginning of 1973, 10 brands of aluminum products were produced with the Quality Mark. Reconstruction has become an everyday concern of all workshop teams of the plant: electrolysis, electrothermal, electrode, foundry-mechanical, etc.

Kamensk-Uralsky Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Plant (OTsM) is one of the leading non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. Over the 30 years of its existence, production volume has increased 7 times here. The brand of the OCM plant is well known not only in our country, but also abroad: in 1973, the plant had more than thirty foreign customers. Some types of plant products are assigned State Badge quality.

Order of Lenin Krasnogorsk Thermal Power Plant is the energy heart of Kamensk-Uralsky. In addition to electricity, the thermal power plant uninterruptedly supplies the city with heat, hot water. In addition to this enterprise, the city operates a thermal power plant at the Sinarsky Pipe Plant.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking have developed significantly in the city. The Stroymontazhkonstruktsiya plant fulfills orders from enterprises in the metallurgical and mining industries, producing electrolysers, vacuum and casting ladles, etc. Now more than 30% of all products are sent to foreign companies.

Among the metalworking enterprises of the city, the electromechanical plant stands out. Veterans of the enterprise remember well that until recently the main products were children's toys and household electrical appliances. Starting from the late 50s, the enterprise underwent a major reconstruction and switched to the production of electric motors for the national economy. In addition, in Kamensk-Uralsky there is an automobile repair plant, the first stage of which was put into operation in 1972, a commercial equipment plant, where in 1973 a production line for assembling commercial equipment was introduced, and an assembly area for bread molds was built, etc. .

A prominent place in the industrial structure of the city also belongs to the light and Food Industry. The enterprises of these industries employ over 4.3 thousand people. The second branch of the Uralobuv production association, due to reconstruction, installation of new mechanized production lines, new mills for sewing men's, women's and children's shoes, increased its production from 90 thousand to 700 thousand pairs per year. The Kamensk-Ural sewing factory is the only one in the region in terms of production school uniform for boys. The city has a large meat processing plant, a confectionery factory, a dairy factory, a beer and soft drink factory, etc.

Kamensk-Uralsky has a fairly developed construction base. Every day thousands of installers, masons, painters climb the city's scaffolding... Order of the Red Banner of Labor Trust Uralaluminstroy is one of the largest construction organizations in the Middle Urals. Since 1971, the first stage of the large-panel housing construction complex has been operating at the reinforced concrete products plant - a workshop for the production of hollow-core flooring slabs.

Kamensk-Uralsky is a city with important transport and distribution functions. About 6% of the population works in transport and communications. Kamensk-Uralsky is primarily a large railway junction, a crossroads of roads connecting Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, and Chelyabinsk. The route from the Urals to Siberia and Kazakhstan passes through it. The city houses a locomotive and carriage depot, large freight and passenger fleets.

Kamensk-Uralsky is the center of a vast agricultural region, where there are 11 state farms, specializing mainly in the production of milk and vegetables.

Kamensk-Uralsky is one of the large cultural and educational centers of the Sverdlovsk region. Only 7.5% of the city’s population works in education, science and art.

There are 19 secondary, 8 eight-year-old, 4 primary schools, boarding school, 3 special schools, with 25 thousand students. In Kamensk-Uralsky there are 5 vocational schools and 2 trade and culinary schools. 1,400 boys and girls are studying at the aluminum technical school and medical school. In 1974, a new specialized secondary school was opened educational institution- music and pedagogical school. 1,200 young workers study in 7 evening technical schools without interruption from production. Ural Polytechnical Institute has its own general technical faculty here. Total number The city's student population is 34 thousand, or almost 25% of the population over 7 years old. A branch of the All-Union Scientific Research and Design Institute of Aluminum, Electrode and Magnesium Industry operates in Kamensk-Uralsky.

Kamensk-Uralsky is a city of great culture. In 1973, the city drama theater opened its 50th creative season. There are 6 Palaces of Culture, among which the attention is drawn to the Palace of Culture of Aluminum Workers, the modern, glass and concrete palaces of culture “Yunost” and “Sovremennik”. Thousands of spectators fill the halls of the Yubileiny cinemas. Kirov, "Iset". To the new modern building central moved city ​​Library them. A.S. Pushkin. There is also a city local history museum.

The city has over 40 hospitals, dispensaries and sanatoriums, where more than 450 doctors and 2 thousand paramedics and nurses work. At the service of workers, youth, and schoolchildren of the city are 10 stadiums, 4 Palaces and Sports Houses, 28 gyms, several boat stations, etc.

In Kamensk-Uralsky, the city newspaper (since January 1931) “Kamensky Rabochiy” is published, district newspaper“Flame”, as well as three editions - “For Ural Aluminum”, “On a Construction Site”, “Sinarsky Pipemaker”.

Appearance

The territory adjacent to Kamensk-Uralsky is characterized by typical signs forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Urals. Forest areas here are concentrated mainly along river banks, and are also grouped in separate groves in wetlands. Kamensk-Uralsky is located on the wooded and rocky banks of the Iset and Kamenka rivers. Its total area is 14.2 thousand hectares. Diagonally from the northwestern outskirts of the city to the southeastern one is about 30 km.

Kamensk-Uralsky has excellent suburban forests. In the city limits alone, the total forest area is over 15 thousand hectares.

Kamensk-Uralsky in its structure is characterized by a typically group form of settlement, in which within the city limits three historically formed at a distance from each other residential area: social city of the Ural Aluminum Plant, social city of the Sinarsky Pipe Plant, Old city and a number of villages (Leninsky, Pervomaisky, Chkalov, etc.).

In 1973 in Kamensk-Uralsky there were about 7,150 houses with a total usable area 1960 thousand sq. m. Over 230 buildings of 5 floors and above have been built in the city (they account for about 36% of the living area).

77% of housing is equipped with running water and sewerage, and 80% with central heating.

City transport - bus and trolleybus. The city is connected to settlements located 10-20 km from the center by bus lines.

Thanks to the purposeful reconstruction of the city, in the near future the districts of Kamensk-Uralsky will take on a holistic appearance in their architectural and planning organization. By master plan it is planned to combine the main residential areas. The rich natural landscapes of the urban area (two rivers, forests) will be organically included in the composition of the city. In the coming years, a city park of culture and recreation will be created on the territory of the forest park, located between the road to the UAZ and the left bank of the Iset. It is planned to build a large sports complex on the western side. The citywide center is being formed within the boundaries from the left bank of the Kamenka River to the south-eastern part of the forest park. It is planned to build more expressive buildings here, including higher-rise buildings. First of all, new houses decorate Pobedy Avenue, where 5-9-story buildings began to appear in place of former vacant lots and dilapidated wooden houses since 1973. The work is expected to last several years.

The main direction of growth of the city's industry is the further reconstruction and expansion of its enterprises, the fullest use of internal reserves. In addition, it is planned to build new enterprises, primarily serving the needs of the city and its immediate surroundings (for example, a dairy plant, a meat processing plant, a brewery, a central utility plant, etc.).

Trans-Urals - natural area, adjacent to the eastern slope of the Urals in the basins of the Tobol and Ob rivers, the outlying part of the West Siberian Plain. It is located in the territories of Kurgan, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk regions of Russia and Kostanay region of Kazakhstan.

Often in colloquial use and in the press, only the Kurgan region is referred to as the Trans-Urals.

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Notes

Literature

• Pesterev V.V./ Scientific editor: V.V. Menshchikov; Reviewers: G. E. Kornilov, A. A. Lomtsov; Kurgan State University. - Kurgan: Kurgan State Publishing House. University, 2005. - 237 p. - ISBN 5-86328-681-4.

An excerpt characterizing the Trans-Urals

- Ah, mon ami, oubliez les torts qu"on a pu avoir envers vous, pensez que c"est votre pere... peut etre a l"agonie. - She sighed. - Je vous ai tout de suite aime comme mon fils. Fiez vous a moi, Pierre. Je n"oublirai pas vos interets. [Forget, my friend, what was wronged against you. Remember that this is your father... Maybe in agony. I immediately loved you like a son. Trust me, Pierre. I will not forget your interests.]
Pierre did not understand anything; again it seemed to him even more strongly that all this should be so, and he obediently followed Anna Mikhailovna, who was already opening the door.
The door opened into the front and back. An old servant of the princesses sat in the corner and knitted a stocking. Pierre had never been to this half, did not even imagine the existence of such chambers. Anna Mikhailovna asked the girl who was ahead of them, with a decanter on a tray (calling her sweet and darling) about the health of the princesses and dragged Pierre further along the stone corridor. From the corridor, the first door to the left led to the princesses' living rooms. The maid, with the decanter, in a hurry (as everything was done in a hurry at that moment in this house) did not close the door, and Pierre and Anna Mikhailovna, passing by, involuntarily looked into the room where the eldest princess and Prince Vasily. Seeing those passing by, Prince Vasily made an impatient movement and leaned back; The princess jumped up and with a desperate gesture slammed the door with all her might, closing it.
This gesture was so unlike the princess’s usual calmness, the fear expressed on Prince Vasily’s face was so uncharacteristic of his importance that Pierre stopped, questioningly, through his glasses, looked at his leader.

The ancient history of the Trans-Ural region begins with the end of the ancient Stone Age - the Paleolithic.

The oldest site in the Kurgan region is located at former village Shikaevka, Vargashinsky district. At a depth of about 2 meters, bones of a mammoth, wolf, hare, birds, as well as stone tools made of green and red jasper were found. The age of the site is more than 11 thousand years. Large groups of primitive hunters lived at such sites for centuries, using driven hunting methods. IN Western Siberia Only three Upper Paleolithic sites are known, one of which is located in the Trans-Urals.

Much more Neolithic settlements (the period of the New Stone Age, VI-IV millennium BC) are known in the Trans-Urals than sites of previous eras. These are settlements near the villages of Koshkino and Okhotino in the Belozersky district, near the village of Tashkovo in the Shadrinsky district, and near the village of Bely Yar near the city of Kurgan. The dwellings of that time were like half-dugouts and dugouts, the population was mainly engaged in hunting and fishing.

An interesting monument is still the only one of its kind in our country - the Savin-1 sanctuary, which is located in the Belozersky district. The sanctuary is located on a floodplain hill with good review area surrounded on all sides by oxbow lakes of the Tobol River. It consisted of two rings built from a ditch. In the ditch and next to it there were pits filled with animal bones, and there were pillars around the perimeter of the circle. In the northern part there were bonfires, in the southeastern part there were burials.

Similar monuments are known in Western Europe, where they are called "henges" or "rondels". The most famous of them is Stonehenge, located near London. The sanctuaries were also ancient astronomical observatories to determine the time and place for religious ceremonies. The similarity of observatory sanctuaries in large areas from the Trans-Urals to England indicates that this territory was inhabited by one community of people - the Indo-European.

The Bronze Age in the Trans-Urals covers period XVII- VIII centuries BC Currently, several hundred Bronze Age monuments are known in our region. In the 2nd millennium BC. tribes lived here, which are usually called Alakul tribes - according to the first excavated burial ground near Lake Alakul in the Shchuchansky region. Later, several settlements were found near the villages of Kamyshnoye and Raskatikha in the Pritobolny district, the village of Yazevo in the Kurtamysh district, the village of Subbotino in the Safakulevsky district, etc. The population was mainly engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture. The dwellings of the Alakul people were located in a circle, in the center of which there was a square. Such villages were closely connected with each other, and a proto-urban civilization arose. In size, the Trans-Ural settlements-proto-cities were not inferior to the famous ancient cities of the East and Europe.

In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. local tribes got acquainted with iron. Land cultivation improved, and the development of crafts, especially blacksmithing and weapons, accelerated. During this era, the forest-steppe Trans-Urals was inhabited by sedentary and semi-sedentary tribes, tribes of cattle breeders and farmers. The appearance of the tribal nobility is evidenced by the burial mounds of that time. There are more than a thousand of them in our region, but not very many large ones - from 5 to 10 meters high - have been excavated. One of them is Tsarev Kurgan, which gave the name to the current regional center. Russian pioneers founded the settlement of Tsarevo Settlement next to it, which later became known as Kurganskaya Sloboda, and then the city of Kurgan.

The Tsarev Kurgan had a height of 5.5 m, a diameter of 100 m. Under the mound there was a burial pit 3 m deep, above it there was a structure made of logs in the form of a tent. The walls of the burial were reinforced with logs and lined with blocks; in the corners there were bunks and shelves for grave goods: dishes, weapons, food, etc. In the center there is a recess for installing a sarcophagus. Before burial, a fire burned in the grave to purify the leader’s eternal habitat.

Ethnicity Scientists associate the tribes living in the Trans-Urals at that time with the Finno-Ugric population, the ancestors of the Mansi, Khanty, Hungarians and the Eastern Iranian population, which dominated the territory of our region. As a result of the movement of tribes to I-II centuries AD Turkization of the forest-steppe Tobol region occurred, and the settlement of the Trans-Urals by Turks began.

In the 13th century, the territory of our region became part of the sphere of influence of the Golden Horde, and later - part of the Siberian Khanate.

Russian people first became acquainted with the Trans-Ural region in the 15th century. In the process of Russian colonization of the Trans-Urals, the private initiative of Novgorod, and later Moscow, merchants and industrialists, who purchased furs in exchange for Russian goods, first prevailed. Industrial settlements - settlements, winter huts, towns - were gradually created along these routes. Christian missionaries also went east.

The movement of Russian people beyond the Stone Belt was very slow until the 16th century, and only after the fall of Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates it sped up. In 1574, Ivan the Terrible issued a charter to the Stroganov merchants for possession of the Trans-Ural lands along the Tobol River. However, there was an obstacle on the path of the explorers - the Siberian Khanate, led by Khan Kuchum. In the defeat of the Khanate, a prominent role was played by Ermak’s campaign in Siberia, which was equipped by the Stroganovs. The campaign began in the fall of 1581 and lasted for a year. Under the command of Ermak, the capital of the Khanate was taken, but other detachments completed the complete defeat in 1586. From that time on, the Trans-Urals became part of the Russian state.

Ermak's Siberian campaign

Before the arrival of the Russians, four main ethnic groups lived here - Tatars, Bashkirs, Kalmyks and Kyrgyz-Kaisaks (ancestors of the Kazakhs).

Source:G.F. Khilazheva. Cities of the Trans-Urals of the Republic of Bashkortostan: features of ethnodemographic development // The phenomenon of Eurasianism in the material and spiritual culture, ethnology and anthropology of the Bashkir people: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Ufa, 2009. – 288 p. – P.102 – 103.

Note: Published with the permission of the author of the article on the historical and local history portal Urgaza.ru.

The Trans-Urals of the Republic of Bashkortostan is a relatively isolated region of compact residence of Bashkirs, who have specific historical and cultural traditions. According to S.I. Rudenko, this territory is the south-eastern region of the eastern region of settlement of the Bashkirs, because the local population had common features physical type, as well as similarities in everyday life and culture. In addition, the researcher in the Trans-Urals separately identified the northern subregion, the inhabitants of which differed from their neighbors in the characteristics of their economic and cultural life(Rudenko, 1916, p.264-268; 1955, p.329-350).

Bashkir population living in eastern and southern regions republics, researchers call the southeastern Bashkirs (Kuzeev, Bikbulatov, Shitova, 1968, p. 171; Yanguzin, 1968, p. 322). At the end of the 19th century. the territory of their residence was part of the Orenburg province (Verkhneuralsky, Orsky, Troitsky, Chelyabinsk and Orenburg districts). Currently, this region belongs to the Abzelilovsky, Baymaksky, Khaibullinsky and Uchalinsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The southeastern Bashkirs, who lived in close proximity to Kazakhstan, were under strong influence for a long time. cultural influence of the entire Turkic nomadic world Central Asia. In this regard, their culture clearly showed features characteristic of the entire Turkic-Mongolian nomadic world (Kuzeev, 1968, pp. 249-261, 385). The dominant form of economic management among the southeastern Bashkirs was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. They developed a mixed agricultural-pastoral type economy. “The combination of farming with summer migrations left a bright imprint on public relations and the culture of the Eastern Bashkirs, causing the preservation in their life of many patriarchal features that have disappeared or are disappearing in the rest of Bashkiria” (Kuzeev, 1968, p. 313).

The southeastern Bashkirs had relatively weak contacts with the Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples and later than the Bashkirs of the central and western regions of the republic, they settled down. On initial stages a change in the traditional type of management occurred in the north of the region, the modern Uchalinsky district (Yanguzin, 1968, p. 316). And only then did this process cover the entire Trans-Ural region and was completely completed in the southeastern Bashkirs only in the 20s years XIX century (Rudenko, 1955, p. 123).

The transition to sedentarization of the local population coincided in time with another process that engulfed the Trans-Urals - the beginning of urbanization of the region. The emergence and development of cities in the Trans-Ural region was facilitated by the industrial development of the region. The historical path of the cities under study followed one pattern: village – working settlement – ​​city. The first to receive city status was Baymak (1938), then Sibay (1955), and later Uchaly (1963).

Until 1917, Trans-Ural Bashkirs worked in mines only in winter time, without leaving their main economic occupation - semi-nomadic cattle breeding. However, after October events the involvement of Bashkirs in industrial work is becoming widespread. Some Bashkirs move to workers' settlements for permanent residence. At the same time, they continue to preserve rural traditions without losing touch with their native village.

In 1939, 34.8 thousand people lived in urban settlements in the Trans-Ural region. On the eve of the war, the ethnic composition of the three urban settlements of the Trans-Ural region (Baymak, Sibay and Uchaly) was characterized by a significant predominance of Russians in Sibay and Baymak and Tatars in Uchaly. In the latter, the Bashkirs were represented insignificantly and made up less than a third of the population.

Until the end of the 50s of the twentieth century. In the urban population of the Trans-Urals, a significant representation of Russians remained, and an insignificant representation of Bashkirs. In 1959, Bashkirs made up 27.2% of all townspeople in the region, Russians - 52.3%, Tatars - 16.7%, and other nationalities 4.8%.

In the 1970s, the process of forming the ethnic composition of the urban population of the Trans-Urals took a different turn than in previous decades: the share of Bashkirs increased and the share of Russians and Tatars decreased.

Over one decade (from 1970 to 1979), the share of urban Bashkirs in the Trans-Ural region increased by 6%; townspeople of Russian nationality decreased by 4%. The number of Tatars in general in the Trans-Ural region decreased slightly.

In the 1980s, there was a further increase in the level of representation of Bashkirs among residents of the cities of Trans-Urals. By 1989, in Sibay their share had increased to 40.2%; in Uchaly – up to 38.6%; in Baymak – up to 62.8%. The share of Russians decreased in all three cities and amounted to: in Sibay - 45.9%; Uchalah – 32.8%; Baymak - 27.6%. Specific gravity There are also fewer residents of Tatar nationality: in Sibay - 10.2%; Uchalah – 25.6%; Baymak – 7.3%.

The 2002 census data also shows the above-mentioned trend of changes in ethno-demographic processes in the cities of the Trans-Urals. In Baymak, Bashkirs made up 69.8%, Russians - 23.1%, Tatars - 5.1%. In Sibay, the share of Bashkirs was 48.5%, Russians - 39.2%, Tatars - 8.9%. In Uchaly, the ratio of the three ethnic groups was as follows: 52.3% Bashkirs, 28.5% Russians and 16.8% Tatars.

As you can see, currently the cities of southeastern Bashkortostan are leading in terms of the level of representation of Bashkirs. A specific ethnolinguistic and ethnocultural situation developed in them, which created the conditions for the formation of a Bashkir urbanized culture in the Trans-Urals. Sibay, Baymak, Uchaly can be considered as a kind of conglomerate of “Bashkir” cities playing important role in introducing the Bashkir ethnic group to the urban way of life.

Since the 70s of the twentieth century. Unfavorable trends in the socio-demographic development of the region are beginning to be observed, incl. and in the relatively prosperous cities of Sibay and Uchaly. There is an intensive outflow of the local population from the Trans-Urals. The population emigrated mainly to neighboring regions - Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, as well as to the northern regions of the country.

In recent years, a mechanical reduction of residents has been observed in the city of Baymak: in 2006 it decreased by 192 people, in 2007 - by 45 people. A slight mechanical increase in population occurs in Uchaly (in 2006, the balance of migration was +445 people, in 2007 – +408 people). The population of Sibay is increasing at a faster pace. The migration increase here in recent years was more than a thousand people (in 2006 - +1227), but in 2007 this figure dropped to +823 people.

Baymak today lags behind its neighbors in terms of population growth. Since 1998, the population of the city as a whole has decreased by about 2 thousand people. (while in other cities of the Trans-Urals it increased by approximately the same amount). However, it leads in another indicator: natural reproduction of the population and is closest to rural areas in this regard. In the city, the birth rate is higher than in villages and hamlets of some regions of the republic. In 1998 in central and western regions The birth rate was approximately 10.5 per 1000 people, while in Baymak it was 12.2. In the same year, on average, about 15 people were born in the southeastern rural areas. per 1000 inhabitants. In Sibay and Uchaly this figure was 11.4 and 10.9, respectively.

In recent years, the birth rate in the cities of Zuralya has been trending upward. According to recent years Baymak has the highest birth rate among the cities of the Republic of Belarus. In 2007, 21.9 people were born here. per 1000 people (in Sibay and Uchaly - 13.7 and 14.9, respectively). For comparison - average The birth rate in the cities of the Republic of Belarus in the same year was 12.3, in villages - 13.3.

The cities of Trans-Urals are small (Baymak, Uchaly) and medium-sized (Sibai) cities of the republic. However, Baymak and Uchaly, belonging to the same type of city - small, and having the same status ( administrative centers vast agricultural areas) differ from each other in many ways. Firstly, in terms of population (16.9 thousand people live in Baymak, almost twice as many people live in Uchaly - 39.3 thousand people; 66.4 thousand people live in Sibay). Secondly, the economy and social infrastructure of Baymak is less developed than Uchalov and Sibaya.

As you can see, the difference in socio-economic, cultural development, ethnic composition cities largely determined the nature of the socio-demographic processes occurring in them. Using the example of the cities under study, the dependence of the main indicators of demographic development on a whole complex of factors is clearly visible.

Sources and literature :

1. Demographic yearbook of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Stat. collection. Ufa: State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Belarus.. 1999.

2. Demographic processes in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Stat. collection. Ufa: Bashkortostanstat, 2008.

3. Bashkirs at the beginning of the 21st century. Stat. collection. Ufa: Bashkortostanstat, 2008.

4. Kuzeev R.G., Bikbulatov N.V., Shitova S.N. Trans-Ural Bashkirs (Ethnographic sketch of life and culture late XIX- beginning of the twentieth century) // Archeology and ethnography of Bashkiria. T.3. Ufa, 1968. P.171.

5. Kuzeev R.G. Development of the Bashkir economy in the X-XI centuries. (On the history of the transition of the Bashkirs from nomadic cattle breeding to agriculture) // Archeology and ethnography of Bashkiria. Ufa, 1968. T.3. P.249-261.

6. Kuzeev R.G. Ethnographic groups of Bashkirs in the 19th century. and the history of their formation // Ibid. P.385.

7. Murzabulatov M.V. Cities and regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Experience in characterizing a sample for studying marriage and family relations). Ufa, 1995. P. 8.

8. Rudenko S.I. Bashkirs. Experience of ethnological monograph. Part 1. Physical type Bashkir. Petrograd, 1916. P.264-268.

9. Rudenko S.I. Bashkirs. Historical and ethnographic essays. M., 1955. P.329-350.

10. Yanguzin R.Z. About agriculture in the southeastern Trans-Urals in the 19th century. // Ibid. P.322.