Signs of allocation of physical geographical countries. Basic provisions of physical-geographical zoning

Remember in which geographical zone Ukraine is located.

What natural areas are common in its territory?

THE CONCEPT OF REGIONING. All the diversity of landscapes creates a landscape (geographical) shell of the Earth, which “envelops” our planet with a thin layer.

Between the landscape shell as a planetary natural complex and landscapes as its smallest parts there is a system of regional natural complexes (PC). They occupy different territories. One of the tasks of geography is their identification, determination of boundaries, study and mapping, that is, the implementation of physical and geographical zoning.

Considering the components and factors of landscape development, you probably noticed that some of them are zonal, while others are non-zonal. Zonal include those that are distributed on the earth's surface in accordance with the laws of geographic (latitudinal) zoning - stripes that replace each other from the equator to the poles. The number of solar energy, distribution of heat and moisture, soil and vegetation cover. Non-zonal (azonal) are those factors and components of the landscape, the location of which does not depend on geographic latitude.

This is primarily a geological structure and relief. In accordance with this, regional natural complexes are also divided into zonal and azonal (Fig. 135).

So, zonal natural complexes are PCs formed as a result of latitudinal manifestation natural processes and phenomena. These are geographical zones, natural zones and subzones. The largest azonal natural complexes are the PCs of the continents and oceans, and within their limits, the physical-geographical countries and natural-aquatic complexes of the seas. Physical-geographical countries and zones are divided into smaller regional PCs, which are distinguished by a combination of zonal and azonal factors. These include physical-geographical territories, regions and districts.

PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ZONING OF UKRAINE. The largest zonal parts landscape shell are geographic zones. They are distinguished by the amount of solar energy received and the characteristics of the circulation of air masses. Ukraine is located almost entirely within the temperate geographical zone of the Northern Hemisphere and only on the southern slope of the Crimean Mountains and the southern coast of Crimea natural conditions have features of the subtropical zone.

Due to differences in the distribution of heat and moisture within the belt, natural zones are formed with their own climate, soils, vegetation and wildlife. In Ukraine, these are zones of mixed forests, broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe and steppe (Fig. 136). Of course, natural zones are typical only for the flat part of the country, where latitudinal zonality. They do not exist in the mountains: there the interaction of natural components occurs according to the laws of altitudinal zonation, that is, in bands that replace each other with height.

Within natural areas often exist significant differences in humidification of territories and heat supply. This causes a variety of soil and vegetation cover, and therefore natural zones can be divided into subzones. In Ukraine, such a division is typical for the steppe zone, in which the north-steppe, middle-steppe and south-steppe subzones are distinguished.

The largest azonal units of zoning on land are physiographic countries - natural complexes formed within large tectonic structures(platforms, folded structures), which correspond to large landforms (plains, mountain systems). Therefore, among the physical-geographical countries, flat and mountainous ones are distinguished. Ukraine is located within three physical and geographical countries: the East European Plain (its southwestern part), the Carpathian Mountains (its middle part) and the Crimean Mountains (Fig. 137). In the south, the territory of Ukraine goes to the natural aquatic complexes of the Black and Azov Seas.

A physical-geographical region is a part of a natural zone or subzone within a flat country or part of a mountainous country. The main reasons for the selection of edges are the heterogeneity of the geological structure and relief, as well as the remoteness of the territory from the oceans, which causes a change in the continentality of the climate. For example, in the forest-steppe zone, three physical and geographical regions are distinguished: the Dniester-Dnieper (within parts of the Podolsk and Dnieper uplands), the Left-Bank-Dnieper

Provsky (on the Dnieper lowland) and Central Russian (on the slopes of the hill of the same name). Several physiographic regions are also distinguished in the subzones of the steppe zone. But each of the two forest zones forms a separate large physical-geographic region: the zone of mixed forests - Ukrainian Polissya, the zone of broad-leaved forests - the Western Ukrainian region. Each of the mountainous countries is also represented in Ukraine by one physical and geographical region - the Ukrainian Carpathians and the Crimean mountainous region. In total, 14 regions are distinguished in Ukraine.

Within the limits of the regions, there are differences in natural conditions associated with the unequal geological and geomorphological structure of the territories. This is the reason for the allocation of even smaller regional natural complexes - physical-geographical regions and physical- geographical areas.

Physical-geographical zoning has great importance for the knowledge of natural processes and phenomena, economic activity and environmental work. Having established the limits of this or that landscape and having studied its structure and connections, it is possible to substantiate rational nature management in it, to identify measures for improvement environmental situation, to establish the territories in which it is desirable to carry out environmental activities.

REMEMBER

Physical-geographical (landscape) zoning is the definition of the boundaries of regional natural complexes, which are a combination of similar landscapes in certain areas.

Zonal units of physical-geographical zoning are geographical zones, natural zones and subzones, azonal units are physical-geographical countries and natural-aquatic complexes of the seas. Ukraine is located within three physical-geographical countries (East European Plain, Carpathian and Crimean Mountains) and four natural zones (mixed forests, deciduous forests, forest-steppe and steppe).

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. Name the system of units of physical and geographical zoning of Ukraine,

2. How do zonal PCs differ from azonal PCs?

3. Within what natural zones is Ukraine located?

4. What major azonal PCs are distinguished within Ukraine?

5*.Compare the units of the physical-geographical zoning of Ukraine within the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones (number, size, types).

This is textbook material.

First, it is necessary to clarify the meaning of the term "physico-geographical zoning". A number of authors call it natural or landscape or use these terms as synonyms. We attach special importance to each of them.

Under natural zoning in accordance with broad sense the word "natural" we mean the selection and definition of the taxonomic rank of individual territorial units similar in any natural sign(s). Consequently, natural zoning includes both physical-geographical and private zoning in the meaning adopted above. In addition, the composition of natural zoning includes the division of territories according to even more specific features - individual aspects or properties of the components (for example, forest seed zoning - the allocation of territorial units according to the yield and good quality of seeds of tree species). A broad understanding of natural zoning is necessary to oppose it to non-natural, carried out according to certain socio-economic characteristics.

Landscape zoning, in our understanding, is constituent part physical-geographical; this is the selection and determination of the taxonomic rank of landscape HAs. It is hardly correct to call any HA selection landscape, including one-sided ones that differ significantly from landscape ones. In addition to landscape, we consider tectogenic and climatogenic zoning as special types of physical-geographical zoning; the latter is subdivided into zonal, sectoral, barrier and altitudinal.

The question of the appointment of physical-geographical zoning is considered earlier, its principles and methods, because not only some features of its methodology, but even its individual principles depend on the purpose of zoning. By purpose, physical-geographical zoning is divided into general scientific and specialized, or applied. The first is not connected with the solution of any particular practical problem; the second, on the contrary, is carried out to solve or scientifically substantiate the solution of just such a problem.

General scientific zoning is primarily of scientific importance. This already follows from the fact that landscape science is the science of GCs, which stand out during general scientific zoning. But it also has practical value. After all, each GC shown on the zoning map and described in the text description has a special natural potential. Naturally, rational economic and any other (for example, recreational) use natural resources any territory is impossible without taking into account the natural potential of the GCs that compose it.

However, the results of general scientific zoning, i.e., its map and its description, usually cannot be used directly to solve specific practical problems, since the sections of maps of general scientific and applied zoning often do not coincide with each other. The reason is that natural similarities and differences, according to which applied units are distinguished and which are the main ones in solving a given practical problem, do not always play a leading role in general scientific zoning.

Nevertheless, maps of general scientific zoning can serve as a scientific basis for applied zoning, because there is a certain connection between them: the units of applied zoning usually “without a trace” fit into the units of general scientific zoning, and four main types of relationships are possible between these units (Fig. 4): 1) unit applied zoning consists of one unit of general scientific zoning of comparable rank; 2) the applied unit also corresponds to one general scientific, but of a lower rank; 3) an applied unit is composed of two or more general scientific units of comparable rank; 4) an applied unit consists of two or more general scientific units of a lower rank.

Consequently, on the basis of general scientific zoning materials, it is possible to draw up a map of applied zoning. To this end, it is necessary to analyze general scientific materials from the point of view of this practical task and, by combining general scientific units of a certain rank or dividing them into units of a lower rank, identify units of applied zoning. This work is especially effective if it is carried out by an appropriate specialist together with a landscape specialist. True, a map of applied zoning compiled on the basis of general scientific materials is usually of a preliminary nature and requires special cameral or even field studies for its clarification. However, the volume of these studies is relatively small, since it is enough to reveal what is lacking in general scientific materials.

Specialized zoning is possible without the General Scientific Basis. However, in this case, it should be preceded by a study of natural similarities and differences and the GCs associated with them. Such forced studies, especially if they are not carried out by landscape scientists, are usually much inferior in their scientific and methodological level to special studies for the purposes of general scientific zoning, they are notable for insufficient completeness and uniformity. Therefore, it is impossible or very difficult to use them for solving scientific and applied problems. Consequently, the lack of a general scientific basis for specialized zoning leads to waste of time and money. (This looks about the same as if there were no state topographic maps, which have a wide purpose, and in order to solve each specific practical task of using the resources of the territory, it would be necessary to conduct its topographic survey again in order to prepare the topographic basis necessary for applied research.)

Thus, general scientific zoning responds to the demands of practice indirectly- through specialized zoning. In this case, an abbreviated version of the considered method is often used. practical use materials of general scientific zoning. It consists in the fact that they are limited only to their analysis from the point of view of a given applied task and to identify the properties of HA that are favorable and unfavorable for it. successful solution. So does, for example, VB Sochava (1975), assessing the natural conditions of the strip along the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) for the purpose of its economic development. Therefore, in this case, only the first part of the actions related to this method, while the second part - drawing up a map of applied zoning - drops out. This version of the method is used, for example, when a practical problem can be solved without this card.

Only a series of general scientific maps on which GCs of all types and ranks are identified can fully fulfill the function of a scientific basis for various types of applied zoning. Such maps should be at the modern scientific and methodological level. They need to be constantly improved by using the results of the latest industry and comprehensive research. Adjustments must be made to the textual characteristics of the Civil Code; in addition, these characteristics are complemented by indicators needed to solve new practical problems.

The considered concepts of general scientific and applied regionalization are close to the most common in Soviet geography. However, there are individual researchers who deny the general scientific physical-geographical zoning. These include, first of all, D. L. Armand (1970, 1975). He actually denies the existence of the GC, because he recognizes only their "cores of typicality", which, in his opinion, are small in size and do not even give an idea of the shape of the GC. These nuclei are separated by such gradual transitions that the HAs seem to overflow into each other. The discrepancy between the boundaries of private regions in the wide transitional strips between the Civil Code does not allow one to unequivocally decide which of them to accept as the border of the Civil Code, if the purpose of zoning is unknown. And the latter, according to D. L. Armand, can take place only with applied zoning.

Indeed, transitional bands between neighboring GCs can sometimes occupy a significant part of each of them. However, even in this case, more or less typical areas, for which there is no doubt as to which GC they belong to, prevail over their area. If the picture drawn by D. L. Armand had been correct, then the concept of GCs could hardly have arisen, and their boundaries would not have been visible either on aerial photographs (low-ranking GCs) or on space photographs. But the latter show the boundaries of even zonal GCs, the most vague of the physical-geographical boundaries, as a result of which it is possible to study land zoning from satellite images (Vinogradov, Kondratiev, 1970).

DL Armand is right that comparability of regionalization results is unattainable if it is not purposeful. But after all, the intended purpose can be wide, which is just characteristic of general scientific zoning (the basis for various kinds applied). As will be shown below, such a broad purpose of physical-geographical zoning by no means excludes its comparable results. (For more details see: Prokaev, 1971.)

AT following sections This chapter and chapters III-VII discuss issues of general scientific physical-geographical zoning and regionalization close to it for educational purposes, and for brevity the adjectives "general scientific" and sometimes "physical-geographical" are omitted. Chapter IX is devoted to the use of zoning materials for solving practical problems.

The differentiation of the landscape sphere into geosystems of the regional level is due to the complex interactions of endogenous and exogenous energy and material sources of its formation and development, their uneven distribution both in space and in time. From here it differs zonal and azonal differentiation of the landscape sphere.

Geographic zoning- one of the main regularities of the structure geographical envelope , expressed in the change of different types landscapes from the equator to the poles and the formation of various geographical zones, geographical zones and subzones.

Structures formed by the uneven distribution of heat and moisture over the earth's surface form zonal series. The law of zoning has a universal geographical importance, directly or indirectly manifested in the entire geographical envelope. Own complex expression he finds in the formation landscape zones- the largest geosystems of the regional (individual) level (scheme 15). In the same diagram, landscape sectors- regional geosystems, formed as a result of the interaction of land and ocean.

Scheme 15

Scheme of zonal and sectoral division

nfinRniPMunm vnuTUHPUTa Inn A G Mraupuvn)

Landscape zones: 1 - forest-tundra; 2 - oceanic forest-meadow; 3 - subboreal broad-leaved-forest; 4 - humid subtropical forest; 5 - Mediterranean; 6 - subtropical steppe and forest-steppe; 7 - tropical and subequatorial forest; 8 - steppe and semi-desert temperate zone; 9 - humid forest temperate zone of the southern hemisphere

Sectors: I - western oceanic; II - eastern coastal; III - weakly and moderately continental transitional; IV - continental typical; V - sharply and extremely continental

The diversity of the structures of the earth's crust and relief determines azonal differentiation geographical envelope. The peculiarity of azonality is that it combines lateral (“horizontal”) differentiation with vertical differentiation. One of the main signs is the altitude position in relation to the level of the ocean. This is also related to the tiered structure of the sphere of terrestrial landscapes. Altitude differences are associated with another important geographical consequence - the so-called barrier effect. The result of the joint geographical action of the high-rise and barrier effects is altitudinal zonality(or vertical zoning, according to V.V. Dokuchaev). Visual representation about the change of natural complexes can give a small profile of the forest-steppe area from the book by G.F. Morozov "Teaching about the forest" (1920). This profile is accompanied by a plan, so that in the aggregate, a three-dimensional three-dimensional image is obtained (Scheme 16).

As you can see, the reasons for the regional differentiation of the geographic envelope are diverse, they create many major frontiers who share structural units, or physiographic regions having different nature. Each regional pattern responsible for its own system of regions.

Regional structure geographical envelope (landscape sphere) does not fit into one hierarchical row, it is represented by several overlapping rows. Each division of these series represents a certain geographical integrity, but this integrity is, as it were, incomplete, one-sided. Thus, the taiga is an integrity in zonal terms, but it is very heterogeneous in the azonal terms. The Urals is an integral azonal system, but sharply heterogeneous in terms of azonal features. Consequently, none of the large structural parts of the geographic shell listed above corresponds to the level of regional geographical homogeneity, or unity, according to all criteria - zonal, sectoral, azonal. In order to achieve such unity, it is obviously necessary to descend enough low level regional differentiation, in which both zonal and sectoral and azonal differences are erased. Such a unit (the main, or nodal, in the hierarchy of geosystems according to A.G. Isachenko) is the landscape.

According to D.L. Armando physical-geographical zoning is to unite territories or water areas,

Scheme 16

Placement of natural complexes in the forest-steppe Voronezh region(according to G.F. Morozov)

possessing relative similarity in some, recognized at this stage, essential feature, and separating them from territories that do not have this feature. A territory can be distinguished in two ways: either it can be done on the basis of a classification of terrain types, combining homogeneous territories into one type, wherever they are located, or combining only adjacent areas into regions. The first type is called typological zoning, the second - individual. When zoning, a repeating combination of different types of terrain can also serve as the basis. The ratio of zoning units for different zoning methods is shown in Scheme 17.

Scheme 17

Regional units (landscape or individual component)

1-59 - typological, A-D - individual, I-VII-types of landscape

It is believed that it is methodologically more correct to start zoning from the top. For example, the landscape of the Oryol region is shown in Scheme 18. Paleogeographic zoning is specific, however, there are also general rules. Diagram 19 shows

Scheme 18

Logical possibilities of zoning the forest-steppe zone

possible paleogeographic zoning of the northern extratropical space.

One of the most difficult problems of zoning is the choice of a classification feature at this stage. D.L. Armand gives a graphical proof with the help of Euler circles or Venn diagrams of the expediency of feature alternation. Let us assume that it is necessary to carry out the zoning of a territory that has three features A, B, and C, located as shown in Scheme 20. If we zoning according to a set of features, we will get an indefinite solution. Indeed, by zoning according to the principle of possessing the properties A v B v C, i.e., at least one of the three signs, we select the entire shaded figure and do not get any division of it. Choosing the principle A l B l C, i.e., the possession of all three attributes, we obtain Adef. As for the rest of the territory, one can only say that it does not have at least one of the necessary features, but which one, remains unclear. To understand the symptoms

Scheme 19

The tree of actual possibilities of paleogeographic zoning of the area of terrestrial glaciation of the plains of Eurasia during the Moscow (Sozh, Taz) cooling, glaciation and transgression

Application to the zoning of Euler circles (according to D.L. Armand)

I- three signs partially overlapping each other; II - the first stage of zoning - division by feature BUT 2 types of terrain; III- the second stage of zoning - division on the basis of 8; 3 types of landscape; IV- the third stage of zoning - division on the basis of C; 7 types of terrain

A, B and C to the respective territories, it is necessary at the first stage to zoning on the basis of A, that is, to separate A from A (see diagram 19-11). At the second stage, it is necessary to regionalize according to B, i.e., to separate B from B (see diagram 19-111), at the third stage - according to C. Then we get seven territories with the corresponding properties. The white field around the figure does not have any of the three features, that is, it corresponds to the ABC formula. The zoning turned out to be complex.

With individual (regional) zoning, several neighboring ones are selected to one contour, grouping them into the region of the next taxonomic unit. When performing individual zoning, it is desirable to rely on pre-produced typological zoning, in which contours of a lower rank are plotted than the one from which the individual begins. B.B. Rodoman proposed a scheme logical operations accompanying the transition of typological zoning into individual, simplified by D.L. Armand (Fig. 21).

Scheme 21

The simplest methods of zoning (according to D.L. Armand)

Rectangles are modes, arrows are actions. A-B - single-stage zoning from below (according to B.B. Rodoman); C-D - zoning from above

“In case of individual zoning, additional act of will in comparison with the typological, its underlying ... Therefore subjectivity in the selection of regions is always greater than in the selection of landscape types, and accordingly scientific value there is less individual zoning than typological ... Individual landscape zoning consists in combining adjacent territories, consisting mainly of the same types of landscape or of certain combinations. different types landscape. The selected region also includes small alien contours, if they are included in it or occur on its borders. They join one or another neighboring region at the discretion of the researcher.

v - disjunction sign. It is read as "or"; l - sign of conjunction. It is read as "and"; the line above the letter is a sign of negation, A is read as “not A *.
Armand D.L. Landscape science. M., 1975. S. 184-185.

PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL ZONING (from the French rayon - ray, radius) - identifying parts of the geographic shell (territories or water areas) that have relative homogeneity, and drawing boundaries between these parts and others that differ from them in one of the natural features or in their combination. The degree of generality recognized as sufficient to combine certain territories into one zoning unit is usually the greater, the smaller the allocated units. If R. f.-g. aims to identify territories that are similar only in one component of the landscape (relief, soils, etc.) or a group closely related components(geological-geomorphological, soil-botanical, hydro-climatic), then it is called. sectoral (private), if for all essential components included in the natural complex - landscape.

R. f.-g. serves as a means of identifying and analyzing real spaces, differentiating geogr. shells. However, the methodology for drawing natural boundaries on maps is relatively well developed only for sectoral zoning. Some geographers believe that physical-geographic boundaries in landscape zoning can and should be drawn according to a set of features, since all components of the landscape are interconnected. Others point out that the connections between the components are non-rigid, correlated. character (see Correlation). For example, almost the same vegetation can be distributed on different elements of the relief. Therefore, the places of the most dramatic changes in components in the transition from one unit of R. f.-g. often do not coincide with the other, and the boundaries turn into transitional zones. It is possible to draw linear boundaries objectively and unambiguously only by agreeing on which components or features should be guided at each stage of zoning. Usually, at the highest levels, the most important, independent, “leading” signs are chosen, then they move on to those dependent on them, “slave”. With small-scale R. f.-g. both zonal and azonal classifications are used. signs, although their strict alternation is not necessary; when moving to larger scales, zonal features disappear. In the mountains, the latitudinal zones are drawn in the direction of the equator and concentrated in a small space in the form of narrow broken ribbons; latitudinal zonality is complicated and modified in altitudinal zonality. In such cases, one has to move from zoning by zones on the same scale to zoning “by spectra”, i.e. but the number, composition and order of high-altitude zones. The choice of signs, along which the boundaries are drawn, depends on the purpose of R. f.-g. For broad purposes (teaching geography, maps for geographic descriptions, non-specialized atlases) R. f. -G. produced according to the most common features associated with the genesis of the landscape, such as structural-tekt. differences expressed in relief and lithology, zonal types of soils and reconstructed vegetation, average annual indices and annual course of the main. meteorol. elements; e.g. for s. x-va: repeatability of slope angles and exposures of slopes, the sum of active temperatures, the ratio of solid and liquid precipitation, humus content, mechanical. and aggregate composition soils, etc. The differences between zoning schemes for different purposes are relatively small at a small scale and increase with its increase.

circuit diagram R. f.-g. based on the typological map. A. - primary (for a given scale) contours are identified in the zoned territory. B. - according to the accepted classification, they are marked with areas 1, 2, 3. C - drawing the boundaries of regions with a predominance of one of these types. D - the workload is removed - a regional map is received, the regions are given names 1, 11, 111.

There are two bases. R. f.-g.'s method: typological (which some geographers do not consider regionalization and call it typological. mapping) and individual (regional). A small area of the territory, on the scale of this study, conditionally recognized as homogeneous, “primary”, can serve as a unit of both typological and individual zoning. If further, according to the accepted classification, it is united with all areas similar to it, at least territorially separated from it, then a typological, zoning is obtained. The units allocated during its course are called. types of terrain, or types of landscape, and with sectoral zoning - types of relief, soils, etc. So, Ph.D. specific ravine Vyazovy in typological the legend is combined into one generic concept with all other ravines, and all of them are indicated on the map by one sign. Then, together with beams, valleys, etc., they enter into the concept of more high rank- “erosion forms”, denoted by a range of similar signs, etc. If the “primary” site is combined, on the contrary, only with adjacent sites, although different, but forming a typical combination of repeating landscape elements or a territory with a predominance of one of their types, we we get an individual, zoning. The units of zoning distinguished by the latter method are distinguished by their integrity and originality and are called. regions. Thus, the mentioned Vyazovy ravine, together with neighboring gullies, plakoramps, and other ravines that divide them, is included in the Mesopotamia region of the Zushi and Kolpyankp rivers, and the latter - in the Central Russian Upland, etc.

Both typological and individual, zoning in principle always consists of several. steps, which reflects the complexity of the geogr. shell and different degrees of differentiation of its parts. Type-logical units. zoning are named according to the classifications on which they are based. features, for example, geomorphological: plateau, floodplain, etc., geobotanical: steppe, white-wormwood, etc. Landscape units are usually designated by the most representative sign. Thus, "steppe" can mean not only an association of steppe herbs, but also a type of landscape with a characteristic steppe climate, relief, soils, and fauna. Units of the individual, zoning are designated by proper names, for example: Africa, Meshchera, Dolgaya beam. Here, too, the "Dolgaya gully" can be a unit of both a geomorph and a landscape "individual" zoning. one system taxonomic geographical units of zoning have not yet been established, but the discrepancy in the names and order of taxa (units) is gradually decreasing.

Several are known. R.'s methods f. -G. Good results gives a method consisting of trace operations. 1. On the basis of reconnaissance on the ground (on a large scale) or the study of literary and cartographic. sources (with small) and taking into account the purpose of zoning, a preliminary classification of terrain types is compiled. At the same time, the number of zoning levels and signs or complexes of interrelated signs are established, to-rye will be used at each step. 2. A legend is being developed - a graph. classification reflection. 3. The boundaries of the contours corresponding to different points of the classification are plotted on the map (Fig., A). 4. The corresponding signs of the legend are put on the contours (Fig., B). 5. Classification and legend are checked and refined on the basis of collected and systematized material. 6. Primary contours are grouped into typological. units of increasing ranks: species, genera, terrain classes (with sectoral zoning - relief, soils, etc.), or into regions: tracts, regions, etc. (Fig., B), after which the primary load can be removed (Fig., D). 7. The ranks of all units are checked "from top to bottom" by following. crushing larger units previously established on small-scale maps. This ensures the comparability and linkage of taxa of the same rank plotted on maps of different localities. by different authors. If necessary, regions of any rank can also be combined into types (types of tracts, districts, regions, etc.). Another common method of landscape zoning is the imposition of sectoral typologies. cards to one another. In this case, the contours obtained when crossing boundaries of various kinds, internally homogeneous in all mapped features, are taken as the primary units of landscape zoning of a given scale. Operations 3-7 are performed as in the previous case. Sometimes genetic and morphological methods of R. f.-g. are distinguished, but, as a rule, they coincide, since in nature the same combinations of processes lead to the formation identical shapes. R. f.-g. is always accompanied by a characteristic of the allocated units. Its most concise form is a simple legend, more complete - a table legend and a text description. R. f.-g. is included as an important stage in each fn.-geogr. study. Soviet geographers are conducting extensive work on R. f.-g. different scales. At Min-ve higher. Education of the USSR established the Coordinating Commission for Natural and Ekon.-geogr. zoning of the USSR, which unites the work in this industry of all universities. Important works on R. f.-g. are also performed in the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, SOPS of the State Economic Council, and other scientific. institutions. R. f.-g. helps to understand the processes that resulted in the emergence and development of the existing types of landscapes on Earth. It is used as the basis of economics. zoning and adm. division, for the needs of x-va, transport, construction, for planning the correct use of prmroZnyz; resources and activities to transform nature.

Lit .: Strumilin S. G. and Lupinovich I. S., Natural-historical regionalization of the USSR, M.-L., 1947; Shchukin Y. S., Some Thoughts on the Essence and Methodology of Complex Physical-Geographical Regionalization of Territories, “Vopr. Geography", 1947, Sat. 3; Armand D. L., Principles of physical-geographical zoning, “Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. Geogr.", 1952, No. 1; Isachenko A. G., Basic questions of physical geography, L., 1953; Prokaov V.I., On some issues of the methodology of physical-geographical zoning, “Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. geogr.", 1955, Ag" 5; Milkov F.N., Physical-geographical region and its content, M., 1956; Letunov P. A., Principles of integrated natural zoning for the development of agriculture, "Soil Science", 1956, L "3; Sochava V. B., Principles of physical-geographical zoning, in the book: Questions of Geography. Sat. Art. for XVIII International geogr. congress, M.-L., 1956; "Quest. Geography", 195G, Sat. 39; 1961, [sat. 55]; Solntsev N.A., On some fundamental issues of the problem of physical-geographical zoning, “Nauchi, dokl. high school. Geological and geographic science", 1958, JNj 2; Materials for the III Congress of the Geographic Society USSR. Reports on the problem - Natural zoning of the country for the purposes of agriculture, L., 1959; Rhodom n B. B., On elementary, synthetic and complex maps, “Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. geogr.", 1959, K 4; R and x-ter G. D., Natural regionalization, in collection: Soviet geography, M., 1960; Physical-geographical zoning of the USSR. Sat., M., 1960; Grigoriev A. A., On some basic problems of physical geography, “Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. geogr.", 1957, JVs 6; Efremov Yu. K., Two logical stages in the process of physical-geographical zoning, Vesti. Moscow State University, 1960, No. 4; Mikhailov N. I., Physical-geographical regionalization, part 3, M., 1960.

10. Differentiation of geographical space: arealization, zoning, zoning. Types of zoning, their goals and methods, significance in regional studies and the territorial organization of society.

Types of GP differentiation:

Area distribution - distribution by distribution
Zoning - distribution by density
Zoning - reflects the distribution of a process

Zoning- division of the territory or water area into parts (districts) that differ from each other and are somewhat homogeneous within themselves.

The features by which districts are distinguished may be different in nature, in the breadth of coverage of features, and in the purpose of zoning.

zoning - The most important method for studying the spatial self-organization of social economic systems.

The following stages are distinguished in the zoning procedure: 1) distinguishing regions, 2) understanding them (ie, content characteristics) and 3) delimitation (ie, indicating boundaries).
In addition to its cognitive value, zoning is widely used in social practice - for the purposes of district planning, slicing districts during voting, etc.
Physical-geographical zoning - system territorial division earth's surface, based on the identification and study of a system of subordinate natural regions, possessing internal unity and peculiar individual features of nature.

Distinguish:

Zoning according to individual natural components: relief, climate, soils, etc.

Complex (landscape) zoning.

Formation natural areas due to:

Zonal factors determined by latitudinal distribution solar radiation on the earth's surface: geographic belt, geographical area, subzone, etc.; and

Azonal geological and geomorphological factors: sector, country, region, province, district, district.
Homogeneous zoning

The objects of homogeneous zoning in economic geography are units of administrative-territorial division. When conducting research, absolute indicators are "weighted" taking into account the area of territorial units or population.

With homogeneous zoning, districts can be distinguished both on one basis (single-line zoning) and on several grounds (multi-line zoning). If zoning is carried out on one basis, then there may be several options for placing boundaries.
Nodal zoning- This zoning involves the allocation of regions according to the intensity of economic ties within them. It reveals the spheres of influence of cities, transport hubs, and enterprises. Each nodal region has a core where all indicators and phenomena are clearly manifested. The intensity of the phenomenon decreases from the core to the periphery.
Economic zoning- allocation of spatial economic systems for the purposes of study and management.

Private types of geographical zoning:

hydrological (due to the deterioration of the situation on the water)

climatic, etc.

Economic zoning:

industrial, branch industrial, ekistic (distinguishing of settlement systems), ethnic, confessional, etc.

Identification principles:

M.V. Lomonosov laid the foundations for zoning.

D.I. Mendeleev

P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky

K.I.Arseniev (1820) - “the similarity of some provinces ... in terms of climate, land quality, products of nature and industry” can be a criterion for space differentiation. Proposed the scientific concept of zoning.

N.N. Baransky (1941) - (father of the Russian district school, head of the Moscow school) THC (terr.-economic complex) with the maximum production linkage of its elements and with all-Union specialization. Here the criterion is the specialization itself. He proposed to allocate according to the place that the complex occupied in the state-ve.

Vlad. Mich. Chetyrkin (1957) is a specific complex nodal national economic problem (a problem without a solution to which all other problems cannot be solved).

Emil Boris. Alaev (1983) - specialization, complexity, controllability (economic regions, neither in Russia nor in Europe, are objects or subjects of control; BUT, if we talk about large objects of the Soviet era, then we can talk about controllability, because a five-year plan was drawn up, compiled according to the sectoral and regional direction, economic regions did not have subjects of management.When forming a regional policy in foreign Europe, economic regions are taken into account); THC is an objective basis.

The taxonomic hierarchy of the economic system. zoning:

big economy. district
industrial nodes and centers

Yu.G.Saushkin

N.T.Agafonov

M.D. Sharygin

Taxonomic levels of economic regional studies:

macro and meso levels

A.G. Granberg (2000): two types of districts - homogeneous (homogeneous) and nodal regions.

Spatial structure nodal district:

center (concentrated group of objects)
core - part of the region in which its essential features are most pronounced
periphery.

A. Pelyasov, Trevish began to develop the problem of the relationship between the center and the periphery.

Signs of economic regions:

homogeneity (i.e. homogeneity in origin; its development proceeded without spatial differentiation)
heterogeneity (heterogeneity) (something changed on the lower floors)
complexity
functionality (specialty - functions in the division of labor)
problematic (problematic approach to the study of regional development). sometimes the problem becomes an area-forming factor (for example, for the improvement of Lake Onega, it is possible to create a district with the catchment area of this lake).

In the last quarter of the 19th century, a new area-forming factor appeared - clustering.
Ecological and economic zoning- reflects the process of interaction between society (economy) and nature.

2 main tasks of Ek-ek district-iya:

location of production
OS impact protection

Ecological and economic zoning

ecological and economic zoning (most promising direction differentiation of the economic space. The goal is to solve specific environmental problem so that it does not interfere economic development. Kolossovsky spoke about the need for this type of zoning. Ecological and economic zoning is a system for managing the interaction between the economy and nature within the same region. The management of nature passes through a sociogenic component. Administrative approach: regionalization should be based on administrative differentiation of the territory; BUT: administrative boundaries cannot be an obstacle to nature).

District functions:

environmental and economic problems, i.e. development of production (economy) in an environmentally friendly / acceptable environment. (monograph "Ecological and economic zoning" Razumovsky 1989!!).

Principles for the allocation of ecological and economic regions, hierarchy:

Global

Regional: macro-, meso- and micro-.

Local

Problems to be solved at the macro level: maintaining the potential of inland seas - fisheries potential Sea of Azov, Polluted Baltic Sea. Problems need to be addressed first economic methods, as well as methods of organizational character.

Legal (regulatory) methods - the establishment of laws, environmental legislation, the establishment of various standards. Those. it is an institutional method.

Organizational Methods– Creation of various institutions (Roshydromet).

Economic Methods

Technical Methods

Functions of ek-ek paradise-iya: knowledge and management.

Hierarchy:

Globe level: monitoring and problems of the World Ocean and inland seas. Objects of management - basins inland seas.

Macro-regional level: basin approach, spread of technogenesis. Needed where there is a dense placement produces forces.

Mesoregion level: Landscape approach, taking into account physical and geo differentiation.

Methods: economic, organizational, regulatory

Combination development.

Increasing knowledge intensity

Micro-region and local level: Technical methods, waste processing, modernization
Regional principles

The most important principle in solving the problems of practical zoning is its continuity - i.e. each object must be assigned to a certain class, and there should be no "white spots" in the grid of districts.

The system of districts should cover objects of the same nature.

Regionalization should serve a specific purpose, which determines the set of features and the number of allocated areas.

From right choice signs of zoning largely depends on the reliability of the final results. Firstly, the signs should reflect the properties of the zoning objects themselves; secondly, among them it is important to choose the most significant ones, according to which the territory should be divided. The indicators used for subdivision at higher levels should be more important for regionalization purposes than those used at lower levels.

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