Events that took place in the 15th century. The collapse of perestroika

Late 14th century most of Russia was forced to pay tribute to the Golden Horde, but in the same period, the process of unification of the Russian principalities into a single whole began. Vasily 1, who ruled from 1389 to 1425, continued the activities of his predecessors, aimed at capturing the rest of the principalities and establishing the hegemony of Moscow in Russia. The wife of this prince was the daughter of the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Vitovt, however, these two states entered into rivalry for western lands former Kievan Rus.

The new Khan of the Golden Horde Edigey decided to strengthen his power after Tamerlane's devastating campaign against Moscow. Moscow itself was not affected, but in 1408 the city of Vladimir was devastated, as well as part of other territories. After the death of Vasily I and the coming to power of Vasily II in Russia, her eternal problem- internecine struggle. Although he was the direct heir, his authority was not recognized by many of his relatives, and for a quarter of a century there were fierce internecine wars. Vasily managed to hold the throne until 1462, although he was blinded, for which he received the nickname Dark. With the advent of a new ruler, Ivan 3, who ruled until 1505, the policy of Muscovite Russia returned to its former course - it sought to throw off dependence on the Golden Horde, and seized the remaining independent Russian principalities. In 1471, the Muscovites captured Novgorod and all territories belonging to Novgorod Rus. Formally, this was enshrined in an agreement, according to which Novgorod had to obey Moscow in everything, and could not come under Lithuanian rule. In 1478, the campaign against Novgorod was repeated, after which it finally came under the full power of Moscow.

Moscow seized and ruined the Vyatka land, Great Perm and the Komi region, establishing its dominion over almost all of the former Kievan Rus. The power of the state increased significantly, and Ivan 3 decided to do what the previous Moscow princes had dreamed of. In 1480, the Mongols tried to stop the development of a rapidly growing state, formally subordinate to them. However, by that time Golden Horde also turned out to be weakened and fragmented, its former power was lost. Therefore, as a result of the autumn battle of 1480, held on the banks of the Ugra River, the army of Khan Akhmat suffered a crushing defeat in the battle with the troops of Ivan 3.

Thus, Russia in the 15th century is briefly characterized as a state strengthened under the rule of Moscow, which achieved independence from the Golden Horde. November 12, 1480 was the date that was long awaited in Russia - the Mongol-Tatar yoke that had lasted for several centuries was finally thrown off.

History of Russia in the 15th century

The 15th century in the history of Russia is the century of the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, the reign of the descendants of Dmitry Donskoy - the Moscow princes Vasily I (1389-1425), Vasily II the Dark (1425-1462), Ivan III (1462-1505). Russian literature of that time was devoted to the theme of the struggle for freedom ("The Legend of the Battle of Mamaev"). The development of ties with other countries was reflected in such a genre of literature as "walking" - descriptions of travel. The most famous work of this genre in the 15th century was "Journey Beyond Three Seas" by the merchant Athanasius Nikitin.
The strength of the Moscow rulers by the end of the reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich, the son of Dmitry Donskoy, surpassed the strength of other Russian princes. Until 1425, not a single conflict between the princes occurred within the Moscow principality. This contributed to the strengthening and exaltation of Moscow. The first civil strife in the history of Russia in the 15th century was feudal war, which lasted 20 years from 1433 to 1453. It was connected with the order of succession to the throne in the Moscow principality.
On February 27, 1425, Grand Duke Vasily I dies. His son Vasily, who was 10 years old at that time, becomes his heir. He receives from his father the Moscow and Vladimir principalities. However, by that time in Russia there was still no established order of succession to the throne from father to son. According to the will of Dmitry Donskoy, Vasily I's heir was to be his brother Yuri. But, the will was written when Vasily I had no children yet.
Thus, both claimed the throne - Yuri Galitsky (the eldest in the princely family) and his nephew - Vasily Vasilyevich. Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt, his grandfather, was appointed guardian of Prince Vasily. Yuri promised that he would not "seek" a great reign. In 1430 Vitovt dies, and in 1433 Yuri defeats Vasily's troops and captures Moscow. He was prevented from establishing himself as a new ruler by the hostile attitude of the townspeople and the Moscow boyars. In 1434, Yuri captured Moscow again, but two months after that, he dies.
The struggle for the throne was continued by the sons of Yuri - Dmitry Shemyaka and Vasily Kosoy. On May 14, 1436, Vasily Kosoy was captured by Vasily II and blinded by him, because. according to the traditions of that time, the blind could not participate in the struggle for power.
These events that took place in the Moscow principality played into the hands of the Horde. Khan Ulu-Mohammed in 1445 raided Russia. Prince Vasily was taken prisoner, from which he was released for a large ransom (about 200 thousand rubles; for 2-3 rubles then you could buy a village). However, Russia was dissatisfied with the Grand Duke, who brought the Tatars to the Russian land to collect a ransom. In 1446, Dmitry Shemyaka captured Vasily in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery and blinded him. After that, he received the nickname "Dark". Moscow fell into the power of Shemyaka.
But the barbaric punishment of the Grand Duke caused discontent in Russia, now Dmitry Shemyaka. The clergy and Grand Duke Boris Alexandrovich of Tver took the side of Vasily II. To consolidate the union, the six-year-old son of Vasily II, Ivan, was betrothed to his four-year-old daughter Prince of Tver Mary.
Dmitry Shemyaka fled to Novgorod, where he died in 1453 (according to rumors, he was poisoned by a cook, by order of the Moscow prince). The 20-year feudal war is over.
The results of the feudal war
1. The country was devastated, the power of the Horde increased, which could interfere in the internal affairs of Russia.
2. The principle of inheritance of power according to the dynastic principle was approved, and in order to avoid civil strife, the great princes, from Vasily II, began to allocate to their eldest sons a large part inheritance along with the title of Grand Duke.
In 1462 Vasily II dies. Even during his lifetime, he makes his son Ivan, the future Ivan III, who ruled from 1462 to 1505, his co-ruler. It was during his reign that the process of unification of Russian lands was completed.
Novgorod, together with the Moscow principality, remained independent. Even Vasily II in 1456 made a trip to Novgorod, which supported Shemyaka. The result of the campaign was that Novgorod was obliged to pay an indemnity to the Grand Duke and not to support his opponents. In 1471, the Novgorod authorities concluded an agreement with the Polish-Lithuanian state, swore allegiance to King Casimir IV.
In response, Ivan III decided to march on Novgorod. In the decisive battle on the Shelon River, July 14, 1471, the Moscow army won complete victory. In 1478, the symbol of the freedom of Novgorod - evening bell“They pulled out their tongues, beat them with whips and exiled them to Siberia.” After that, it ceased to exist. Novgorod land.
In 1474, the Rostov principality was also annexed to the Russian state, from 1463 to 1468. - Yaroslavl.
In 1480, Ivan III refused to pay tribute to the Mongols, and he did it in an insulting way, trampling on the letter of the khan. As a result, Khan Ahmad himself came out against Russia. He approached the border of the Moscow principality, to the river Ugra. Ivan III also approached there. Forces were equal, stood spring, summer, autumn. In winter, Khan Ahmad went to the Horde, actually admitting his defeat. Thus, the “standing on the Ugra River” ended bloodlessly and the Mongol-Tatar yoke fell. Russia depended on the Mongol-Tatars for 240 years.
The fall of Novgorod independence and the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke predetermined the fate of Tver. In 1483, the widowed prince of Tver, Mikhail Borisovich, decided to marry a relative of Casimir IV, hoping in this way to seal the alliance with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Ivan III could not allow this, and in 1485 Tver was annexed to the Moscow principality.
In 1489, Vyatka, which was important in terms of trade for the Russian state, was also annexed to it.
In 1485, the Moscow sovereign began to be called the "sovereign of all Russia." He stood at the head of the state and relied on the support of the Boyar Duma. Grand Duke he was the Grand Judge, passed laws, but could not do without the help of the Boyar Duma - a legislative and executive body. Independent entity was a metropolitan, he interacted with the Boyar Duma and the prince, but was independent of them.
special role in the reign of Ivan III, localism played - occupying positions according to the nobility of the family, by origin.
The Boyar Duma determined who to lead the orders - special agencies who were in charge of military, financial, foreign affairs groups. The most important were three Orders:
- Treasury supervised financial matters;
-Ambassador in charge foreign policy and trade;
- Rogue, he was fighting with robbers.
The fourth order - Military (War) was not so important.
On the ground, the country was governed through a system of “feedings”. Its essence was that a noble boyar was appointed to the region to collect taxes, i.e. thus, he "fed" there. The boyars were appointed for 1-2 years, during which time they "ripped off" the region, because. they had at their disposal funds that were collected in the treasury in excess of necessary taxes.
Under Ivan III, the Moscow Kremlin was built. Both Russian and Italian architects took part in its construction. With the participation of architects from Italy, a faceted chamber was built, Cathedral of the Archangel, the palace of the Grand Duke, which has not been preserved, and the towers with the walls of the Kremlin. He embodied the idea of ​​strength and power Russian state.
So, the 15th century in the history of Russia was marked by the unification of Russian lands into single state, and the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. More than two centuries of domination of the Mongol-Tatars had its consequences for the socio-economic and political development countries, namely:
1.B economic development Russia lagged behind European states for two centuries. From a "country of cities" Russia turned into a "country of villages"; many crafts disappeared, of which 2/3 were lost forever.
2. Russian people moved to the forest belt and abandoned southern lands, where they returned only during the time of Catherine II. As a result, the wheat market has developed poorly.
3. The social consequences of the Mongol-Tatar yoke were that Russia lost half of its population.

Russia in the 15th century (briefly)

The history of Russia in the 15th century has been known since the reign of Basil 1 (1389 - 1425) who continued the policy of his ancestors unification of Russian lands.

Prince Vasily 1 was married to the daughter of the Lithuanian prince Vitovt, but, despite this, relations with the great Lithuanian principality were tense, marriage only softened the situation.

Lithuanian rulers tried to secure former lands Kievan Rus, they contributed to the division of the Orthodox population: in the 15th century, a second metropolitan of All Russia appeared in Kyiv, independent of Moscow.

Chronology of the main events of the 15th century in the history of Russia

In 1408 - a raid of the Horde under the leadership of the commander Edigei. Moscow paid off, but some Russian territories were devastated, the city of Vladimir was plundered.

But the forces Hordes melted, contributed to this and a long military conflict isolated Crimean Khanate with the Horde.

In 1425, after the death of Vasily 1, the princely throne passed to his son Vasily 2 (1425 - 1462).

With his reign came princely strife. Relatives of Vasily 2 refused to recognize him as their ruler. For almost a quarter of a century, a fierce struggle was waged. Vasily received the nickname "Dark" because he was blinded. As a result, Vasily the Dark retained the throne, but significant politician did not.

1462 - becomes the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan 3 (1462 - 1505), unlike his predecessor, he was considered an outstanding ruler of Russia. Ivan 3 actively continued the unification of Russian lands.

Under him, to the Russian borders was Novgorod the Great annexed with its vast territories. At the beginning of July 1471, a battle took place between the Novgorod militias and the Moscow army. The militias suffered a brutal defeat, despite large numbers, since the preparation and organization of the rati of the Moscow prince Kholmsky was better. An agreement was drawn up, according to which Novgorod assured Ivan 3 of his obedience and refusal to go under the rule of Lithuania.

And in 1478, Ivan 3 sent his army on a campaign against Novgorod, and the city surrendered to the mercy of the winner. According to the agreement, Novgorod the Great with its vast possessions was completely united with the Moscow principality.

Soon the Vyatka land, Great Perm, and the Komi region were annexed. Certain peoples of Siberia recognized themselves as subjects of the Grand Duke.

The end of the 15th century in Russia was significant for the fall of the Horde yoke.

In the autumn of 1480, on the banks of the river. Ugry the troops of Khan Akhmat and Ivan 3 converged.

The victory of Russia was won with little bloodshed. November 12, 1480 is the first day in the history of Russia as a state liberated from the yoke.

Russian culture of the 15th century

Due to the expansion of Russia's borders in the 15th century by annexing new territories, interest in geographical sciences increased.

The liberation from the yoke of the Golden Horde had a positive effect on other branches of Russian culture of the 15th century. The education of the inhabitants is developing.

Parables, epistles and other works of spiritual literature, the only ones at that time, appeared. The number of different laws is increasing.

Blacksmithing, the manufacture of weapons, the minting of coins, the creation of lime soil for wall painting. Achievements in these areas have arisen due to the influx of knowledge in the applied arts. The field of technology also developed. It is known that Russian craftsmen used a system of gears.

Russian architecture of the 15th century

Architecture Ancient Russia 14 - 15 centuries was on the rise. The construction of fortresses, new temples and palaces was actively carried out. Masons and architects from other cities, Italian architects and engineers were invited.

Access to Moscow was protected stone Kremlin , Red Square, monasteries-fortresses. Assumption and Archangel Cathedrals were erected.

A (y), suggestion. about the century, for the century; pl. century, ov; m. 1. A period of time in a hundred years; century. The twentieth century. In the last century. A quarter of a century has passed. In the mists of time; from time immemorial (about what originates in the distant past). Many folk... encyclopedic Dictionary

Husband. the lifespan of a person or the shelf life of an item; continuation of earthly existence. A century of everyday life; century oak millennium. | Life, the being of the universe in its current order. The end of the age is near. | Century. Now the nineteenth century according to Rozhd. Chr. |… … Dictionary Dalia

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CENTURY, century (century), about a century, for a century, pl. century (very obsolete), husband. 1. Life (colloquial). "Live and learn." (last) Add a century (lengthen life). He experienced many adventures in his lifetime. I have enough work for my age. "Evil, in girls for a century." ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

See time, long, life for ever, forever and ever, live out a century, ruin a century, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, never forever, from century to century, outlive your age, wash your age, wash your age, calm down ... ... Synonym dictionary

CENTURY, a, about a century, for a century, pl. oh, oh, husband. 1. A period of one hundred years, conventionally calculated from the birth of Jesus Christ (the Nativity of Christ). Third century BC. 20th c. (period from January 1, 1901 to December 31, 2000). Beginning of the century (tenths ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Age of the Restless Sun ... Wikipedia

Century to age

Century to shine- CENTURY TO CENTURY. CENTURY GREEN. Obsolete Express. 1. Live long; live life. And so Alena remained for one century to age (Bazhov. Ermakov's swans). Well, brother, said Kustolomov, your apartment, of course, is unenviable, but you don’t have to spend a century here ... ... Phrasebook Russian literary language

century- to age the pastime of the eyelids, the action ends, the subject, the end of the century, the action began, the subject, the beginning of the century, to live the end, the pastime of the centuries, the action has passed, the subject, the end, to live out the age, the end, ... ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

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Books

• The Age of Joyce, I. I. Garin. If history is written as the history of the culture of the human spirit, then the 20th century should be named after Joyce - Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, Dostoevsky of our time. Eliot compared his `Ulysses` with ...
• A century of hopes and collapses, Oleg Volkov. 1990 edition. The safety is good. The main work in the collection "The Age of Hopes and Crashes" by one of the elders of Russian literature, Oleg Vasilyevich Volkov, published to his ...

The Grand Duke of Lithuania, annexed the Smolensk and Vyazemsky principalities to his possessions.

Belgrade began between the Hungarian and Turkish troops under the walls of Belgrade (lasted July 14-22) during the struggle of Hungary against the tour. conquerors. On July 14, reinforcements led by Janos Hunyadi managed to break into the fortress, besieged by the army of Sultan Mehmed II. Having beaten off the assault of the Turks on July 21, the Hungarian troops made a bold sortie the next day: they destroyed the tour. river flotilla, siege artillery, defeated fortified, camp. The Turks retreated in disorder. The defeat at the Battle of Belgrade delayed the advance of the Turks into Hungary until 1521.

References:

X chronicle of world culture. M., "White City", 2001

Chronology Russian history. Encyclopedic reference book. M., 1994.

Russian and world history in tables. Synchronistic tables (XXX century BC - XIX century). Rulers of the world. Genealogical tables. Vocabulary. F.M. Lurie. S.-Pb., 1995.

The Mongol conquest led to a long economic, political and cultural decline of the Russian lands. The unification process was suspended for many years, and the khan's tribute fell on the people as a heavy burden. However, in agriculture there is a transition to a two- and three-field crop rotation system, the plow with an iron coulter becomes the main arable tool, the land is fertilized with manure. As a result, the efficiency of agricultural production and the development of trade in new shopping malls- Moscow, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod. Due to the savings of the treasury and the aggressive political game against the backdrop of internal strife in the Horde there is a strengthening (elevation) of the Moscow principality. Moscow becomes new political center Russia.

In the struggle for the grand prince's throne, the cunning ruler Vasily II actively used the Horde as allies. In addition, Vasily II was supported by the Russian Orthodox Church, which gained independence from Byzantium after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. All this has allowed Ivan III really begin the unification of Muscovite Russia, and achieve the final overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke.

The strengthening of the grand ducal power, the growing authority of the nobility due to the distribution of land, the emergence of institutions for managing a centralized state necessitated the adoption of a new set of laws of the Russian state - the so-called Sudebnik of Ivan III.

1301 - Daniil Alexandrovich annexed Kolomna to the Moscow principality.

1303, March 4 - the first Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, died.

1303-1325 - reigning in Moscow Yuri Danilovich.

1312 - adoption of Islam by the Golden Horde as the state religion.

1313-1342 - the reign of Khan Uzbek in the Golden Horde.

1318 - the campaign of Yuri Danilovich and Mongolian troops to Tver.

1325-1340 - reign of Ivan Kalita in Moscow.

1327 - uprising in Tver against the Baskak Cholkhan. The defeat of the uprising by Ivan Kalita.

1328 - transfer of the metropolitan table from Vladimir to Moscow.

1337 - the foundation of the Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh on the banks of the Konchura River. From 1345 Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Since 1742 the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

1340-1353 - reign of Simeon the Proud in Moscow.

1353-1359 - reign of Ivan II the Red in Moscow.

1359-1389 - Dmitry Ivanovich reigned in Moscow.

1367 - construction of the white-stone Kremlin in Moscow.

1375 - campaign of Moscow troops against Tver. Conclusion of the Moscow-Tver Treaty. Recognition by Tver of the "eldership" of Moscow.

1377 - the defeat of Russian troops on the Pyan River from the Mongol troops.

1378 - Battle of the Vozha River. Moscow's victory over Horde troops under the command of Begich.

1380 - the first mention in the charter Lithuanian prince Olgerd of the city of Kaluga (now administrative center Kaluga region).

1382 - the ruin of Moscow by Tokhtamysh. The resumption by the Russian principalities of paying tribute to the Horde.

1393 - accession Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow.

1395 - the ruin of the Golden Horde by Timur.

1389-1425 - reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich.

1410, July 15 - Battle of Grunwald. Polish-Lithuanian troops defeated the Teutonic Order.

1417-1428 - plague epidemics in the territory of Russia.

1425-1462 - reign of Vasily II the Dark.

1433-1453 - feudal war of the second quarter of the 15th century.

1439 - Union of Florence.

1462-1505 - reign of Ivan III.

1466-1472 - Afanasy Nikitin's journey through Persia, India and Turkey.

1469 - the first mention in the Russian chronicles of the city of Cheboksary (now the capital of the Chuvash Republic).

1470-1480s - construction of new fortifications and cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin.

1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod. Battle on the Shelon River.

1472 - Ivan III marries the niece of the emperor of Byzantium, Sophia (Zoya) Paleolog, makes the Byzantine double-headed eagle the coat of arms of Russia, acting as the successor of Byzantium.

1476 - Ivan III stops paying tribute to the Horde.

1478 - annexation of Novgorod to Moscow.

1480 - Khan Akhtat's campaign against Moscow. "Standing on the river Ugra". The fall of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

1485 - the annexation of Tver to Moscow. Ivan III became known as the "Grand Duke of All Russia".

1485 - Sudebnik of Ivan III. Limitation of the transition of peasants a week before and a week after St. George's Day in the autumn (November 26) and payment of the elderly.