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Problems HOW

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director of the USSR

According to the degree of complexity of forming the word “HOW” with commas in a sentence and it can be adverb, particle, union, union word And noun plural he has no equal in the Russian language.

And how often does righteous anger arise in the minds of students at those legislators of the rules of the Russian language who came up with all this!!!

Let's try to figure it out.

“HOW” adverb!

When is "HOW" an adverb? But when: if in your sentence it can easily be replaced with the following expressions, data italics:

Here's how ( how) you need to pour it in glasses!
How ( to what extent/how much) it takes a long time, however!
How ( to what extent/to what extent) is breathing Lepota!
How ( When) I'll come back, she'll get it from me!
Is it not possible how ( somehow) cheaper?

Adverbs are not separated by commas just like that: unless they are parts of a more complex grammatical construction, in which the comma is used according to different rules.

Remember: if “how” can be easily replaced by the above expressions, then adverb“HOW” is NEVER separated by a comma. Neither left nor right.

“HOW” particle!

When is "HOW" a particle? And when emotions overwhelm, but at the same time a particle can be replaced with another particle. For example, “come on!”, “damn it!” or just “damn” and the like.

Let's look at the examples and remember:

How?! Have you come again? ( righteous anger)
How? ( simple question, didn't hear)
How come there is no money? ( difficult questioning)
Right now I’ll give it to you! ( a hint after a difficult question)
How is it collected now? prophetic Oleg (poetic)

"HOW"- particle also not separated by commas.

“HOW” union!

First you have to remember what it is union? Having honestly searched the dictionaries for the definition of this obscure, but very important part of speech in grammar, this is what we found: “An unchangeable service word used to connect words and sentences.” There is also a more difficult to understand definition: “Union is service part speech connecting homogeneous members of a simple sentence and simple sentences complex sentence, as well as expressing the relationship between these syntactic units" Let us remember for now that it is either a connection or a relationship.

Next in this uneasy alliance this is that it can just be "HOW" or maybe integral part another conjunction, for example: “SO AS”. The phrase “AS SO” is divided into the conjunction “AS”, the particle “SAME” and the conjunction “SO” (which, in turn, can be not only a conjunction, but also a pronoun and an adverb!). Aren't you tired?

Thus, if you decide to write correctly, you should learn to isolate the conjunction “HOW” from the host of other “HOW” that are not conjunctions. For this is the root of the overwhelming number of spelling errors.

Examples of spelling the conjunction “HOW”:

I'm tired as a dog! (IN in this case you need to pay attention to the fact that a comma is placed before “HOW”!)
Tired as a dog! (In this case, you need to pay attention to the fact that a comma is NOT placed before “HOW!”)

The difference between these two similar sentences is that linguists have come up with the following rule: if the conjunction “HOW” comes before a simple sentence or just a phrase or just a word, then a comma is placed. If the conjunction “HOW” precedes comparative turnover, then there is no comma. It's clear?

The second is another example that explains this incredible complexity:
He sits on pins and needles! (This means that it is twitching, in this case “like on pins and needles” is a comparative phrase and it can be easily replaced, for example, with the word “restless”, “nervously”!)
He sits as if on pins and needles! (This means on sharp objects, there is no comparative phrase at all; “like on pins and needles” can be replaced in this case with sharp objects, real, sharp objects!)

In principle, these are all the rules regarding placing commas before the conjunction “HOW”: you will be able to determine what comes after it comparative phrase or explanation put/fail to put the comma correctly. If you fail, you will be wandering in the dark for a long time!

All other uses of “HOW” (except plural genitive case noun, which we would not even like to mention here!) belong to those types that characterize “HOW” as a conjunctive word. That is, it attaches subordinate images actions, additional clauses, time clauses, other clauses.

In order to clearly distinguish subordinate clauses from non-clause clauses, and, even more so, from other types of sentences, you will have to go through short course syntax (i.e., ways of combining words into phrases and sentences, special section grammar) of the Russian language. After going through which you will discover that in this very syntax in relation to “HOW” there is not only no order, but also something more or less similar to order. There are only prerequisites for establishing some semblance of order. Of course, with very eloquent exceptions.

Therefore, our recommendations are the following (well, since science has not yet established this for sure!): learn to distinguish subordinate clauses introduced by the conjunctive word “HOW” from comparative phrases and remember that the former are separated by commas, while the latter are not.

All other cases are tricky, not explained and you just have to remember them. Or contact specialists. Which, in turn, can give you mutually opposite answers.

A few examples to complete this.

A house is like a house. Hair black as pitch. Tell me how it turned out. Do it the right way. It's like hell in your house. You are a fool as you are. These shoes are just right for me.

If you saw the internal logic, honor and praise to you. We don't see her. Meanwhile, this is exactly how examples are presented in dictionaries and reference books.

And it’s impossible not to quote from here: http://orel.rsl.ru/nettext/russian/granik/sekr_punkt/05.htm:

We quote:
For example, in the sentence The air is clean and fresh, like a child's kiss a comma is required, but in sentences The forest was like a dream And Snow is like a dream In no case should a comma be inserted, because in the first sentence it separates the comparative phrase, and in others there is no phrase.

The forest was like a dream no comparative turnover???

In a sentence. Particles in the Russian language are designed to give a variety of additional shades to words or even entire sentences. The second role of particles is word formation; with their help, word forms are formed.

For example:

1. Only he needs you.

Particle only enhances the meaning of the pronoun You in a sentence.

2. Let it will be the way you want.

Using a particle let The imperative mood of the verb is formed: let will.

Although particles in the Russian language are not members of a sentence, they are inextricably included in its composition. For example:

1. Not the wind It's noisy outside the window and it's not rain.

Particles needed:

Imperative ( yes, let him, let him, come on): let will try;

Conditional ( would, b): sat down would, told would ;

2) when forming adverbs and adjectives, their degrees of comparison - less, more, most. For example: more important,less interesting, most brave, more powerful, less bright;

3) when creating a discharge: -something, -something, -either. For example: something, someone, anyone, somebody and etc.

The role of such particles is close to the role of morphemes.

Particle values

Particles in the Russian language give different shades to a sentence as a whole or to one word.

Particles really, really, really- interrogative. They are often used in questions. For example: Really forgiven? Isn't it is there anything more interesting?

Exclamation particles what the, how convey indignation, surprise, delight. For example: How the world is wide! What the lovely!

Reinforcing particles ( after all, even, after all) used if you need to strengthen separate word. For example: Even do not think! Still Great! He or It's my own fault!

In Russian it is Not And neither. They approach denial in different ways. Particle Not makes both the word and the entire sentence negative:

1. Not this may happen! The whole sentence is negative.

2. Not the wind broke the branch. The only negative word is wind.

In the case of two particles Not in a sentence, instead of a negative one, they create positive value: I Not Can Not agree with you!

Neither- a particle designed to enhance the meaning of negation, especially if the sentence already has a negation or particle Not. For example: From the sky Not fell neither drops. Not in the forest neither mushroom, neither berries

In Russian, these are those that are associated with the expression of shades of meaning, attitude or feeling. This group includes the above categories and some others. Non-modal particles, not associated with the expression of feelings, were classified by Vinogradov as semantic.

This category of particles includes:

A group of defining and clarifying ones, such as exactly, exactly, simply etc. For example: exactly this, smooth as many.

A group of excretory-restrictive particles - only, only, exclusively etc. For example: only This, exclusively white.

Demonstrative particles here, there, which seem to indicate an object worthy of attention. For example: Here road!

All particles in the Russian language perform grammatical, lexical and word-formation functions. When used skillfully, they can enrich our speech, make it more colorful and varied.

Service. It is intended to indicate various emotional and semantic shades. Also, with its help, completely new words and their forms are formed.

All particles in the Russian language are divided into two large categories:

1) those that express shades of various meanings and emotions (modal);

2) formative and word-forming.

This division is based on what meaning and what role this part of speech plays in a sentence.

Modal particles in Russian

Depending on the shades of meaning and emotions they express, particles, in turn, are divided into the following groups:

1) incentive: let, well, come on, come on, come on;

2) negative and affirmative: no, yes, no, definitely, not at all;

3) exclamatory-evaluative particles: well, of course, what the, what, how, what;

4) interrogative: what, really, really, whether;

5) intensifying particles: yes and, and, even;

6) concessional at least, after all, nevertheless;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, as if;

8) excretory-restrictive particles: only, solely, only, exclusively, almost;

9) clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, exactly;

10) demonstrative: here and, there and, here, this, there, that.

Formative and word-forming particles in the Russian language

The latter are:

1) particles neither and not, if they are used as prefixes to form adjectives, nouns, adverbs, as well as pronouns (indefinite and negative): untruth, someone, nothing, etc.;

2) particles -or, -something, -that, something-. They are used as affixes. With their help, indefinite pronouns and adverbs are formed: something, somewhere, somewhere, etc.

Shape-forming particle - would. With its help, the mood of the verb can be changed to the subjunctive: would help, would win.

Particles in Russian. Classification by origin

In the Russian language, some particles originate from various parts of speech, while others do not. On this basis, the following classification is made into:

1. Derivatives. They can come from adverbs: barely, directly, only, etc.; from verbs: come on, let, see, etc.; from pronouns: -some, everything, -that, it, etc.; from conjunctions: and, yes, same, a, whether, -or, etc.

2. Non-derivative particles. Their origin is not connected with any parts of speech: -ka, over there, here, etc.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "not" mixed with words

An unstressed particle is not used when one intends to express negation. It is written together with words only in the following cases:

a) if it serves as a prefix for nouns, adverbs and adjectives: unkind, sad, failure;

b) if the word is not used in use without it: ridiculous, inappropriate, slob;

c) if the forms of indefinite and negative pronouns are unprepositional: no one, no one, nothing, some;

d) if at full communion no dependent words: unheated sun, uncorrected error.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "ni" is merged with words

This unstressed particle is used to express amplification. It is written together with words in cases where it acts as a prefix:

a) in negative adverbs: in no way, from nowhere, nowhere, not at all, not at all, not at all, nowhere;

b) in negative pronouns (in their non-prepositional forms): I didn’t have a chance to take anyone on the road.

The concept of a particle. Particle values

Particle- an auxiliary part of speech that gives additional semantic nuances to both words and sentences, and also serves to form the forms of words.

Particles do not change, do not have independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but can be part of sentence members.

Particles clarify, highlight, and strengthen those words that are necessary for a more precise expression of the content:

Many Russian writers and poets used particles in their work.

For example, A.S. Pushkin used the particle Here about 1000 times. And the particle even sounded by the poet more than 300 times. For example: " But dollseven these years Tatiana in handNot took" And who doesn’t know the famous “ Already the sky was breathing in autumn, Already the sun shone less often.» ? Already – particle with an intensifying meaning.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech:

with adverbs ( only, only, barely, just, right and etc.);

with verbs ( let, let, come on, let it be, it would be, after all, you see and etc.);

with unions (oh, yes, and, well and etc.);

with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, itself etc.), with interjections ( there, well and etc.).

Some particles are not related to other parts of speech by origin: here you go and etc.

There are few particles in the Russian language. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred of the most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred most frequent words includes 11 particles: no, same, here, only, yet, already, well, neither, even, whether, after all .

Particles can “travel” around a sentence, but their place is still strictly fixed: each particle is used by the speaker or writer before the word or phrase that is important for the author.

INot champion.Exactly I'm a champion.Really Am I a champion?!Even I'm a champion.

Iafter all champion.

Miniature by Felix Krivin “Be, Lee, Zhe.”

Would, Lee, Zhe... These are not just service words. They cannot be confused with some “Something” or “Something” that attach themselves to the members of a sentence and hold on to them with their own line.

The particles Would, Li, Zhe are not like that; despite their official position, they are completely independent and are written separately from other words - this must always be remembered. Each of them is busy with their own business - trying to emphasize the main idea.

And during off-duty hours... Oh, what the official words don’t say during off-duty hours!

“If I had not two, but three letters,” says the particle “By,” “I would say this!” Oh, this particle of Be, what a dreamer she is!

“Hardly,” Li’s particle objects to her, true to its habit of doubting everything.

- Do you need an extra letter? - This is useless conversation, - Zhe stops them, accustomed to looking at things realistically.

“Two letters are enough for you; spelling doesn’t allow for more.”

This is how these particles argue in their free time. Although they are all function words, each has its own character, so they behave differently in the text:

Would-dreams

Lee doubts

He claims.

And try to live without at least one of these particles! You won't live!

Particle discharges:

1) Meaning: really, really, etc.

2) Formative: would, come on, etc.

Shaping particles:

would(b), it would happen, yes, come on, let's, let, let.

These particles serve to form the forms of words.

1) Particle would (b) participates in the creation conditional mood verb and can stand in a sentence either next to the verb or separated from it by other words.

Yes, I guess I ate would and left. If would you yesterday we weren't late , today all the work was would finished.

2) Particles let (let) And come on (come on) participate in creating the imperative form of the verb. Let The kids will go on a hike as a class.

3) Particle happened (was) forms a special form of the past tense: Bela, it happened , he sings songs to us or dances lezginka. Discontinued was the rain suddenly started pouring again.

4) Particles more, less, most form the form of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs: most brave, more Interesting.

Semantic particles

Semantic particles give different shades of meaning to an entire sentence or individual words:

particles really (really), really, really (li) express a question.

For example: Really Did all the carousels really burn down?Isn't it maybe it's boring in the park?

particles what the, how, well convey admiration, surprise, indignation. For example: How The Dnieper is wide!

particles here, there highlight the item that needs attention. For example: Here mill.Vaughn I once lived there.

Often these particles are used together with the conjunction A: And here and brother arrived.

·

particles even, after all, after all, the same, not, really, well are designed to strengthen a specific word in a sentence. For example: You have such hands that they ran awayeven trousers.

·

particles no, not at all, far from They express denial in different ways. For example: Not flowers bloom in late autumn ( the whole proposal is denied ). Not the wind is raging over the forest ( the word is denied ).

Particles expressing :

hardly, hardly . For example: Hardly I can read a book in one day.

Particles expressing:

exactly, just, directly, exactly, exactly . For example : Exactly I came across this question in an exam.

Particles expressing :

only, only, exclusively, almost, solely . For example : Only Mom understands me.

Particle expressing :

-ka. For example: Think about it-ka good.

Separate and hyphenated spelling particles.

1. Separate writing of particles

Apart particles are written would (b), same (g), whether (l): I would have done it if, but, however, hardly, always.

Do not confuse with unionsso that, too, also , particleseven, really .

Particle union

Compare: Whatwould should I eat it?To to have a snack, we stopped for a rest.

Apart particles are written almost, just now (I'm almost done; she didn't cry just now).

2. Hyphenated spelling of particles

Hyphenated particles are written: -this, -either, -something, some-, some-, -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko.

For example: What-That , whose-or , Howsomeday , particles are included in the composition indefinite pronouns and become suffixes;

Tell-ka , He-de , Yes-With , Well-ka , Well-tka , colloquial or obsolete expressions.

Don't be confused:as if written together.

Particle -That not only included in indefinite pronouns. She joins the words to add a touch of emotion.

For example: Far-That he won't run away. task-That decided?

Particles some-(some-) are written separately, if separated from the pronoun by a preposition: with someone, with someone.

· Particle - after all written with a hyphen:

After adverbs: anyway, pretty much

After particles: really, really ,

After verbs: He insisted and left.

In other cases -after all written separately:

· The old man finally achieved his goal.

· She left her family after all.

Morphological analysis of particles

1. Part of speech. General meaning.

2. Morphological characteristics: category, unchangeable.

3. Syntactic role.

Sample: When or will you start writing?

Zhe is a particle.

1. Semantic, intensifying.

2. The unchangeable word.

3. Not a member of the proposal.

Negative particles.

No, neither – the most frequent particles. Besides : no, not at all, not at all .

Particle NOT plays a major role in expressing negation and gives the following meanings:

negative meaning for the whole sentence: This won't happen.

negative meaning to an individual member of a sentence: In front of us was not a small, but a large clearing.

positive meaning, statement (via double negative with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; couldn't help but say.

Most often, the negative particle is not part of the predicate: There was no rain at night. (wasn’t – predicate) I don’t know. (I don’t know - saying.)

Particle NI gives:

negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Don `t move!

strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: There's not a soul around. You can't see a thing. There is not a cloud in the sky.

Sometimes neither is used without not: The sky is clear.

strengthening and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle ni is used in the subordinate clause): Whatever (= everything) he did, everything worked out for him. Everywhere (= everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields.

When repeating the particle neither takes on the meaning of a coordinating (conjunctive) conjunction: Neither the sun nor the air will help me. (nor – conjunction)

Negative particles include the word - No .

It is used when there is a negative answer to a spoken or unspoken question: Want? No.

To strengthen the negation, the word no is repeated or used before the negative predicate: No I do not want.

Particle No corresponds in its role to the affirmative particle in the sentence Yes : Will you go? Yes.

Distinguishing the particle NI, the conjunction NI-NI, the prefix NI-

Consoleneither-

Neither is part of negative pronouns and adverbs: neither Who(pronoun), neither When(adverb).

If the particle neither is separated from the pronoun by a preposition, then it is written separately: neither with by whom,neither have whom.

Distinguish negative pronoun with prefix neither- from a pronoun with a particle Not .

Compare: It wasnone other than Dubrovsky. –Nobody else couldn't do it.

Remember:

Repeating conjunction no no…

As a recurring coordinating conjunction no no… serves for communication homogeneous members suggestions or simple sentences as part of a complex

For example: I do not wantneither condemn,neither forgive you.Neither she won't hurt anyoneneither no one will hurt her.

Particleneither .

Particle neither written separately with the words: It's been in my mouth since morningneither crumbs.

Single and double particles neither are included in stable phrases and are written separately. For example: Howneither whatever happened, whateverneither it becameneither aliveneither deadneither becomeneither sit down, etc.

Among the particles should be distinguished. There are quite numerous examples of them in the Russian language. The difficulty is that they can perform several functions, and particles often go into Let's look at how these particles are represented in the Russian language, examples will help with this.

Concept

What is a particle? This is a special auxiliary part of speech, which is designed to convey additional semantic or emotional shades both to the entire sentence as a whole and to a specific word. They also have another important function: participate in the formation of word forms.

Let's look at two sentences that use particles. Examples are as follows:

• Only she can help me do this hard work.
• Let them finish this task quickly and move on to the next one.

If in the first sentence the particle only strengthens the pronoun she, gives the word the meaning of isolation, exclusivity, then in the second particle let performs a completely different function - it participates in the formation of the imperative mood: let them finish, let them move on.

Syntactic role

Just like other function words (prepositions and conjunctions), particles do not carry a syntactic load; it is wrong to single them out as a part of a sentence. The only exception is their formative role. In this case, the particle is indicated with the member of the sentence to which it adjoins.

• Wasn't it you and me we met on the bus yesterday? (The addition not with you includes the particle Not.)
• Let the lights sparkle brighter. (Predicate in imperative mood let them sparkle includes a particle let him.)

Let's compare with sentences where there are no examples:

• Should you be on class duty today? (Interrogative particle isn't it does not carry any syntactic load.)
• How beautiful the sea is at dawn! (Exclamation particle how come is not part of the sentence.)

Main functions

Let's figure out what forms this part of speech (particle) is used to form. Examples will help with this.

1. The imperative mood of the verb. These are the particles: let (let), come on, yeah. (Let's start your duties as soon as possible . Yes the celebration will begin! )
2. Conditional mood of the verb. The particle used here is would (b). (If would just return everything back. Came b you came to me, you got it done would much faster.)
3. In order to form the degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb, particles are also used. Examples: taller, less deep, most beautiful; more interesting, less broad.
4. A number of linguists identify some (we will give examples of them in this paragraph) as participating in the formation of indefinite pronouns: either, either, something(someone, somewhere, anyone, some). However, classical science still identifies them as suffixes and prefixes (some-).

Transmitted values

Much more diverse Examples will help prove that with the help of these function words you can convey various emotional and semantic shades.

There are several groups of such particles:

1. Interrogative. Really, really, really) indicate a question. ( Really Is it so difficult to complete a simple task? Isn't it Did I say I'll come after lunch? You whether stood behind that tree?)
2. Exclamation marks. How, what the talk about admiration or indignation. ( How It's great to come home after a day of work! What the beautiful morning! What the disobedient child! How You can make such a terrible soup!)
3. Index marks. Here, there are used when it is necessary to attract the listener's attention to a specific subject. ( Here this house. It is over a thousand years old. There, look, a wedge of cranes.)
4. Amplifiers: even, after all, after all, then. They are used to emotionally enhance a specific word. ( Even a small child knows that he needs to wash his hands after going outside. After all I warned you that you could make a mistake here. Still you are an incorrigible romantic. Anya or I went into the forest through the thicket. To me -That Don’t you know how hard it is to study and work!)
5. Clarifying: exactly, exactly, exactly- used to indicate specific items and phenomena. (It was exactly that dress that was hanging in the window just yesterday. Exactly This is what I'm trying to convey to you. Just Pavel should know this.)
6. Conveying doubt: hardly, hardly.(Hardly there will be someone who can help us. Hardly he will cope with such a difficult test.)
7. Negative particles: no, neither. We will look at examples of their use in more detail below. Here we will only say that they convey negation in different ways.

Denial with no and no

It is the negative particles that cause the most difficulties. The difficulty is that they are used in different speech situations. Yes, particle Not used when it is necessary to convey the negation of a sentence as a whole. ( Not talk to me in that tone! I Not Can Not go to this meeting . )

Another thing is the particle neither. It is designed to strengthen the already existing denial. In other words, it is always used in conjunction with Not, giving it additional meaning. By the way, instead of a particle Not there may be an equivalent word no. (In heaven there is no neither clouds, neither clouds. I will not go neither to the store, neither to visit - I want to stay at home.) Word No, which is a predicate, can be omitted, it can be easily restored from the context. (In the house neither souls. Wed: Not in the house neither souls.)

Particle neither can also take on an intensifying meaning. (Where neither I’ll look - everywhere they rejoice at the first sun.) In such cases, the function word is used in subordinate clauses along with for example, who, what, where, where.

Spelling no and no

When to write Not, and when neither? The answer is simple: try to “eliminate” the controversial particle from the sentence. If the meaning does not change, you need to use neither, otherwise - Not. ( Whichever book I neither I read, everywhere I meet characters who are similar to my loved ones.) If you remove the sentences, it will remain the same, it will not suffer grammatically.

(Who Not I was preparing for exams and passed them very poorly.) If you remove the particle, the meaning of the sentence will change to the opposite. Must be consumed Not.

It should also be remembered that in exclamatory sentences along with the particle only always written Not.(Where is he? Not I looked for the loss - everything is useless!)