The atmosphere is gas envelope planet, moving together with the planet in world space as a whole. Almost all of our planets have their own atmospheres. solar system, but only the Earth's atmosphere is capable of supporting life. In the atmospheres of planets there are aerosol particles: solid dust particles raised from the solid surface of the planet, liquid or solid particles resulting from condensation atmospheric gases, meteor dust. Let us consider in detail the composition and features of the atmospheres of the planets of the solar system.

Mercury. There are traces of an atmosphere on this planet: helium, argon, oxygen, carbon and xenon are recorded. The pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of Mercury is extremely low: it is two trillionth of the normal earth pressure. atmospheric pressure. With such a rarefied atmosphere, the formation of winds and clouds is impossible in it, it does not protect the planet from the heat of the Sun and cosmic radiation.

Venus. In 1761, Mikhail Lomonosov, observing the passage of Venus across the disk of the Sun, noticed a thin iridescent rim that surrounded the planet. This is how the atmosphere of Venus was discovered. This atmosphere is extremely powerful: the pressure at the surface turned out to be 90 times greater than at the surface of the Earth. The atmosphere of Venus is 96.5% carbon dioxide. No more than 3% is accounted for by nitrogen. In addition, impurities of inert gases (first of all, argon) were found. The greenhouse effect in the atmosphere of Venus raises the temperature by 400 degrees!

The sky on Venus has a bright yellow-green hue. The foggy haze extends to a height of about 50 km. Further, up to a height of 70 km, clouds of small drops of sulfuric acid go. It is believed that it is formed from sulfur dioxide, the source of which may be volcanoes. The speed of rotation at the level of the upper boundary of the clouds is different than above the very surface of the planet. This means that a hurricane-force wind at a speed of 100-300 m/s is constantly blowing over the equator of Venus at an altitude of 60-70 km in the direction of the planet's motion. The uppermost layers of Venus's atmosphere are composed almost entirely of hydrogen.

The atmosphere of Venus extends up to an altitude of 5500 km. In accordance with the rotation of Venus from east to west, the atmosphere also rotates in the same direction. According to the temperature profile, the atmosphere of Venus is divided into two regions: the troposphere and the thermosphere. On the surface, the temperature is + 460 ° C, it changes little day and night. To the upper boundary of the troposphere, the temperature drops to -93°C.

Mars. The sky of this planet is not black, as it was supposed, but pink. It turned out that the dust hanging in the air absorbs 40% of the incoming sunny color, creating a color effect. The atmosphere of Mars is 95% carbon dioxide. About 4% is accounted for by nitrogen and argon. Oxygen and water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is less than 1%. The average atmospheric pressure at the surface level is 15,000 times less than on Venus, and 160 times less than at the Earth's surface. The greenhouse effect raises average temperature near the surface at 9°C.

Mars is characterized by sharp fluctuations in temperature: during the day the temperature can reach +27°С, but by morning it can reach -50°С. This is due to the fact that the rarefied atmosphere of Mars is not able to retain heat. One of the manifestations of the temperature difference is very strong winds, whose speed reaches 100 m/s. On Mars there are clouds of a wide variety of shapes and types: cirrus, wavy.

Earth's atmosphere is very different from the atmospheres of other planets in the solar system. Having a nitrogen-oxygen basis, the earth's atmosphere creates the conditions for life, which, due to certain circumstances, cannot exist on other planets.

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Venus is the planet closest to the sun and has an atmosphere. high density that even Mikhail Lomonosov in 1761 claimed about its existence. The presence of an atmosphere on Venus is so obvious fact that until the twentieth century, humanity was under the influence of the illusion that the Earth and Venus are twin planets, and that life is also possible on Venus.

Space research has shown that things are far from rosy. The atmosphere of Venus is ninety-five percent carbon dioxide, and does not release heat from the Sun to the outside, creating the greenhouse effect. Because of this, the temperature on the surface of Venus is 500 degrees Celsius, and the likelihood of life on it is negligible.

Mars has an atmosphere similar in composition to Venus, also consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, but with impurities of nitrogen, argon, oxygen and water vapor, however, in very small quantities. Despite the acceptable temperature of the surface of Mars in certain time day, it is impossible to breathe such an atmosphere.

In defense of supporters of ideas about life on other planets, it is worth noting that planetary scientists, having studied chemical composition rocks of Mars, in 2013 stated that 4 billion years ago, the red planet had the same amount of oxygen as on Earth.

The giant planets do not have a solid surface, and their atmosphere is similar in composition to that of the sun. Jupiter's atmosphere, for example, is mostly hydrogen and helium, with small amounts of methane, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and water thought to be found in the inner layers of this planet. huge planet.

Saturn's atmosphere is very similar to that of Jupiter, and also, for the most part, consists of hydrogen and helium, although in slightly different proportions. The density of such an atmosphere is unusually high, and we can only speak with a high degree of certainty about its upper layers, in which clouds of frozen ammonia float, and the wind speed sometimes reaches one and a half thousand kilometers per hour.

Uranus, like the other giant planets, has an atmosphere consisting of hydrogen and helium. During the research that was carried out using the Voyager spacecraft, a interesting feature of this planet: the atmosphere of Uranus is not heated by any internal sources planets, and receives all energy only from the Sun. That is why Uranus has the coldest atmosphere in the entire solar system.

Neptune has a gaseous atmosphere, but its blue color suggests that it contains a yet unknown substance that gives the atmosphere of hydrogen and helium such a shade. Theories about the absorption of the red color of the atmosphere by methane have not yet received their full confirmation.

closest to the sun and smallest planet system, only 0.055% of the size of the Earth. 80% of its mass is the core. The surface is rocky, indented with craters and funnels. The atmosphere is very rarefied and consists of carbon dioxide. The temperature of the sunny side is +500°C, reverse side-120оС. gravity and magnetic field not on Mercury.

Venus

Venus has a very dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide. The surface temperature reaches 450°C, which is explained by the constant greenhouse effect, the pressure is about 90 atm. The size of Venus is 0.815 the size of the Earth. The core of the planet is made of iron. On the surface there is a large number of water, as well as many methane seas. Venus has no satellites.

Planet Earth

The only planet in the universe where life exists. Almost 70% of the surface is covered with water. The atmosphere consists of a complex mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and inert gases. The gravity of the planet has an ideal value. If it were smaller, oxygen would be in, if it were larger, hydrogen would collect on the surface, and life could not exist.

If you increase the distance from the Earth to the Sun by 1%, the oceans will freeze, if you decrease by 5%, they will boil.

Mars

Due to the high content of iron oxide in the soil, Mars has a bright red color. Its size is 10 times smaller than the earth. The atmosphere is made up of carbon dioxide. The surface is covered with craters and extinct volcanoes, the highest of which is Olympus, its height is 21.2 km.

Jupiter

The largest of the planets in the solar system. Larger than the Earth 318 times. Consists of a mixture of helium and hydrogen. Inside, Jupiter is hot, and therefore vortex structures predominate in its atmosphere. It has 65 known satellites.

Saturn

The structure of the planet is similar to Jupiter, but above all, Saturn is known for its ring system. Saturn 95 times larger than the earth, but its density is the smallest among the solar system. Its density is equal to the density of water. It has 62 known satellites.

Uranus

Uranus is 14 times larger than Earth. It is unique in its rotation "on its side". The tilt of its axis of rotation is 98o. The core of Uranus is very cold, because it gives off all the heat into space. Has 27 satellites.

Neptune

Larger than the Earth 17 times. Emits a lot of heat. It shows low geological activity, on its surface there are geysers from. Has 13 satellites. The planet is accompanied by the so-called "Neptune Trojans", which are bodies of an asteroid nature.

Neptune's atmosphere contains a large amount of methane, which gives it its characteristic blue color.

Features of the planets of the solar system

hallmark of the planets solar fact their rotation not only around the Sun, but also along its own axis. Also, all planets are warm to a greater or lesser extent.

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• Planets of the solar system

The solar system is a collection of cosmic bodies, the interaction between which is explained by the laws of gravity. The sun is the central object of the solar system. Being at different distances from the Sun, the planets rotate in almost the same plane, in the same direction along elliptical orbits. 4.57 billion years ago, the solar system was born as a result of powerful compression of a cloud of gas and dust.

The sun is a huge hot star, mostly composed of helium and hydrogen. Only 8 planets, 166 moons, 3 dwarf planets s. As well as billions of comets, minor planets, small meteoroids, space dust.

Polish scientist and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus mid-sixteenth century described General characteristics and structure of the solar system. He changed the prevailing opinion at that time that the Earth was the center of the universe. He proved that the center is the Sun. The rest of the planets move around it along certain trajectories. The laws explaining the motion of the planets were formulated by Johannes Kepler in the 17th century. Isaac Newton, physicist and experimenter, substantiated the law of universal attraction. However, to study in detail basic properties and the characteristics of the planets and objects of the solar system could only in 1609. The great Galileo was telescope invented. This invention made it possible to observe the nature of planets and objects with one's own eyes. Galileo was able to prove that the sun rotates on its axis by observing the movement of sunspots.

The main characteristics of the planets

The weight of the Sun exceeds the mass of others by almost 750 times. The force of gravity of the Sun allows it to hold 8 planets around it. Their names are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. All of them revolve around the Sun along a certain trajectory. Each of the planets has its own system of satellites. Previously, another planet revolving around the Sun was Pluto. But modern scientists, based on new facts, have deprived Pluto of the status of a planet.

Jupiter is the largest of the 8 planets. Its diameter is approximately 142,800 km. This exceeds the diameter of the Earth by 11 times. The planets closest to the Sun are considered terrestrial or inner planets. These include Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They, like the Earth, are composed of solid metals and silicates. This allows them to differ significantly from other planets located in the solar system.

The second type of planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus. They are called outer, or Jupiterian planets. These planets are giant planets. They consist mainly of molten hydrogen and helium.

Almost all planets in the solar system have satellites. About 90% of the satellites are concentrated mainly in orbits around the Jovian planets. The planets move around the Sun in certain trajectories. Additionally, they also rotate around their own axis.

Small objects in the solar system

The most numerous and smallest bodies in the solar system are asteroids. A whole belt of asteroids is located between Mars and Jupiter, consists of objects with a diameter of more than 1 km. Clusters of asteroids are also called the "asteroid belt". The flight path of some asteroids is very close to the Earth. The number of asteroids in the belt is up to several million. The largest body is the dwarf planet Ceres. This is a lump irregular shape with a diameter of 0.5-1 km.

Comets, consisting mainly of ice fragments, belong to a peculiar group of small bodies. From major planets and their companions, they are distinguished by their low weight. The diameter of the largest comets is only a few kilometers. But all comets have huge “tails” that are larger than the Sun in volume. When comets come close to the Sun, the ice evaporates and a dust cloud forms around the comet as a result of sublimation processes. The released dust particles under the pressure of the solar wind begin to glow.

Another space body is a meteor. As it enters Earth's orbit, it burns up, leaving a luminous trail in the sky. A variety of meteors are meteorites. These are larger meteors. Their trajectory sometimes passes close to the Earth's atmosphere. Due to the instability of the trajectory of movement, meteors can fall on the surface of our planet, forming craters.

Another object of the solar system are centaurs. They are comet-like bodies, consisting of ice fragments of large diameter. According to their characteristics, structure and nature of movement, they are considered both comets and asteroids.

According to the latest scientific data, the solar system was formed as a result of gravitational collapse. As a result of powerful compression, a cloud was formed. Under the influence gravitational forces planets formed from particles of dust and gas. The solar system belongs to the galaxy Milky Way and removed from its center by about 25-35 thousand light years. Every second throughout the universe, systems of planets similar to the solar system are born. And very possibly they also have sentient beings like us.

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Those who continue to believe that the solar system includes nine planets are deeply mistaken. The thing is that in 2006 Pluto was expelled from the big nine and now belongs to the category of dwarf planets. There are eight ordinary ones, although the authorities of Illinois legislated in their state for Pluto the former status.

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After 2006, Mercury became the smallest planet. For scientists, it is of interest both because of the unusual relief in the form of jagged slopes that strewn the entire surface, and the period of rotation around its axis. It turns out that it is only a third less time full turn around the sun. This is due to the strong tidal effect of the star, which slowed down the natural rotation of Mercury.

Venus, the second farthest from the center of gravity, is famous for its "hotness" - the temperature of its atmosphere is even higher than that of the previous object. The effect is due to the greenhouse system present on it, which arose due to the increased density and the predominance of carbon dioxide.

The third planet - Earth - is the habitat of people, and so far it is the only one where the presence of life has been accurately recorded. She has something that the previous two do not have - a satellite called the Moon, which joined her shortly after the appearance, and this happened significant event about 4.5 billion years ago.

The most warlike sphere of the solar system can be called Mars: its color is red due to high percentage in the soil of iron oxide, geological activity ended just 2 million years ago, and two satellites were attracted by force from among the asteroids.

Fifth in distance from the Sun, but the first in size, Jupiter has unusual story. It is believed that he had all the makings of turning into a brown dwarf - a small star, because the smallest of this category exceeds it in diameter by only 30%. Larger than it is, Jupiter will no longer receive dimensions: if its mass increased, this would lead to an increase in density under the influence of gravity.

Saturn is the only one among all the others that has a noticeable disk - the Cassini belt, consisting of small objects and debris surrounding it. Like Jupiter, it belongs to the class gas giants, but is significantly inferior in density not only to it, but also to terrestrial water. Despite its "gaseousness", Saturn has a real northern lights at one of its poles, and its atmosphere is raging with hurricanes and storms.

Next on the list, Uranus, like its neighbor Neptune, belongs to the category ice giants: its bowels contain the so-called "hot ice", which differs from the usual high temperature, but does not turn into steam due to strong compression. In addition to the "cold" component, Uranus also has a number of rocks, as well as complex structure clouds.

Closes the list of Neptune, open very in an unusual way. Unlike other planets discovered by visual observation, that is, more complex optical devices, Neptune was not noticed immediately, but only due to the strange behavior of Uranus. Later, through complex calculations, the location of the mysterious object exerting influence on him was discovered.

Advice 4: Which planets in the solar system have an atmosphere

Earth's atmosphere is very different from the atmospheres of other planets in the solar system. Having a nitrogen-oxygen basis, the earth's atmosphere creates the conditions for life, which, due to certain circumstances, cannot exist on other planets.

Instruction

Venus is the closest planet to the planet that has an atmosphere, and of such a high density that even Mikhail Lomonosov in 1761 claimed its existence. The presence of an atmosphere on Venus is such an obvious fact that until the twentieth century, mankind was under the influence of the illusion that the Earth and Venus were twin planets, and life was also possible on Venus.

Space research has shown that things are far from rosy. The atmosphere of Venus is ninety-five percent carbon dioxide, and does not release heat from the Sun to the outside, creating a greenhouse effect. Because of this, the temperature on the surface of Venus is 500 degrees Celsius, and the likelihood of life on it is negligible.

Mars has an atmosphere similar in composition to Venus, also consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, but with impurities of nitrogen, argon, oxygen and water vapor, however, in very small quantities. Despite the acceptable temperature of the surface of Mars at certain times of the day, it is impossible to breathe such an atmosphere.

In defense of supporters of ideas about life on other planets, it is worth noting that planetary scientists, having studied the chemical composition of the rocks of Mars, stated in 2013 that 4 billion years ago there was

Uranus, like the other giant planets, has an atmosphere consisting of hydrogen and helium. During the research that was carried out with the help of the Voyager spacecraft, an interesting feature of this planet was discovered: the atmosphere of Uranus is not heated by any internal sources of the planet, and receives all the energy only from the Sun. That is why Uranus has the coldest atmosphere in the entire solar system.

Neptune has a gaseous atmosphere, but its blue color suggests that it contains a yet unknown substance that gives the atmosphere of hydrogen and helium such a shade. Theories about the absorption of the red color of the atmosphere by methane have not yet received their full confirmation.

Advice 5: Which planet in the solar system has the most satellites

Start at scientific research Jupiter's satellites were laid back in the 17th century by the famous astronomer Galileo Galilei. He discovered the first four satellites. Thanks to the development of the space industry and the launch of interplanetary research stations, it became possible to discover small moons of Jupiter. Currently, based on information from the NASA space laboratory, it is safe to talk about 67 satellites with confirmed orbits.

It is believed that the moons of Jupiter can be grouped into outer and inner. External objects include objects located at a considerable distance from the planet. The orbits of the inner ones are much closer.

Satellites with internal orbits, or as they are also called Jupiterian moons, are quite large bodies. Scientists have noticed that the arrangement of these moons is similar to the solar system, only in miniature. Jupiter in this case acts as if in the role of the Sun. External satellites differ from internal ones in their small size.

Among the most famous large satellites of Jupiter, one can note those that belong to the so-called Galilean satellites. These are Ganymede (dimensions in km - 5262.4,), Europe (3121.6 km), Io. as well as Calisto (4820, 6 km).

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Astrologer, you also need to copy-paste wisely and indicate the source ...))) Although, it seems that the question was intended for you ... well, it won’t get away from me. Mercury has practically no atmosphere - only an extremely rarefied helium shell with a density earth's atmosphere at an altitude of 200 km. Probably, helium is formed during the decay of radioactive elements in the bowels of the planet. In addition, it is made up of atoms captured from the solar wind or knocked out solar wind from the surface - sodium, oxygen, potassium, argon, hydrogen. The atmosphere of Venus is composed primarily of carbon dioxide (CO2) with small amounts of nitrogen (N2) and water vapor (H2O). In the form of small impurities found hydrochloric acid(HCl) and hydrofluoric acid (HF). The pressure at the surface is 90 bar (as in the Earth's seas at a depth of 900 m). The clouds of Venus are made up of microscopic droplets of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The rarefied atmosphere of Mars consists of 95% carbon dioxide and 3% nitrogen. Small amounts of water vapor, oxygen and argon are present. The average pressure at the surface is 6 mbar (i.e., 0.6% of the earth). Low average density Jupiter (1.3 g / cm3) indicates a composition close to the sun: mainly hydrogen and helium. A telescope on Jupiter shows cloud bands parallel to the equator; light zones in them are interspersed with reddish belts. It is likely that the light zones are areas of updrafts where the tops of ammonia clouds are visible; reddish belts are associated with downdrafts, bright color which determine ammonium hydrosulfate, as well as compounds of red phosphorus, sulfur and organic polymers. In addition to hydrogen and helium, CH4, NH3, H2O, C2H2, C2H6, HCN, CO, CO2, PH3, and GeH4 have been spectroscopically detected in Jupiter's atmosphere. At a depth of 60 km there should be a layer of water clouds. Its satellite Io has an extremely rarefied atmosphere of sulfur dioxide (of volcanic origin) SO2. The oxygen atmosphere of Europe is so rarefied that the pressure on the surface is one hundred billionth of that of the earth. Saturn is also a hydrogen-helium planet, but the relative abundance of helium in Saturn is less than that of Jupiter; below and its average density. Its upper atmosphere is filled with light-scattering ammonia (NH3) fog. In addition to hydrogen and helium, CH4, C2H2, C2H6, C3H4, C3H8, and PH3 have been spectroscopically detected in Saturn's atmosphere. Titan, the second largest moon in the solar system, is unique in that it has a persistent, powerful atmosphere composed mostly of nitrogen and a small amount of methane. The atmosphere of Uranus contains mostly hydrogen, 12–15% helium, and a few other gases. The spectrum of Neptune is also dominated by methane and hydrogen bands. Pluto hasn't been a planet for a long time... And as a bonus.

The Sun, eight of the nine planets (except Mercury) and three of the sixty-three satellites have an atmosphere. Each atmosphere has its own special chemical composition and behavior called "weather". Atmospheres are divided into two groups: for terrestrial planets, the dense surface of the continents or the ocean determines the conditions at the lower boundary of the atmosphere, and for gas giants, the atmosphere is practically bottomless.

About the planets separately:

1. Mercury has practically no atmosphere - only an extremely rarefied helium shell with the density of the earth's atmosphere at an altitude of 200 km. Probably, helium is formed during the decay of radioactive elements in the bowels of the planet. Mercury has a weak magnetic field and no satellites.

2. The atmosphere of Venus consists mainly of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as a small amount of nitrogen (N2) and water vapor (H2O). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) were found as small impurities. Surface pressure 90 bar (as in the earth's seas at a depth of 900 m); the temperature is about 750 K over the entire surface both day and night. The reason for this high temperature near the surface of Venus in what is not quite accurately called the "greenhouse effect": the sun's rays pass relatively easily through the clouds of its atmosphere and heat the surface of the planet, but the thermal infrared radiation the surface itself escapes through the atmosphere back into space with great difficulty.

3. The rarefied atmosphere of Mars consists of 95% carbon dioxide and 3% nitrogen. Water vapor, oxygen and argon are present in small quantities. The average pressure at the surface is 6 mbar (i.e., 0.6% of the earth's). At such a low pressure, there can be no liquid water. The average daily temperature is 240 K, and the maximum in summer at the equator reaches 290 K. Daily temperature fluctuations are about 100 K. Thus, the climate of Mars is the climate of a cold, dehydrated high-altitude desert.

4. A telescope on Jupiter shows cloud bands parallel to the equator; bright zones in them are interspersed with reddish belts. Probably, bright zones are areas of updrafts where the tops of ammonia clouds are visible; reddish belts are associated with downdrafts, the bright color of which is determined by ammonium hydrosulfate , as well as compounds of red phosphorus, sulfur, and organic polymers. In addition to hydrogen and helium, CH4, NH3, H2O, C2H2, C2H6, HCN, CO, CO2, PH3, and GeH4 have been spectroscopically detected in Jupiter's atmosphere.

5. In a telescope, the disk of Saturn does not look as spectacular as Jupiter: it has a brownish-orange color and weakly pronounced belts and zones. The reason is that the upper regions of its atmosphere are filled with light-scattering ammonia (NH3) fog. Saturn is farther from the Sun, therefore, the temperature of its upper atmosphere (90 K) is 35 K lower than that of Jupiter, and ammonia is in a condensed state. With depth, the temperature of the atmosphere increases by 1.2 K / km, so the cloud structure resembles that of Jupiter: under a cloud layer of ammonium hydrosulfate there is a layer of water clouds. In addition to hydrogen and helium, CH4, NH3, C2H2, C2H6, C3H4, C3H8, and PH3 have been spectroscopically detected in Saturn's atmosphere.

6. The atmosphere of Uranus contains mainly hydrogen, 12-15% helium and some other gases. The temperature of the atmosphere is about 50 K, although in the upper rarefied layers it rises to 750 K during the day and 100 K at night.

7. The Great Dark Spot was discovered in the atmosphere of Neptune and a complex system eddy currents.

8. Pluto has a highly elongated and inclined orbit; at perihelion, it approaches the Sun at 29.6 AU and recedes at aphelion at 49.3 AU. Pluto passed perihelion in 1989; from 1979 to 1999 it was closer to the Sun than Neptune. However, due to the large inclination of Pluto's orbit, its path never intersects with Neptune. The average surface temperature of Pluto is 50 K, it changes from aphelion to perihelion by 15 K, which is quite noticeable at such low temperatures. In particular, this leads to the appearance of a rarefied methane atmosphere during the period of the planet's passage of perihelion, but its pressure is 100,000 times less than the pressure of the earth's atmosphere. Pluto cannot hold the atmosphere for a long time, because it is smaller than the moon.