Who was Ivan Bolotnikov according to social status. Who is Ivan Bolotnikov

In 1606, in the capital city of Moscow, reigned new king. It was Vasily Shuisky (1552-1612), who received the name of Vasily IV Ioannovich during the coronation. In the capital and in all northern lands recognized him with the greatest joy, as he had big connections among the merchants. But the south of the country categorically refused to obey the new king. In Chernigov, Prince Andrey Telyatevsky, who spent his days in disgrace, spoke out against Shuisky. In Putivl, his comrade in misfortune, Prince Grigory Shakhovsky, behaved similarly. This disgraceful nobility made a bet on Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov.

The latter was not of noble birth. He was considered a "yard man" of Prince Telyatevsky. In other words, he was a simple serf. It should be noted right away that in Russia serfs were divided into two categories. Some were forced laborers and did hard labor. That is, in fact, they were ordinary slaves and differed little from serfs.

Others performed completely different functions. They guarded their master, forced bonded serfs to work and performed punitive functions against the peasants. These were trusted people of the boyar. They did not have any freedoms and rights, in comparison with their master, but they ate deliciously, drank sweetly, wore luxurious caftans and rode excellent horses. It was to such a cohort that Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov belonged.

History does not know how Ivan Isaevich got into the war zone with the Tatars. Apparently he accompanied Prince Telyatevsky when he put his military ambitions into practice. This brought no glory to Bolotnikov. He was captured and sold to the Turks. For several years, the poor fellow waved a heavy galley oar on a ship.

The Austrians rescued him. They defeated the Turkish ships and captured the galley, where Ivan Isaevich was as a slave. Since he was a Christian, he received freedom. The courtyard man went to his homeland through Poland, where he met with False Dmitry II (Tushinsky thief). Apparently Bolotnikov made a corresponding impression on the impostor, as he received from him letter of recommendation to the rebellious Prince Grigory Shakhovsky.

Most likely Tushinsky thief gave Ivan Isaevich freedom and endowed him with unlimited powers, since, having arrived in Putivl, he immediately stood at the head of the rebellious army. It consisted for the most part of the noble militia. These people wanted ranks, money and fame, but Vasily Shuisky deprived them of these benefits, so the army ended up under the banner of Bolotnikov. All this army in 1606 moved to Moscow.

Against the rebels Moscow government moved a strong army. But his fighting ardor was at a very low level. The nobles went home and left the governor alone. All the Ryazan nobility, which was considered the elite of the tsarist army, went over to the side of Bolotnikov. It was thanks to these people that Ivan Isaevich ventured to storm Moscow. It was the only siege of the capital by the rebels in the history of the Russian state. It went on for five weeks.

The "mother of Russian cities" was defended by a hastily assembled militia. It consisted mainly of peasants and merchants. Soon, similar units manned in the northern regions of the country pulled up to the capital. In early December 1606, Bolotnikov's army was utterly defeated by the tsarist governors. The peasant militia defeated the nobility. As a result, a split occurred in the troops of Ivan Isaevich. The Chernigov and Kursk nobles remained with him, while the Ryazan nobles and Cossacks broke away, leaving their former leader by chance.

The city of Tula gave shelter to the rebels. He was surrounded by tsarist troops, consisting of Tver, Kostroma, Yaroslavl peasants, merchants and small landowners. Bolotnikov held the defense from June to October 1607. In the end, on the eve of the cold weather, the royal governors blocked the river Upa, and its waters poured into the streets of the city. The inhabitants surrendered to the mercy of the winners, and Ivan Isaevich was shackled.

They wanted to take him to Moscow in order to publicly execute him in front of thousands of people, but the main rebel behaved very defiantly. He insulted the winners in every possible way, shouted at them, promised to protect them in bearskins and set the dogs on fire. This overflowed the patience of the tsarist governors. Bolotnikov was drowned. Together with him, many of his associates went to the bottom, in whose veins pure-blooded noble blood flowed.

The uprising of Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov in 1606-1607 was nothing more than another attempt by the Commonwealth to establish a puppet regime in the Muscovite state. This could not be done, thanks to the patriotism of the simple Russian people. The peasants and merchants gave full support to Vasily Shuisky, and another enemy expansion failed in disgrace. But the enemies of the Muscovite state did not rest on this. Time of Troubles passed into a new stage, and the Tushinsky thief entered the political scene.

The article was written by Vladimir Chernov

Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov(1565 - October 18, 1608) - military and political figure Time of Troubles in Russia, the leader of the uprising 1606-1607.

Biography

AT historical literature there are a number of unsubstantiated allegations regarding early stage biographies of Bolotnikov: some argue that he came from impoverished boyar children, from poverty he sold himself into serfs to Prince Andrei Telyatevsky and served in his armed retinue as a combat serf (“servant”). Others believe that Bolotnikov was the chieftain of the Don Cossacks. However, there is only one historical source, giving information about the early (before the uprising) stage of Bolotnikov's biography: these are memoirs German officer in the service of False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II Konrad Bussov.

According to this author, Ivan Bolotnikov was a "simple" serf of Prince Telyatevsky, who, in his youth, fled from his master to the steppe to the Cossacks, here he was captured by Crimean Tatars and was sold into slavery to the Turks. He spent several years on the galleys as a slave rower. After an unsuccessful sea battle for the Turks with Christian ships, he was released by a German ship and headed to Venice, where he lived in the German trading compound of Fondaco dei Tedeschi. From here, having heard stories about amazing events in his homeland (apparently, about the adventures of False Dmitry I), Bolotnikov moved through Germany and Poland to Russia.

Rumors about the rescue of the Moscow Tsar Dmitry attracted Bolotnikov to Sambir, where the Moscow fugitive Mikhail Molchanov, a former henchman of False Dmitry I, was hiding with the wife of Yuri Mnishek Jadwiga. This adventurer introduced himself to Bolotnikov as a prince who had escaped after the May conspiracy in Moscow. The imaginary prince had a long conversation with Bolotnikov, and then he provided a letter to Prince Grigory Shakhovsky and sent him to Putivl as his personal emissary and "great governor".

Bolotnikov's uprising

He started fighting against the government of Vasily Shuisky, calling himself "voivode of Tsarevich Dmitry." He was actively supported by the Cossacks, service people (nobles) under the leadership of Prokopy Lyapunov, archers led by Istoma Pashkov, as well as serfs and serfs; in Soviet historiography Bolotnikov's uprising was seen as peasant war, along with the uprisings of Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev.

Near Kromy, Bolotnikov's army was defeated by the army of voivode Mikhail Nagogoy (September 1606). The rebels on their way to Moscow approached Kolomna. In October 1606, they took the settlement of Kolomna by storm, but the Kremlin continued to stubbornly resist. Leaving a small part of his forces in Kolomna, Bolotnikov headed along the Kolomna road to Moscow. In the village of Troitskoye, Kolomna district, he managed to defeat government troops. On October 22, 1606, Bolotnikov stopped in the village of Kolomenskoye, seven miles from Moscow. Here he built a prison, and began to send around Moscow and different cities letters, inciting the disadvantaged and the poor against the rich and calling for kissing the cross of the legitimate sovereign Dmitry Ivanovich.

Bolotnikov's militia grew, separate detachments, mainly from serfs, who, with their raids and robberies, kept the capital in a state of siege. Muscovites were already ready to submit to Bolotnikov, asking only to show them Tsarevich Dmitry, and even began negotiations with him. But Dimitri never showed up. Many began to express doubts about the existence of Dmitry and went over to the side of Shuisky. A split occurred in Bolotnikov's army itself: one camp was made up of nobles and boyar children, the other - serfs, Cossacks and other people. The latter had Ivan Bolotnikov as their leader, the former had Istoma Pashkov and the Lyapunov brothers. Disagreements arose between the leaders, as a result, first the Lyapunovs, and then Istoma Pashkov, went over to the side of Shuisky. Shuisky, meanwhile, thoroughly fortified Moscow and now accepted into his army militias from cities that had gone over to his side.

Seeing that Shuisky's forces were increasing every hour, Bolotnikov decided to force things. He tried to storm the Simonov Monastery, but was driven back from heavy losses, after which Vasily Shuisky moved from defense to attack. Bolotnikov was forced to leave the prison. Moscow military people pursued him to the village of Zaborya, where the voivode, loyal to False Dmitry, was able to fortify himself again. However, this fortification also fell; part of the Cossacks, with ataman Bezzubtsev at the head, went over to the side of Skopin-Shuisky, the head of the Moscow army. Bolotnikov fled. In Kaluga, he gathered up to 10,000 fugitives and prepared for defense. In May 1607 the rebels succeeded in defeating the tsarist troops in the defense of Kaluga. After that, Bolotnikov launched the 2nd campaign against Moscow. Bypassing Kashira, the rebels, numbering up to 38 thousand, met with government troops near the Vosma River on June 5, 1607, where they were defeated by the governor I. M. Vorotynsky. After the Battle of Vosem, the army led by Bolotnikov was driven back to Tula. During June-October 1607, Bolotnikov led the defense of Tula, which was besieged by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. Shuisky ordered the construction of a dam on the Upa River, which flows near the Kremlin, which flooded part of the Kremlin's premises, including those that contained food supplies. On October 10, 1607, the defenders surrendered.

demise

After the victory of Shuisky's troops in October 1607, Bolotnikov was exiled to Kargopol, blinded and drowned in an ice hole.

Plan
Introduction
1 Biography
2 Sources
3 Perpetuation of the name
Bibliography
Bolotnikov, Ivan Isaevich

Introduction

Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov (XVI century - October 18, 1608) - military and political figure of the Time of Troubles in Russia, leader of the uprising 1606-1607.

1. Biography

Presumably, Ivan Bolotnikov came from impoverished boyar children. He sold himself as a serf to Prince Andrei Telyatevsky, served in his armed retinue as a combat serf. Then he fled from the master, found refuge in the free Cossack outskirts. According to some reports, he was the chieftain of the Don Cossacks. He was captured by the Tatars and was sold into slavery to the Turks. As a slave rower, he participated in a number of naval battles. He was released from captivity by the Italians. Returning to Russia, Bolotnikov visited Germany and Poland. Rumors about the rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry attracted him to Sambir, where Mikhail Molchanov, an associate of False Dmitry I, who introduced himself to Bolotnikov as a tsar who escaped after May Uprising in Moscow . Molchanov had a long conversation with Bolotnikov, and then he provided a letter to Prince Grigory Shakhovsky and sent him to Putivl as his personal emissary and "great governor".

Bolotnikov organized his own army in southern regions Russia, near Moscow, Kaluga, Tula. He began hostilities against the government of Vasily Shuisky, calling himself "voivode of Tsarevich Dmitry." He was actively supported by the Cossacks, service people (nobles) under the leadership of Prokopy Lyapunov, archers led by Istoma Pashkov, as well as serfs and serfs; in Soviet historiography, the Bolotnikov uprising was viewed as a peasant war, on a par with the uprisings of Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev.

In October 1606, Bolotnikov's army laid siege to Moscow, but on December 2 they were defeated near Nizhniye Kotlov and withdrew to Kaluga. In May 1607, the rebels managed to defeat the tsarist troops near Kaluga, after which they retreated to Tula. On June 12, on the Voronya River, the army led by Bolotnikov was defeated and driven back to Tula. During June-October 1607, Bolotnikov led the defense of the Tula Kremlin, which was besieged by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. Shuisky ordered the construction of a dam on the Upa River, which flows near the Kremlin, which flooded part of the Kremlin's premises, including those in which food supplies were stored. On October 10, 1607, the defenders surrendered.

After the victory of Shuisky's troops in October 1607, Bolotnikov was exiled to Kargopol, blinded and drowned.

2. Sources

The main, albeit contradictory, information about the life of Bolotnikov is contained in the notes of foreign authors - Isaac Massa and Konrad Bussov (Bussov served under the command of Bolotnikov).

3. Perpetuation of the name

In Lipetsk there is Bolotnikov lane

· There is Bolotnikovskaya street in Moscow.

· In Tula there is a street to them. Bolotnikov, a monument to Bolotnikov was erected in the Tula Kremlin.

· In Kaluga there is a street to them. Bolotnikov, a monument was erected in honor of the uprising led by Bolotnikov.

· In Krasnodar there is a street to them. Bolotnikova and Bolotnikov lane.

· In Magnitogorsk there is a street to them. Bolotnikova

In Tyumen there is Bolotnikova street

In Kazan there is Bolotnikova street

In Gorlovka there is Bolotnikov street

· AT Nizhny Novgorod there is Bolotnikova street

and also in the city of Kargopol of the Arkhangelsk region there is Bolotnikova street

Bibliography:

1. See Skrynnikov R.G., "Vasily Shuisky". M.: AST, 2002, p. 202; Kozlyakov V.N., "Vasily Shuisky", M .: Young Guard (ZhZL), 2007. p. 110

Bolotnikov, Ivan Isaevich

A rebel from the time of Shuisky. He was a serf of Prince Telyatevsky, as a child he was captured by the Tatars, was sold to the Turks, worked in chains on Turkish galleys and was released among other captives, according to some reports - by the Venetians, according to others - by the Germans, and upon liberation he was brought to Venice. Here he stayed for some time and decided to return to his fatherland through Poland. Passing through it, he heard about the stay of Tsarevich Dimitry (Molchanov) in Sambor, appeared to him and, as a quick-witted and enterprising person, was sent last with a letter to the governor of Putivl, Prince. Shakhovsky. Seeing his desire to stand up for Demetrius and convinced of his knowledge of military affairs, Shakhovskoy entrusts him with a detachment of 12,000 people. With them, B. went to the Komarnitskaya volost and announced to everyone that he himself had seen Dimitri and Dimitri called him the chief governor. Against him, Vasily Shuisky sent a detachment under the command of Prince. Yuri Trubetskoy, but the latter, having met B-m near Kromy, retreated. This served as a signal for the uprising of the cities, serfs and foreigners. City after city proclaimed Tsar Demetrius and sent auxiliary detachments to B.; serfs and peasants, having heard the call of B., almost everywhere rose to their masters and joined his detachment. The Mordovians were also indignant in the hope of freeing themselves from Moscow power and, together with the serfs and peasants, forced some cities to fall away from Shuisky. In addition, the militia of Istoma Pashkov joined B., and the Lyapunovs - Zakhar and Procopius, and a detachment of freemen who came from Lithuania stuck to him. With such formidable and numerous forces, B. headed for the capital. The cities that stood in the way all recognized the authority of the chief governor Demetrius; only in Kolomna did they dare to resist, and this led to the complete sack of the city. 50 miles from Moscow, near the village of Troitskoye, B. was met by the Moscow army under the command of Mstislavsky, who, without entering the battle, barely escaped B.'s persecution. On October 22, 1606, B. stopped in the village of Kolomenskoye, seven miles from Moscow. Here he built a prison, fortifying it with a tree and a rampart, and began to send letters around Moscow and various cities, inciting the poor and lesser against the rich and noble and urging everyone to kiss the cross of the legitimate sovereign Dimitri Ivanovich. B.'s militia increased here even more; separate gangs stood out from it, mostly serfs, a cat. with their raids and robberies they kept the capital in a state of siege. Muscovites were already ready to submit to B., asking him only to show them Demetrius, and even began negotiations with him on this matter. But Dimitri did not appear. B. several times turned to Shakhovsky with a request to send him to the army as soon as possible, pointing out to him the importance of his presence, but he hesitated. Some cities have already begun to express their doubts about the existence of Demetrius and went over to the side of Shuisky. In addition, there was a split in the B. army itself: on one side stood the nobles and boyar children, on the other, serfs, Cossacks, and generally small nameless people. The latter were headed by B., and the chiefs of the former were Istoma Pashkov and the Lyapunov brothers. Disagreements arose between the leaders, and their result was the transition to the side of Shuisky, first by the Lyapunovs, and then by Istoma Pashkov. Shuisky, meanwhile, who had actively set about fortifying Moscow from the very appearance of B., now began to receive reinforcements from cities that had gone over to his side, who sent militias of nobles and boyar children to him. Seeing that the military forces of Shuisky were increasing more and more, B. decided to act more energetically: an attack was made on the Simonov Monastery, but was repulsed with damage. But neither the loss of the army (from the attack and the constant departure of his people), nor Shuisky's exhortation to surrender and the promise to give him an important rank, broke the loyalty of B. Dimitri and his earlier determination to fight for his cause to the last opportunity. Shuisky, he answered: "I kissed the cross to my sovereign Dimitri Ivanovich - to lay down my stomach for him. And I will not break the kiss. I will faithfully serve my sovereign and will see you soon." Having received such an answer, Shuisky decided to go from a defensive war to an offensive one; a series of successful attacks on prison B. forces the latter to flee from near Moscow. Moscow military people are pursuing him to vil. Fences, where the voivode loyal to Demetrius managed to gain a foothold again; but the fence fortification also fell; part of the Cossacks with ataman Bezzubtsev at the head was transferred to Skopin-Shuisky, the head of the Moscow army. B. ran further and finally settled in Kaluga; fortified it, gathered up to 10,000 fugitives and prepared for defense. The detachments sent here by Shuisky (the largest under the command of Mstislavsky) surrounded the city from all sides, carried out frequent attacks, and defeated the militia that came to the aid of B-vu under the command of Prince. Masalsky, but his courage and energy remained unshakable. He successfully fought off their attacks and made successful sorties himself; neither the loss of military men, nor the lack of provisions, especially severe towards the end of winter, forced him to surrender, although he was promised full forgiveness; only one thing embarrassed him: the named Demetrius had not yet appeared, and soon completely disappeared. Then a new impostor appeared among the Terek and Volga Cossacks, who assumed the name of Tsarevich Peter, supposedly the son of Fyodor Ioannovich, replaced by his daughter, who soon died; he was already approaching Putivl, and it was then that Prince. Shakhovskoy decided to use it to support the uprising. He sent him to Tula, and then moved himself. To the rescue of B., he sent a detachment under the command of Prince. Telyatevsky. The latter defeated the royal governor, the princes of Tatev and Cherkassky, near Kaluga, on Pchelva (May 2). Then B. made a sortie and brought such fear to the besiegers that they all fled in embarrassment, leaving the enemy guns, convoys and supplies. After that, he set out from Kaluga and headed for Tula, where Shakhovskoy and Peter were already there. June 30 approached Tula with big army(about 100 thousand people) and Tsar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky himself. The siege of Tula began, which lasted a little more than 3 months. Neither the attacks of the besiegers, nor the depletion of supplies, and here did not weaken the energy and firmness of B. and his soldiers. And it is not known how long this siege would have continued and how it would have ended, especially in view of the disagreements that arose between the commanders of the tsarist army, if the "big trickster" Sack Kravkov had not come to Shuisky, flooding Tula with the Upa dam. With the flood in Tula, the famine also increased; many rebels came in droves to Shuisky with confession, but the main villains still continued to resist and agreed to surrender only when they were granted forgiveness. “And if not,” they said, “we will hold on, even if we have to eat each other.” The tsar promised them mercy, and on October 10, 1607, the boyar Kolychev occupied Tula. B. appeared before Shuisky in all his weapons, took off his saber, laid it in front of the king, hit him with his forehead to the ground and pronounced his oath promise to serve the king faithfully until the grave, if he, according to his kiss, did not order him to be killed. On October 18, the tsar arrived in Moscow. B. and other leaders of the rebellion were also brought here and after interrogation they were sent to prison in Kargopol. Here, first, B.'s eyes were gouged out, and then they were drowned.

(Brockhaus)

Bolotnikov, Ivan Isaevich

The leader of the uprising against Tsar Vasily in 1606-07. By origin, B. was a serf of Prince. Telyatevsky, in his youth he was captured by the Tatars, from there - to the Turkish galleys. Having been released, he was in Venice and returned to his homeland through Poland. With a letter from Russian fugitives B. came to Putivl in 1606 to Prince Shakhovsky, a supporter of Demetrius, when Shakhovskoy raised an uprising against Shuisky. All that was missing was an energetic leader, which B. was. His program expressed the interests of the lower ranks of the people: the land and wealth of the boyars and guests were given to the serfs, peasants and Cossacks, and crowds of townsmen and peasants began to flock to B.. Near Kromy, B. defeated Prince Trubetskoy, sent against him by Tsar Vasily. After that, the uprising spread widely from Smolensk to Astrakhan. By connecting with Pashkov(see) and Ryazans (small service people under the command of Lyapunov), B. reached Kolomna. Tsar Vasily moved Prince Mstislavsky against him with a large army, but B. defeated him too, approached Moscow itself and camped in the village of Kolomenskoye. But here the nobles, led by Lyapunov, conspired with Shuisky and went over to his side. The northern merchant cities sent reinforcements to Shuisky, and his troops, led by Skopin, defeated B. During the battle, Pashkov and his comrades also betrayed Bolotnikov. Serpukhov did not let B. in, and he settled in Kaluga, then in Tula. Here he surrendered to the tsarist troops, was exiled to Kargopol and drowned there. B.'s uprising was the first manifestation peasant movement at the beginning of the 17th century. under the slogan of Cossack equality and free use of land.

Lit.: Pokrovsky, M. H., Russian history at its very condensed essay, GIZ, M.-P., 1923; Platonov, S. F., Essays on the history of unrest in Moscow. state 16-17 centuries, ed. 3, St. Petersburg, 1910.

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See what "Bolotnikov, Ivan Isaevich" is in other dictionaries:

Bolotnikov, Ivan Isaevich, figure of the Time of Troubles, the time of Shuisky. Bolotnikov was a serf of Prince Telyatevsky, as a child he was captured by the Tatars, sold to the Turks, worked on Turkish galleys, and after his release he ended up in Venice. Returning to…… Biographical Dictionary

- (year of birth unknown, died 1608), leader of a major anti-feudal uprising of peasants and serfs in 1606 07 in Russia. Former serf boyar Telyatevsky. In his youth, he fled to the Cossacks, was captured by the Tatars and sold as a slave to the galleys in Turkey ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Not to be confused with Bolotnikov, Ivan (clerk). Ivan Bolotnikov Bolotnikov, Ivan Isaevich I. I. Bolotnikov confesses to Tsar Vasily Shuisky. Unknown artist Birthplace unknown ... Wikipedia

- (? 1608), the leader of the uprising of 1606 07, a runaway serf, was in Turkish slavery. The organizer of the rebel army in the southern regions of Russia, near Moscow, Kaluga, Tula. In October 1607 he was exiled to Kargopol, blinded and drowned. * * * BOLOTNIKOV Ivan ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (? 1607), leader of the uprising 160607. A runaway serf, was in Turkish slavery, fled to Venice, then to Poland. He led the campaign of the rebel army, which consisted of serfs, peasants, townsmen, archers and Cossacks, to Moscow. ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Bolotnikov Iv. Isaevich- (? 1608) the leader of one of the rebel groups of the Time of Troubles. From the serfs of the book. A. A. Telyatevsky, fled to the Don, was captured by the Crimean Tatars, returned to Russia through the West. Europe. In Poland, from the killer F. B. Godunov, Mikh. Molchanova ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Not to be confused with Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov. Ivan Bolotnikov, palace clerk under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Participated in the election of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in 1613. From 1612 to 1631 he was a clerk in the order of the Grand Palace and a judge in ... ... Wikipedia

Battle of Bolotnikov's troops tsarist army(Ernest Lissner) Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov (? 1608) military and political figure of the Time of Troubles in Russia, leader of the uprising 1606 1607. Biography Presumably, Ivan Bolotnikov came from ... ... Wikipedia

Biography of Ivan Bolotnikov just asks for adventure book or an exciting movie.

The year of birth of Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov is not exactly known, although many historians suggest that he was born in 1565.

I. Bolotnikov was a military servant of Prince A. A. Telyatevsky. "Combat serf" does not sound very presentable, but in reality they were fighters of the personal army of the local feudal lord. Usually the owner well dressed, fed and armed each such fighter. Combat serfs received from their owner a war horse, allowances and - quite often - their own land allotment.

Ivan Bolotnikov fled from his master in southern steppes to the Cossacks. How long did he have to travel? Evaluate easily. The patrimony of Prince A.A.Telyatevsky was located in the vicinity of Tver. The Don is about 1200 kilometers from here. This path can be covered on foot in about a month.

Cossack life is free, but dangerous. Bolotnikov was captured by the Tatars. Then the path was clear - to the slave market in Istanbul. A healthy guy had several roads from here, one of which led to the galleys, rowing. In one of the naval battles, the Italians defeated the Turkish fleet and Ivan Bolotnikov ended up in Venice.

In Russia, this time is called vague. royal dynasty The Rurik dynasty was interrupted by the son of Ivan the Terrible, Fyodor Ioanovich. After him, Boris Godunov ascended the throne, one of the brilliant politicians who was not very well inscribed in history. "Boris Godunov" by A.S. Pushkin, by which we mainly judge that era, was written based on the works of N.M. Karamzin, who was clearly unfair to this tsar. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Muscovite state had to fight off an attack Polish army, which was led by the impostor False Dmitry I. The Moscow army was headed by Vasily Shuisky, who took royal throne after the death of Boris Godunov.

Having learned about the events taking place in his homeland, I. Bolotnikov moved there through Germany and Poland. The distance is also not small - 2.5 thousand kilometers.

In Poland, Bolotnikov joined the army of the impostor. He was sent to Putivl. This is the present Sumy region of Ukraine, steppe lands. In these parts, I. Bolotnikov formed a detachment, the composition of which was very diverse. It included townspeople, Cossacks, archers, peasants and serfs. Therefore, I. Bolotnikov, in order to rally his troops, promised to free the peasants from serfdom, which by that time had become stronger throughout Russia. For this reason, in Soviet history Ivan Bolotnikov was revered as an unconditionally positive figure, the heroic predecessor of S. Razin and E. Pugachev. Due to the soul-searching that has taken place since then, all three heroic rebels now, quite possibly, look less glorious. But you can't take a word out of a song. It was!

This period is best described in his famous poem"History of the Russian State" smart and caustic writer and poet A.K. Tolstoy:

The Poles are back

The Cossacks were brought;

There was confusion and fights:

Poles and Cossacks

Cossacks and Poles

Packs beat us and packs;

We're like crayfish without a king

We're on the rocks.

The detachment of I. Bolotnikov launched an attack on Moscow from the south. By the way, here he met with Prince A.A. Telyatevsky, who commanded another detachment in the army of False Dmitry I.

The army of I. Bolotnikov laid siege to Moscow and tried to take it for two months. But he could not overcome the forces of V. Shuisky. On December 2, 1606, the army of I. Bolotnikov was defeated in the battle near the Danilov Monastery. (This monastery is now located within the boundaries of Moscow, not far from the Tulskaya metro station). 6 thousand prisoners were killed and lowered under the ice on the Yauza River. The detachments of I. Bolotnikov treated the prisoners no more mercifully. It was natural Civil War. War of all against all.

But the army of I. Bolotnikov and Prince A. A. Telyatevsky was still combat-ready. They retreated to Kaluga, which they held until the spring of 1607. By this time, reinforcements had arrived from the south - detachments of Cossacks from the Don, Terek, Volga and Seversky Donets. The troops of the "anti-Moscow coalition" occupied Tula, which was a serious fortress and which could be defended for a long time. The siege of the Tula Kremlin lasted 4 months and ended only when the Muscovite troops blocked the Upa River and flooded the city. On October 10, 1607, Ivan Bolotnikov surrendered to Vasily Shuisky under honestly last to pardon those who surrendered. But the Moscow tsar broke his word, most of those who participated in the uprising were killed. Ivan Bolotnikov was exiled in February 1608 to the north, to Kargopol. Soon he was blinded and then drowned.

AT Soviet time, as already mentioned, the name of Bolotnikov was revered as the name of a fighter against the tsarist regime for the freedom of the peasants. Therefore, streets in many cities were named after him. Soviet Union. In Moscow, Bolotnikovskaya Street is located in the south of the capital, near the Varshavskaya metro station. It was in these places that in December 1606 the battle of the army of I. Bolotnikov with the tsarist army of Vasily Shuisky took place.