Communist torture of children, women and torture by children in the Solovetsky concentration camp. Solovki communists set an example

“You share, Russian, female share!
Hardly harder to find…”
N.A. Nekrasov

“In 1937 I lived in Novosibirsk. She worked at the Bolshevik factory as an upholsterer. At the beginning of that year, my daughter was born. My husband and I were happy and could not get enough of our first child. But on July 28, two men came to our apartment. At this time, I was going to breastfeed my baby. They said that they were calling me to the authorities for ten minutes and ordered me to hurry. I gave my daughter to my niece and went with them, hoping to return soon ...

I spent more than an hour at the police station. I knew that my baby was hungry, screaming, and asked the policemen to let me go for a while to feed the baby. But they didn't even listen to me. The police kept me until late, and at night they took me to prison. This is how my little daughter was left without mother's milk, and I no longer managed to experience the wonderful motherly joy. I could not imagine why such cruelty to me and to my child. How can it be so inhumane to break a single whole - a mother and a child ... ”

These are lines from the memoirs of Vera Mikhailovna Lazutkina. A woman who spent eight years behind barbed wire. Never. Simply because the local Bolshevik authorities needed to put a tick in the implementation of the plan to “reveal the enemies of the people”.

Studying the materials on the topic “Gulag women”, I experienced a real shock. Before me appeared the true guise of Bolshevism, which, it turns out, I had a rather superficial idea. I saw how hard and uncompromisingly Satan with a star in his forehead took up arms against WOMEN (mostly Slavs). Why, this will be discussed below.

FOR WHAT?

From the very first days of coming to power, the Bolsheviks decided to immediately “kill two birds with one stone”: to wrest from among the people the most honest, conscientious and smart people(because it is much easier for the “cattle” to instill any, even the most insane, ideology into the brains), and at the same time create a free labor force out of them. They used the slightest pretext, which was then blown up to “counter-revolutionary activity”.

At first, at the dawn of Soviet power, this mainly concerned the male population of the country (since a man is more capable of organized resistance to the regime). But by the mid-1930s, the Bolshevik authorities were alarmed. She realized that her enemy to a greater extent than a man is a woman! For the simple reason that her worldview, her character, nurtured for the most part by the Orthodox way of life, is much more difficult to change than that of men. For a woman perceives the surrounding reality not so much with her mind as with her heart. And if a man, with the help of such a “science” as Marxism-Leninism, could be convinced of the justification of the forcible selection of bread from the peasants, the suppression of dissent and numerous executions of representatives of the “exploiting” classes, then a woman, especially a Christian, prone to mercy and forgiveness, such did not accept arguments. And apparently never would. Thus, Soviet authority began to sort her opponents not only by class, but also by gender. And first of all, women fell under the blow of the Bolsheviks - relatives and friends of those who clearly needed to be destroyed or isolated from the bulk of people who were being turned into “cogs”. It was for women that such formulations of the criminal status as a family member of an enemy of the people (ChSVN), a family member of a traitor to the motherland (ChSIR), a socially dangerous element (SOE), a socially harmful element (SVE), connections leading to suspicion of espionage (SVPSH), etc.

INTERROGATION

“In the center of the office, a thin and already middle-aged woman. As soon as she tries to touch the back of the chair, she immediately receives a blow and a loud cry. However, you can not lean not only back, but also forward. So she sits for several days, day and night without sleep. NKVD investigators change, and she sits, having lost track of time. They force her to sign a protocol stating that she is a member of a right-wing Trotskyist, Japanese-German sabotage counter-revolutionary organization. Nadia (that's the woman's name) doesn't sign. Young investigators, having fun, make mouthpieces out of paper and shout to her from two sides, pressing the mouthpieces to her ears: “Give evidence, give evidence!” and mate, mate, mate. They damaged Nadezhda's eardrum, she became deaf in one ear. The protocol remains unsigned. What else can affect a woman? Oh yes, she's a mother. “If you don’t testify, we will arrest the children.” This threat broke her, the protocol was signed. It's not enough for the torturers. “Name who you managed to recruit into the counter-revolutionary organization.” But to betray her friends!.. No, she couldn’t… They didn’t receive any more evidence from her…” (K.M. Shalygin: Loyalty to Stolbov’s traditions.)

THING

When the convicts are brought to the camp, they are sent to the bathhouse, where naked women viewed as a commodity. Whether there will be water in the bath or not, but an inspection “for lice” is required. Then the men - camp workers - stand on the sides of a narrow corridor, and the newly arrived women are allowed to go naked along this corridor. Not all at once, but one at a time. Then it is decided between the men who takes whom…” (from the memoirs of Gulag prisoners).

And - a huge sign at the entrance to the camp: “Who was not - he will be! Who was - will not forget!

SKOT

Coercion of female prisoners to cohabitation was a common thing in the Gulag.

“For the headman of the Kemsky camp, Chistyakov, the women not only cooked dinner and polished their shoes, but even washed it. For this, the youngest and most attractive women were usually selected ... In general, all of them on Solovki were divided into three categories: “ruble”, “half-ruble” and “fifteen-penny” (“five-alty”). If anyone from the camp administration asked for a young, pretty convict from among the new arrivals, he would say to the guard: “Bring me a ruble…

Each security officer on Solovki had from three to five concubines at the same time. Toropov, who in 1924 was appointed assistant to the Kemsky commandant for the economic part, established in the camp real harem, constantly replenished according to his taste and order. From among the prisoners, 25 women were selected daily to serve the Red Army soldiers of the 95th division, which guarded Solovki. It was said that the soldiers were so lazy that the prisoners even had to make their beds...

A woman who refused to be a concubine was automatically deprived of an “improved” ration. And very soon she died of dystrophy or tuberculosis. On Solovetsky Island, such cases were especially frequent. There was not enough bread for the whole winter. Until navigation began and new supplies of food were not brought in, the already meager rations were cut by almost half ... ”(Shiryaev Boris. An unquenchable lamp.)

When violence ran into resistance, those in power avenged their victims with more than starvation.

“Once a very attractive girl was sent to Solovki - a Polish girl of about seventeen. Which had the misfortune to attract the attention of Toropov. But she had the courage to refuse his harassment. In retaliation, Toropov ordered her to be brought to the commandant’s office and, putting forward a false version of “concealing counter-revolutionary documents”, stripped naked and in the presence of all camp guards carefully felt the body in those places where, as he said, it was best to hide the documents ...

In one of February days several drunken guards led by Chekist Popov entered the women's barracks. He unceremoniously threw off the blanket from the prisoner, who once belonged to the highest circles of society, dragged her out of bed, and the woman was raped in turn by each of those who entered ... ”(Malsagov Sozerko. Infernal Islands: Sov. prison in the far North.)

"MUMS"

So in the camp slang they called women who gave birth to a child in prison. Their fate was unenviable. Here are the memories of one of the former prisoners:

“In 1929, on the Solovetsky Island, I worked at an agricultural camp. And then one day they drove past us “mothers”. On the way, one of them fell ill; and since it was evening, the convoy decided to spend the night at our camp. They put these "mothers" in the bath. No bed was provided. It was terrible to look at these women and their children: thin, in tattered dirty clothes, apparently hungry. I say to one criminal who worked there as a cattleman:

Listen, Grisha, you work alongside milkmaids. Go and get some milk from them, and I will ask the guys what they have from the products.

While I was walking around the barracks, Grigory brought some milk. The women began to drink it to their babies... Afterwards, they heartily thanked us for the milk and bread. We gave the escort two packs of shag for allowing us to do a good deed... Then we learned that all these women and their children, who were taken to Anzer Island, died of starvation there...” (Zinkovshchuk Andrei. Prisoners of the Solovetsky camps. Chelyabinsk. Newspaper. 1993,. 47.)

CAMP LIFE AND HARD LABOR

“From the club we were driven by stage to the Orlovo-Rozovo camp. They settled in dugouts dug out in haste. Instead of a bed, they were given an armful of straw. We slept on it ... And when we were moved to the barracks, the camp "morons" (servants, foremen and foremen - V.K.), and with them the criminals began to raid us. They beat, raped, took away the last thing that was left ... ”(from the memoirs of V.M. Lazutkina).

Most of the Gulag prisoners died from overwork, disease and hunger. And the hunger was terrible.

“... prisoners - rotten cod, salted or dried; thin gruel with pearl barley or millet groats without potatoes ... And now - scurvy, and even “stationery companies” in abscesses, and only general ones ... “Stages on all fours” are returning from long-distance business trips - and they crawl from the pier on four legs ...”(Nina Struzhinskaya. For land and freedom. Belorusskaya Gazeta, Minsk, 06/28/1999)
About camp work.

“With the onset of spring, they began to withdraw us from the zone under escort to field work. They dug with shovels, harrowed, sowed, planted potatoes. All work was done by hand. So our women's hands were all the time in bloody calluses. It was dangerous to fall behind. The menacing cry of the convoy, the kicks of the “morons” forced them to work with their last strength ... ”(from the memoirs of Lazutkina V.M.).

Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago contains the words of one of the Yakut prisoners: “at work, it was sometimes impossible to distinguish women from men. They are sexless, they are robots, wrapped up almost to the eyes in some kind of rags, in wadded trousers, rag cloaks, in malachians pulled down over their eyes, with faces - in black marks of frost ... "

And further: “from Kem to the west across the swamps, the prisoners began to lay the earth Kem-Ukhta tract, which was once considered almost impossible. In the summer they drowned, in the winter they stiffened. The Solovites were terribly afraid of this road, and for a long time, for the slightest offense, a threat rumbled over each of us: “What? Did you want to go to Ukhta? ..

The length of the working day was determined by the plan (“lesson”). The working day ended when the plan was fulfilled; and if not fulfilled, then there was no return under the roof ... "

SPIRIT HEIGHT

Among the political prisoners there were people, looking at whom, the prisoners remembered what a person is and what he is called to in this world. Here is an excerpt from the story of a former convict about one “unknown baroness”:

“Immediately upon arrival, the baroness was assigned to the “bricks”. One can imagine how difficult it was for her in her seventies to carry a two-pound load ...

The past, elegant and refined, stood out in every movement of the old lady-in-waiting, in every sound of her voice. She couldn't hide it if she wanted to... She remained an aristocrat at her best, true meaning this word; and in the Solovetsky Zhenbarak, sometimes amid obscene abuse and in the chaos of brawls, she was the same as they saw her in the palace. She did not fence herself off from the rest, did not show even a shadow of that arrogance with which false aristocracy invariably sins. Having become a convict, she recognized herself as such and accepted her fate as a cross that must be carried without murmuring and tears ...

... Without showing her undoubted fatigue, she worked on until the end of the day; and in the evening, as always, she prayed for a long time, kneeling before a small icon...

Soon she was appointed to more light work- wash the floors in the barracks ...

... When a terrible epidemic of typhus broke out, sisters of mercy or those who could replace them were urgently needed. The head of the USLON medical unit, M.V. Feldman, did not want appointments for this “mortal” work. She came to the zhenbarak and, having gathered its inhabitants, began to persuade them to go voluntarily, promising a salary and a good ration.

Doesn't anyone want to help the sick and dying?

I want, - I heard from the stove.

Are you literate?

Do you know how to use a thermometer?

I can. I worked for three years as a surgical nurse in the Tsarskoye Selo infirmary...

M.V. Feldman later said that the baroness was appointed as the elder sister, but she carried the work on an equal basis with others. Hands were missing. The work was very hard, as the patients lay side by side on the floor and the bedding under them was replaced by the sisters, who raked out the shavings soaked with sewage with their hands. scary place there was this bar.

March 5 is the anniversary of Stalin's death. About the times of great repressions, great construction projects and great war a lot has been written. Here we have collected quotes from the book of memoirs by Nikolai Kiselev-Gromov “S.L.O.N. Solovetsky forest special purpose”, published in Arkhangelsk.

The author was not a prisoner of the camp, he was a guard, he served in the headquarters of the paramilitary guards of the famous Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp - S.L.O.N. This camp, as you know, was the first and was a model not only for the Gulag, but also for camps Nazi Germany. In 1930, Kiselev fled from the USSR to Finland and wrote these memoirs there.

THE ROAD IS LONG

In winter, it is incredibly cold in a freight car, since there is no stove in it; it is completely dark - no lamps or candles are issued. It is very dirty, and most importantly, incredibly cramped - there are no devices for lying or sitting, and the prisoners have to stand all the way, they cannot sit down because of crowding: at least sixty people are put into a freight car without a railing. Before the train leaves, the Chekists throw an old, often leaky bucket into the car and order them to get into it; on the way, the security officers do not release prisoners from the cars for their natural needs.

On the way from Petrograd, that is, for at least three days, the prisoner is given about one kilogram of black, half-baked and stale bread and three roach. Prisoners on the road are not supplied with water at all. When they begin to ask the Chekists to get drunk on the way, they answer them: “I didn’t get drunk at home! Wait, I'll get you drunk in Solovki! If a prisoner, driven to despair by thirst, begins to persistently demand water and threatens to complain to the higher authorities, then the escorts begin to beat such a prisoner (“ban”). After that, others endure in silence.

And from cities like Baku or Vladivostok, from where prisoners are also sent to SLON, the road continues for weeks.

JOB

In the 7th company, in which prisoners are also concentrated before being sent on business trips, I had to observe the following: the company barrack stands on a square fenced off with barbed wire, in the frosty season, dozens of prisoners walk non-stop all night long, because for them there was enough space in the barracks: it was so crowded with people that you couldn’t stick your finger in, those who remained in the yard had to walk all the time so as not to freeze. Exhausted from walking and the cold, and unable to resist sleep, they approach their belongings, piled right there in the square, stick their heads against them and fall asleep for a few minutes, the cold quickly makes them get up and rush around the square again.

The party marches through the dense Karelian forest, eaten up by billions of mosquitoes and clouds of midges in summer, among countless swamps, and in winter, that is, for most of the year, waist-deep in snow. Turning out of the snow, feet shod in bast shoes, they walk five, ten, twenty and even up to thirty kilometers. The night is coming.

Party, hundred-oh-oh! - shouts the senior in the escort from a small sleigh, on which the prisoners are carrying him and all the escorting Chekists in turn. The party has stopped.

Make fires, shovel snow, settle down for the night.

For the Chekists, the prisoners set up a camping tent, which they, like the Chekists themselves, carried on a sleigh, put an iron stove in it, and prepare food for the Chekists. They themselves warm themselves, who have teapots, and drink boiling water from 200 grams. black bread (if only they had it left). Then, bent over in three deaths and placing a dirty fist under their heads, the prisoners somehow spend the night by the fires, all the time extracting dried wood from under the snow, supporting the fire of their own fires, and in the stove of the Chekists.

Many prisoners, seeing that self-killing cannot save them, and in the long term - inevitable death with preliminary long suffering, act more decisively: they hang themselves on icy trees or lie down under a chopped pine tree at the moment when it falls - then their suffering ends for sure .

No mosquito nets, which are absolutely necessary in that climate, the ELEPHANT never gives out to prisoners. While working, the prisoner every now and then drives away or erases from the face, neck and head with the sleeve of either the right or the left hand the insects mercilessly biting him. By the end of the work, his face becomes terrible: it is all swollen, covered with wounds and the blood of mosquitoes crushed on it.

"Rack on mosquitoes" here is a favorite way of punishment for Chekists. "Philo" is stripped naked, tied to a tree and left like that for several hours. Mosquitoes cover it with a thick layer. The "simulant" screams until he faints. Then some guards order other prisoners to pour water on the fainting man, while others simply do not pay attention to him until the end of the sentence ...

The second scourge with which the nature of the North beats the prisoners is night blindness and scurvy.

Night blindness often leads to the murder of a prisoner, when in the evening he moves a few steps away from a business trip to the forest in order to recover, and gets lost. The Chekist warder knows perfectly well that the prisoner got lost due to illness, but he wants to curry favor, get a promotion, receive gratitude in the order and a monetary reward, and most importantly, he has a special Chekist sadism. He is therefore glad to take such a prisoner at gunpoint and put him on the spot with a shot from a rifle.

Only an insignificant part of the sick and samoubers escapes death, the rest die on business trips, like flies in the fall. Comrades, on the orders of the Chekists, take off their clothes and underwear and throw them naked into large grave pits.

"Krikushnik" - a small shed made of thin and damp boards. The boards are nailed in such a way that you can stick two fingers between them. The floor is earthen. No facilities for sitting or lying down. No oven either...

AT recent times in order to save forests, the heads of business trips began to build “screamers” in the ground. A deep pit, about three meters deep, breaks out, a small frame is made above it, a piece of straw is thrown to the bottom of the pit, and the “screamer” is ready.

From such a "screamer" you can not hear how the "jackal" yells, - the security officers say. "Jump!" - it is said to the person being put into such a "screamer". And when they let him out, they give him a pole, along which he climbs, if he still can, upstairs.

Why do they put the prisoner in the “screamer”? For all. If he, talking with the Chekist-supervisor, did not, as expected, go to the front, he is in the “shouter”. If during the morning or evening verification he did not stand rooted to the spot (because “the system is a holy place,” the Chekists say), but kept himself at ease, he is also a “screamer”. If it seemed to the Chekist-supervisor that the prisoner was talking to him impolitely, he was again in the “screamer”.

WOMEN

The women in SLON are mainly employed in fishing business trips. The intelligent ones, like the majority there, and especially those who are prettier and younger, serve with the KGB guards, washing their linen, preparing dinner for them ...

Overseers (and not only overseers) force them to cohabit with themselves. Some, of course, at first “fashion”, as the Chekists say, but then, when they are sent to the most difficult physical work- in the forest or in the swamps to extract peat - they, in order not to die from overwork and starvation rations, humble themselves and make concessions. For this they get a feasible job.

The Chekists-supervisors have a long-established rule to exchange their "marukhs", about which they previously agree among themselves. “I am sending you my marukha and asking, as we agreed with you, to send me yours,” one Chekist writes to another when his “beloved” gets tired of him.

ELEPHANT does not issue government clothing to imprisoned women. They go all the time in their own; after two or three years they are completely naked and then make themselves clothes out of sacks. While the prisoner lives with the Chekist, he dresses her in a poor cotton dress and boots made of rough leather. And when he sends her to his comrade, he takes off "his" clothes from her, and she again puts on bags and state-owned bast shoes. The new cohabitant, in turn, dresses her, and sending her to the third, undresses her again ...

I did not know a single woman in SLON, if she was not an old woman, who in the end would not give her "love" to the Chekists. Otherwise, it inevitably and soon perishes. It often happens that children will be born from cohabitation in women. Not a single security officer during my more than three years of stay in SLON recognized a single child born from him as his own, and women in labor (the security officers call them “mothers”) go to Anzer Island.

They are sent according to a common template. They stand in ranks, dressed in sack clothes, and hold their babies wrapped in rags in their arms. Gusts of wind penetrate both themselves and the unfortunate children. And the Chekists-guards yell, intertwining their commands with the inevitable obscene abuse.

It is easy to imagine how many of these babies can survive...

In winter, they follow a snowy road in all weathers - in bitter frost and in snowstorm- a few kilometers to the coastal trip of Rebelda, carrying the children in her arms.

In desperation, many women kill their children and throw them into the forest or into the latrines, and then commit suicide themselves. "Mamoks" who kill their children are sent by the IDF to the women's punishment cell on the Hare Islands, five kilometers from Bolshoi Solovetsky Island.

IN THE KREMLIN

The thirteenth company is located in the former Assumption Cathedral (I think I am not mistaken in the name of the cathedral). A huge building of stone and cement, now damp and cold, since there are no stoves in it, drops are constantly falling from its high vaults, formed from human breath and evaporation. It can accommodate up to five thousand people and is always packed with prisoners. Three-tiered bunks made of round damp poles are arranged throughout the room.

The prisoner worked twelve hours the day before; having come from work to the company, he spent at least two hours standing in line for bread and lunch and for lunch itself; then he dried his clothes and shoes, or onuchi; an hour and a half after dinner, the evening verification begins, on which he also stands for two hours. Only then can he go to sleep. But the noise and uproar all around does not stop: someone is “beaten in the face”, the guards at the top of their lungs call those dressed up for night work, the prisoners go to recover and the prisoners talk. A few hours later, he is raised for morning verification ...

At the entrance to the 13th company, on the right and left, there are huge wooden tubs a meter and a half high, replacing the latrine. A prisoner who wants to recover must declare this to the orderly, he will report to the company officer on duty, and the company officer on duty will allow him to go to the "lavatory" when a whole party of people who wish is gathered. The orderly leads them to the tubs and puts them in line. In order to recover, the prisoner must climb onto a tall tub with a board laid across it, where he will rectify his need in front of everyone standing below, listening: “Come on, you rotten professor! Protector of the king-father! Get off the tub with a bullet! Enough! Overstayed!” etc.

To endure such tubs filled with sewage, two people put a stick through his ears and carry him on their shoulders to the “central room”. Bearers must descend about a hundred meters down the steps of the cathedral. Chernyavsky forced (necessarily priests, monks, priests and the most cleanly dressed or distinguished by their manners intellectuals) to carry them out several times a day. At the same time, in order to mock the "bars" and "long-maned ones", he forced criminals to push a tub filled to the brim so that the contents splashed and fell on the one in front, or he taught to knock down the front or rear of the walking ones, in order to later force the intellectuals and priests to wipe spilled rags.

In 1929, all the priests of the 14th company, through the company commander Sakharov, were asked to cut their hair and take off their cassocks. Many refused to do so and were sent on penal assignments. There, the Chekists, with scuffles and blasphemous abuse, forcibly and baldly shaved them, took off their cassocks, dressed them in the dirtiest and torn clothes and sent them to forest work. Polish priests were also dressed in such clothes and sent to the forest. In general, it must be said that Polish citizens get more in SLON than people of other nationalities. At the slightest political complication with Poland, they immediately begin to squeeze them in every possible way: they go to punishment cells or on penal assignments, where the guards quickly bring them to the “bend”.

The pug mill is, as it were, a branch of the punishment cell. It is an absolutely dark and damp basement, dug under the southern wall of the Kremlin. At the bottom of it lies a half-meter layer of clay, which the prisoners knead with their feet for construction work. In winter, the clay freezes; then they put small iron stoves on it, thaw it and make the prisoners knead ... Literally everything is removed from those who get into the pug mill, and completely naked - in winter and summer - they stand for several hours in wet clay up to their knees ...

Photo from an album donated by the Administration of the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camps
S. M. Kirov, First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

To my world

Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp (SLON), one of the world's first concentration camps

Reorganization and closure of the camp

The life of the Solovki prisoners is vividly described in Zakhar Prilepin's novel "The Abode".

Prisoners of the Solovetsky camp

In the following list, we are trying to collect the names of Solovki prisoners who served their sentences on church matters. This list does not claim to be complete, it will be updated gradually, as material becomes available. Dates in brackets are arrival at the camp (unless otherwise indicated) and departure (or death). The list is sorted by latest date.

Feodor Polikarpov (1920 - 1921), released
Grigory (Kozyrev), bishop. Petropavlovsky (March - October 1924), released early
Sophronius (Arefiev), updated. ep. (1923 - 1924), released
Alexander (Tolstopyatov), Hierom. (September 26, 1924 - June 18, 1925), released early, sent into exile
mts. Anna Lykoshina (October 1924 – 11 October 1925), died in the camp
Arseny (Smolenets), bishop. Rostov (1923 - 1925), released
Cyprian (Komarovsky), bishop. (1923 - 1925), exiled to Vladivostok
ssmch. Konstantin Bogoslovsky, prot. (March 30, 1923 - 1925), released
Vladimir Volagurin, Fr. (March 30, 1923 - not earlier than 1925), further fate unknown
Gabriel (Abalymov), bishop. (May 16, 1923 – May 1926), released
Mitrofan (Grinev), bishop. Aksaysky (June 1923 - June 1926), exiled to Alatyr
ssmch. Zechariah (Lobov), bishop. Aksaysky (September 26, 1924 - September 3, 1926), sent into exile in Krasnokokshaisk (Yoshkar-Ola)
Nikolai Libin, prot. (September 26, 1924 - September 1926), released
Pitirim (Krylov), igum. (December 14, 1923 - November 19, 1926), transferred to a special settlement
Pavel Diev, prot. (February 22, 1924 - December 3, 1926), exiled to Ust-Sysolsk (Syktyvkar, Komi)
ssmch. John Pavlovsky, Rev. (May 21, 1921 - 1926)
ssmch. Arseny Troitsky, prot. (May 16, 1923 - 1926), released
ssmch. Ignatius (Sadkovsky), bishop. Belevsky (September 14, 1923 - 1926), released
Peter (Sokolov), bishop. Volsky (1923 - 1926), released
Seraphim (Shamshev), Hierom. (1923 - 1926), exiled to the Urals
Sergiy Gorodtsov, prot. (1924 - 1926), sent into exile
mch. Stefan Nalivaiko (October 26, 1923 - 1926), exiled to Kazakhstan
Nikon (Purlevsky), bishop. Belgorodsky (May 27, 1925 - July 27, 1927), released and exiled to Siberia
ssmch. Alexander Sakharov, prot. (October 22, 1924 – August 7, 1927), died in camp
Manuel (Lemeshevsky), bishop. Luzhsky (February 3, 1924 – September 16, 1927), released
Vasily (Belyaev), bishop. Spas-Klepikovsky (1926 - 1927), released
ssmch. Eugene (Zernov), archbishop. (1924 - 1927), sent into exile
mch. John Popov, prof. MDA (1925 - 1927), sent into exile
ssmch. John Steblin-Kamensky, prot. (September 26, 1924 - 1927), released
Seraphim (Meshcheryakov), Met. Stavropolsky (September 25, 1925 - 1927), released
ssmch. Sergius Znamensky, prot. (1926 - 1927), released
Sofroniy (Starkov), bishop. (1923 - 1927), exiled to Siberia
Tarasy (Livanov) (1924 - 1927/28), released
prmch. Anatoly (Seraphim) Tjevar (June 19, 1925 - January 1928)
prmch. Innokenty (Trouble), archim. (December 17, 1926 – January 6, 1928), died in camp
ssmch. Amphilochius (Skvortsov), bishop. Krasnoyarsk (1926 - April 1928), released
Gleb (Pokrovsky), archbishop. Permsky (March 26, 1926 - August 24, 1928), released with restrictions in choosing a place to live
ssmch. Vasily (Zelentsov), bishop. Priluksky (September 24, 1926 - October 22, 1928), released early and deported to Siberia
Ambrose (Polyansky), bishop. Kamyanets-Podilsky (May 21, 1926 - November 30, 1928), exiled
ssmch. Procopius (Titov), bishop. Kherson (May 26, 1926 - December 1928), exiled to the Urals
ssmch. Iuvenaly (Maslovsky), archbishop. Kursky (1924 - 1928), released
Vasily Gundyaev (1923 - no later than 1928), released
ssmch. Innokenty (Tikhonov), bishop. Ladoga (1925 - c. 1928), exiled to Vologda
ssmch. Peter (Zverev), archbishop. Voronezhsky (spring 1927 - February 7, 1929), died in a camp hospital
Kornily (Sobolev), archbishop of Sverdlovsk (May 1927 -?), then sent into exile
Theodosius (Almazov), archim. (July 17, 1927 - July 6, 1929), released and exiled to the Narym Territory
ssmch. Hilarion (Troitsky), archbishop. Vereisky (January 1924 - October 14, 1929), exiled to Kazakhstan
Boris (Shipulin), archbishop. Tulsky (March 9, 1928 - October 24, 1929), released early with deportation to the Vologda province.
ssmch. Anthony (Pankeev), bishop. Mariupol (1926 - 1929), sent into exile
Spanish Petr Cheltsov, prot. (June 19, 1927 - 1929), released
ssmch. Joasaph (Zhevakhov), bishop. Dmitrievsky (September 16, 1926 - late 1929), exiled to the Narym Territory
Vladimir Khlynov, prot. (1920s), released
ssmch. Nikolai Vostorgov, Fr. (December 1929 – February 1, 1930), died in camp
ssmch. Vasily Izmailov, prot. (August 26, 1927 – February 22, 1930), died in camp
ssmch. Alexy (Buy), bishop. Kozlovsky (May 17, 1929 - February 1930), transferred to Voronezh
ssmch. John Steblin-Kamensky, archpriest, 2nd time (August 16, 1929 - April 23, 1930), arrested in a camp, transferred to Voronezh and shot
acc. Agapit (Taube), mon. (March 1928 - May 23, 1930), exiled to the Northern Territory for three years
acc. Nikon (Belyaev), Hierom. (March 1928 - May 23, 1930), exiled to the Northern Territory for three years
ssmch. Seraphim (Samoilovich), archbishop. Uglichsky (1929 - autumn 1930), transferred to Belbaltlag
mch. Leonid Salkov (1927 - 1930), exiled to the Mezhdurechensky district of the Vologda region.
mch. Vladimir Pravdolyubov (August 8, 1929 – c. 1930), exiled to Velsk
Sergei Konev, prot. (December 5, 1927 – c. 1930), released
ssmch. Nikolai Simo, prot. (March 16, 1931), arrested in the camp immediately after arrival and transferred to Leningrad
ssmch. Vladimir Vvedensky, Fr. (March 30, 1930 - April 3, 1931), died in the hospital of the Calvary-Crucifixion Skete
ssmch. German (Ryashentsev), bishop. Vyaznikovsky (January 1930 - April 10, 1931), further term of imprisonment was replaced by exile
ssmch. Victor (Ostrovidov), Bishop Glazovsky (July 1928 - April 10, 1931), exiled to the Northern Territory
Avenir Obnovlensky, (October 8, 1929 - May 1931), exiled to Ust-Tsilma
ssmch. Sergiy Goloshchapov (November 20, 1929 - summer 1931), sent into exile
Spanish Nikolai Lebedev, Fr. (November 3, 1929 - August 9, 1931), exiled to Mezen
acc. Alexander (Orudov), igum. (October 30, 1928

A chapter from the memoirs of Sozerko Malsagov, dedicated to the situation of women in the Solovetsky concentration camp. An excellent sketch of the manners of the early Soviets.
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CHAPTER 9

FATE OF WOMEN

Terrible company - How card debts are paid - Chekist harem - "Ruble" women - Venereal diseases.

The greatest benefit that has fallen to the political is that their wives and children do not have to come into contact with criminals. The company of these women is terrible.

There are currently about 600 women in the Solovetsky camps. In the monastery, they are settled in the "women's building" - in the Kremlin. On Popov Island, barrack No. 1 and some others are allotted to them. Three-quarters of them are wives, mistresses, relatives and simply accomplices of criminals.

Officially, women are deported to Solovki and the Narym Territory for "permanent prostitution." At certain intervals in major cities European Russia raids are undertaken against prostitutes in order to send them to concentration camps. Prostitutes, who under the Soviet regime organized themselves into a kind of official trade union, from time to time organize street processions in Moscow and Petrograd to protest against raids and expulsions, but this does little good. The nature and way of life of these women is so wild that their description to anyone not familiar with the conditions of the Solovetsky prison may seem like the delirium of a madman. For example, when criminals go to the bathhouse, they undress in advance in their barracks and walk completely naked around the camp to the peals of laughter and approving exclamations of the Solovetsky personnel.

Criminals, just like men, join gambling card games. But if they lose, they can hardly pay with money, decent clothes or food. They don't have any of that. As a result, every day you can be a witness to wild scenes. Women play cards on the condition that the loser is obliged to immediately go to the men's barracks and give herself to ten men in a row. All this must take place in the presence of official witnesses. The camp administration never interferes in this disgrace.

One can imagine the feeling that criminals evoke in educated women from the counter-revolutionary category. The most disgusting curses, along with which the names of God, Christ, the Mother of God and all the saints are mentioned, general drunkenness, indescribable debauchery, theft, unsanitary conditions, syphilis - this turns out to be too much even for a person with a strong character.

To send an honest woman to Solovki means in a few months to turn her into something worse than a prostitute, into a lump of mute dirty flesh, into an object of barter in the hands of the camp staff.

Each Chekist on Solovki has from three to five concubines at the same time. Toropov, who in 1924 was appointed assistant to the Kemsky commandant for the economic part, established an official harem in the camp, constantly replenished according to his taste and order. The Red Army soldiers guarding the camp rape women with impunity.

According to camp rules, 25 women are selected daily from counter-revolutionaries and criminals to serve the Red Army soldiers of the 95th division guarding Solovki. The soldiers are so lazy that the prisoners even have to make their beds.

For the headman of the Kemsky camp, Chistyakov, the women not only cook dinner and clean their shoes, but even wash it. For this, the youngest and most attractive women are usually selected. And the Chekists treat them the way they want. All women in Solovki are divided into three categories. The first is “ruble”, the second is “half-ruble”, the third is “fifteen-penny” (five-altyn). If anyone from the camp administration asks for a “first-class” woman, i.e., a young counter-revolutionary from among the newly arrived in the camp, he says to the guard: “Bring me a ruble.

An honest woman who refuses the "improved" rations that the Chekists assign to their concubines, very soon dies of malnutrition and tuberculosis. Such cases are especially frequent on the Solovetsky Island. There is not enough bread for the whole winter. Until navigation begins and new supplies of food are brought in, the already meager rations are cut by almost half.

Chekists and punks infect women with syphilis and other venereal diseases. How widespread these diseases are in Solovki can be judged by the following fact. Until recently, patients with syphilis were housed on Popov Island in a special hut (No. 8). In connection with the subsequent increase in morbidity, barrack No. 8 could no longer accommodate all patients. Even before my escape, the administration "allowed" this problem by placing them in other barracks with healthy people. Naturally, this led to a rapid increase in the number of infected people.

When harassment encounters resistance, security officers do not hesitate to take revenge on their victims.

At the end of 1924, a very attractive girl was sent to Solovki - a Polish girl of about seventeen. She and her parents were sentenced to death for "spying for Poland." The parents were shot. And the girl, since she has not reached the age of majority, the highest measure punishment was replaced by exile to Solovki for ten years.

The girl had the misfortune to attract Toropov's attention. But she had the courage to refuse his disgusting advances. In retaliation, Toropov ordered her to be brought to the commandant's office and, putting forward a false version of "concealing counter-revolutionary documents", stripped naked and in the presence of the entire camp guard carefully felt the body in those places where, as it seemed to him, it was best to hide the documents.

On one of the February days, a very drunk Chekist Popov appeared in the women's barracks, accompanied by several other Chekists (also drunk). He unceremoniously climbed into bed with Madame X, a lady belonging to the highest circles of society, exiled to Solovki for a period of ten years after the execution of her husband. Popov dragged her out of bed with the words: “Would you like to take a walk with us behind the wire?” For women it meant being raped. Madame X, was delirious until the next morning.

Uneducated and semi-educated women from the counter-revolutionary environment were mercilessly exploited by the Chekists. Particularly deplorable is the fate of the Cossacks, whose husbands, fathers and brothers were shot, and they themselves were exiled.

Solovki is a terrible, shameful page in history Soviet Union. Broken destinies, crippled souls. More than a million tortured people. Now it is customary to hush up the shameful moments of the country's past. But HistoryTime thinks otherwise, and therefore today we will talk about the most terrible prison in the USSR.

In the beginning there was an ELEPHANT. Do not rush to smirk at such a funny abbreviation. Many citizens of the Soviet Union were afraid of this word, like fire. And how not to be afraid, if it denoted a place from which they did not return? SLON - Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp. Among the people - Solovki.

It was founded back in tsarist times - especially for the very first revolutionaries, members of the socialist parties. By the time they were imprisoned in the SLON, they were already hardened campers, but the Solovki amazed even them. Absolutely monstrous conditions, sophisticated mockery of the psyche and body ...

There were also criminals. But the most striking thing was that absolutely all the clergy were driven into this camp, which, after the ban on religion, continued to conduct services, give communion and confess the parish.

It is an unbearable torment to walk three of us through the swamp, holding in our hands a bow of a railroad bed weighing one hundred and sixty kilograms. By ten o'clock the three old men were completely exhausted. One of them, Kolokoltsov ... lay down on the ground with the words: “Better kill me! I can't do it anymore!..” Kolokoltsov died of a heart attack at about four o'clock in the morning.

In the second half of the 1930s, when the repressions reached their peak, many scientists, cultural figures, workers of the Comintern who were objectionable to the authorities were sent to Solovki ...

To understand what Solovki is, we can recall concentration camps Nazi Germany. The Soviet camps, unfortunately, can be called their predecessors. Yes, there is clearly nothing to be proud of.

In desperation, many women kill their children and throw them into the forest or into the latrines, and then commit suicide themselves. "Mamoks" who kill their children are sent by the IDF to the women's punishment cell on the Hare Islands, five kilometers from Bolshoi Solovetsky Island.

Solovki became an "experimental" platform, where they developed the most sophisticated methods of punishment and interrogation, later used in the Gulag. Psychological pressure, bodily tortures, demonstration executions... More than a million Soviet citizens passed through the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp from 1920 to 1939. Over a million! The vast majority, as they say, guilty without guilt, suffered from an unfair trial. Only a few hundred returned home. A few hundred out of a million...

People were shot during the day. Well, couldn't it be quiet at night? Why is it quiet? And then the bullet goes to waste. In daytime density, the bullet has educational value. She strikes like a dozen at a time.

They shot in another way - right at the Onufrievsky cemetery, behind the zhenbarak (the former hospice for pilgrims) - and that road past the zhenbarak was called that firing squad. One could see how, in winter, a man was led through the snow there barefoot in only his underwear (this is not for torture! This is so that shoes and uniforms do not disappear!) With hands tied with wire behind his back - and the convict proudly, straightly holds on with his lips alone, without help hands, smokes the last cigarette in his life.

In 1937, SLON was renamed STON - the Solovetsky Special Purpose Prison. And it really was a groan - a groan of the people suffering because of totalitarianism in their state.

In 1939, the history of STON was disbanded. Soviet citizens as if given a sip fresh air... but it was immediately blocked. Chronicle began a new shameful page Soviet history and she became...

To be continued…