Battle of Kulikovo briefly. Battle of Kulikovo briefly the most important video

In the summer of 1380, terrible news came to Prince Dmitry Ivanovich in Moscow: the Tatar lord, temnik Mamai, with the entire Golden Horde, was going to Russia. Not satisfied with the power of the Tatar and Polovtsian, the Khan hired more detachments of Besermen (Transcaspian Muslims), Alans, Circassians and Crimean friags (Genoese). Moreover, he entered into an alliance with the enemy of Moscow, the Lithuanian prince Jagail, who promised to unite with him. The news added that Mamai wanted to completely exterminate the Russian princes, and plant his own Baskaks in their place; even threatens to eradicate the Orthodox faith and replace it with the Muslim one. The messenger of Prince Oleg of Ryazan announced that Mamai had already crossed to the right side of the Don and roamed to the mouth of the Voronezh River, to the limits of the Ryazan land.

Mamai. Artist V. Matorin

Dmitry Ivanovich first of all resorted to prayer and repentance. And then he sent messengers to all ends of his land with a command that the governors and governors hasten with military people to Moscow. He also sent letters to the neighboring Russian princes, asking them to go to the aid of the squads as soon as possible. First of all, Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovskaya came to the call. From all sides, military men and henchmen of the princes began to gather in Moscow.

Meanwhile, the ambassadors of Mamai arrived and demanded the same tribute that Russia paid under Khan Uzbek, and the same humility that was under the old khans. Dmitry gathered the boyars, henchmen of the princes and clergy. The clergy said that it was fitting to quench Mamaev's rage with a great tribute and gifts, so that Christian blood would not be shed. These tips were respected. Grand Duke presented the Tatar embassy and sent Ambassador Zakhary Tyutchev to the khan with many gifts and peace proposals. However, there was a bad hope to propitiate the evil Tatar, and military preparations continued. As the number of people going to Moscow increased Russian militia, militant enthusiasm grew in the Russian people. The recent victory on the Vozha was in everyone's memory. The consciousness of Russian national unity and Russian strength grew.

Soon a messenger from Zakhary Tyutchev rode up with new bad news. Tyutchev, having reached the Ryazan limits, found out that Mamai was going to Moscow land and that not only Jagiello Lithuanian, but also Oleg Ryazansky had stuck to him. Oleg invited Jagail to divide the Moscow volosts and assured Mamai that Dmitry would not dare to go against the Tatars and would run away to the north. Khan agreed with Jagail and Oleg to converge on the banks of the Oka on the first of September.

The news of the betrayal of Oleg Ryazansky did not shake his determination, Prince Dmitry. On the general council they decided to go towards Mamai in the steppe, and, if possible, to prevent his connection with Jagail and Oleg. Dmitry sent messengers with letters to the princes and governors who had not yet had time to come to Moscow to go to Kolomna, which was designated as the assembly place for all militias. The Grand Duke equipped an equestrian reconnaissance detachment, under the command of Rodion Rzhevsky, Andrei Volosaty and Vasily Tupik. They had to go to the Don steppe under the very Orda Mamaev in order to "get the language", i.e. captives, from whom it would be possible to learn exactly about the intention of the enemy.

Without waiting for news from these scouts, Dmitry equipped a second watchman. On the way, she met Vasily Tupik, who had been dispatched from the first. The scouts arrived in Moscow and informed the prince that Mamai was going to Russia with the entire Horde, that the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and Ryazan were indeed in alliance with him, but that the Khan was in no hurry: he was waiting for Jagiello’s help and was waiting for autumn, when the fields in Russia would be harvested and the Horde can use ready stocks. Going to Russia, the khan sent an order to his uluses: “do not plow the land and do not worry about bread; be ready for Russian bread."

Dmitry Ivanovich ordered the regional regiments to rush near Kolomna by August 15, by Assumption Day. Before the campaign, he went to take a blessing from St. Sergius of Radonezh, to the monastery of the Trinity. She was not yet distinguished by majestic stone buildings, or the heads of rich temples, or numerous brethren; but was already famous for the exploits of Sergius of Radonezh. The glory of his spiritual insight was so great that the princes and boyars asked for his prayers and blessings; Metropolitans Alexei and Cyprian turned to him for advice and help.

On August 15, 1380, Dmitry Ivanovich arrived at Trinity, accompanied by some princes, boyars, and many nobles. He hoped to hear some prophetic word from the holy man. Having stood through Mass and accepted the hegumen's blessing, the Grand Duke shared a modest monastic meal with the monk.

After the meal, Abbot Sergius said to him:

“Almost gifts and honor the wicked Mamai; yes, seeing your humility, the Lord God will exalt you, and will bring down his indomitable rage and pride.

“I have already done this, father,” answered Dmitry. “But most of all, he ascends with great pride.”

“If so,” said the Reverend, “then, of course, destruction and desolation await him; and to you from the Lord God and the Most Pure Mother of God and his saints will be help, and mercy, and glory.

Blessing of Sergius of Radonezh for the Battle of Kulikovo. Artist P. Ryzhenko

Two monks stood out from among the monastic brethren with their tall stature and strong build. Their names were Peresvet and Oslyabya; before entering the monastery, they were known as heroes and were distinguished feats of arms. Peresvet, who in the world bore the name of Alexander, was from the genus of the Bryansk boyars.

“Give me these two warriors,” Grand Duke Sergius said.

The monk ordered both brothers to get ready for military work. The monks immediately donned weapons. Sergius gave each of them a schema with a cross sewn on it.

Releasing the guests, Sergius of Radonezh signed the Grand Duke and his companions with the cross and again said in a prophetic voice:

“The Lord God will be your helper and intercessor; He will conquer and overthrow your adversaries and glorify you.”

Reverend Sergius was a fiery Russian patriot. He passionately loved his homeland and yielded to no one in zeal for its liberation from the shameful yoke. The prophetic words of the monk filled the heart of the Grand Duke with joy and hope. Returning to Moscow, he did not hesitate to speak any longer.

Performance of the Russian rati on the Kulikovo field

If we recall the preparations of the southern Russian princes for a campaign against Kalka against the then unknown Tatars, we will see a great difference. princes, Mstislav Udaloy Galitsky, Mstislav of Kyiv, accustomed to victories over the steppe barbarians, went to the steppes noisily and cheerfully; competed with each other; and some thought how to attack the enemy before others, so as not to share victory and booty with them. Now it's not. Taught by bitter experience and humbled by the heavy yoke, the North Russian princes, gathered around Dmitry, humbly and unanimously follow their leader. The Grand Duke himself prepares for the case deliberately and carefully; and most importantly, he undertakes everything with prayer and with the blessing of the church.

On August 20, the army set out on a campaign. Dmitry Ivanovich with princes and governors fervently prayed in the cathedral church of the Dormition; crouching at the tomb of St. Peter the Metropolitan. The bishop interceding for the metropolitan served a parting prayer service. From the Assumption Cathedral, Dmitry moved to the church of the Archangel Michael and there he bowed to the coffins of his father and grandfather. Then he said goodbye to his wife and children and went to the army. It blocked all the streets and squares adjacent to the Kremlin. The selected part of it lined up on Red Square with its rear to Bolshoy Posad (Kitay-gorod), and facing the three Kremlin gates. Priests and deacons overshadowed with crosses and sprinkled warriors.

Seeing the militia on the Kulikovo field. Artist Y. Raksha

The regiments presented a majestic spectacle. Banners fluttered in great numbers above the army on high poles; the raised spears looked like a whole forest. Among the voevoda, Dmitry Ivanovich himself especially stood out both with his grand-ducal attire and with a dignified appearance. He was a tall, stocky man, dark-haired, with a bushy beard and large, intelligent eyes. He was no more than thirty years of age. His beloved cousin Vladimir Andreevich, even younger than Dmitry, left the Kremlin with him. Around them rode a retinue of the improvised princes who had gathered in Moscow, which are: Belozersky Fedor Romanovich and Semyon Mikhailovich, Andrei Kemsky, Gleb Kargopolsky and Kubensky, the princes of Rostov, Yaroslavl, Ustyug, Andrei and Roman Prozorovsky, Lev Kurbsky, Andrei Muromsky, Yuri Meshchersky, Fedor Yeletsky.

The entire Moscow population poured out to see off the militia. Women were wailing, parting with their husbands and relatives. Stopping in front of the army, the Grand Duke said loudly to those around him:

“My dear brothers, let us not spare our lives for the Christian faith, for the holy churches and for the Russian land!”

“We are ready to lay down our heads for the faith of Christ and for you, Sovereign Grand Duke!” - answered from the crowd.

They struck the tambourines, blew the trumpets, and the army set off on a campaign. In order to avoid crowding, the army divided and went to Kolomna by three roads: one, with Vladimir Andreevich, Grand Duke Dmitry released to Bronnitsy, the other with the Belozersky princes sent the Bolvanskaya road, and the third he himself led to the Kotel. A long convoy followed the army. The warriors put the heavier parts of their weapons on the carts. The princes and boyars had with them special carts and numerous servants.

E. Danilevsky. To the Kulikov field

During his absence, the Grand Duke entrusted his family and Moscow to the voivode Fyodor Kobylin (son of Andrei Kobyla, the ancestor of the royal Romanov dynasty). He took with him ten Surozhans, that is, Russian merchants who traveled on trade business to Kafa (Feodosia), Surozh (Sudak) and other Crimean cities. They knew well southern ways, border cities and nomad camps of the Tatars and could serve the army as reliable guides and experienced people for the purchase and search for food.

On August 24, Dmitry Ivanovich reached the city of Kolomna. Here the Grand Duke was met by the governors of the already assembled regiments, as well as the Kolomna Bishop Gerasim and the priests. The next day there was a grand-princely review of the entire army on a wide meadow. Dmitry then divided the entire militia into the usual four regiments and assigned leaders to each. The main or great regiment he left under his command; he also placed the remote princes of Belozersky in his regiment. In addition to their own Moscow squad, in this main regiment there were governors who commanded the following squads: Kolomna - thousand Nikolai Vasilievich Velyaminov, Vladimir - Prince Roman Prozorovsky, Yuriev - boyar Timofey Valuevich, Kostroma Ivan Rodionovich Kvashnya, Pereyaslav - Andrey Serkizovich. Grand Duke Dmitry entrusted the regiment of the right hand to his cousin Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky and gave him the princes of Yaroslavl; under Vladimir, the governors were: the boyars Danilo Belous and Konstantin Kononovich, Prince Fedor Yeletsky, Yuri Meshchersky and Andrei Muromsky. Left hand entrusted to Prince Gleb of Bryansk, and the advanced regiment to Princes Dmitry and Vladimir (Drutsky?).

Here Dmitry Ivanovich was finally convinced of the betrayal of Oleg Ryazansky, who until that moment had been cunning and continued to communicate with Dmitry on friendly terms. Probably, this circumstance prompted the latter, instead of crossing the Oka near Kolomna and entering the borders Ryazan land, dodge a little to the west in order to pass them. Perhaps, by doing this, he gave time to join him to the Moscow detachments that had not yet approached him.

The next morning, the princes set out on a further campaign along the left bank of the Oka. Near the mouths of Lopasna, Timofei Vasilievich Velyaminov joined the army; with the warriors who gathered in Moscow after the speech of the Grand Duke. Dmitry ordered the army in this place to be transported beyond the Oka. After the crossing, he ordered to count all the militia. Our chroniclers obviously exaggerate, saying that they counted more than 200,000 warriors. We will be closer to the truth if we assume that they were with a small one hundred thousand. But in any case, it is clear that the Russian land has never fielded such a great army. And, meanwhile, this army was collected only in the possessions of the Moscow prince and the small appanage princes under his henchmen.

None of the major princes took part in the glorious enterprise, although Dmitry sent messengers everywhere. The princes were either afraid of the Tatars, or jealous of Moscow and did not want to help strengthen it. Not to mention Oleg Ryazansky, the great Prince of Tver Mikhail Alexandrovich also didn't help. Even the father-in-law of the Moscow prince Dmitry Konstantinovich Nizhegorodsky did not send his squads to his son-in-law. Neither Smolensk nor Novgorodians showed up. Dmitry Ivanovich, however, only regretted that he had few foot rati, which could not always keep up with the cavalry. Therefore, he left Timofey Vasilyevich Velyaminov at Lopasna, so that he would gather all the stragglers and bring them into the main army.

The army moved to the upper Don, heading along the western Ryazan borders. The Grand Duke strictly ordered that the warriors on the campaign should not offend the inhabitants, avoiding any reason to irritate the Ryazans. The entire transition was completed quickly and safely. The weather itself favored him: although autumn was beginning, there were clear, warm days, and the soil was dry.

During the campaign, two Olgerdovichs arrived with their squads to Dmitry Ivanovich, Andrei Polotsky, who then reigned in Pskov, and Dmitry Koribut Bryansky. This latter, like his brother Andrei, having quarreled with Jogail, temporarily joined the number of assistants to the prince of Moscow. The Olgerdoviches were famous for their military experience and could be useful in case of war with their brother Jagail.

The Grand Duke constantly collected news about the position and intentions of the enemies. He sent forward the agile boyar Semyon Melik with selected cavalry. She was instructed to go under the very Tatar watchman. Approaching the Don, Dmitry Ivanovich stopped the regiments and, at a place called Bereza, waited for the lagging foot army. Then the nobles came to him, sent by the boyar Melik with a captured Tatar from the retinue of Mamai himself. He said that the khan was already standing on the Kuzminskaya Gati; moves forward slowly, for everything is waiting for Oleg Ryazansky and Jagail; he does not yet know about the proximity of Dmitry, relying on Oleg, who assured that the Moscow prince would not dare to meet him. However, one can think that in three days Mamai will switch to left side Don. At the same time, news came that Jagiello, who had set out to connect with Mamai, was already standing on the Upa near Odoev.

Dmitry Ivanovich began to confer with the princes and governors.

"Where to fight? he asked. “Should the Tatars wait on this side or be transported to the other side?”

Opinions were divided. Some were inclined not to cross the river and not to leave Lithuania and Ryazan in their rear. But others had a contrary opinion, including the Olgerdovich brothers, who convincingly insisted on crossing the Don.

“If we stay here,” they reasoned, “then we will give place to cowardice. And if we move to the other side of the Don, then a strong spirit will be in the army. Knowing that there is nowhere to run, warriors will fight courageously. And that tongues frighten us with countless Tatar power, then God is not in power, but in truth. They also cited Dmitry known from the chronicles examples of his glorious ancestors: so, Yaroslav, crossing the Dnieper, defeated the accursed Svyatopolok; Alexander Nevsky, crossing the river, struck the Swedes.

The Grand Duke accepted the opinion of the Olgerdoviches, saying to the cautious governors:

“Know that I came here not to look at Oleg or to guard the Don River, but in order to save the Russian land from captivity and ruin, or to lay down my head for everyone. It would be better to go against the godless Tatars than, having come and done nothing, to turn back. Now let us go beyond the Don and there we will either win or lay down our heads for our Christian brothers.”

The letter received from Abbot Sergius had a lot of effect on Dmitry's determination. He again blessed the prince for a feat, encouraged him to fight the Tatars and promised victory.

September 7, 1380, on the eve of the Nativity of the Virgin, Russian army moved closer to Don. The Grand Duke ordered to build bridges for the infantry, and for the cavalry to look for fords - the Don in those places does not differ either in width or in the depth of the current.

Indeed, there was not a single minute to be wasted. Semyon Melik galloped up to the Grand Duke with his watchmen and reported that he had already fought with the advanced Tatar riders; that Mamai is already at Goose Ford; he now knows about the arrival of Dmitry and hurries to the Don in order to block the Russian crossing until the arrival of Jagail, who has already moved from Odoev towards Mamai.

Omens on the night before the Battle of Kulikovo

By nightfall, the Russian army managed to cross the Don and settled on the wooded hills at the confluence of the Nepryadva River. Behind the hills lay a wide ten-verst field called Kulikov; in the middle of it flowed the river Smolka. Behind her, the horde of Mamai broke his camp, who came here by nightfall, and did not have time to interfere with the Russian crossing. On the highest point of the field, the Red Hill, the Khan's tent was set up. The surroundings of the Kulikovo field represented a ravine area, were covered with shrubs, and partly with forest thickets in wet places.

Among the main commanders of Dmitry Ivanovich was Dmitry Mikhailovich Bobrok, a Volyn boyar. In those days, many boyars and nobles from Western and Southern Russia. One of the impecunious Volynsky princes, Dmitry Bobrok, who was married to the sister of the Moscow prince, Anna, belonged to such people. Bobrok has already managed to distinguish himself with several victories. He was reputed to be a very skilled man in military affairs, even a healer. He knew how to guess by various signs, and volunteered to show the Grand Duke signs by which one could find out the fate of the upcoming battle.

The chronicle tells that at night the Grand Duke and Bobrok went to Kulikovo Field, stood between both armies and began to listen. They heard a great cry and a knock, as if a noisy market was taking place or a city was being built. Behind the Tatar camp, the howls of wolves were heard; on the left side, eagles klektal and crows played; and on the right side, over the river Nepryadva, flocks of geese and ducks swirled and flapped their wings, as before a terrible storm.

"What did you hear, mister prince?" Volynets asked.

“I heard, brother, a great fear and a thunderstorm,” answered Dmitry.

"Return, prince, to the Russian regiments."

Dimitri turned his horse. There was great silence on the Russian side of the Kulikovo field.

"What, sir, do you hear?" asked Bobrok.

“I don’t hear anything,” the Grand Duke remarked; - only I saw like a glow emanating from many fires.

“Lord, prince, thank God and all the saints,” said Bobrok: “the lights are a good sign.”

“I have another sign,” he said, dismounted from his horse and crouched to the ground with his ear. He listened for a long time, then stood up and lowered his head.

"What, brother?" Dmitry asked.

The governor did not answer, he was sad, even cried, but finally spoke:

“Lord Prince, there are two signs: one for your great joy, and the other for great sorrow. I heard the earth weeping bitterly and terribly in two: on one side it was as if a woman was crying in a Tatar voice about her children; and on the other side it looks like a girl is crying and in great sorrow. Trust in the mercy of God: you will overcome the filthy Tatars; but your Christian army will fall a great many.

According to the legend, that night the wolves howled terribly on the Kulikovo field, and there were so many of them, as if they had fled from the whole universe. All night long the crows and the croaking of eagles were also heard. Predatory animals and birds, as it were, smelled the smell of numerous corpses.

Description of the Battle of Kulikovo

The morning of September 8 was very foggy: a thick haze made it difficult to see the movement of the regiments; only on both sides of the Kulikovo field were heard the sounds of military trumpets. But at about 9 a.m. the fog began to dissipate, and the sun illuminated the Russian regiments. They took such a position that their right side rested against the ravines and wilds of the Nizhny Dubik river, which flows into the Nepryadva, and with their left side they ran into the Smolka steep ridge, where it makes a northern inversion. Dmitry placed the Olgerdovich brothers on the right wing of the battle, and placed the Belozersky princes on the left. The infantry was for the most part posted in the forward regiment. This regiment was still commanded by the Vsevolodovich brothers; the boyar Nikolai Vasilyevich Velyaminov and Kolomentsy joined him. Gleb Bryansky and Timofei Vasilyevich Velyaminov led the large or medium regiment under the Grand Duke himself. In addition, Dmitry sent another ambush regiment, who instructed his brother Vladimir Andreevich and the aforementioned boyar Dmitry Bobrok. This cavalry regiment ambushed behind the left wing in a dense oak forest above the Smolka River. The regiment was placed in such a way that it could easily reinforce the fighting, and in addition, it covered the wagon trains and communication with the bridges on the Don, the only way of retreat in case of failure.

Morning on the Kulikovo field. Artist A. Bubnov

The Grand Duke on horseback rode around the ranks of soldiers before the battle and said to them: “Beloved fathers and brothers, for the sake of the Lord and the Most Pure Mother of God and for your own salvation, strive for the Orthodox faith and for our brethren.”

On the brow of the great or main regiment stood the Grand Duke's own squad and fluttered his large black banner with the face of the Savior embroidered on it. Dmitri Ivanovich took off the grand duke's gold-woven cloak; put it on the favorite of his boyar Mikhail Brenk, put him on his horse and ordered him to carry a large black banner in front of him. And he covered himself with a simple cloak and moved to another horse. He rode in a sentry regiment in order to attack the enemies with his own hands ahead of him.

In vain did the princes and governors hold him back. “My dear brothers,” answered Dmitry. - If I am your head, then I want to start the battle ahead of you. I will die or I will live - with you.

At about eleven o'clock in the morning the Tatar army moved to the battle in the middle of the Kulikovo field. It was terrible to look at two formidable forces marching at each other. The Russian army was distinguished by scarlet shields and light armor that shone in the sun; and the Tatar from their dark shields and gray caftans from a distance looked like a black cloud. The front Tatar regiment, like the Russian one, consisted of infantry (perhaps hired Genoese condottieri). She moved in a dense column, the back rows laying their spears on the shoulders of the front ones. At some distance from each other, the ratis suddenly stopped. From the Tatar side, a warrior of enormous growth, like Goliath, rode out to the Kulikovo field, in order, according to the custom of those times, to start the battle with single combat. He was from noble people and was called Chelubey.

The monk Peresvet saw him and said to the governors: “This man is looking for his own kind; I want to see him." “Reverend Father Abbot Sergius,” he exclaimed, “help me with your prayer.” And with a spear rode on the enemy. The Tatar rushed towards him. The opponents hit each other with such force that their horses fell to their knees, and they themselves fell dead to the ground.

Peresvet's victory. Artist P. Ryzhenko

Then both armies moved. Dmitry set an example of military courage. He changed several horses, fighting in the advanced regiment; when both advanced ratis mixed up, he rode off to the great regiment. But the turn came to this latter, and he again took a personal part in the battle. And Khan Mamai watched the battle from the top of the Red Hill.

Soon the place of the Battle of Kulikovo became so cramped that the warriors were suffocating in a thick dump. There was nowhere to step aside; from both sides the property of the terrain prevented. None of the Russians remembered such a terrible battle. “Spears broke like straw, arrows fell like rain, and people fell like grass under a scythe, blood flowed in streams.” The Battle of Kulikovo was predominantly hand-to-hand. Many died under horse hooves. But the horses could hardly move from the many corpses that covered the battlefield. In one place the Tatars overcame, in another Russian. The commanders of the front army, for the most part, soon died a heroic death.

The foot Russian army has already perished in battle. Taking advantage of the superiority in numbers, the Tatars upset our front regiments and began to press on the main army, on the regiments of Moscow, Vladimir and Suzdal. A crowd of Tatars broke through to the big banner, cut off its shaft and killed the boyar Brenk, mistaking him for the Grand Duke. But Gleb Bryansky and Timofey Vasilyevich managed to restore order and again close a large regiment. On the right hand, Andrei Olgerdovich defeated the Tatars; but he did not dare to pursue the enemy, so as not to move away from the large regiment, which did not move forward. A strong Tatar horde piled on the latter and tried to break through it; and here many governors have already been killed.

Dmitry and his assistants placed regiments in the Battle of Kulikovo in such a way that the Tatars could not cover them from any side. They had only to break through the Russian system somewhere and then hit him in the rear. Seeing the failure in the center, they furiously rushed to our left wing. Here, for some time, the fiercest battle was in full swing. When the princes Belozersky, who commanded the left regiment, all died the death of heroes, this regiment became confused and began to move back. The large regiment was in danger of being outflanked; the entire Russian army would have been pinned to Nepryadva and would have been exterminated. Frantic whooping and victorious cliques of the Tatars were already heard on the Kulikovo field.

I. Glazunov. Temporary advantage Tatars

But for a long time, Prince Vladimir Andreevich and Dmitry Volynets followed the battle from ambush. The young prince was eager to fight. Many other passionate youths shared his impatience. But an experienced governor held them back.

The fierce battle of Kulikovo had already lasted for two hours. Until now, the Tatars were helped by the fact that sunlight hit the Russians right in the eyes, and the wind blew in their faces. But little by little the sun set from the side, and the wind pulled in the other direction. The left wing, which was leaving in disorder, and the Tatar army chasing it, caught up with the oak forest, where the ambush regiment was stationed.

“Now our time has come! Bobrok exclaimed. “Be brave, brethren and friends. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit!”

V. Matorin, P. Popov. Ambush Regiment Strike

“Like falcons on a herd of cranes,” the Russian ambush squad rushed to the Tatars. This unexpected attack by fresh troops confused the enemies, who were tired of the long battle on the Kulikovo field and had lost their military formation. They were soon completely destroyed.

Meanwhile, Dmitry Olgerdovich, placed with his detachment behind a large regiment (in reserve), closed his side, which opened with the retreat of the left wing, and the main Tatar force, which continued to press on a large Russian regiment, did not have time to upset him. Now, when a significant part of the enemy army was dispersed and the ambush squad arrived in time. The Tatars, who attacked ardently at the beginning of the battle, had already managed to get tired. Their main army trembled and began to retreat. On the descent of the Red Hill, reinforced by the last khan's forces, the Tatars near their camps stopped and again entered the battle. But not for long. The Russians covered the enemies from all sides. The entire Tatar horde turned into a wild flight from the Kulikovo field. Mamai himself and his neighbor murzas rode into the steppe on fresh horses, leaving the camp with a lot of good things to the winners. Russian cavalry units drove and beat the Tatars to the very river Mechi, at a distance of about forty miles; moreover, they captured many camels laden with various property, as well as entire herds of horned and small livestock.

“But where is the Grand Duke?” - Asked each other at the end of the Battle of Kulikovo, the surviving princes and governors.

Vladimir Andreevich "stand on the bones" and ordered the assembly to be blown. When the army converged, Vladimir began to ask who had seen the Grand Duke. In all directions of the Kulikov field, he sent out vigilantes to look for Dmitry and promised a big reward to those who find him.

Finally, two Kostroma residents, Fyodor Sabur and Grigory Khlopishchev, saw the Grand Duke lying under the branches of a felled tree; he was alive. The princes and boyars hurried to the indicated place and bowed to the ground to the Grand Duke.

Dimitri opened his eyes with difficulty and got to his feet. His helmet and armor were cut off; but they protected him from the edge of swords and spears. However, the body was covered with sores and bruises. Bearing in mind the considerable corpulence of Dmitry, we will understand to what extent he was harassed by a long battle and how he was stunned by blows, most of which fell on the head, shoulders and stomach, especially when he lost his horse and fought off enemies on foot. It was already night. Dmitry was put on a horse and taken to a tent.

The next day was Sunday. Dmitry first of all prayed to God and thanked Him for the victory; then went to the army. With the princes and boyars, he began to go around the Kulikovo field. Sad and terrible was the sight of the field, covered with heaps of corpses and pools of dried blood. Christians and Tatars lay mingled with each other. The Belozersky princes Fyodor Romanovich, his son Ivan and nephew Semyon Mikhailovich, were lying together with some of their relatives and many warriors. Counting with the Belozerskys, up to fifteen Russian princes and princes fell in the Battle of Kulikovo, including the two brothers Tarussky and Dmitry Monastyrev.

Kulikovo field. Standing on the bones Artist P. Ryzhenko

The Grand Duke shed tears over the corpses of his favorite Mikhail Andreevich Brenk and the great boyar Nikolai Vasilyevich Velyaminov. Among those killed were also: Semyon Melik, Valuy Okatievich, Ivan and Mikhail Akinfovichi, Andrey Serkizov and many other boyars and nobles. Monk Oslyabya was also among the fallen.

The Grand Duke remained for eight days near the site of the Battle of Kulikovo, giving the army time to bury their brothers and rest. He ordered to count the number of the remaining rati. Only forty thousand were found; consequently, far more than half fell on the share of the dead, wounded and faint-hearted, who abandoned their banners.

Meanwhile, on September 8, Jagiello Lithuanian was only one day away from the place of the Battle of Kulikovo. Having received news of the victory of Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow, he hastily went back.

The return journey of the troops of Dmitry Donskoy from the Kulikovo field

Finally, the Russian army set out on the return campaign from the Kulikovo field. Her convoy was enlarged by a multitude of wagons captured from the Tatars, loaded with clothes, weapons and all sorts of goods. The Russians brought back to their homeland many seriously wounded warriors in decks of sawn lengthwise cuts with a hollowed out middle. Passing along the western Ryazan limits, the Grand Duke again forbade the army to offend and rob the inhabitants. But it seems that this time things did not go off without some hostile clashes with the Ryazan people. When Dmitry, leaving behind the main army, arrived in Kolomna with light cavalry (September 21), at the city gates he was met by the same Bishop Gerasim, who performed a thanksgiving service. After spending four days in Kolomna, the Grand Duke hastened to Moscow.

Messengers have long informed the inhabitants of the glorious victory in the Battle of Kulikovo, and the people's rejoicing has come. September 28 Dmitry solemnly entered Moscow. He was met by a joyful wife, many people, clergy with crosses. The liturgy and thanksgiving service were performed in the Dormition Church. Dmitry clothed the wretched and the poor, and especially the widows and orphans left after the slain soldiers.

From Moscow, the Grand Duke with the boyars went to the monastery of the Trinity. “Father, with your holy prayers I defeated the infidels,” Dmitry said to Abbot Sergius. The Grand Duke generously endowed the monastery and the brethren. The bodies of the monks Peresvet and Oslyabya were buried near Moscow in the Nativity Church of the Simonov Monastery, the founder of which was the nephew of Sergius of Radonezh, Fedor, at that time the confessor of Grand Duke Dmitry. At the same time, many churches were founded in honor of the Nativity of the Virgin, since the victory took place on the day of this holiday. The Russian Church established an annual celebration of the memory of those killed on the Kulikovo field on Dmitrov Saturday, for September 8, 1380 fell on Saturday.

The meaning of the Battle of Kulikovo

The Moscow people rejoiced at the great victory and glorified Dmitry and his brother Vladimir, giving the first nickname Donskoy, and the second Brave. The Russians hoped that the Horde would be crushed to dust and the Tatar yoke thrown off forever. But this hope was not destined to come true so soon. Two years later, Moscow was to be burned during the campaign of Khan Tokhtamysh!

But the closer we get acquainted with the feat accomplished by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380, the more we become convinced of its greatness. At present, it is not easy for us to imagine what labors five hundred years ago cost the Grand Duke of Moscow to gather and bring one hundred or one and a half hundred thousand people to the battlefield of Kulikovo! And not only to collect them, but also to rally the rather diverse parts of this militia into a single army. The glory of the Kulikovo victory strengthened the people's sympathy for the Moscow collectors of Russia and contributed a lot to the cause of state unification.

According to the works of the largest Russian historian D. Ilovaisky

The Battle of Kulikovo is famous battle which took place in 1380. The battle took place on the south side, where the bank of the Don River was located, or to be more precise, on the Kulikovo field. That is why this battle was called - Kulikovo. Exact date battle - September 8, 1380. The battle was fought between two opponents, one of which was the Tatar-Mongol conqueror, Khan Mamai, and the other, Moscow Prince Dmitry.

The battle was fierce, but both sides were strong, as Tatar-Mongol Khan was really large army, although the prince had quite a few brave fighters. Such a war went between these two opponents not in vain, because the Horde used to be the most important force over all Russian lands.

But when the princes felt own strength- they decided to repulse these Tatars, who brazenly ravaged their lands. That is why Prince Dmitry finally broke off relations with the Mongol-Tatars. Naturally, this angered the new adversary. To begin with, the prince walked through the lands of the Horde, and captured several cities that belonged to the Horde. And the horde turned out to be not fully prepared for the battle, which is why it turned out to be quite easy to conquer the cities.

More about the Battle of Kulikovo

For a long time the Russian principalities were under the rule of the Golden Horde. This happened because of their fragmentation, civil strife at a time when the Mongols began to encroach on Russia. But, at the beginning of the 15th century, the power and influence of the invaders began to wane. And the Moscow lands were gaining power. Dmitry Ivanovich was in the principality there. In the future, he will receive the nickname Donskoy, for the victory over the Mongols on the Kulikovo field, near the Dnieper, in 1380.

Prince Dmitry refused to pay tribute when the Mongols wanted to increase it in size. The tax from the conquered lands was then collected by the Mongolian governors - the Baskaks. They informed their ruler about the refusal to pay. Mongolian Khan Mamai, having learned about the disobedience of the Moscow prince, moved to the Russian lands with his army. Dmitry, having learned about this, began to gather an army to repulse the invaders. The prince turned to other Russian principalities, urging them to join him against the Horde. However, not many responded to his call. The principalities of Smolensk and Vladimir took part in this battle. The rest, who remained silent, and who even spoke on the enemy side.

Before the start of the battle, Dmitry visited St. Sergius of Radonezh, asking him for advice and blessings. And the saint blessed the prince and the Russian army for this battle.

Mamaev's army significantly outnumbered the Russian one. It included not only the Horde. There were also many mercenaries, including those from Russian lands. Lithuanian, Ossetian soldiers fought on his side.

Dmitry approached the battle cunningly. On September 7, regiments were distributed. Behind the front line, the prince posted infantry, and horse regiments marched on the left and right sides. And yet, he resorted to one trick. An ambush regiment was hidden in the forest, which helped to win.

At night, the army moved to the right bank of the Don. They burned their bridges behind them.

And at the dawn of the next day, opponents met on the famous field, located near the mouth of the Don and Nepryavda rivers.

Annalistic evidence of a preliminary duel between the two strongest warriors of both sides has been preserved. Peresvet spoke from the Russian army, and Chelubey from the Horde. However, no one's strength outweighed. Both warriors turned out to be equal to each other and, inflicting mortal wounds on one another, both collapsed dead.

And after this duel, the Russian army and the Horde met in battle. The advantage was on the side of the enemy. There were about 10,000 soldiers in the Russian army, although according to chronicle evidence, much more. Historians came to a smaller amount, considering that such a number of people did not fit in a rather small area. In any case, the enemy was outnumbered. But, at the most difficult moment for the Russian army, a reserve regiment came to the rescue. He suddenly appeared from the forest. The Mongols, thinking that their even greater force had arrived in time to help the Russians, got scared and fled from the battlefield. The Prince of Moscow himself was wounded in battle. The battle did not last long - a few hours, but many people died.

The victory in the battle on the Kulikovo field remained with the Russian army. It was not decisive. After him, the yoke in Russia lasted for another century. The battle was spectacular. Dmitry Donskoy made it clear that he was not at all omnipotent and invincible Golden Horde that can overthrow her power. However, all Russian lands need to unite against it, that their strength lies in unity, and not in disunity.

There are disputes among scientists about some data about this battle, much information about it is in question. And this applies not only to the size of the armies. The place of the battle itself is in doubt. And some consider the duel of Peresvet with Chelubey to be a fiction of the chronicler.

Battle of Kulikovo and its significance

The battle on the Kulikovo field is one of the brightest moments in the history of Russia. Despite this fact, the battle of the troops Donskoy Dmitry and the hordes of Mamaia in modern history are ostracized. By and large, the named battle is just a fragment of the Horde internecine wars.

First, it is necessary to name the prerequisites for the battle on the Kulikovo field. The time when the battle takes place, 14th century. From school course history remember that the Golden Horde in this time period is in crisis. The main reasons for the crisis were the fragmentation of the Horde and internal military conflicts. Also, an important role was played by the fact that Mamai became the head of the Horde.

AT Kievan Rus changes are also taking place, but unlike the Horde, for the better. The main thing is that the period of fragmentation has ended and Moscow has become the main principality.

Consider 1378. The indicated date is Mamai's first campaign against Moscow, which, by the way, was not crowned with victory.

1380. Tatars claim new size tribute. Dmitry Donskoy ignores this fact. And it was precisely this behavior of the Russian prince that became the reason for the battle on the Kulikovo field.

Ninth month 1380. At Don army is about a hundred warriors. Mamai has more fighters, but not by much. Approximately one hundred and fifty people. Among the Tatars there are also warriors from the Lithuanian principality, because the latter are interested in Russian lands.

The battle itself took place at the mouth of the Nepryavda and Don rivers. In the annals one can find very scarce descriptions of such historical moment. The battle of the strongest men of the warring parties, Chelubey and Peresvet, who fought before the start of the battle, is interesting. But it is worth remembering that not all documents mention this fact, which makes it possible to doubt whether the heroes really existed.

If we talk about the battle itself on the Kulikovo field, then it is worth noting strategic move of the Russian army: luring the Tatar cavalry and the subsequent blow to the rear from an ambush. In this way Tatar troops were pushed back to the river and almost all were killed, and those who remained alive were captured.

In general, analyzing the Battle of Kulikovo from a modern historical point of view, we can conclude that there is a lot of understatement in it. Today it is impossible to reconstruct the course of the battle due to the inconsistency historical sources who talk about her.

What is the significance of the Battle of Kulikovo? The significance of this historical event is great: the young Moscow principality showed its power and combat readiness. Although Russia paid tribute to the Tatars for a long time, the battle became the impetus for its further deliverance from the yoke of foreigners.

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slide 2

More than 100 years have passed since the invasion of Batu. The grandson of Ivan Kalita, Dmitry Ivanovich, reigned in Moscow. Under him, the Moscow principality became even stronger and rose above the others. He built a reliable Kremlin of white stone instead of oak.

slide 3

The thickness of the walls was 2-3 meters. And when another enemy attacked Moscow, the Kremlin brilliantly withstood the siege. For more than 100 years, the white-stone walls and towers of the Kremlin served as reliable protection for Moscow. By the middle of the 15th century, the walls were very dilapidated and in some places were covered with logs. It was then that the Kremlin that we know was erected.

slide 4

Meanwhile, the once mighty Golden Horde was in decline. Seeing her weakness, the Moscow prince ceased to reckon with the will of the khan and sent him less and less tribute.
The enraged ruler of the Horde Mamay decided to teach the recalcitrant prince a lesson and equipped a large army against him.

slide 5

Prince Dmitry Ivanovich was well aware that in order to successfully fight the Mongol-Tatars, all Russian principalities must unite their forces.

slide 6

Prince Dmitry sent fast messengers throughout the Russian land with his letters. In 30 days, such an army gathered that had never before gathered in Russia. There were squads of almost all Russian princes, as well as militias from different cities.

Slide 7

Sergius of Radonezh, the founder of the Trinity Monastery near Moscow, blessed the prince for the battle.
He gave Dmitry two monks of his monastery, warriors glorified in Russia - Peresvet and Oslyabya.

Slide 8

Prince Dmitry swiftly led his army to the south - towards the Mongol ruler Mamai. The troops converged on the Kulikovo field, where the Nepryada River flows into the Don. On September 8, 1380, a battle broke out.

Slide 9

Working with the map

Find on the map (p. 73) the place of the Battle of Kulikovo.
Track the movement of Russian and Mongol-Tatar troops on the map.

Slide 10

Russian troops left the Moscow principality and headed for the Kulikovo field.

The troops of the Mongol-Tatars left the Astrakhan Khanate, crossed the Volga and the Don, after the battle on the Kulikovo field returned.

slide 11

There is a legend that the battle began with a duel between two heroic warriors. The Tatar warrior Chelubey and the Russian warrior Peresvet with spears at the ready rushed at each other and collided at full gallop. Their horses barely resisted, and both warriors struck each other to death.

slide 12

And immediately began a fierce slaughter. Prince Dmitry fought on an equal footing with everyone. The ringing of weapons, the groans of the wounded, the neighing of horses - everything merged into one rumble. Clouds of dust rose over the battlefield and blotted out the sun.

slide 13

Enemies began to push the Russian warriors. And then suddenly the Russian cavalry, which was in ambush, flew out of the forest and hit the enemy. The enemy was confused and soon turned to flight.

Slide 14

Mamai stood on a high hill and watched in dismay the defeat of his hordes.

slide 15

With the victory, the Russian people had a strong hope to free themselves from the power of the Horde.

People associated this hope with the name of Dmitry Donskoy - this is how the people began to call the thirty-year-old prince in memory of the victory on the Don.

slide 16

But only 100 years after the Mamaev massacre, the Russian lands gained complete independence from the Horde. Despite the defeat on the Kulikovo field, the enemy was still strong and numerous.

Battle of Kulikovo (Mamayevo or Battle of the Don) - the decisive battle between the united Russian army led by the Moscow Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy and the army of the temnik of the Golden Horde Mamai, which took place on September 8, 1380 between the rivers Don, Nepryadva and Beautiful Mecha, on the Kulikovo field - a historical area known from medieval sources (currently located in the southeast of the Tula region). Accurate localization of the place of direct combat collision on this moment remains debatable and is presented in scientific publications several versions (S. D. Nechaeva / I. F. Afremova; V. A. Kuchkina / K. P. Florensky; A. E. Petrova; S. N. Azbeleva). The main prerequisite for this military confrontation between Russia and the western part of the Horde was the Battle of the Vozha in 1378, which ended in the defeat of the large Horde detachment of Murza Begich.

Battle of Kulikovo

September 21 (September 8 according to the Julian calendar) is the Day military glory Russia - Victory Day of the Russian regiments led by Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in the Battle of Kulikovo.

background

In the 60s of the XIV century, the strengthening of the Moscow principality in North-Eastern Russia and the temnik of Mamai in the Golden Horde went almost simultaneously, and the Russian princes contributed to the unification of the Horde under the rule of Mamai with their victories over Tagai near the Shishevsky forest in 1365, over Bulat-Temir on R. Drunk in 1367 and a campaign against the middle Volga in 1370.

When in 1371 Mamai gave a label for the great reign of Vladimir to Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tverskoy, Dmitry Ivanovich told Ambassador Achikhozha “I’m not going to the label, I won’t let Prince Mikhail reign in the land of Vladimir, but you, the ambassador, the path is clear”, which was a turning point in relations between Moscow and the Horde. In 1372, Dmitry achieved the termination of Lithuanian assistance to the Principality of Tver (Lyubutsky world), in 1375 he obtained from Tver the recognition of the condition “but the Tatars will go against us or against you, you and I will go against them; if we go to the Tatars, then you will go together with us against them”, after which, already in the spring of 1376, the Russian army, led by D. M. Bobrok-Volynsky, invaded the middle Volga, took 5,000 rubles from Mamaev’s henchmen and planted Russian customs officers there.

Duel of Peresvet with Chelubey

In 1376, Khan of the Blue Horde Arapsha, who went to the service of Mamai from the left bank of the Volga, ruined the Novosilsky principality, avoiding a battle with the Moscow army that had gone beyond the Oka, in 1377 on the river. Pyana defeated the Moscow-Suzdal army, which did not have time to prepare for battle, ruined the Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan principalities.

In 1378, Mamai nevertheless decided on a direct clash with Dmitry, but the army sent by him under the command of Murza Begich suffered a crushing defeat on the river. Vozha. The Ryazan principality was immediately again ruined by Mamai, but in 1378-1380 Mamai lost his position on the lower Volga in favor of Tokhtamysh.

Balance and deployment of forces

Novoskoltsev A. N. "Reverend Sergius blesses Dmitry to fight with Mamai"

The collection of Russian troops was scheduled in Kolomna on August 15. The core of the Russian army marched from Moscow to Kolomna in three parts along three roads. Separately, there was a courtyard of Dmitry himself, separately his regiments cousin Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky and separately the regiments of henchmen Belozersky, Yaroslavl and Rostov princes.

Troops from the Grand Duchies of Suzdal and Smolensk also arrived. According to some sources (the later Nikon chronicle and S. M. Solovyov, who accepted its version), the Tver regiment, brought by Mikhail Alexandrovich's nephew Ivan Vsevolodovich, also participated in the gathering, as well as the Novgorodians who joined immediately before the battle, but historians question the reliability of this information.

Battle of Kulikovo

Already in Kolomna, the primary order of battle was formed: Dmitry led a large regiment; Vladimir Andreevich with Yaroslavl - a regiment of the right hand; Gleb Bryansky was appointed commander of the regiment of the left hand; the advanced regiment was made up of Kolomna.

Received great fame, thanks to the life of Sergius of Radonezh, the episode with the blessing of the army by Sergius in the early sources of the Battle of Kulikovo is not mentioned. There is also a version (V. A. Kuchkin), according to which the story of the life of Sergius of Radonezh blessing Dmitry Donskoy to fight Mamai does not refer to the Battle of Kulikovo, but to the battle on the Vozha River (1378) and is connected in the “Tale of the Mamaev Battle ” and other later texts with the Battle of Kulikovo later, as with a larger event, however, in most sources, the episode of blessing is not in doubt.

The immediate formal reason for the upcoming clash was Dmitry's refusal of Mamai's demand to increase the tribute paid to the amount in which it was paid under Dzhanibek. Mamai counted on joining forces with the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagiello and Oleg Ryazansky against Moscow, while he counted on the fact that Dmitry would not risk withdrawing troops beyond the Oka, but would take a defensive position on its northern bank, as he had already done in 1373 and 1379 . The connection of the Allied forces on the southern bank of the Oka was planned for September 14th.

However, Dmitry, realizing the danger of such a union, on August 26 quickly withdrew his army to the mouth of the Lopasna, crossed the Oka to Ryazan. It should be noted that Dmitry led the army to the Don not along the shortest route, but along an arc west of the central regions of the Ryazan principality, ordered that not a single hair fall from the head of a Ryazan. "Zadonshchina" also mentions 70 Ryazan boyars among the dead on the Kulikovo field. The decision to move the Oka was unexpected not only for Mamai. In Russian cities that sent their regiments to the Kolomna collection, the Oka crossing, leaving the strategic reserve in Moscow, was regarded as a movement to certain death:

“And when they heard in the city of Moscow, and in Pereyaslavl, and in Kostroma, and in Vladimir, and in all the cities of the Grand Duke and all the princes of Russia, that the Grand Duke went beyond the Oka, great sadness came in Moscow and in all its limits, and bitter weeping arose, and the sounds of weeping rang out.

On the way to the Don, in the Berezuy tract, regiments joined the Russian army Lithuanian princes Andrei and Dmitry Olgerdovich. Andrei was Dmitry's governor in Pskov, and Dmitry in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, however, according to some versions, they also brought troops from their former destinies that were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Polotsk, Starodub and Trubchevsk, respectively. The regiment of the right hand, formed in Kolomna, headed by Vladimir Andreevich, then served as an ambush regiment in the battle, with the exception of the Yaroslavl people who stood on the left flank, Andrei Olgerdovich led the regiment of the right hand in the battle, having also received Rostov under his command, about possible rearrangements in the advanced and large shelves is unknown. The historian of military art Razin E. A. points out that the Russian army in that era consisted of five regiments, however, he considers the regiment led by Dmitry Olgerdovich not part of the regiment of the right hand, but the sixth regiment, a private reserve in the rear of a large regiment.

Some time after the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the Russian people began to understand that it was no longer possible to be under the yoke of the Golden Horde. The first who dared to give a decisive rebuff to the invaders was the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich. Let's talk briefly about the Battle of Kulikovo and look at the calendar anniversaries that time.

Weakening of the Golden Horde

After the conquest of the Russian lands, the rulers of the Mongol-Tatar state - the Golden Horde - had no doubt that they had secured a reliable income for themselves. From now on, all Russian princes were obliged to pay a large tribute to the Horde khans - a payment for peace in their lands.

But over time, the once powerful and influential Golden Horde began to decline. Disagreements began to occur within it, a struggle for power began.

In the second half of the 14th century, an impressive part of the Mongol-Tatar state fell into the hands of the Temnik Mamai. In those days, a military leader was called a temnik, who led a tumen - an army of 10 thousand soldiers. Mamai was strong and strong-willed person and obeyed him unquestioningly.

Rice. 1. Temnik Mamai.

Meanwhile, in Russia, the Moscow principality was gaining strength. For two hundred years, the Russian princes regularly paid tribute to the Horde khans, but the situation changed when the grandson of Ivan Kalita, the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich, came to power. Seeing the weakness of the Golden Horde, he realized that the time had come for decisive action.

Preparing for the confrontation

Prince Dmitry was not going to recognize the dominance of the Golden Horde and pay tribute to the Tatars. Seeing no other solution to the issue, he began to prepare for a serious battle.

What have we learned?

When studying the report on the topic “Battle of Kulikovo”, we learned which of the Russian princes for the first time dared to resist the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Following the plan of the program of the 4th grade of the world around us, we found out who won the great battle of Kulikovo, and what significance this battle had in the history of Russia. The study of this topic will be useful for children in grades 3-5.

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