Full name: Yuzhno- African Republic.
Form of government: parliamentary republic.
Administrative division: 9 provinces.
Capitals: Cape Town (legislative), Pretoria (administrative), Bloemfontein (judicial).
Area: 1,219,912 sq. km.
Population: 49,991,300 people.
official languages: English, Afrikaans, Venda, Zulu and seven more languages.

Savannahs and subtropical forests, hot deserts and snow-capped mountain peaks, two ocean coasts and countless natural wonders... This country can surprise anyone, and it is called the Republic of South Africa (hereinafter referred to as South Africa). It is inhabited by friendly and hospitable people of all colors and religions. It is probably no coincidence that the symbol of South Africa is the royal protea - a flower named after the ancient Greek deity Proteus, who could take the form of thousands of living beings. South Africa has no less faces!

Not a short way

South Africa is located somewhere in the middle between the equator and Antarctica - as you might guess from the name, in the very south of the African continent. To get here, for example, from Belarus, you need to endure more than 11 hours of flight - over deserts, steppes and tropical forests. Every day dozens of international airlines land at the airports of Cape Town and Johannesburg. People from all over our planet fly here to admire the amazing nature, sunbathe on the beaches, the sky above which is not clouded by a cloud, watch the wild animals or get acquainted with the traditions of the indigenous people of this land.

Republic of Migrants

The country owes its appearance to Dutch colonists. In the 17th century, they founded a small settlement on the territory of the future South Africa and soon recognized the southern coast of Africa as their homeland. The Boer community (a word meaning “peasant” in Dutch) grew, and many of them explored new lands in search of suitable conditions for trade and agriculture.

At the same time, colonists from England began to settle here. Relations between the “old” and “new” European settlers did not work out well from the very beginning. In the 30s of the 19th century, the Boers, after armed skirmishes with the newly arrived British, decided to go to big Adventure. The so-called Great Migration brought them to the banks of the Orange River, where they found fertile pastures. But half a century passed, and two Anglo-Boer wars thundered at once, in which many British and Dutch died. It was not until 1910 that the Dutch and British colonies reconciled and founded the Union of South Africa, which 40 years later became the independent Republic of South Africa. Thus began the modern history of this state...

Treasures of the Dark Continent

Today, the Republic of South Africa is the most developed country on the entire continent. Its depths are very rich in various natural resources. Gold and coal are mined here, as well as diamonds, which are then used to make beautiful diamonds. There are vineyards on the fertile plains. Winemaking in South Africa has quite a long history - the first South African wine was born in 1659!

South Africa is called the “rainbow country” because people of different races and nationalities live here, “aviation” - because of the clear skies and flying weather, “sports” - because Great love South Africans to sports and, finally, to the “mint of the world”, because South Africa is the world's largest gold producer. But you can be sure that this land has many other interesting “faces” and we will try to see at least some of them. On the road!

Three capitals of one country

South Africa is the only state in the world that does not have one capital. Its residents could not choose which city was the most important, and made three capitals at once - Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein. Moreover, each city is “responsible” for something of its own: Pretoria is the administrative capital, the presidential residence is located here, Cape Town is the legislative capital, where the parliament sits, and Bloemfontein got the title judicial capital- The Supreme Court is located here.

Pretoria-Tshwane

This is a very “cunning” city. Officially, it is considered the capital of South Africa, but on some geographical maps it doesn't exist at all! The fact is that in 2005 the authorities renamed it Tshwane (Tswane). The name “Pretoria” (in honor of the commander-in-chief of the Boer troops) reminded the dark-skinned residents of the country of the times of apartheid.

Some out of habit use the old name, others use the new one, which causes constant confusion. The name “Pretoria” did not disappear completely; it was assigned to one of the city districts.

Today Pretoria-Tshwane is one of the most modern cities in Africa. In the past, it was part of the British colonies, and this is reflected in its current appearance. Because of the European architecture, double-decker buses scurrying through the streets and the ubiquity English speech it is often called “little London”. The city also inherited from the British a rectangular layout of blocks with square areas.

The most important place in the city is the presidential palace with a garden in which... birches grow. And this is in southern Africa! Pretoria is famous for its unique plants, one of which is called jacoranda. Her purple flowers appear between October and November (by the way, this is spring in South Africa). The blossoming of jacoranda can be compared to the blossoming of Japanese cherry blossoms - it is such a beautiful sight. Fountains and swimming pools became another pride of Pretoria. There is even such a curiosity as a water organ!
The main street of Pretoria is Church Street. Walking along it will be quite tiring - you will have to walk 25 km! This is the longest street in the world.

On Church Square there is one of Tshwane's attractions - the monument to Paul Kruger. At the end of the 19th century, this man was for two decades the permanent president of the Transvaal, a republic of Dutch settlers of peasant origin, the Boers. Kruger led a rebellion against English rule. The main street of the city is named in his honor. Kruger also founded the first protected natural area in Africa on the banks of the Limpopo River.

Today National Park Kruger is world famous. It was here that traces of Homo erectus, who lived half a million years ago, were discovered. The central part of the park is home to many animals - such a concentration of different representatives of the fauna is rarely seen anywhere! Lions, leopards, hippos, antelopes, monkeys, elephants, giraffes, as well as small animals and birds live here. Watch life wildlife you can from the windows of a special train.

There is another world-famous place in the vicinity of Pretoria. This is the largest diamond-bearing pipe (quarry) “Premier” with a diameter of 800 m! A hundred years ago, the world’s largest diamond was found here. It weighed more than 3 thousand carats (about 600 grams) and was the size of an adult’s fist. Jewelers spent two years to cut it and cut the stones, resulting in 8 large and 105 small diamonds, which were used to decorate the crown of the English king.

In 2010, the FIFA World Cup was held in South Africa. For this event, the oldest sports facility in South Africa, the Loftus Versfeld Stadium, was reconstructed in Pretoria.

Bloemfontein - the city of roses

The judicial capital of South Africa is the same age as Pretoria. A century and a half ago, a farmer came to the place where Bloemfontein stands today. He liked it good land, on which you can grow a rich harvest. He called this place “The Spring with Flowers”, or, in Afrikaans, Bloemfontein. This is how the “flower” city grew up, famous all over the world for its Royal Rose Park. There are more than 4,000 rose bushes growing here! And in Hamilton Park there is a huge The Cherry Orchard, in which about 6,000 trees were planted. Every spring, a cherry festival is held here and a cherry queen is chosen.

Bloemfontein is the cleanest, most well-groomed and safest city in Africa. In addition to famous buildings - the Parliament Buildings, the Appeal and Supreme Courts, there are many museums: the Afrikaans Music Museum, the Afrikaans Literature Museum, the Theater Museum, as well National Museum. The latter houses unique exhibits - from ancient fossils to a 50-kilogram meteorite found in these places.

The National Women's Memorial stands in the center of the city. The 36.5 meter high sandstone sculpture was erected in honor of the Boer women and children who died during the Boer War. Also born in Bloemfontein famous writer, author of the “Lord of the Rings” saga (see scanword). The house in which he was born still exists. It's called Hobbit House.

Not far from the city there is a favorite place of all travelers - Mount Kva-Kva. Frogs have nothing to do with it. Translated from the local language, the name means “whiter than white.” These mountains are really light because they are made of sandstone. From afar it looks like they are covered in snow!

At the Cape of Good Hope

Cape Town is a special capital, completely different from the other two. If you believe archaeological finds, the first people could have come here about 12 thousand years ago. But the starting point in the history of this city was the era of the Great geographical discoveries. At this time, the first European travelers landed here. The depths of African lands rich in gold and diamonds attracted conquerors here.

Children of the sky

The Zulus are an African people living primarily in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in the Republic of South Africa. Modern Zulus make up about 20% of the South African population. Some of them are carriers of “white culture,” but many aborigines (indigenous people) still shun civilization and do not want to give up their usual way of life.

King Chuck

For a long time, the Zulus were one of the many clans living in South Africa. Everything changed in 1816, when a new leader named Chaka came to power. He was able to create strong army, unite many clans and significantly expand the Zulu possessions.

When Chaka became chief, all men between the ages of 20 and 40 were conscripted into the Zulu army. The exception was shamans. For any violation of discipline, a recruit or even a veteran could be killed! Zulu warriors were armed with large shields (up to 1.3 meters high), which consisted of a wooden frame on which bovine leather, processed in a special way, was stretched. Since it was difficult to introduce uniforms in the hot conditions of South Africa, units in the Zulu army were distinguished by the color of their shields. A traditional clothes Zulu clothing has not changed at all since then - these are leather loincloths and aprons.

The main offensive weapon was the spear. By the way, when Chaka’s army captured European guns, its combat power did not increase: there were few good shooters among the Zulus. But there are plenty of excellent combat dart throwers. At a distance of 25-30 m, any enemy could be hit in the blink of an eye!

Fortress village

The Zulus live in small round huts, shaped like beehives. The buildings are arranged in a circle, around which there is a wooden rampart with watchtowers, and in the center is a fire pit made from cow dung. Such a settlement is called a kraal.

By the way, the Zulus treat cows with great respect. The pen for these animals occupies a place of honor in the village. They even bury the dead here. It is believed that ancestral spirits protect livestock. The number of heads in the herd determines how much high position occupied by Zulu. It is no coincidence that milking cows among these people is an extremely important activity and only men can do it.

Zulu melodies

Like other African peoples, music plays a central role in the life of the Zulus. important place. With its help, they express emotions that are inaccessible to ordinary human speech. In Zulu music, not only rhythm and melody play a significant role, but also harmony - it is called isigubudu.

Zulu music is well known outside of South Africa. It was also spread by white musicians who played together with the Zulus or performed songs by Zulu composers. Among them are American Paul Simon and South African Johnny Clegg.

Caring God

The Zulus worship the god Unkulunkul - the progenitor of people and the creator of everything that is on earth. They believe that he taught people how to make fire, use tools, cultivate the land and raise livestock.

The cult of ancestors is widespread among the Zulus. It is believed that deceased relatives are full members of the community. Ancestral spirits act as intermediaries between people and supreme gods such as Unkulunkulu.

City by two oceans

Cape Town is often called the most beautiful and colorful city in the world. In any case, he could compete for this title. Ocean, mountains, inhabitants of different races and nationalities, many religions and beliefs - you won’t get bored here!

The city is located at the Cape of Good Hope - in the very south of Africa. It was here that the Portuguese Bartolomeu Dias first sailed in the 15th century, looking for sea ​​route from Europe to rich India. He reached, as it seemed to him, the southernmost point of the continent, but was unable to go around it and continue his journey to the east due to strong storms. The rocky coast to which he swam was called “Cape of Storms.” However, the Portuguese king renamed it, hoping that thanks to this the sea route to India would still open.

“Good hope” came true: the brave Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama, ten years after Dias’s journey, circumnavigated Africa from the south and was the first European to find himself in the waters Indian Ocean. And its unusual name was forever attached to the cape. With development geographical science It turned out that the Cape of Good Hope is the most southwestern point of Africa. To the south of it there is another cape, narrow and rocky. Many ships have crashed on its stones.

The Cape of Good Hope is located at an altitude of 300 m above sea level. From the steep shore you can see how two oceans merge: the Indian, greenish-turquoise, and the Atlantic, dark blue. The waves are splashing below, and beyond the horizon is only Antarctica! In this windswept place the famous legend of The Flying Dutchman, or a ghost ship.

Cape Town began to be built only one and a half hundred years after the voyage of Portuguese sailors. One Dutch sailor founded his settlement here, which became a transit point between the west and the east, and called it Cape Town - “a city on a cape”. A fort, vegetable gardens and a few settlers - that's all that was here at that time. In the vicinity of the village, lions and bushmen roamed - dark-skinned people of small stature with heads that Europeans thought looked like dried apricots. On the site of this settlement a city grew - the second largest in population in South Africa.

The symbol of Cape Town is Table Mountain. However, it doesn’t quite look like a mountain - it’s as if someone cut off the top of it with a huge cleaver, and the mountain rather resembles a dining table. Hence the name. Table Mountain protects Cape Town from the wind. At the foot is the largest Kirstenbosch garden on the planet with emerald lawns where bright peacocks walk, huts where you can get acquainted with the life of African tribes, quaint bridges, rainbow waterfalls and a whole ocean of flowers. Kirstenbosch - the first in the world Botanical Garden, included in the List World Heritage UNESCO.

Nature in Cape Town has not suffered much from civilization. Animals walk calmly along the roads, and in some places special road signs are installed that read: “Eating ice cream is prohibited.” The fact is that monkeys running past can easily start a fight with a gaping passerby over a treat. The most dangerous of all are baboons. They are engaged in real robbery - they take backpacks from tourists, shake out the contents and take away everything they like. But Cape Townians won’t even think of offending the furry pranksters. And if someone decides to throw a stone at a monkey or kill a snake, then big trouble awaits the offender.

The opinion that penguins live only where it is cold is wrong. They are also in South Africa, on the territory National Park“Table Mountain”. Penguins live in natural conditions, but they are not at all afraid of people - you can even swim with seabirds!

Another attraction of Cape Town is the multi-level oceanarium “Aquarium of Two Oceans”, with aquariums as tall as a 4-5-story building. Thousands of inhabitants of the Indian and Atlantic oceans live here.

The city's architecture is very similar to European architecture, but is closely connected to Cape Town's colonial past. In the center, for example, is the famous colorful district of Bo Cap. The houses, built by people from former Dutch colonies, are painted in bright colors. Now Muslims live here. The city itself is still divided into “special” neighborhoods: poor and rich, black and white.

Cape Town - major port, so its center is the sea harbor. The unusual Victoria and Alfred Embankment is also considered the world's largest shopping street.

Based on materials from the magazine "Backpack. WORLD OF TRAVEL"

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Occupying more than 20% of the entire surface of the planet. In terms of size, this continent is second only to Eurasia today. Climatic conditions This continent is very diverse. It is home to the world's second largest river, the Nile, as well as the largest desert, the Sahara.

general information

The population of this hot continent is currently about one billion people. On its territory there are fifty-five states and more than one hundred cities in which, according to rough estimates of experts, more than six hundred different ethnic groups and tribes live. It should be especially noted that this continent is considered the ancestral home of humanity. At one time, it was in Africa that the most ancient remains of hominids and their ancestors were found. Concerning modern history, then today on this continent people live the most different nationalities who came here from all over the world.

Cities of Africa

Try to create some universal image, which would be typical, if not for all, then at least for most cities of this southern continent, is a useless task. The countries represented on this continent are too many-sided and diverse. Just as it is impossible, for example, to combine them according to some quantitative characteristic. The cities of Africa, located in the south, are more than two hundred cities with a population exceeding thirteen thousand people in each of them. The most famous and largest of them are Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban and Soweto. The most African countries located in the north of the continent are, first of all, Algeria, Cairo, Tripoli, Lagos, Tunisia and Laayoune. This region of the mainland, unlike the south, is very characterized by the influence of colonial and Arab culture, as well as the presence large number minarets and mosques.

The largest southern cities in Africa

Most Big city South Africa, whose population is about four and a half million people, is Johannesburg. Today it is included in the top forty largest and continues to grow very quickly. In addition, Johannesburg is a powerful financial and economic center of South Africa. Currently, about 16-18% of the country's GDP is produced here. Among other things, the city is included in one of the fifty largest centers of world trade.

Cape Town is the second most populous city in southern Africa. This city is located near the coast Atlantic Ocean. According to the official census conducted in 2011, the population of this city is just under three and a half million people. Interestingly, Cape Town confidently ranks first in the ranking of tourist attendance and is considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world. In addition, it is the economic center of the so-called Cape Province, the second most important economic center in the south of the continent and the third in the entire continent.

The largest northern cities in Africa

As for the north of this hottest continent, it is here that the largest cities in terms of occupied territory are located. One of the most densely populated cities is Cairo. According to 2009 data, more than eight million people live in it. Moreover, this figure does not take into account people living in the numerous suburbs of Cairo. In second place after Cairo in terms of population is Lagos, which is the largest city in Nigeria. Today, just under eight million people live here. Lagos is a major port and industrial centre, which contains about 50 percent of Nigeria's entire industry. Third place in the category " big cities Africa" ​​occupies Kinshasa. It is the capital Democratic Republic Congo, formerly known as Leopoldville. In 1966 the city was renamed. As of 2005, the population of Kinshasa was approximately seven and a half million people. Moreover, more than 60% of the territory, the area of ​​which is different estimates equal to 9700-9900 square kilometers, represents rural, sparsely populated lands.

Africa's largest city

This city has already been mentioned in the ranking of the largest cities, but it is also the largest in the whole African continent- this is Cairo. Its population in the agglomeration is (as of 2009) almost eighteen million people. This figure is several times higher than in other large cities, also located on the hot continent. At the same time, experts note that the population of the Egyptian capital has grown rapidly, mainly over the past three to four decades. Today, the largest city in Africa - Cairo - is twice as populated a large number people than in the 1960s and 1970s.

South Africa - how many are there in total? And what interesting facts can you tell about them? About this and we'll talk in the article.

Countries of South Africa: list, approaches to zoning

It’s easy to guess from the name that this region is located in the southern part of the “black continent”. All countries have approximately the same natural and climatic conditions, as well as similar features of historical development.

Geographically, South Africa begins south of the watershed plateau of the Zambezi and Congo rivers. According to the UN regionalization of our planet, the countries of Southern Africa are only five states (South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland). According to another classification, this historical and geographical region also includes Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, as well as the exotic island state of Madagascar.

Listed below are all the countries in South Africa and their capitals (according to the UN). The list of states is presented in order of decreasing territory area:

1. South Africa (Pretoria).
2. Namibia (Windhoek).
3. Botswana (Gaborone).
4. Lesotho (Maseru).
5. Swaziland (Mbabane).

Largest state in the region

A multicultural and multinational state, one of the most developed on the mainland in economically. This republic is often called the “rainbow country”.

The most Interesting Facts about South Africa:

• every third diamond mined on Earth is extracted from the depths of this particular country;
• the world's first human heart transplant operation took place in South Africa (in 1967);
• citizens of the republic are endowed with broad rights in the field of using weapons for the purpose of protection, up to and including a flamethrower;
• South Africa ranks third on the planet in terms of drinking water quality;
• one of the traditional South African dishes is monkey steaks;
• the wife (of the eighth president of South Africa) was “first lady” twice (she was previously the wife of the president of Mozambique).

Swaziland - South Africa

Swaziland is a small state in the south of the continent, which borders only two countries - South Africa and Mozambique.

The most interesting facts about Swaziland:

• the head of this state is a real king, who is very loved and revered in Swaziland (his portraits can be seen here even on the clothes of local residents);
• Swaziland is a very poor country, but the roads here are of excellent quality;
• the oldest mathematical work was discovered in this country;
• the state leads the world in the rate of spread of HIV; every fourth adult resident here is a carrier of the virus;
• In Swaziland, husband and wife (or wives) live in separate houses.

The countries of South Africa are extremely interesting and colorful. There really is something to be surprised and amazed here!

South Africa(South Africa)- a state in southern Africa.

South Africa is considered the most economically developed country on the African continent; its economy ranks twentieth in the world in terms of growth rates.

South Africa is the only African country that has managed to develop its own nuclear weapon. Subsequently, the country adopted a nuclear-free status and completely renounced nuclear weapons.

South Africa is the former largest Dutch, and in the future, British colony, immigrants from the Netherlands and people who freely speak Dutch, there are a lot of them in the country.

Map

Geography

The country's population is 49 million people.

The capital of the country is Pretoria. This is not the largest city in South Africa.

Other big cities– Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban. The largest city in South Africa is Johannesburg. Its population is 4 and a half million inhabitants. The second most populous city in South Africa is Cape Town. It is home to 3 and a half million inhabitants. There are no other cities with a population of over a million people in South Africa.

South Africa shares land borders with Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. In addition, there is an enclave within the country - the state of Lesotho. It is surrounded on all sides by the border with South Africa.

The coast of the country is located on two oceans: the Atlantic and Indian.

The country is entirely located in Southern Hemisphere quite far from the equator, so the climate here is similar to European - there is a change of seasons, and the astronomical winter (cold period) lasts in the calendar summer months, and astronomical summer(heat period) - during calendar winter months. South Africa, together with Lesotho, are the only African countries where stable snow cover forms in winter.

There are almost no forests in South Africa - the forest area in this country occupies only 0.2% of the total area of ​​the country, so trees are rare here.

The Republic of South Africa has a relatively simple administrative division; it is divided into 9 provinces: Western Cape, Northern Cape, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, North Western, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo.

South Africa has two time zones. The difference with Greenwich is +2 and +3 hours; the time in this country coincides with Moscow and Kyiv time.

South Africa also has mountainous regions: The largest mountain systems: Drakensberg Mountains, Cape Mountains, Roggeveld Range, Great Escarpment Massif, Waterberg Range, Witwatersrand Range.

The highest point in South Africa is Mount Njesuti. Its height is 2737 meters.

Most rivers in South Africa dry up during the dry season, but there are also large rivers that never dry up. The most large river- Orange. Its length is 1865 km. Another major river is the famous African Limpopo River.

The largest freshwater lake in South Africa is Sibaya.

Roads

South African railways are considered the most developed railways in Africa. The length of South African steel mains is almost 27,000 km, but they are all narrow gauge - the so-called Japanese gauge with a width of 1067 mm is used. Passenger services are well developed, with passenger trains running regularly between Pretoria, Johannesburg and Cape Town. The country has railway connection with other states - Lesotho and Mozambique.

Roads in South Africa are also considered to be of the best quality in all of Africa. There are also high-speed highways of excellent quality connecting the capital and major cities of the country.

total length highways The Republic of South Africa is 52,000 km, this is a very good indicator.

Story

The Republic of South Africa has an interesting history.

The main stages of the history of South Africa:

a) the territory of the country in ancient times - the settlement of the territory of South Africa by primitive tribes (before the 1st millennium BC), settlement by the Bushmen - the ancestors of modern South Africans (before 1652);

b) Dutch colony (since 1652) - the arrival of the Dutchman Jan van Riebeeck and his founding of the Cape Colony (April 6, 1652), beginning mass relocation colonists from the Netherlands, the wars of the Dutch colonists with the Xhosa tribe, the capture of the Cape Colony by the British (1797);

c) British colony (from early XIX century) – defeat of the Netherlands from Napoleonic France(1806) and the capture of the Dutch colonies by the British (until 1833);

d) The period of the Anglo-Boer Wars - the discovery of diamond deposits (1867), the discovery of gold deposits (1886), the formation of two Boer republics - Orange and Transvaal, the first Anglo-Boer War (1880-1881), the second Anglo-Boer war (1899-1902);

e) Union of South Africa (since 1910) - the unification of the Cape Colony, the Orange Republic and the Transvaal Republic into one state, turning the country into a dominion of the British Empire;

f) The apartheid period (since 1948) – discrimination of the black population by whites, Nelson Mandela’s struggle against apartheid;

g) the end of Apartheid, free South Africa (since 1994) - the holding of the first democratic elections and the victory of Nelson Mandela.

Minerals

South Africa is considered a country rich in mineral resources.

The country ranks first in the world in terms of gold reserves.

In addition, South Africa leads the world in reserves of manganese ore, chromite, platinum, vanadium, fluorites, aluminum raw materials, corundum, and asbestos.

The country ranks first in Africa in coal production.

Natural gas is also produced in the country.

Uranium is also mined from other minerals, iron ore, titanium, antimony, lead, zinc, nickel, apatite, diamonds, copper, tin, silver.

The only strategic hydrocarbon that is completely absent in South Africa is oil. The state is forced to import it in full from other countries.

Climate

South Africa has two types of climate. It is coldest in the south of the country, near the coast. These areas are farthest from the equator; they have a temperate climate with a pronounced change of seasons. In winter, stable snow cover very often falls (snow also constantly falls in the kingdom of Lesotho, since this country is located high in the mountains and is surrounded on all sides by the territory of South Africa). In winter there are often frosts, sometimes up to 15 degrees below zero. Summer is not hot; in the south of the country there is rarely thirty-degree heat.

In the central regions and in the north of the country (closer to the equator) the climate is subtropical. The change of seasons here is weakly expressed; in winter there is no snow or frost, and summer is very hot and humid. The climate in the center and north of South Africa is very similar to the Mediterranean.

When planning a trip to this country, you should not forget that the country is located in the Southern Hemisphere, which is why the peak heat occurs in winter calendar months, and the peak of cold weather is in summer. If you are planning a trip to the southern coast of the country in the summer, warm winter clothes are a must. After all, when Europe is in the July heat, in the south of South Africa there is snow and it can be frosty. These subtleties must be taken into account.