Writing in Latin. How to write Russian names in English letters? Special rules for transliteration of names
Latin is a unique linguistic paradox. For over 1.5,000 years, not being an active means of communication of the population, it continues to exist in the world of pharmaceuticals and scientific treatises to this day. Being a prominent representative of the Italic languages, it has its roots in deep antiquity, now becoming the starting point for the emergence of "daughter" English, German, Norwegian and other languages. With considering passive use the best assistant in understanding it today is able to become an online translator for Latin language.
Performing automatic online translation, the Russian to Latin translator from "site" helps to understand the meaning of the text in a matter of seconds. No need to go through annoying registration, carry out a chain of difficult-to-perceive actions or download additional software. submitted information product requires only the choice of the direction of translation and the availability source code, the rest is a task online translator from Russian to Latin. Presented on the Internet free of charge, it is equally will be suitable for use by both amateur translators and persons professionally involved in activities closely related to the Latin language.
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Whatever you think - everything is serious here. The US State Department has developed a whole philosophy of the theory of translating letters Cyrillic alphabet into Latin. Here is their achievement:
| A - A | I - I | C - S | b - goes down |
| B - B | Y - Y | T - T | Y - Y |
| B - V | K - K | U - U | b - goes down |
| G - G | L - L | F - F | E - E |
| D - D | M - M | X - KH | Yu - YU |
| E - E, YE | H - N | C - TS | I am YA |
| Yo - E, YE | O - O | H - CH | |
| Zh - ZH | P - P | SH - SH | |
| Z - Z | R - R | Щ - SHCH |
Comments are given to this table that delight our ears ( well, not only do we understand the intricacies of reading in English, even if they suffer with our language). For example:
1. Letters E and Yo are transmitted in the same way obviously Yo is a ghost letter): E
,
YE
.
Parfenov - Parfenov
Elena
2. However, if you need to emphasize the pronunciation [yo] in a letter Yo, then it is denoted as YO
:
Peter - Pyotr (Shaitan, how can the US Department know when to underline [yo] and when not?)
3. Letter E transmitted as YE only if it is at the beginning of a word, after a vowel or the letters b, b. In other cases - E .
Medvedev - Medvedev
Yeremin - Yeremin
4. Letters E and E are transmitted in the same way (except for the cases with E described in paragraph 3) - i.e. E.
Elina - Elina
5. Mysterious letters S and Y referred to as Y
.
Khasymov - Khasymov
Raykin - Wikiwand Raykin
6. Endings YY and ii also denoted as one letter - Y
.
Dmitry
Bravy - Bravy
7.b and Kommersant are not subject to the understanding of foreigners, and therefore - are not designated in any way.
Mary - Marya
Lifting - Podyomny
8.YU and I are designated accordingly YU and YA
.
Julia
9. Favorite Russian letters F and X in English also have something in common and are denoted accordingly ZH and KH
.
Zhirnov - Zhirnov
Mikhail
10.C turns into TS, a H- in CH
.
Tsareva - Tsaryova
Black - Chernyh
11. The rest of the hissing hisses are even more exotic: W - SH, a SCH- long-suffering SHCH
.
Shalyapin - Wikiwand Shalyapin
Shields - Shchitov
But in general, apart from this American system There are several other translation options. Our GOST, for example, with some different nuances.
S is like a dollar in English
With the written designation of their full names in English, it is now more or less clear ( you can practice with your friends). But what foreigners have to do with oral communication can be understood from the invented international phonetic alphabet.
Imagine you call your boyfriend on the phone and say cryptic: D asha, At liana, R ita, BUT nna, To atya. And hang up. And let him guess. If he decides that this is a list of girlfriends that you learned about, it means that the truth is the same. (For those who ride in neutral, a hint: look at the bolds.)
It is customary for us, when transmitting an important message, to convey each letter as woman's name which begins with it. For example, A - Anna, M - Maria. English speakers are more mundane:
| A - Alpha B - Bravo C - Charlie D - Delta E-Echo F-Foxtrot G - Golf H - Hotel I-India J—Juliet K - Kilo L-Lima M-Mike |
N-November O-Oscar P-Papa Q - Quebec R - Romeo S-Sierra T-Tango U-Uniform V - Victor W - Whiskey X - X-ray Y-Yankee Z-Zulu |
This system is used in the army, telecommunications, aviation and other areas where it is necessary to verbally transmit texts with high accuracy, in which each letter can cost literally another person's life. And try to tell representatives of similar professions that the English alphabet is not so important - it's better to learn idioms.
Now you have the opportunity to dictate your email address without "s like a dollar", "i with a dot" and "h like a high chair" :)
Correspondence of Russian names - English
There was only a little left: to introduce himself to a foreigner so that he would not be painfully ashamed of his name. You run the risk of being misunderstood (and from this series, only irregular verbs are good in English). Because Nastya, for example, in their understanding will be associated with "disgusting" (nasty - disgusting), and Svetlana - with "sweaty Lana" (sweat - sweat). And English-speaking comrades will not be able to pronounce some names at all: for example, those that end in soft sign, because in English language consonants are not softened. Therefore, Judith, Igor and other names will still end phonetically hard. But most of all, Sergei and Ivan were the luckiest: the first, however, are already well with us (that's why many introduce themselves as Serezha or Serzh), but Vanya only in the USA become iVans (almost relatives to iPhones).
How to make life easier for foreigners and not lose face at the same time? Here is a small selection of adapted Russian names:
Alexander - Eligzande (Alexander)
Anatoly - Anatole (Anatole)
Andrew - Andrew (Andrew)
Basil - Basil (Basil)
Benjamin - Benjamin (Benjamin)
Vincent - Vincent
Gabriel - Gabriel (Gabriel)
George - George (George)
Daniel - Daniel (Daniel)
Eugene - Eugene (Eugene)
Ephraim - Geoffrey
Ivan - John, Ivan (John)
Ilya - Elias
Joseph, Osip - Joseph (Joseph)
Heraclius - Hercules (Heracl)
Karl - Charles (Charles)
Claudius - Claude (Claude)
Leo - Leo (Leo)
Matvey - Matthew (Matthew)
Michael - Michael (Michael)
Nicholas - Nicholas (Nicholas)
Pavel - Paul (Paul)
Peter - Pete (Peter)
Sergey - Serge (Serge)
Stepan - Stephen, Stephen (Steven, Stephen)
Fedor - Theodore (Theodore)
Jacob - Jacob (Jacob)
Agnes / Agnes - Agnes (Agnes)
Alice - Alice (Alice)
Anastasia - Enesteysha (Anastacia)
Antonina - Antonia (Antonia)
Valentine - Valentine (Valentine)
Valeria - Valery (Valery)
Barbara - Barbara
Dasha - Dolly Dolly (Dorothy)
Eve - Eve (Eve)
Eugenia - Eugenia (Eugenie)
Catherine - Catherine, Catherine (Catherine)
Elena - Helen (Helen)
Jeanne - Joan (Joanne, Jean)
Zoya - Zoe (Zoe)
Irina - Irene (Irene)
Carolina - Caroline (Caroline)
Laura - Laura, Lauren (Laura, Lauren)
Maria - Mary (Mary)
Natalia - Natalie (Natalie)
Polina - Polina (Paulina)
Rita - Margaret (Margaret)
Sofia - Sophie (Sophie)
Susanna - Susan (Susan)
Julia - Julia (Julia)
Did you find yourself? It's time to pick up an adapted name for yourself, wind up the nuances with Щ, Ё, Ы and other letters for issuing a passport - and go on a trip with a full name in English or to the registry office;)
specially for
There is nothing more natural than to start learning English by writing own name letters of the Latin alphabet.
Writing Russian names in English often causes difficulties - largely because there are no uniform rules in this regard. However, the set general principles can still be determined.
- About the special rules of transliteration used in this moment when applying for passports, read further in our article.
General rules for transliteration of names
The first thing to remember is names and surnames are not translated, especially when we are talking documents and business correspondence. You should not pick up English-language counterparts and call Elena - Helen, and Michael - Michael. Instead, the name should be transliterated, that is, written in Latin. In doing so, you can use next system matches:
| A | A | Andrey (Andrey) | O | O | Olga (Olga) |
| B | B | Boris (Boris) | P | P | Pavel (Paul) |
| AT | V | Valery (Valery) | R | R | Roman (Roman) |
| G | G | Gleb (Gleb) | With | S | Sergey (Sergey) |
| D | D | Dmitry (Dmitry) | T | T | Tatyana (Tatiana) |
| E | Ye/E | Yelena, Elena (Elena) | At | U | Ulyana (Ulyana) |
| Yo | Yo/E | Pyotr, Petr (Peter) | F | F | Filipp (Philip) |
| F | Zh | Zhanna (Jeanne) | X | Kh | Khariton (Khariton) |
| W | Z | Zinaida (Zinaida) | C | Ts | Tsarev (Tsarev) |
| And | I | Irina (Irina) | H | Ch | Chaykin (Chaykin) |
| Y | Y | Timofe y(Timof th) | W | sh | Sharov (Balls) |
| K | K | Konstantin (Konstantin) | SCH | Shch | Shchepkin (Schepkin) |
| L | L | Larisa (Larisa) | S | Y | M y skin (M s skin) |
| M | M | Margarita (Margarita) | E | E | Eldar (Eldar) |
| H | N | Nicholas (Nicholas) | YU | Yu | Yury (Yuri) |
| I | Ya | Yaroslav (Yaroslav) |
Special rules for transliteration of names
In addition to the more obvious rules of transliteration, there are cases where it is not entirely clear how one or another name should be written. Let's look at these options.
Letter b and Kommersant are not transmitted in transliteration. Using an apostrophe (") in their place is also not recommended:
- Daria
- Igor
- Olga
Letters S and Y transmitted by letter Y:
- Bystrov
- Sadyrova
- Mayorov
If the last name ends with "-th", in transliteration remains "-y":
- White
Since the letter H in English sometimes it is not readable, for the transmission of Russian sound "X" combination is used KH:
- Akhmatova
- Rachmaninov - Rakhmaninov
Russian combination KS it's better to spell it out KS, but not X:
- Ksenia - Ksenia
- Aleksandr
If letter E denotes one sound (as in the name Vera), it is transmitted by the Latin letter E Vera. If it denotes two sounds (after a soft sign), it is transmitted by a combination YE— Astafyev.
But: If a E stands at the beginning of the name, both options are possible: the name Elena can be written as Elena or Yelena.
Letter Yo usually written in the same way as E, but if you want to emphasize the pronunciation of the name, then you should use the letter combination YO— Fyodor, Piotr.
Letter W can be written in the form SCH, but in German this combination will be read as "sh". In order to avoid confusion, it is recommended to use an unpronounceable, at first glance, combination of letters SHCH.
The ending "-and I" can be transliterated as -IA or -IYA. However, to avoid unnecessary bulkiness, Y usually do not write:
- Maria
- Valeria - Valerie
Important note: transliteration when issuing passports
The rules for transliteration when applying for foreign passports often change. AT this moment, - as of 2015, - the following transliteration rules apply (we give differences from the main table):
- Previously, when issuing foreign passports, the rules of GOST R 52535.1-2006, introduced in 2010, were used.
If you want to keep your passport when you receive a new passport former spelling your name and surname, you can write a corresponding application to the issuing authority, duly substantiating your desire. The basis for such a statement is the presence of documents with a different spelling of your first and last name: passports, diplomas, residence permits, visas, as well as other registration and banking documents, including bank cards.
When working at a computer, there are times when we encounter text transliteration, i.e. with writing the words of the Russian language (Cyrillic) with Latin letters.
For example, if we are abroad or in some Internet cafe, etc., and the computer we want to use does not have a Russian keyboard layout, then in such cases it is quite difficult to print Russian text.
AT similar situations a transliterator (abbreviated as translit, - Cyrillic converter) may turn out to be of help. The principle of transliteration is simple - by pressing the keys with Latin letters, we get the Cyrillic alphabet.
Or this situation: for example, we live in Russia, we speak and write in Russian, and our computer has operating system with support for Russian fonts. And our friend or acquaintance lives “abroad” and there are no Russian fonts on his computer, so he cannot write to us in Russian.
He knows Russian, but simply cannot type Russian on his computer, so he uses transliteration and writes the Russian text in Latin letters.
And usually in such cases we can get a message that might look something like this:
Hello Max! Pishu tebe v translite, potomu chto u menya na komp'yutere net russkih shriftov.
If we know the Latin letters, we can easily understand what is written in the message:
Hi, Max! How are you? I am writing to you in transliteration, because I do not have Russian fonts on my computer.
But, if we get a similar message written in transliteration, it becomes much more difficult to quickly read a large text. Therefore, in such a situation, a transliterator can also help, which will quickly translate this message into Cyrillic.
There are different online services and programs that perform text transliteration. First, let's pay attention to three transliterations of the text online, from simple to more advanced.
Transliteration online - to transliteration and from transliteration to Cyrillic
If we just need to translate the text into transliteration, or we received a transliterated message and it needs to be translated into Cyrillic, i.e. into Russian, then we can use, for example, a simple service:.
We translate the text into transliteration:
We translate the text from transliteration into Cyrillic:
It remains to select the text and, by pressing the right mouse button, select Copy for further use of the selected text.
You can also use another text transliteration service: online transliteration translator.
Here is the same as in the previous service described, only the button is added here To buffer, which corresponds to the action of selecting and copying text. And also in this service is a virtual keyboard for typing:
An even more advanced text transliteration service: Translit.
This service was specially developed for Russian-speaking residents of the CIS countries who are abroad and wish to correspond with mother tongue. And this service has even more opportunities than the previous ones.
It is not particularly necessary to describe it in detail in this article, since there is also a reference on how to use it with a clear description:
Although about some interesting features I would like to mention this service.
For example, those who are proficient on a computer can use the virtual Russified keyboard and type in Russian blindly even on computers that do not support the Russian language.
Service Translit it can also translate words into other languages (although I personally prefer using ), look up the meaning of words in dictionaries, and a few other useful features.
There is also a mobile version of translit here: http://translit.ru/classic/ to work in browsers of phones, smartphones, as well as computers on which the browser does not support JavaScript:
Program for translation from transliteration into Russian and vice versa
There are also different programs for transliterating text, but since novice users in most cases often do not have to deal with transliteration, so I won’t focus on programs so far.
But if someone still needs a transliterator program, then you can, for example, use the NI Transliterator program by trying to deal with it yourself (if there are requests to prepare instructions for installing and using this program, I’ll take note).
Transliteration
– transmission of alphabetic characters of one language using letters and a combination of alphabetic characters of another language according to predetermined rules. The most urgent is the need for transliteration - writing Russian words and Russian names in Latin letters.Transliteration in Latin letters is used everywhere. For example, using transliteration, Russian names are filled in in passports. On the Internet, transliteration is widely used in addresses Email, site domain names.
The widespread use of transliteration is due to the English origin of the Internet, which is based on the use of Latin characters. International standards for names of Internet resources and e-mail addresses use national names that sound in local languages, but are written in Latin characters. Names are also written in Latin characters. settlements on maps and guides.Those who traveled abroad paid attention to the fact that there were no Russian characters on the keyboard of local computers. Typing Russian text is technically not possible. Despite the opening of the “.РФ” zone domain in Russia, Internet browsers often do not understand the Cyrillic fonts of domain names. When opening the resources of the RF zone, the link to the resource may be perceived by the browser as non-working. The content of the resource in the RF zone can also be perceived by the browser as "gibberish" instead of Cyrillic.
When filling out a passport application, creating your own e-mail address, composing a domain name, it is important to know how to convey your name, or write the word of the domain name that sounds in Russian using Latin characters. You can write the name Pupkin in Latin characters "pupkin". This example simple. But how to write, for example, the name of the city "Yaroslavl"? The letter I can be represented in Latin as "ya", or "ia" can also be used. The name Evdokim is transmitted in Latin as Yevdokim.
Name transliteration is produced using exact letter-by-letter transliteration, as well as with the help of practical transcription - an approximate semantic reproduction of the text.
Most of the letters of the Russian language can be represented by the corresponding sounding Latin letter. The difficulty is the translation of Russian words in Latin containing solid sign b, soft sign b, letter E, as well as diphthongs - combinations of the Russian vowel and letter Y. For example:
E - E, YE, F - ZH, E - E, YE, C - TS (TC), X - KH, W - SHCH, H - CH, W - SH, S - Y, Yu - YU.
b - not transmitted. b - not transmitted.
Translating Russian words in Latin is much easier if you use the rules of transliteration. The transliteration rules are determined by the order of the FEDERAL MIGRATION SERVICE (FMS of the Russian Federation) dated February 03, 2010 N 26. GOST introduces the rules for transliterating the Cyrillic alphabet of the Russian language using English alphabet. In the order, for transliteration into the international passport, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was put into effect. Part 1. MACHINE READABLE PASSPORTS. Transliteration is used to compose Russian name in Latin letters in the passport. Transliteration requirements for this GOST are given below.
Cyrillic transliteration
Russian A - English. A; Russian B - English. B;
Russian B - English. V; Russian G - English. G;
Russian D - English. D; Russian Ye Yo - English. E;
Russian J - English. ZH; Russian Z - English. Z;
Russian I - English. I; Russian Y - English. I;
Russian K - English. K; Russian L - English. L;
Russian M - English. M; Russian N - English. N;
Russian Oh - English. O; Russian P - English. P;
Russian R - English. R; Russian S - English. S;
Russian T - English. T; Russian U - English. U, OU;
Russian F - English. F; Russian X - English. KH;
Russian C - English. TC; Russian Ch - English. CH;
Russian Sh - English. SH; Russian Sh - English. SHCH;
Russian Y - English. Y; Russian E - English. E ;
Russian Yu - English. IU; Russian I am English IA
Until 2004, official transliteration rules names were ordered to transmit Russian letters by french version Latin sounds. Since 2004, transliteration has been performed according to the English sound of Latin characters. The difference in transliteration can be seen by comparing the spelling of Russian names in passports issued before 2004 and after.
Our website often receives questions about how to correctly translate a surname for a passport. The concept of "correct" means that your name must be spelled in accordance with the official current standard adopted in the Russian Federation, and not in an arbitrary form.
The correct way is to check the letters of your last name with the official transliteration rules approved in the order of the FMS. Translate each letter, make a surname.
For example, Russian name Julia in transliteration according to GOST FMS of the Russian Federation of February 03, 2010 N 26, will be translated as "Iuliia".
This Order of the FMS approved the use in the Russian Federation of the transliteration rules provided for by the international standard ICAO_(Doc_9303,_part_1).
Transliteration for airline tickets
Transliteration for air tickets on domestic flights is not relevant, however, filling out receipts in English is prohibited due to a violation of the rights of citizens who do not speak English.
Filling out receipts when purchasing air tickets for international flights must strictly correspond to the spelling of your name and surname in the passport. Therefore, when purchasing tickets via the Internet, write off the name and surname exactly as it is written in the passport. And it is better not to make a mistake, in order to avoid problems during the trip.
The site has a transliteration table taken from the order of the FMS. You can use this table, you can find the order and check directly on it. The order number and a direct link to it are published in the article.
Use automatic services online transliteration on the Internet, you should be careful, since the rules by which automatic transliteration is carried out are not known in advance, or the service will offer you to choose the rules yourself from the list of possible options.
Full text of the order of the FMS of February 03, 2010 N 26 https://www.alppp.ru/law/bezopasnost-i-ohrana-pravoporjadka/4/prikaz-fms-rf-ot-03-02-2010—26.html
Download the text of the ICAO standard_(Doc_9303,_part_1) https://icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p1_v1_cons_ru.pdf
FMS website with transliteration tablehttps://www.fmsvrn.ru/gosuslugi/foreign/new/transliteration_of_cyrillic_for_russian_alphabet.php
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