Today, research on the so-called "lie detector" is becoming more and more popular. Such tests have to be taken when applying for certain vacancies, when proving innocence or non-involvement in any crime. AT modern society The myth about the 100% accuracy of polygraph results blooms in full bloom. But alas and ah! In fact, everything is far from being so transparent and truthful. Even Western polygraph examiners do not give more than 70% accuracy of polygraph results.

Before starting the study, each polygraph examiner seeks in one way or another to convince his “client” of the impossibility and futility of trying to deceive the polygraph. For example, at the preparatory stage, when the polygraph is still being adjusted to the so-called natural reactions of the client, marked cards, filming the client with a hidden video camera, etc. can be used. All this is done with the sole purpose of convincing the client of 100% infallibility of the research results.

Can a polygraph be fooled?

Indeed, is it possible? In order to answer this question, you need to understand the principle of the lie detector. So, the polygraph registers the strength of the physiological reactions of the subject. That is, than more important question, the brighter will be the reaction to it, respectively, the clearer the curve on the polygraph tape. For example, if a person is asked the question: “Did you cheat on your wife?”, then the one who never cheated will react passively to him, and the one who is guilty will shudder in his soul, afraid that the secret will be revealed. Even if outwardly nothing is noticeable, physiological reactions will give out an unprepared person with a head and the device will have time to fix this.

Does this mean that the polygraph cannot be deceived? No, it doesn't. The polygraph can be deceived by intelligence officers specially trained for this, pathological liars, sociopaths, mentally unbalanced people and professional actors who know how to get used to the role, identifying themselves with a completely different character with a different fate and views. A simple person, without special training, faced with a polygraph, which is called “nose to nose”, is hardly capable of this. But this does not mean that it is not capable at all. There are several ways, having practiced in the application of which and with a little luck, you can try to deceive any even the most modern lie detector.

How to fool a polygraph?

Before we look at ways to cheat a lie detector, let's get acquainted with the testing procedure itself. How does everything happen? Initially, a number of questions are discussed with the client, which will be asked during the procedure. This is done in order not to surprise or stun a person with an unexpected question, since the polygraph takes surprise and lies for almost the same thing, and, accordingly, the results will be distorted. Next, the device is adjusted to the natural reactions of the individual, by setting unambiguous questions, i.e. questions to which the client will certainly give a truthful answer "yes" or "no". For example: “Is it Tuesday today?”, “Is it autumn now?” "Is it raining outside now?" etc. As soon as the device is set up, they proceed directly to the study, during which they ask a previously agreed range of questions. And this is where the fun begins...

№1

First and the most common way of deception is to drink a little alcohol the day before, then in the morning your reactions will be more blurred and the polygraph will not be able to unambiguously isolate lies and truth.

№2

Second way is to take medications that lower blood pressure. However, this method is bad because not everyone can use it. For example, people with initially low blood pressure are at great risk when taking such drugs. In addition, an accurate calculation of the dose of the drug and the time of its action is necessary.

№3

Third way- application to the fingertips of cosmetic preparations that reduce the level of reaction, for example, talcum powder or deodorants for sweaty feet. One of the most common methods is rubbing salicylic-zinc ointment into pre-steamed skin of the hands, fingertips. Rubbing with alcohol.

All of the above methods are not suitable if the study is really serious (for example, when investigating a crime, terrorism) and you will first have to undergo a blood or urine test for the presence of psychotropic substances.

№4

Fourth way is chronic sleep deprivation. This leads to the fact that the body falls into a kind of inhibited state on the verge of sleep and wakefulness.

№5

Looks like another one way deception - starvation. The resulting exhaustion will confuse the polygraph. Not a single polygraph will vouch that it is: a reaction to a question or natural reaction exhausted body.

№6

Sixth way resembles the previous two - severe fatigue. For example, after a severe physical work or sports training. However, in this case research can simply be rescheduled.

№7

Seventh way not very suitable for modern polygraphs, but still deserves to be described in this article - the physical impact on the body, the client causing pain to himself, which knocks down the body's reactions. Nervous system reacts not to a question-answer, but to the expectation of pain, which also disorganizes the computer. AT this method there are some nuances. Often the client's body is hung with motion sensors to prevent him from using such a method as putting a button in his shoe and pressing on it. thumb legs or biting the tip of the tongue.

№8

Another good one way based on partial deconcentration, i.e. a person thinks about something extraneous, reads poetry to himself or sings songs, answering questions mechanically, without thinking and sometimes not even realizing their meaning. In order to deceive the polygraph, subjects often resort to this method - they drink water in large quantities an hour and a half before the test. Accordingly, during the study, they can not think about anything other than going to the toilet.

№9

Ninth way- a subspecies of the eighth - complete deconcentration, relaxation and partial falling into a trance. However, if the relaxation is too strong, the study may be rescheduled.

№10

Tenth way- getting used to the role. Perhaps one of the most difficult, but effective. Come up with your own version of what happened, believe in it sincerely and wholeheartedly, get used to the situation.

Of course, nothing is impossible, up to known limits. A little practice, luck and faith in own forces- that's the whole recipe for how you deceive a polygraph.

In science, the concept of "lie detector", appearing in the title of the article, does not exist. A lie belongs to a moral and ethical category, and no device can determine it. In Russian and English literature, the name polygraph is used, and we will stick to it. And although even such a definition is not entirely correct (since the polygraph is a multifunctional oscilloscope), it still sounds more correct than a lie detector.

What is a lie detector or polygraph?

"Polygraph" translated from Greek means "multiple records". A polygraph device (also called a "lie detector", "variograph", "plethysmograph") is a multi-purpose device designed for the simultaneous registration of several (from 4 to 16) physiological processes associated with the emergence of emotions: respiration, blood pressure, biocurrents (brain, heart, skeletal and smooth muscles, etc.).

Studies conducted by the American Association of Polygraph Operators have shown that the information obtained with its help in 87-96% of cases is effectively used in criminal cases.

Mandatory examination on a polygraph is prohibited by the current legislation of the Russian Federation, but if you agree, then why not? In other countries the situation is similar. It should be noted that according to the current situation in the Russian Federation, the polygraph refers to special technical means for secretly obtaining information (as, for example, well-known wiretapping) and its use is strictly regulated.

The polygraph belongs to the so-called unconventional methods obtaining information relevant to the investigation of crimes.

For the first time in the domestic investigative practice was carried out in October 1992 during the disclosure of a particularly daring murder.
AT modern Russia scientific studies of the possibilities of using the polygraph in criminal proceedings have been carried out since 1992, and they began earlier in the FSB.

For these purposes, a special department has been created at the All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, staffed by lawyers, psychologists, and biologists. The priority direction in his work is to study the possibility and effectiveness of using the polygraph in order to detect, prevent, suppress and solve crimes.

The use of the polygraph in the detection and investigation of crimes.

The use in proving instrumental methods for establishing the psycho-physiological state of a person suspected of committing a crime, indicating that he possesses information significant for the investigation, a polygraph - a device that fixes changes in such a state depending on the impact of verbal stimuli on the subject - a problem awaiting its solution and recognition. Psychophysiological state of a person suspected of committing a crime; the significance of changes in this state for resolving the issue of the involvement of this person in the crime under investigation; emotional reactions of a person who possesses information that is essential for him to the investigator's attempts to obtain this information from him have long attracted the attention of procedural scientists and legal practitioners. Even in ancient times, the dependence of the psycho-physiological state of the suspect on the situation that is not in his favor, which really threatens him with exposure, was noticed. Various tests of the suspect were based on this dependence, which aimed to identify such changes in his condition that would make it possible to conclude that he was guilty or perjury, for example, increased sweating or the occurrence of dry mouth as a reaction to the question of involvement in a crime, etc.

A bit of history

In ancient India, for example, when suspects were interrogated, they were asked to hit the gong at the same time as answering the question. It was noticed that when a question caused difficulty, internal confusion that the topic was too significant for the suspect, then he could not answer this question “easily”, quite sincerely, which led to failures in hitting the gong.

Even in ancient China, there was a testing method based on the law of the human psyche and physiology. The accused was read the accusation and at the same time offered to eat a handful of dry flour. As you know, with strong excitement, salivation practically stops. When it turned out that after a while the mouth of the one subjected to the test was still full of flour, he was found guilty and punished accordingly. In the tribes of Africa, a thief was identified from a group of people, offering to hold an egg with a thin shell in his fist. Naturally, the thief from experiences pressed on him with such force that the shell simply could not stand it. Other peoples had similar options for revealing the truth.

Some of these tests have acquired the value of evidence in individual systems criminal proceedings of the slave-owning and feudal society.

Development dynamics

Over time, the development of psychology and physiology, on the one hand, and forensic science and criminal procedure science, on the other, influenced the revision of ideas about the unambiguous connection between the suspect's psychophysiological reactions and his guilt or innocence.

Assessing the significance of the psychophysiological states of the witness, suspect, accused observed by the investigator, many criminologists note that it is wrong to ignore them, not to implement the results of observation in the interests of the investigation. It is only necessary to correctly determine the ways of using the results, without overestimating and without putting into their content what is not in them.

The result of the search for the possibility of reliable fixation of the psychophysiological state of a person in connection with the impact of various stimuli on him was a modern polygraph - a complex of precise medical devices that continuously and synchronously fix the dynamics of such reactions of the interrogated as blood pressure, pulse rate, depth and frequency of breathing, skin-galvanic reaction, degree of muscular tension, brain biocurrents, etc. Recording of reactions is carried out in such a way that the operator clearly sees which question caused the corresponding emotional reaction of the interrogated. The device is connected to the subject using a system of contact sensors. Each controlled physiological parameter is recorded on a specific hardware channel of the polygraph. Usually up to 4-5 parameters are measured simultaneously. However, in Russia, diagnostic complexes have also been developed that control the psychophysiological state of a person simultaneously through 16 channels.

How the polygraph works

What is the principle of the polygraph based on? The main thing is that the polygraph determines not a lie, but a person's reaction to the questions asked by the experimenter. The concept of reaction includes many criteria inherent in human body, such as pulse rate, change in breathing (number of breaths in a certain period of time, its depth) and blood pressure. In addition, it is measured electrical resistance skin. For a reader inexperienced in physics, medicine, biology, this may be incomprehensible. Briefly, it is explained as follows.

Everyone who at least once in his life was worried (it seems that there is no one among the readers who will answer this question in the negative), remembers unpleasant sensations: palms become wet, cold sweat breaks through.
As you know, human skin is an ideal dielectric, but it always contains particles of sweat produced by the body both at rest and under stress, physical, mental or emotional (with the exception of specially trained employees of certain services, and even mentally ill people). This unpleasant property of the human body is the basis for determining skin resistance.

Use of the polygraph in Europe

In many countries, the use of a polygraph is allowed to obtain the information necessary for the investigation. Western Europe occupies a neutral position, according to official data, such checks are not carried out in police practice. In our country, the most widely known to the public is the case of a polygraph test of a person suspected of the murder of Alexander Men, a survey showed his non-involvement in the commission of a crime, which, together with other investigation data, served as the basis for an acquittal.

For testing, the suspect (witness, victim) must give written consent in the prescribed form. But since the data obtained will be of a probabilistic nature (85.95% of correct results), they cannot be taken into account by the court as a directevidence of a person's guilt or innocence. In the United States, in a number of states, there is a provision according to which polygraph readings will be evidence in a trial if the defense and prosecution agree in advance about this. It is worth noting that a knowingly innocent person easily agrees to an examination, sometimes even asking for it himself, which serves as an additional indicator for the investigators of his non-involvement in the committed offense.

Technical aspect of the problem

It is on the analysis of the technical aspect of the problem (unfortunately, often incompetent) that the arguments of the opponents of the polygraph are often based. Already in current form The polygraph is an accurate device that reliably reflects the psychophysiological state of the body of the test person. This fact is not denied, and cannot be denied by the opponents of the polygraph, since the latter is a set of devices that have long and reliably proven themselves in medical practice and the practice of psychophysiological experimental research.

The development of new areas of science and technology (in particular, automation, cybernetics and artificial intelligence, space medicine) opened up broad prospects for improving the polygraph. It became possible to fundamentally change the technique of "taking" information with a polygraph (using the method of non-contact sensors).

Non-contact sensors are called such sensors, the actions that the subject does not feel, or the very fact of the existence of which remains unknown to the subject.

In psychophysiological experiments, three groups of non-contact sensors are distinguished:

• 1) sensors embedded in clothing items (robe, overalls, headwear, belt) or items such as watches, compass;
• 2) sensors built into tools (a writing instrument, a handle for controlling a mechanism or apparatus, a notebook for notes);
• 3) sensors built into the elements of household equipment (armchair, bed, chair).

Such sensors are successfully used to monitor the condition of cosmonauts during space flight, to study the reactions of test subjects in the course of their professional selection.

Some experiments carried out by Russian scientists have opened promising prospects for creating a truly non-contact method for obtaining information about the psychophysiological state of the subject. The principal possibility of non-contact recording of changes in the physiological characteristics of the body at a distance was demonstrated, based on measuring changes in weak electromagnetic fields existing in the space around a person, using special sensors.

The tactical aspect of the problem

In answer to the question: is it possible to obtain unambiguously interpreted information about the causes of the subject's emotional reaction with the help of a polygraph? - is the tactical aspect of the problem.

The transfer of information to the subject should be carried out in such a way that it acts selectively and causes the strongest emotional reaction only in strictly limited cases that are subject to an unambiguous explanation. Thus, the organization and tactics of the experiment itself come to the fore. From the point of view of the reliability and reliability of the results of the use of the polygraph, the tactical aspect of the problem is decisive.

As statistics show, the correctness of the conclusions made on the basis of a polygraph reaches a very high degree reliability (80-90%), and in many cases all conclusions are reliable (if the tactics of using a polygraph accurately implement the principle of selective influence). Such an impact can be exerted not only by a word or image, but also by the actions of the investigator (for example, his approach to one or another object during a search) and a person or object during presentation for identification, etc.
This indicates a wide tactical range of situations in which the polygraph can be used.

The procedure for working with a polygraph.Creation of "atmosphere" of check.

The polygraph works when there is a test subject, there are sensors that we put on him, we make a record, we register all the indicators, then we compare significant ones with insignificant moments and draw the appropriate conclusions. The difficulty lies in the fact that a person is placed in some unusual conditions. He has to sit down in a chair, they put sensors on him, all this resembles a medical examination, and the person being tested becomes agitated.

There are cases when a person comes to the doctor to measure pressure, he immediately reacts with an increase in pressure to the very fact that the pressure will be measured. Here, too, there is a situational reflex, which should be removed. Therefore, the task is to bring polygraph tests closer to natural conditions, i.e. make it so that it is not necessary to install sensors, so that the person being tested does not assume that he is being tested at all.

There are polygraphs that are focused on the analysis of the information itself, there are attempts to create polygraphs, when the smell of the human body is considered as a physiological indicator of emotional stress, there is such an effect when the subject is placed in a special chamber, where a luminous electrical discharge is formed around his body.

Conditions of work with polygraph.

The central part of the tests is the posing of questions, but the most important thing is itself. She also has her secrets, she also needs to be well mastered, because the reliability of the results of a polygraph test largely depends not only on the questions, but also on the specific conditions created by the operator.

The greatest amount of time is spent on drafting questions and preparing the verification procedure. It is necessary to create in the test person the feeling that it is impossible to deceive this machine, that the operator will definitely “expose” the person being tested. Therefore, the verification time, along with the formulation of questions, is divided into several successive stages.

The first step is the pre-interview.

It is considered a mandatory component of the polygraph test procedure. During the interview, a person is introduced to the details of the upcoming work with him in the office, at the same time a certain psychological atmosphere is created. It is important to convince the person being checked that an attempt to hide the truth will not escape the specialist. A preliminary interview is somewhat reminiscent of the instructions that a psychologist gives in any experiments aimed at identifying general indicators. Such an instruction is intended to reassure the innocent, and most importantly, to create a sense of fear and tension in the person who is about to hide the truth. When talking with the person being checked, the operator tries to find out the circumstances and factors that will be checked according to the testimony. physiological functions. Let's say whether he used medications, how he slept, whether there were any diseases, etc. In other words, to create the necessary psychological atmosphere and to identify the general physiological and psychological state of the person being tested at the time of testing - this is the task of a preliminary interview or interview.

Trustee Stimulation

The next stage, the second, usually takes place immediately after the pre-interview or immediately after the registration of reactions to the first series of questions. It is better to start with it, with a stimulating test. It comes down to identifying a specific card with a number or word, which the person being checked selects from a common deck.

For example, given three-digit number. Choose one for yourself, put the card in your pocket. Sometimes the cards contain secret marks that allow the examiner to follow the passage of the card. In all cases, the stimulating test is carried out under the guise of TSV and the inspector clearly demonstrates to the person being tested the ability of the polygraph to indicate the selected card. The incentive test aims to convince the test object of the accuracy of the instrument readings; more differentiate his reactions to different questions during the test.

This is the classic scheme of working with a polygraph. After the stimulating test, the most important procedure is questions in any order, in any form. Then the final part of the work with the person being checked begins, when the record is shown to him and its results are analyzed together with him. At this stage, the testee may undergo such confessions that were not previously possible to obtain, or such a reaction involuntarily appears. A conversation with the person being checked based on the results of the recording is extremely important for the entire polygraph test procedure.

Asking questions

Polygraph testing can be carried out by the so-called direct and indirect methods.
At direct method The subject is offered three groups of questions in a certain sequence:

1) relevant (critical) - related directly to the circumstances of the crime being investigated;
2) irrelevant (neutral), irrelevant and set in order to reduce emotional tension, or to set off the degree and form of reaction to critical questions;
3) control - not related to the crime under investigation, but having to some extent "accusatory" content.

At the same time, it is considered that the “accusation” of something contained in the control questions should not exceed the strength of the accusation contained in the relevant questions. It has been established that an uninvolved person reacts more strongly precisely to test questions than relevant ones, since it is they that contain “accusatory” information that is dangerous for him.

In order to distinguish between reactions to neutral and target questions, a certain questioning technique is chosen. The so-called neutral-target method, which was developed by the classic printer Makstan back in 1917. It has been the standard for testing for a long time. The essence of the neutral-target method is as follows.

A group of questions is taken:

1. neutral, irrelevant;
2. significant, which we want to find out, leading to an investigation, to determine the attitude of a person to a particular case.

AT different options they can go interspersed, for example, one significant, then neutral; or they can go in zones, for example, 5 neutral, then a group of 5 critical, then again 5 neutral, then 5 critical again. All this is recorded on paper and on a phonogram, and then the operators look at how the person reacted to this group of neutral questions. Then to the critical group - whether there is a difference or not. There is a complete comparison of the answers of the subject to certain questions.

The indirect method is used when there is reason to believe that the controlled person knows about the details, the details of the crime, but strongly denies this. At the same time, the reliability of the subject’s negative answers is not directly controlled, but it is found out whether he has specific information that only the person involved in the crime can know, and he cannot explain where, if not by criminal means, it was obtained. Stimuli are chosen from specifically relevant information so that they seem the same to an outsider and do not cause specific reactions in him.

This questioning technique is also called the Hidden Question Test.

During the test, the operator calm voice asks the respondent pre-formulated questions. Moreover, they are formulated in such a way that they require only one-word answers (“yes” or “no”). Pause between questions for 10-15 seconds. They are necessary for the disappearance of reactions to previous questions and the restoration of the level of psychophysical activity.

The criminal procedural aspect of the problem and the legal basis for the use of a polygraph

First of all, it is necessary to make a reservation that a practical solution to the issue of the conditions, forms and limits of the use of a polygraph in criminal proceedings should be preceded by a deep and comprehensive scientific study with a broad discussion of its results by the scientific community and fairly representative experiments that reflect the specifics of domestic legal proceedings and the mentality of the population. And such studies are currently being successfully carried out by a special department of the All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, as well as by scientific divisions of the Federal Security Service.

It is their results that form the basis of the Instruction "On the procedure for using a polygraph when interviewing citizens", approved by the Prosecutor General's Office, the FSB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and registered on December 28, 1994 in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, as well as by Order of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of September 12, 1995 № 353 "On ensuring the introduction of the polygraph in the activities of the internal affairs bodies." With publication in 1995. federal law"On operational-search activity" the use of a polygraph in operational-search activities has gained sufficient legal justification. Speech, therefore, should now be conducted not about the legality of using a polygraph in general. And about the conditions for its use in the procedural activities of the investigator, and perhaps the court.

There is every reason to believe that at present the use of a polygraph is quite acceptable in two cases:

- in the production of expertise;

- with the participation of a psychologist in preparation for the production of an investigative action.

The law does not restrict the expert in the choice of technical means of research. Any technical tool, if it itself and the method of its application are scientifically substantiated, can be used by an expert to solve the problems of an examination, in accordance with the conditions of the study, the requirements for which, the procedural order of the examination, etc. Therefore, there is no reason to object to the use of the polygraph by an expert psychiatrist or psychologist.

The use of a polygraph during interrogation is not excluded, but subject to the legislative consolidation of the following provisions:

1. The use of a polygraph is allowed only with the voluntary consent of the interrogated; refusal of a polygraph test, as well as a proposal to undergo a test if the interrogated person refuses, should not be recorded in any procedural document; Refusal of a trial cannot in any way be construed to the detriment of an interrogated person.
2. To participate in the interrogation, a specialist psychologist is necessarily involved, performing the functions of a polygraph operator within the normal competence of a specialist participating in an investigative action.
3. The results of the polygraph application do not have evidentiary value and are used by the investigator only as orienting information; only factual data contained in the testimonies of the interrogated shall be recognized as evidence. Material evidence of the use of a polygraph (tapes, records) is not attached to the case.

Devices and methods for determining the psychophysiological reactions of a person have existed abroad since the late 40s. They are based on theoretical and methodological principles developed in this area, and have been comprehensively tested in legal and forensic practice.

The first official inventor of the polygraph testing technique

The inventor of the polygraph testing technique in its modern form (US Patent No. 2538125 of 1951) is John E. Reid. However, it should be noted that back in the 1930s, the outstanding Soviet scientist Alexander Romanovich Luria used psychophysiological methods for recognizing dishonesty in the practice of investigating criminal offenses.

In a number foreign countries To date, a developed legislative base for the use of means for determining the psychophysiological reactions of a person has already been created. In the US, for example, courts accept polygraph test results as legally valid evidence. In most public and many private financial institutions in the United States, polygraph examinations have long become a routine procedure for annual preventive screening of employees. At the same time, the US has a law (The Employee Polygraph Protection Act) to protect employees from abuse of the polygraph by the employer. After its adoption in 1988 by the US Congress, the number of polygraph tests dropped sharply, since the law very severely limits the scope of the polygraph outside government agencies, as well as private organizations that are somehow related to the safety of people.

Use of the polygraph in the USSR

AT former USSR the lie detector was used "quietly" by the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the GRU. Currently, the right to use this device for operational-search purposes has been granted to nine departments of the Russian Federation that have investigative bodies. In the last five years alone, more than 20 scientific and methodological works on this issue. The methodological and practical experience now commercial structures and banks are already beginning to use them. Many of them have made psychophysiological testing the basis of their personnel and security policy.

The most confusing and ambiguous is the legal aspect of conducting polygraph tests. At one time, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB adopted a number of by-laws in the form of departmental instructions on the use of polygraphs in operational-search activities. These instructions were developed on the basis of similar documents used for the same purposes in the United States, and, in accordance with the existing procedure, were approved by the Ministry of Justice and agreed with all interested departments, including the Ministry of Health and the Prosecutor General's Office. But if in the USA everything related to the documentary and procedural support for working with a polygraph is under strict legal, public and scientific control, then in Russia the mentioned departments, acting in their usual style, on the contrary, classified everything.

Current situation

In fact, the only open document. It directly indicates the legitimacy of using this device, is the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 600 of May 17, 1996. According to the decree, the Federal Target Program to Strengthen the Fight against Crime for 1996-1997 is put into effect. Financing (clause 2.1.6) is provided for the development of methods and equipment (lie detector) from the federal budget in the amount of 21.4 billion rubles. (in prices III quarter of 1995) in 1997

General legal basis testing using a polygraph in the Russian Federation create the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure on the participation of a specialist in investigative actions and on the possibility of using technical means for collecting, fixing and using information, as well as the Law of the Russian Federation “On operational-search activity”. At present, the Instruction "On the procedure for using a polygraph when interviewing citizens" (approved by the Prosecutor General's Office, the Federal Security Service, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation), registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 28, 1994, is also in force.

Permit procedure

Let us describe the procedure for issuing a permit for research using the example of Moscow: As it turned out, such research requires special permission from the head of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate. It is issued only in cases where a person or group of persons is suspected of committed crime. And at the same time, the operative worker must prove in a memo to the head of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate that such an experiment is simply necessary. After that, the “experimental” himself must give written consent to the tests. Then a special questionnaire is compiled. which is also approved by the head of the police department.

Abroad, by the way, permission to use the "infernal machine" is much easier to obtain. In the United States, for example, in the case of a charge of sexual offense (for example, harassment), the lie detector test is taken by both the defendant and the plaintiff. That is, not only the man is subjected to the survey, but also a woman, in case her accusations suddenly turn out to be groundless.

A polygraph (another name is a lie detector) is used in forensics to determine the guilt of a suspect. Also, when applying for a job in some companies, job seekers are waiting for a polygraph test. Thanks to this, management receives information about whether potential employees have a tendency, for example, to steal, etc.

It should be noted right away that only those who have completed special courses and received a certificate of the required sample are allowed to engage in testing people on a polygraph.

lie detector device

Before agreeing to take a polygraph test, you should ask about its device and how it works. Lie detector - apparatus touch type, fixing by means of special sensors the physiological parameters of a person - blood pressure, heartbeat, muscle tone, blinking frequency, sweating, etc.

The sensors are connected by wires to a computer, on the monitor of which you can see the test results in the form of various graphs.

It should be noted that attempts to "rig" the results of the survey have always been made. The question of how to deceive a polygraph has existed for as long as the lie detector itself.

What testing looks like

Sensors are attached to the tested from all sides. And in addition, they are seated on another sensor and asked to remain still. The fact is that reactions to provocative questions even include involuntary muscle contractions.

Before starting the procedure, the subject must inform the inspector that he is concerned about some questions or if he needs to go to the toilet. The comfortable state of the test person is a prerequisite for such a test, otherwise the results will be far from objectivity.

Also, at the beginning of the process, the device reads the initial parameters from the person. This is accepted because many are concerned about the very fact of verification, and not hypothetical guilt. An honest and decent person may well turn out to be neurotic or simply overly impressionable. That is why the indicators obtained during the audit should be compared with the initial ones.

Is this test really that serious?

In principle, the lie detector is quite possible to deceive. After all, a polygraph test is carried out by a program based on measurements of the physical parameters of your body: pulse rate, respiration, blood pressure, etc. And if you remain calm when answering the questions that you are asked, then changes in the state will not be perceived by the device.

At first glance, this is the whole secret of how to fool a polygraph. But be aware that your effort to remain calm and control your own reactions will also be taken into account by the program. And, in turn, he will apply a "distracting maneuver" - at first (about twenty minutes) you will be asked the most simple questions in order to lull vigilance and "adjust" the device specifically for you.

What can affect the result

The main factor is the correct internal state of the subject. How to pass a polygraph according to all the rules? The one who is being tested must sit completely static, he is forbidden to move his arms, legs, eyes, head, strain any muscles and even swallow saliva. These actions can cause an involuntary physiological reaction, fixed by a polygraph and affecting the result.

So all the same - is it possible to pass a polygraph test with the result you need? Or, to put it simply, can the device be fooled?

If a person is accused of a serious crime, then sometimes a lie detector can be the only chance to prove one's own innocence. Therefore, it is useful to have an idea of ​​​​how to pass a polygraph at the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

How it's done

First of all, on the eve of testing, you must definitely get enough sleep. Answers to questions on a polygraph should be given as truthful as possible, in case of any misunderstandings, everything should be explained in detail as calmly as possible.

If your biography contains some violations and other negative points, you should not be silent about them. It is much wiser to tell about them frankly right away. It makes no sense for a law-abiding citizen to be nervous.

How to pass a polygraph to your advantage

Experts working with the device assure that this is not easy to do. Only a person who has thoroughly studied the principle of his work and is perfectly able to control himself is capable of outsmarting a lie detector.

At first glance, maintaining external equanimity is not such a difficult task. But after all, the detector captures and fixes the parameters precisely internal state! And it is very, very difficult to control them. If a person gives a lie in response to a question, his body reacts to the lie involuntarily, regardless of the desire to hide the truth. The device will only be able to "swallow" an obvious lie when the subject either sincerely believes in what he is saying, or gives the answer "automatically" - i.e. without analyzing your own words.

Don't get hung up on the significance of what's happening and don't immediately prepare for the worst. To successfully pass the test, you should simply relax, especially if you are not guilty of anything. In this case, the question of how to pass a polygraph simply should not bother you.

With this approach, your excitement will subside, you will not begin to painfully sort out all your past sins. For example, the question is often asked about whether there have been episodes of theft in your life. An honest and decent person, fundamentally unable to appropriate someone else's, suddenly recalls a trifling childhood episode - a toy taken without demand in a kindergarten.

This memory confuses him, the internal tension is immediately recorded by the device, and an honest answer "No" will be recorded as false. That is why when testing, do not try to sort out past memories and do not delve deeply into the questions asked. Answer honestly, but at the same time slightly "mechanical" and rather indifferent.

How to achieve automation

As already mentioned, a detached, calm state will help to deceive a polygraph - when a person does not try to form mental images life situations. But it is not easy enough - to completely give up and give negative and positive answers in time, alternating them correctly. Only a few truly succeed.

How to achieve the desired state? Try to mentally switch to any other problem that is relevant to you. Thus, you kind of fence yourself off from the questions being asked, respectively, you don’t analyze them and don’t imagine images of critical situations for you.

From the history of the lie detector

The first version of the polygraph was invented and used in 1895 by Italian psychiatrist Cesare Lombroso. The device was named by him hydrosphygometer.

But a real lie detector, capable of assisting in the investigation of crimes, appeared only in 1921. It was invented by police officer John Larsen.

The polygraph turned out to be able to record the most insignificant changes in the psychophysical state of the subject, thanks to which the degree of truthfulness of his answers became clear to the specialist. This principle formed the basis for the use of a lie detector for a long time and has been preserved to this day.

To whom the test is contraindicated

Women who have a long gestational age have the right to refuse the test. In addition, it is prohibited to test teenagers who have not reached the age of majority. If necessary, they can be checked with the written permission of the parents (as well as the guardians of the child) or in their presence.

An important point: passing a polygraph test is possible only with the written consent of the subject - you must know this in order to prevent violation of your rights.

Now you know how to pass a polygraph competently. We hope this information will help you avoid mistakes and defend your own interests if necessary.

Polygraph, this is an emotion detector that measures the totality of vegetative physiological functions, mathematically correctly combining all measured parameters into total score, characterizing the degree of expression of the observed emotion, classifying the significance of the stimuli affecting the subject. In other words, this is a device for automatic measurement of physiological functions in real time with a user interface that facilitates the work of a polygraph examiner.

HOW POLYGRAPH WORKS

In essence, it can perform the functions human pursuing the goal of detection (detection, lie detection) by outward signs their manifestations. This requires a specially organized series of questions aimed at identifying lies. The only difference is that a person draws conclusions on the basis of external manifestations of lies, while a polygraph is based on subtle and more sensitive measurements of the autonomic functions of the body. A person draws a conclusion based on his own experience, and a polygraph based on accurate scientific data and the experience acquired by mankind over many centuries.

Considerations that there are no specific signs of falsehood in the change in autonomic functions and therefore polygraph can not be called a lie detector do not reflect the essence of the phenomenon. Yes, there are no such signs! But there is a phenomenon of the emergence of emotion in response to any stimulus, which is described by a change, and a consistent change in autonomic functions measured by a polygraph.

A person sees only a part of these changes, externally manifested in the form of hyperemia of the skin, specific eye movements, impaired motor skills of movements, etc. Polygraph measures emotion more accurately and subtly. In this situation, a person can be called a lie detector, linking this short and capacious term to the situation of identifying false statements? Why can't the polygraph be called a lie detector? They say: “But what if the subject does not answer the questions at all?”. As soon as he is silent, it means he is not lying, but the polygraph continues to register emotions. This fact allegedly confirms the idea that the polygraph is not a lie detector.

Quite right, in this case he is not a lie detector, but an emotion detector. It all depends on what task was set. If after the fact you ask the same question and receive an answer that denies the emotional reaction that has appeared, you, without hesitation, draw a conclusion about the deceit of the subject of the survey. And then you revealed a lie, performed the functions of a lie detector, we have the right to call you a lie detector. Let's think about the fact that a device specially designed for recording emotions, their classification, made this conclusion much earlier than you. You only asked a question, took note of the subject's answer and verbalized the conclusion about his deceit. The same result can be achieved with a polygraph without your participation. Moreover, the conclusion can be obtained both in writing and orally.

It would be really unfair to call the early models of polygraphs, and these were ink-writing polygraphs, lie detectors. But the situation has changed radically. Today computer polygraphs able to perform the functions of not only registration, but also processing physiological functions, making decisions based on the latest achievements science and technology. I dare say that under these conditions, a computer polygraph, without any hesitation, can be called a lie detector.

The rejection of this term, most likely, was the result of the odious attitude of the bureaucratic apparatus towards it in the years of “developed socialism”. Now, among practicing polygraph examiners, this point of view is supported rather because of mentoring ambitions: the topic is really quite subtle, having many facets and shades. Young specialist it is rather difficult to understand and, here a specialist with experience can, from the height of his position, authoritatively “put everything in its place”. In fact, everything is different.

In philosophical terms, the concepts of "false" and "truth" are very relative. Therefore, it would seem, on what basis do we attribute the functions of lie detection to some device. But if you follow the path of rejection of clear and brief definitions we will be forced to use descriptive phraseology, which hides the essence of the observed phenomena, leads away from understanding the truth.

Indeed, the term "detector" in radio engineering means a very specific combination of radio engineering elements (diode, resistor and capacitance) connected in an appropriate way. Such a radio circuit is designed to highlight the envelope of the radio signal. Any specialist in electronics at the mention of this term will not only virtually reproduce the result of the action of such a circuit, but also assess the need for its application in a particular situation. Why, then, do we not have the right to call it a lie detector in the case of a computer polygraph, bearing in mind that lie detection requires a specially organized sequence of questions, specific methodological techniques and methods, competent processing of physiological signals, effective ways analysis and classification of results implemented by modern computer polygraph.

Accepting the term lie detection, attributing this function to a modern computer polygraph, we are clearly aware that without the efforts of a sophisticated specialist who properly formulates the test questions, polygraph will not be able to perform the specified function. Until now, there is no unity of views on this problem among specialists. There are no clear and precise guidelines that provide movement in the development of lie detection methods. Many experts accept memory and attention as the only attributes of psychophysiological testing that ensure the productivity of the method. By far, these attributes are the most important and absolutely necessary. The trouble is that by absolutizing the need for only these components of a psychophysiological experiment, we close our eyes and disown many even more complex and important factors and phenomena accompanying the process of psychophysiological experiment: cognitive, associative processes, memory reminiscence processes, motivational components, individual characteristics regulatory functions human brain and the CNS as a whole. All of them, one way or another, influence the results of the psychophysiological experiment. Many other factors can be cited that have no less significant impact: the current state of the object of study, environmental conditions, the skills and experience of the polygraph examiner, the perfection of the system for processing and classifying results, the compliance of the stimulus material used with the testing situation, and much more ...

Considering each of these factors separately, we are able to establish causal relationships between the results obtained and the influence of one or another factor. It is much more difficult to consider the influence of a combination of factors. Meanwhile, their combined influence takes place in any psychophysiological experiment. A bunch of theoretical foundations, interpreting the patterns of occurrence emotional reactions of the object of study describe the picture of the phenomena accompanying the psychophysiological experiment in a very fragmentary way. Attempts to interpret them, from the standpoint of the only theoretical approach, are futile and absolutely unpromising, since their action in most cases is not regulated by anything, and the influence is subjective. Moreover, it can be simultaneous and interdependent.

Logically linked and productive under these conditions is the theory of adaptation, covering the entire spectrum of phenomena accompanying the psychophysiological experiment.

Any person who has received an offer to take a lie detector starts to worry, looking for information about what a polygraph is and how to pass it, what can be expected as a result of such testing. Let's figure out why a polygraph test is carried out, and how to properly prepare for it.

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What is a polygraph

A polygraph is a technical device used to fix psychophysiological reactions a person that arises in response to questions presented to him - incentives.

Attention! AT ordinary life many call the device a lie detector.

The procedure is carried out by a polygraph examiner - a specialist who has a special education in the field of conducting research using a polygraph.

The main task of the survey is to establish the reliability of the information reported by the assessed person to the polygraph examiner.

Polygraph

When is the check carried out

The popularity of polygraph tests is growing, and the scope of their application is actively expanding. Businesses are increasingly using this tool in an attempt to reduce their risks when hiring employees who can cause significant damage to the employer.

Most often, this method of assessing the reliability of information applied in the following cases:

1. Screening of candidates upon hiring.
2. Regular assessment of the operating personnel of the organization in order to monitor compliance with the requirements, concerning security business.
3. Checking employees in case the enterprise there was an incident: material values, leakage of information to competitors, receiving kickbacks.
4. In the judicial system, conducting investigations.
5. In personal relationships, when, for example, family members want to check how honest they are with each other.

Polygraph test

Is the check legal?

Russian legislation does not prohibit conducting polygraph tests, so there is nothing illegal in the proposal to pass them. But anyone can refuse. And everyone who agrees to undergo a polygraph test, sign voluntary consent.

Whether to refuse or not depends on how interested a person is in this procedure. Having rejected the offer, for example, in employment, the candidate may lose the chance get the desired job, as the employer may conclude that the applicant has something to hide. He cannot refuse a candidate on this basis, but it is his right to choose another.

When there is no verification

There are cases when it is really better not to take a polygraph test and refuse it yourself. This is especially true for situations where there is an understanding that, based on its results, the decision is unlikely to be positive, since there is a need to hide something.

Polygraph testing is not carried out in relation to certain category of people regardless of whether they are ready to go through it or not.

Testing will not be held, if:

• subject's age less than 14 years old;
• there is mental illness and disorders;
• there are signs of physical and mental exhaustion: fatigue, chronic lack of sleep, prolonged stress;
• the subject takes strong drugs;
• a person is sick with cardiovascular diseases or has problems with the respiratory system;
• alcoholic or drug intoxication;
• a woman is expecting a baby, especially in the second half of pregnancy.

The polygraph examiner will definitely clarify the questions on the existing restrictions, and therefore they must be answered absolutely calmly. He asks about this not because he wants to convict of something, but on the contrary, he seeks not to harm, since all of the listed cases concern possible receipt inaccurate test results.

The polygraph examiner is obliged to clarify questions on the existing restrictions on verification

The principle of operation of the lie detector

The polygraph is technical device, which evaluates nothing, does not pass a verdict. Its task is to record the physiological reactions of a person to questions and at the time of providing an answer to them. Any emotion is always reflected on the physical level: sweating, changes in breathing or pulse. These are the indicators and fixes the detector.

The polygraph is a set of several parts:

• Sensors that measure blood pressure, pulse, respiration and sweating.
• A device that registers signals coming from sensors and then transmits information to a computer.
• computer with specialized software m, evaluating the received reactions. As a result, the program generates a graph - a polygram, which shows all the changes that occur to a person.

Upon completion of the examination, the polygraph examiner will analyze the polygram and prepare a conclusion with the results of the assessment.

The questions asked are based on special questionnaires- tests necessary to verify the accuracy of the information provided by the test-takers on specific research topics.

How is testing

Polygraph testing consists from several stages.

1. Meeting and acquaintance with the polygraph examiner.
2. Preliminary conversation, in which the objectives of the check will be explained, the procedure will be explained. It is important to know that all questions that will be asked are necessarily discussed. Until the polygraph examiner is convinced that the test-taker knows and understands all the questions of the test, he will not begin the procedure itself.
3. Man signs consent for verification or refusal.
4. If approved, the testing phase begins. First, a detailed briefing is carried out: how to behave, what not to do, sensors are put on, questions are asked.
5. During the tests, the polygraph examiner may have additional questions in connection with the reactions of the test person. In this case, a second conversation is held, information is clarified and changes are made to the test questions, and the test continues.
6. At the end of the procedure, the polygraph examiner releases the person being tested and processes the results prepares a conclusion.

Is it possible to fool a lie detector?

As long as the polygraph has existed, the question of whether it can be deceived has been discussed for so long. Experts believe that this almost impossible, and among non-specialists there are a considerable number of people who believe that this is very easy to do.

Further more. On the Internet, you can find tips on how to pass a lie detector and deceive him, and even describe ways in which this can be done. You can even find offers to take a lie detector online.

When studying recommendations on how to pass a polygraph without problems and deceive the detector, it is important to remember that he does not pay any attention to words or facial expressions. It captures the reactions that occur in the human body, and are the result of the work of the brain. Those who learn to control their own reflexes, then will be able to deceive polygraph.

Any method used by a test-taker to bypass the polygraph is opposed by polygraph examiners.

Can follow the recommendations: take pills, do not get enough sleep, do not think about anything while answering questions, concentrate your attention on the flower standing on the windowsill. However, an experienced specialist will immediately see this, and the test results will be treated very carefully.

Separately, it is necessary to note the proposals to test yourself by passing lie detectors online. Essentially this psychological test defining emotional stability. And on this basis, the probable possibility of deceiving the detector is calculated.

To trust or not to such results, to apply or refuse the proposed ways to deceive a polygraph is a personal matter for everyone.

How to pass a polygraph when applying for a job

The offer to pass the detector when applying for a job may come as a surprise to many. Almost everyone starts to get nervous about this topic, and many perceive such information as an insult to their honor and dignity. But if we assume that the candidate himself would be an employer, and he had a chance to weed out those who could potentially threaten the business on which so much time and effort was spent, would he refuse such an opportunity? The question is rhetorical, and the employer can also be understood.

Important! Hiding the truth is the main reason why the result can be clearly not in favor of the test person.

There are several factors able to influence on the test result.

1. Nerves, excitement, anxiety with which the candidate goes to the procedure. An experienced polygraph examiner will note this, and if for some reason he fails to relieve the applicant’s excessive anxiety, then he himself can refuse to hold check.
2. Reception sedatives before testing, it will slow down the reactions, which will be noted by a specialist. It's better not to.
3. Illness, general poor health will affect the result. If a the physical state deviates from the usual, or pain is bothering you, then you need to warn about this, and the procedure will be rescheduled for another day.

Passing a polygraph test when applying for a job

How to behave during the test

The main thing is to know how to behave on the test. The first is to get your nerves in order. And then follow everyone polygraph examiner's recommendations. You should not be afraid of him, you need to answer questions, try to explain your reactions to them as accurately as possible during the conversation between tests.

The most wrong thing to do — it start interfere with examination: spinning in a chair, putting pressure on sensors, answering test questions with a few words instead of an unambiguous “Yes” or “No”, showing negative reactions to questions, indignant. It's better to quit right now.

For those who need to pass the detector for the first time, it can be recommended to take into account a few tips how to behave:

1. Do not plan urgent cases on the day of the polygraph test. The procedure may take longer for 2-3 hours.
2. Try to be honest. The more truthful answers are given, the better the results will be. Remember that absolutely honest people no. If you have nothing special to hide, then there is nothing to fear.
3. Do not try to disrupt the test without following the recommendations of the polygraph examiner. It's better not to come at all.

Useful video: how is a lie detector test carried out and is it possible to deceive a polygraph?

Have you ever cheated on your loved ones? Have you taken something without asking? If you answered “Yes” to these questions, then you have already taken the first correct step towards passing the lie detector.