Why Tukhachevsky. Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich

February 16 this year marks the 120th anniversary of the birth of Mikhail Tukhachevsky, one of the most controversial military leaders Soviet period. Historians either hate him or idolize him. Some people see him as an executioner who drowned the Kronstadt riot in blood and peasant unrest V Tambov province, to others - talented commander and a theorist who developed the foundations of Soviet military affairs. But everyone agrees on one thing - this man left a bright mark on the political reality of the last century. Putting aside all prejudices, let's try to look at the life of this person...

The Tukhachevsky family has been known to dynasty researchers since the 13th century. It was his ancestors who gave rise to the famous Tolstoy family. Mikhail's father, Nikolai Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky, came from impoverished nobles of Polish origin. He married a semi-literate peasant woman, Mavra Petrovna, who bore him nine children: four sons and five daughters. They lived on the Alexandrovsky estate, located in the Smolensk province.

Mikhail Tukhachevsky was the third child in the family, born in 1893. IN early childhood was an exceptionally active, hyperactive boy who could not be ignored for a minute. To look after him, his parents even had to hire a separate nanny, since the common nurse for all the children could not keep up with Misha. He learned to read and write early, read a lot (in three languages), was always drawn to new knowledge and was interested in music. Already in adolescence remarkable artistic and literary abilities future commander. Parents often staged performances at home in which all family members took part. Mikhail independently composed plays for them, in which he always assigned himself the main roles. Having begged his parents for a violin, he learned to play it fairly well. A few months before his death, in the spring of 1937, he, having played a part for his sister, sadly noted: “And why didn’t I decide to become a musician? I would be a good violinist now.” He also spent his entire life writing; historians know more than one hundred and twenty of his works. True, they all are scientific works on military topics. In his youth, Tukhachevsky was fond of horse riding, dancing and wrestling. Contemporaries noted that he was beautifully built, very handsome and charismatic.

Later, Mikhail entered the first Moscow Cadet Corps, where he immediately stood out thanks to sharp mind, physical abilities and excellent effort. The teachers noted that “military affairs is the true calling of this boy.” Because of his exceptional abilities, he was even personally introduced to Nicholas II. However, there were also less unpleasant moments. He had no friends at all in the corps, and not at all because he was an aloof or timid young man. On the contrary, everyone was well aware of his desire for absolute leadership and cruelty towards others. They were afraid to quarrel with him, since he knew no mercy, and with the younger cadets he completely behaved like a despot.

It is quite natural that he graduated from school with the best academic performance, after which he was sent, as he dreamed, to the Semenovsky regiment. Tukhachevsky took part in the First World War, and even his ill-wishers noted his bravery on the battlefield and in reconnaissance. His courage, which often bordered on recklessness, would fail him more than once in the future. In the end, he was nominated for awards five times for his heroism. various degrees(five orders in six months), Mikhail was captured.

There is a legend about four unsuccessful escape attempts made by Tukhachevsky. But there is no historical evidence of this. It is only known that after some time Mikhail was sent to the international concentration camp Ingolstadt. According to some reports, the fortress was a gathering place for captured officers caught in various reasons to the attention of German intelligence. The most famous prisoners of this camp were Charles de Gaulle and Louis Rivet.

In Ingolstadt, Second Lieutenant Tukhachevsky met Charles de Gaulle. Something like friendship began between them; the future president of France always noted the extraordinary “audacity and courage” of the Russian captive. In 1936, Tukhachevsky was present in Paris at a meeting of concentration camp prisoners. And in 1966, when de Gaulle came to Moscow, he wanted to see the sisters of the late marshal. Of course, he was politely but firmly refused. The relatives did not even know about the wish of the eminent Frenchman.

It is unknown in what conditions the prisoners were kept in the Ingolstadt fortress, but they were sometimes allowed to go out into the city as a walk.

Taking advantage of this, on August 3, 1917, Tukhachevsky made another, fifth (in a year and a half) attempt to escape. It turned out to be successful, and already in October 1917 he returned to his homeland.

While still in prison, Tukhachevsky began to sympathize with the Bolsheviks. He wrote: “If Lenin rids Russia of old prejudices, if he makes it a strong power, then I choose Marxism.” Having voluntarily joined the Red Army in March 1918, by June he was already commander of the first army Eastern Front.

Possessing an oratorical gift, Tukhachevsky initiated the enrollment of former tsarist officers in the Red Army. However, he convinced them not only with words. From his order: “To organize a combat-ready army, experienced leaders are needed. That's why I order former officers come to me immediately. Those who do not appear will be court-martialed.” Although Tukhachevsky himself wrote about this: “I helped them go with the people, and not against them.” The officers followed him. And soon, despite his aristocratic appearance, he managed to win the trust of the soldiers. During the Civil War in Russia, the twenty-six-year-old Red commander became famous on various fronts, pushing out Krasnov and Denikin, burning out anti-Soviet sentiments in Russia with fire and sword.

Among the military leaders of the Red Army, Mikhail Tukhachevsky had neither friends nor acquaintances. Many described him as a capable second lieutenant who was very lucky in life. Already in the early twenties, Tukhachevsky came to the attention of the Special Department. In the file there he was presented as a gifted leader. But his main problem lay in human qualities. He was characterized as a powerful and cunning commander who did not tolerate objections or criticism of his actions. And therefore he chose weak-willed and obsequious subordinates, who completely bowed down to his authority. It was also noted that Tukhachevsky neglects issues of strategy and tactics when preparing military operations, being interested only in administrative aspects.

In 1919, for the defeat of Kolchak, Tukhachevsky was awarded the highest award at that time - the Honorary Revolutionary Weapon along with the Order of the Red Banner. Having won many exemplary victories from a military point of view, he became famous for his ability to clearly organize army work. However, Mikhail Tukhachevsky lost the largest battle for Warsaw in his life on all counts.

The Soviet-Polish War began with the Poles mobilizing about a million people. The Allies helped them with equipment and money. The backbone of the army was the 70,000-strong corps of General Haller, formed from French Poles who had gone through the war. Aviation was represented by American pilots. The intelligence of the Red Army, which was in its infancy, missed all these large-scale preparations. In the spring of 1920, the commander of the Polish forces, Pilsudski, struck in the Zhitomir direction. Units of the Red Army, organized from the “Galicians,” rebelled, the front was exposed, and there was no one left in the way of the Poles. Having traveled almost two hundred kilometers, occupying Kyiv without a fight and capturing many prisoners, the enemy troops stopped on the banks of the Dnieper.

But the Soviet government was not going to give up. A massive transfer of troops to the Polish front began, and the General Staff issued the famous appeal “To all former officers...”, after which, in order to save the Motherland from the Poles, everyone who had recently fought for the whites, hid from arrests, and was in prison began to enroll in the Red Army. Mikhail Tukhachevsky, appointed commander Western Front, decided to defeat with one swift throw in the direction of Warsaw Polish army. True, the first attempts to break through the enemy’s defenses near the Berezina River failed. Then the First One came to his aid cavalry army, which included all the advanced equipment of that time: armored trains, artillery, airplanes and, the invention of the Makhnovists, the famous carts. At the beginning of summer, the vanguard of Budyonny’s army broke through the front and uncontrollably rushed towards Volyn. Here Tukhachevsky began to rapidly advance in the north. The Poles wavered and ran. In just a few days, Mikhail Nikolaevich's troops rushed past Minsk, Brest, along the Lithuanian border, through Vilna and Grodno, until they found themselves on Polish soil.

M. N. Tukhachevsky 1935 Postcard. Central Election Commission of the FSB of the Russian Federation. A C D No. R-5159

No one has seen such raids since the days of Napoleon. Pilsudski was depressed, the Allies had already buried Poland. Tukhachevsky, considering himself the new Suvorov, set the capture of Warsaw for August 12. To do this, he decided to bypass the Polish capital from the west and north, attacking from directions unexpected for the enemies. Not knowing the number and deployment of enemy troops, Tukhachevsky independently climbed into the bag between the main forces of the Poles and the German border. In mid-August, the selected Polish troops of General Haller, having launched a series of counterattacks, to their own surprise found themselves in the rear of the Reds. If the First Cavalry had been nearby, Haller would definitely have been in trouble, but she got stuck in the battles near Lvov. Much later, the opinion emerged that Joseph Vissarionovich was to blame for everything. Indeed, Stalin opposed the relocation of Budyonny’s troops to the north. However, this had a reasonable basis. He saw that the cavalry army was exhausted from battles and was not capable of such a breakthrough. But Tukhachevsky’s headquarters was unable to properly assess the strength of the Poles.

Soon half of Tukhachevsky’s troops found themselves pressed against the German border. All attempts to break through to the east ended in failure. Then the troops retreated to the lands East Prussia, where they were interned. It was a disaster. The Bolsheviks had no choice but to negotiate.

Tukhachevsky’s strange attachment to Dmitry Shostakovich is known. When the great composer, sick with tuberculosis, worked as a pianist in cinemas, it was only thanks to the efforts of Marshal that Shostakovich was asked to create a symphony for the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution. After her performance, he became famous. And after the publication in Pravda of a derogatory review article “Confusion Instead of Music,” Mikhail Nikolaevich was one of the few who dared to openly support the desperate Shostakovich.

In the thirties, in all subsequent positions, Mikhail Nikolaevich promoted the idea of ​​militarizing the country's economy. He put forward proposals to increase the number of divisions, develop artillery, aviation, and tank forces. However, the calculations he cited contained fabulous figures, for example, about the possibility of producing one hundred thousand tanks per year in the USSR. Stalin pointed out to the marshal the nonsense of this idea, calling it “red militarism.” Other mistakes of the military leader include the emphasis on the development of recoilless artillery to the detriment of further study of rifled artillery, the cancellation of the production of the successful 37-mm anti-tank gun, and the refusal to introduce mortars. The marshal spent a lot of money on researching unpromising weapons.

Soviet military leaders. 1921 In the first row: far left - M. N. Tukhachevsky; in the center - S. M. Budyonny; far right - P. E. Dybenko

But Tukhachevsky personally participated in the maneuvers of the army and navy, analyzed their results and developed measures to improve command and control. Seeing tanks as the main force of future wars, he studied the forced deployment of mechanized formations and created the theory of deep combat and continuous operations in one direction. Being a supporter of an offensive strategy, he advocated the independence of small units. In 1932, thanks to him, work began on the creation of rocket engines, and in 1933, the Jet Research Institute, specializing in the development of rocket weapons, was built.

Mikhail Tukhachevsky had very few friends, preferring female society to them. The handsome marshal seemed to have some special influence on the fair half of humanity. The higher Tukhachevsky climbed the career ladder, the more women surrounded him. True number The marshal's mistresses cannot be counted.

He met his first wife while still in high school. Her name was Maria, she was the daughter of a machinist and committed suicide shortly after their wedding. According to one version, she could not stand her husband’s numerous infidelities; according to another, Mikhail himself demanded a divorce. In any case, Tukhachevsky was involved in this; Maria shot herself in the head right in his headquarters car. He did not come to the funeral, and soon married again to sixteen-year-old Lika. Disregarding party ethics, the military leader married her in church. However, this did not keep him from numerous affairs on the side, and their union fell apart after a short time. And in 1923, Tukhachevsky seduced the wife of the political commissar of the fourth rifle division, Nina Grinevich. They got married, but five years later the marshal was attracted to the wife of Nikolai Kuzmin’s former friend, Yulia. He did not divorce Nina Grinevich, but until 1937 he lived with Kuzmina.

In the spring of 1937, Tukhachevsky, who was deputy people's commissar of defense, was unexpectedly not allowed to attend the coronation of George VI in London. Perhaps even then he realized that the end was near. On May 11, Mikhail Nikolaevich was removed from his post and sent to command the Volga Military District in Kuibyshev. Before leaving, Stalin put his hand on his shoulder and promised that he would soon return the marshal to the capital. Joseph Vissarionovich kept his word; on May 24, Tukhachevsky was indeed returned to Moscow. Only in handcuffs and under escort. The arrest of Mikhail Nikolaevich was carried out by a representative of the NKVD, the old Bolshevik Rudolf Nelke. Tukhachevsky had just arrived in Kuibyshev and appeared at the regional committee to meet the local leadership. They were already waiting for him in the first secretary's office. When the marshal opened the door, he immediately understood everything. After hesitating, Tukhachevsky waved his hand and crossed the threshold. When Nelke said that he had an order for his arrest, Mikhail Nikolaevich silently sat down in a chair. He was offered to put on civilian clothes, which were delivered by the security officers, but he did not react. Then the prisoners, having disrupted military uniform, changed the marshal's clothes themselves. Rudolf Nölke was shot a few months later.

First Marshals Soviet Union. Sitting (from left to right): M. N. Tukhachevsky, K. E. Voroshilov, A. I. Egorov. Standing: S. M. Budyonny and V. K. Blucher. 1935

Tukhachevsky gave his first confessions on May 26. The note written to Yezhov read: “...I inform you that I recognize the existence of an anti-Soviet military-Trotskyist conspiracy, as well as the fact that I headed it. I promise to present to the investigation everything concerning the conspiracy, without hiding any of the participants and not a single document or fact. Mikhail Tukhachevsky." Why did he break so quickly? There are several versions on this matter. Firstly, one should not belittle the art of shoulder-making craftsmen from Lubyanka. Fantastic tortures were imagined within the walls of this building. Tukhachevsky’s daughter later told how, as a young girl, they brought her to her father and wanted to rape her. From other sources, the naked marshal was tied to a pole, and an iron tube with rats was placed on his genitals…. There is no documentary evidence of the described episodes, but Tukhachevsky’s handwritten confessions have been preserved. Even without graphological research it is clear that they were written in different emotional and physical conditions. The letters are constantly dancing, the lines are blurry, the handwriting and style are changing. The pages are smeared with brown stains, which, according to the forensic laboratory of the Ministry of Defense, are blood. At the end of the interrogations, the papers written by Tukhachevsky in his own hand become fewer and fewer; they are replaced by typewritten ones with his signatures.

Did he actually conspire or not? Researchers' opinions on this matter are still divided. Most likely, yes, too many facts and information have been collected to support this. However, the scale of the conspiracy, as well as its connection with German intelligence, still remains in question; this story still holds many mysteries. According to the conclusion of the investigation, Tukhachevsky was found guilty of organizing a military conspiracy with the aim of violently overthrowing the government and establishing a military dictatorship. He was also charged with actions for the collapse of the Red Army and the transfer to German intelligence of secret information about the number and deployment of Soviet troops near the border. On June 12, 1937, Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky and seven other accused were shot in the basement of the Military College building.

There is a myth that Tukhachevsky, as the most brilliant commander of the USSR, was afraid of Hitler, who was preparing for war. According to the Nazis, only he could adequately prepare our armed forces. Therefore, a plan emerged to discredit the marshal in the eyes of the party leadership. All the papers about the conspiracy were prepared by the German intelligence services and included a number of real facts about Tukhachevsky’s meetings with the military of the Third Reich, which took place within the framework of cooperation between Russia and Germany. Afterwards, the dossier was planted on Soviet intelligence, becoming the basis for the marshal’s accusations. Meanwhile, there is no evidence of this, except for Hitler’s statement in his last interview: “Stalin did a brilliant thing by organizing a purge in the Russian army...”

Cover of the investigative file of M.N. Tukhachevsky. 1937 Central Asia FSB RF ASD. R-9000

The day after the execution, the pages of Soviet newspapers simply emanated hysterical headlines: “People whom the whole country admired have been exposed,” “ Crushing blow By German intelligence"", "The court's verdict is a confirmation of our power." Hatred, fear, the instinct of self-preservation took possession of human hearts. Crowded rallies were held at Moscow plants and factories; workers, trying to outshout each other, expressed approval of the court verdict, considering execution to be too easy a death for traitors.

After the liquidation of the marshal, mass repressions began in the Red Army. Also, Stalin spared almost none of Tukhachevsky’s relatives, wanting to exterminate almost his entire family. Brothers, sisters, last wife, daughters, husbands and wives of brothers and sisters went into exile or were shot. Mother, Mavra Petrovna, died in exile without knowing about terrible fate most of her children and grandchildren. All the property of the late marshal, including personal correspondence and photographs, was confiscated and destroyed.

At trial

Almost twenty years later, during the Khrushchev Thaw, Mikhail Tukhachevsky was rehabilitated. The country's leadership went to the other extreme, declaring him almost the most brilliant commander of our country. His works on military history and theory were republished, although by this time they were inevitably outdated. And the successful operations he carried out against Denikin and Kolchak began to be studied in academies.

Mikhail Nikolaevich forever remained in history as the youngest Soviet marshal, having made a brilliant military career, which ended, one might say, at takeoff. He was one of the main military leaders of the largest army in the world; he was gladly received in the highest military circles of Paris, London, and Berlin. Soon after the process, and also later during the rehabilitation period in different countries and on different languages books and articles dedicated to Tukhachevsky appeared. At first they imagined him as like Bonaparte, a commander who lost a political battle to Joseph Stalin. In the fifties, the emphasis shifted towards the innocent victim of the terror of the thirties, a failed alternative to the command of the Russian Army in World War II. However, in all his works, Tukhachevsky appears as an extraordinary figure of global significance.

So why did Tukhachevsky take the side of the Red Power, why did he enter into a deadly game with it? He could settle down with the representatives white movement in some European country. Or, for example, go to serve in the Reichswehr, become a general and lead a division or corps (in best case scenario, as a talented foreigner). I dare to suggest that he would have lived much longer then.

If we do not touch upon issues of patriotism, which do not seem to be the most important motive in all the actions of the ambitious guards second lieutenant, Tukhachevsky’s main dream, as many memoirists admit, was the desire to create the greatest army in history. And also to lead it and lead it into battle, say, during the proletarian world revolution. For the sake of this goal, he did everything: he became an ally of the Bolsheviks, gassed peasants from Tambov, shot Kronstadt sailors, spent huge amounts of money on the production of weapons... With such an independent character and intelligence, there was no chance of surviving in totalitarian conditions. It is not known how the course of the terrible war in the history of our country, whether he was in the ranks of Soviet military leaders. However, World War II eventually passed without him.

Information sources:
-http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
-http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/vs/article/6841/
-http://militera.lib.ru/bio/sokolov/09.html
-http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/1758119/post67411288/
-http://eg.ru/daily/politics/10058/
-http://clubs.ya.ru/zh-z-l/replies.xml?item_no=3853
-http://izvestia.ru/news/287239#ixzz2KpzZYVvH

Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky. Born on February 16, 1893 in the village. Aleksandrovskoye, Smolensk province - shot on June 12, 1937 in Moscow. Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935).

Mikhail Tukhachevsky was born on February 16, 1893 in the village. Aleksandrovskoye Smolensk province (now Safonovsky district Smolensk region).

Father - Nikolai Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky (1866-1914), an impoverished Smolensk hereditary nobleman.

Mother - Mavra Petrovna Milokhova (1869-1941), peasant woman.

According to one version, his family has Polish roots. However, a number of historians dispute this.

Mikhail spent his childhood in the village of Vrazhsky, Chembar district. Penza province(now Kamensky district). Then he lived in Penza.

In 1904-1909 he studied at the 1st Penza Gymnasium.

In 1912 he graduated from the Moscow Empress Catherine II Cadet Corps.

After graduating from the cadet corps, he entered Aleksandrovskoe military school, which he graduated in 1914 in the top three in academic performance. At the end of his training, he chose to serve in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, where in July 1914 he was appointed a junior officer in the 6th company of the 2nd battalion.

At the outbreak of the First World War, he took part in battles with the Austrians and Germans as part of the 1st Guards Division on the Western Front. Participant of the Lublin, Ivangorod, Lomzhinsk operations. He was wounded, and for his heroism he was awarded orders of various degrees five times (5 orders in six months).

In a battle on February 19, 1915, near the village of Piaseczno near Lomza, his company was surrounded, and he himself was captured. At night, the Germans surrounded the positions of the 6th company and destroyed it almost completely. Company commander Captain Veselago (an old soldier who volunteered back in Russian-Japanese war), fought fiercely and was killed. Later, when the Russians again recaptured the trenches captured by the Germans, at least twenty bayonet and gunshot wounds were counted on the captain’s body - and he was identified only by St. George's Cross. Tukhachevsky was captured alive and not even wounded. After four unsuccessful attempts to escape from captivity, he was sent to a camp for incorrigible fugitives in Ingolstadt, where he met.

Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky (February 16, 1893 - June 12, 1937) - Soviet military leader, military leader of the Red Army during the Civil War, military theorist, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935). He was repressed in 1937 due to the “military case”, rehabilitated in 1957.

Born into the family of an impoverished Smolensk hereditary nobleman Nikolai Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky, his mother was Mavra Petrovna, a peasant woman. The origin of the Tukhachevsky surname has not been reliably determined. Biographer of M. Tukhachevsky B.V. Sokolov reports that the origin of the Tukhachevsky family (from the group of alleged descendants of Indris) is shrouded in legends no less than the death of M. Tukhachevsky. The version about Tukhachevsky’s Polish origin has no documentary basis.

He voluntarily joined the Red Army, worked in the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, joined the RCP (b) in the early spring of 1918, and was appointed military commissar of the Moscow defense region.

In June 1918, he was appointed commander of the newly created 1st Army of the Eastern Front. He was almost shot during the July rebellion raised by the commander of the Eastern Front, M. A. Muravyov. In August, he commanded the 1st Soviet Army, which attempted to take Simbirsk occupied by the Whites and in a fierce battle on August 27 (14) - 30 (17) on the outskirts of the city was defeated by the colonel’s units General Staff V.O. Kappel, as a result of which the 1st Soviet Army was forced to retreat 80 versts west of Simbirsk. At the beginning of September, he prepared and carried out a successful operation with the army to capture Simbirsk, in which he showed his leadership qualities for the first time. Military historians note “a deeply thought-out plan of the operation, the bold and rapid concentration of the main forces of the army in the decisive direction, the timely delivery of tasks to the troops, as well as their decisive, skillful and proactive actions.” For the first time in the Civil War, one regiment (5th Kursk Simbirsk Division) was transported to the concentration area in vehicles.

As in subsequent army and front-line operations, Tukhachevsky demonstrated “the skillful use of decisive forms of maneuver during the operation, courage and swiftness of action, right choice directions of the main attack and the concentration of superior forces and means on it.”

From July 25, 1921, Tukhachevsky was the head of the Military Academy of the Red Army, from January 1922 to March 1924 - again the commander of the Western Front. After the conflict between Tukhachevsky and the party committee of the Polar Front, the Chief of Staff of the Red Army M.V. Frunze appointed him as his deputy, and in November 1925, after the death of Frunze, Tukhachevsky became the Chief of Staff of the Red Army.

December 26, 1926 Tukhachevsky, Deputy People's Commissar for Military and maritime affairs, stated the absence of an army and rear services in the country in the report “Defense of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics”:

Tukhachevsky believed that, unlike the First World War, aviation and tanks ceased to be auxiliary conducting infantry-artillery combat and saw “the opportunity, through the massive introduction of tanks, to change the methods of combat and operation, ... the opportunity to create for the enemy sudden conditions for the development of the operation through these innovations.” He proposed “a completely new approach to planning the entire weapons system, organizations, tactics and training of troops. Underestimation of these capabilities could cause even greater shocks and defeats in a future war.”

Tukhachevsky developed the theory of deep combat, the theory of continuous operations in one strategic direction; already in 1931 he spoke about the actions of mechanized formations. Tukhachevsky is a supporter of the offensive strategy, he defended unity of command, independence and initiative of the smallest units and criticized “waiting for orders”, considered chemical weapon as a full-fledged means of warfare (apparently based on the experience of the First World War). He critically assessed the role of battleships in a future war and positively assessed the role of aircraft carriers.

Tukhachevsky “back in November 1932 achieved the start of work on the construction of rocket engines using liquid fuel, and in September 1933 he achieved the creation of the Jet Research Institute, which was engaged in the development of rocket weapons in the USSR.”

Confrontation in the command of the Red Army

Tukhachevsky's activities to reform the armed forces and his views on preparing the army for a future war met resistance and opposition in the People's Commissariat of Defense. For various reasons, Marshals Voroshilov, Budyonny, Egorov, and army commanders Shaposhnikov, Dybenko, Belov treated Tukhachevsky with hostility. In turn, a number of military leaders (Tukhachevsky, Gamarnik, Uborevich, Yakir) developed a sharply critical attitude towards Voroshilov’s activities as People’s Commissar of Defense. Marshal Zhukov told the writer Simonov: “It must be said that Voroshilov, the then People’s Commissar, was an incompetent person in this role. He remained an amateur in military matters to the end and never knew them deeply and seriously... And practically a significant part of the work in the People's Commissariat at that time lay with Tukhachevsky, who really was a military specialist. They had clashes with Voroshilov and generally had hostile relations. Voroshilov did not like Tukhachevsky very much... During the development of the charter, I remember such an episode... Tukhachevsky, as the chairman of the commission on the charter, reported to Voroshilov as the People's Commissar. I was present at this.
And Voroshilov, on some point... began to express dissatisfaction and propose something that did not go to the point. Tukhachevsky, after listening to him, said in his usual calm voice:
- Comrade People's Commissar, the commission cannot accept your amendments.
- Why? - asked Voroshilov.
- Because your amendments are incompetent, Comrade People's Commissar.

Relations between the two groups worsened in May 1936; Voroshilov's opponents raised the question of replacing Voroshilov as People's Commissar to Stalin.
“Tukhachevsky and his group, in the struggle for influence on Stalin, fell for his bait. During frequent meetings with Stalin, Tukhachevsky criticized Voroshilov, Stalin encouraged this criticism, calling it “constructive,” and liked to discuss options for new appointments and removals... The materials of Tukhachevsky’s case contain various kinds documentary evidence regarding plans to reshuffle the country's military leadership.

Stalin took the side of Voroshilov, who was absolutely devoted to him, and already in August 1936, the first arrests of military leaders followed as part of the Great Purge of the Armed Forces: corps commanders V.M. Primakov and V.K. Putna were arrested. On May 10, 1937, Tukhachevsky was transferred from the post of first deputy people's commissar of defense to the post of commander of the Volga Military District.
On May 22 he was arrested in Kuibyshev, on May 24 he was transported to Moscow, on May 26 after face-to-face betting with Primakov, Putna and Feldman gave his first confessions.

During the preliminary investigation, Tukhachevsky pleaded guilty to preparing a military conspiracy in the Red Army, the purpose of which was the violent overthrow of the government and the establishment of a military dictatorship in the USSR. To realize success, it was planned to prepare for the defeat of the Red Army in a future war with Germany and, possibly, Japan. Tukhachevsky also admitted that they, as well as other participants in the conspiracy, were transferred to German intelligence with information constituting state secret, about the number and places of concentration of the Red Army in the border areas.

On June 11, 1937, the case accusing Marshal of the Soviet Union Tukhachevsky, 1st-rank army commanders Uborevich and Yakir, 2nd-rank army commander Kork, corps commanders Feldman, Eideman, Primakov and Putna of espionage, treason and preparation of terrorist acts was considered behind closed doors court hearing without the participation of defense lawyers and without the right to appeal the verdict.

« About the progress trial Ulrich informed J.V. Stalin. Ulrich told me about this. He said that there were instructions from Stalin to apply capital punishment to all defendants - execution."
I. M. Zaryanov, court secretary

At 23:35 the verdict was announced - all eight were sentenced to death. Immediately after this, Tukhachevsky and the rest of the accused were shot in the basement of the Military Collegium building Supreme Court THE USSR. Whether this happened before or after midnight is not known for sure, so the date of Tukhachevsky’s death can be indicated as either June 11 or June 12. According to the recollections of one of the executioners, Tukhachevsky allegedly managed to exclaim: “Now you are not shooting at us, but at the Red Army!”

The trial in the Tukhachevsky case began mass repression in the Red Army 1937-1938

Rehabilitation

In 1956, the Main Military Prosecutor's Office and the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR checked the criminal case of Tukhachevsky and other persons convicted with him and found that the charges against them were falsified.
Military Collegium The Supreme Court of the USSR, having considered the conclusion on January 31, 1957 Prosecutor General USSR, determined: the verdict of the Special Judicial Presence of the Supreme Court of the USSR dated June 11, 1937 in relation to Tukhachevsky, Yakir, Uborevich, Kork, Eideman, Primakov, Putna and Feldman to be canceled and the case to be terminated due to the lack of corpus delicti in their actions.

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The purpose of this article is to find out how the tragic death of Marshal MIKHAIL TUKHACHEVSKY is included in his FULL NAME code and determine the exact DATE OF DEATH.

Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.

Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

19 39 61 62 86 92 95 113 124 134 144 157 167 189 190 200 212 226 236 247 262 274 275 281 284 294 318
T U K H A C H E V S K I Y M I K H A I L N I K O L A E V I C H
318 299 279 257 256 232 226 223 205 194 184 174 161 151 129 128 118 106 92 82 71 56 44 43 37 34 24

13 23 45 46 56 68 82 92 103 118 130 131 137 140 150 174 193 213 235 236 260 266 269 287 298 308 318
M I K H A I L N I K O L A E V I C H T U K H A C H E V S K I Y
318 305 295 273 272 262 250 236 226 215 200 188 187 181 178 168 144 125 105 83 82 58 52 49 31 20 10

TUKHACHEVSKY MIKHAIL NIKOLAEVICH = 318 = 223-KILLED BY A SHOT IN... + 95-BACK OF THE NAD.

318 = 92-KILLED IN... + 226-BACK OF THE NAD BY SHOT.

318 = 187-KILLED IN THE BACK OF THE HEAD + 131-SHOT.

318 = 134-TERMINATION + 184-DEATH PENALTY.

137 = KILLED BY A BULLET TO THE HEAD

187 = KILLED BY A BULLET TO THE HEAD

(At 23:35 the verdict was announced - all eight were sentenced to death. Immediately after this, Tukhachevsky and the rest of the accused were shot in the basement of the building of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. It is not known exactly whether this happened before or after midnight, so the date Tukhachevsky’s death may be indicated either on June 11 or 12).

We have the opportunity to accurately determine the TIME and DATE OF EXECUTION:

TWELVE = 98 = IN THE BACK OF THE NAKE = 87-ONE HOUR + 11-K\end\.

318 = 87-ONE HOUR + 69-END + 64-BULLETS + 98-BACK OF THE NAD.

318 = 98-TWELVE + 87-ONE HOUR + 64-EXECUTION + 69-END.

318 = 151-\ 87-ONE HOUR + 64-EXECUTION\ + 167-\ 98-TWELFTH + 69-END\.

318 = 185-TWELFTH OF JUNE, MURDER + 64-EXECUTION + 69-END.

189 = 87-ONE HOUR + 102-SHOT DOWN = SHOT IN THE BACK OF THE HEAD\ to\
____________________________________________________

189 = HOMICIDE
________________________________
151 = 87-ONE HOUR + 64-EXECUTION

92 = TWELVE \ e \ = KILLED IN \ head \
_______________________________________________
232 = KILLED IN THE HEAD AT POINT POINT

Number code full YEARS LIFE = 76-FORTY + 100-FOUR = 176 = SHOT IN THE HEAD\.

176 = 87-ONE HOUR + 89-KILLED.

Let's look at the column in the top table:

226 = SHOT IN THE HEAD
__________________________________
106 = FORTY-FOUR\

226 - 126 = 120 = END OF LIFE = DEATH \penalty\.

We look at the column in the lower table:

213 = KILLED BY A BULLET IN THE ZAT\ lock \ = 69-END + 144-SHOT \ th\
_____________________________________________________
125 = FORTY-FOUR\

213 - 125 = 88 = DEATH penalty.

Name: Mikhail Tukhachevskiy

Age: 44 years old

Place of Birth: Safonovsky district, Russian Empire

A place of death: Moscow

Activity: Soviet military leader, military leader, marshal

Family status: was married

Mikhail Tukhachevsky - biography

Marshal Tukhachevsky established Memorial plaque In Petersburg. Besides Northern capital, in five more cities of Russia there are streets named after him. Who exactly was this man, what biography did the marshal have?

Many consider Tukhachevsky a wasted talent and, apparently, rightly so. Only his calling was not military affairs, but... music.

Mikhail Tukhachevsky - music connoisseur

Mikhail Nikolaevich was brought up in a noble family, and the magical sounds of pianos and string quartets attracted him almost more than the barking of drill teams. At least he played the violin quite well. There is even a legend that the marshal was engaged in the restoration of instruments and collected them: he allegedly owned violins made by Amati, Guarneri, Stradivari and other masters.

During the First World War, Tukhachevsky’s fellow soldier in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment was his brother Andrei. Before the war, he graduated from the Moscow Conservatory in violin, but after the revolution and the Civil War, his brother-marshal convinced him to continue his military career. In 1937, Andrei was shot after his brother. It would be better if he convinced Mikhail to change his saber to a violin...

We didn't graduate from academies...

In the famous film, Chapaev said: “I didn’t go to academies, I didn’t finish them” - in the sense that you can command armies without higher military education. But not a film one, but a real one, he just studied at the Military Academy of the Red Army. Tukhachevsky, convinced that he would definitely manage “without academies,” did not “follow in Chapaev’s footsteps.” In 1914 he completed a two-year course at the infantry school, and with this his education in the field of military art can be considered complete.

By nature, Mikhail was a arrogant person; he considered himself born for great things. “This sometimes took on the character of boyishness: he acted in Napoleon’s poses, adopted an arrogant expression on his face...”, one of his contemporaries recalled about him. Why did Tukhachevsky need to study? He was fed up with “armchair science” and decided that he was quite capable of commanding large masses of people. But even if he had military abilities, they should have been developed through systematic studies.

In 1921, the Civil War ended. It would seem that it's time to direct your steps towards Military Academy Red Army. Mikhail Nikolaevich did just that: he became... her boss. Compared to the background of former convicts - Voroshilov, Kotovsky - the ex-second lieutenant of the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment seemed like an academician. But against the background of military specialists-intellectuals Brusilov, Shaposhnikov, Svechin, his genius raised strong doubts. It is not surprising that soon the professors started a “rebellion”, and Tukhachevsky had to look for employment in Frunze’s office.

Some people humanitarian warehouse- for musicians, philosophers, poets - it is difficult to hone formulations and scrupulously check calculations. But it’s easy to create fancy images and play with words. This is exactly how Tukhachevsky expressed his thoughts: “Without denying the eternal aspects of strategy, on the contrary, analyzing the essence civil war“, we, guided by these eternal truths, want to point out those new data on the strategy of the civil war that we did not have to take into account before.”

Tukhachevsky adored such reasoning, as well as scientific definitions like “harmonic of force dismemberment”, “non-compacting defensive curtain”, “aviation and mechanical combat behind enemy lines”. He invented them and replicated them in his works on military affairs.

He also did not understand the meaning of the numbers. “Multi-million-strong armies brought onto the stage fronts stretching hundreds of thousands of kilometers,” wrote Tukhachevsky about the First World War. This is not a typo: fantastic “fronts of hundreds of thousands of kilometers” (despite the fact that the length of the earth’s equator is just over 40 thousand!) wander from one of his creations to another. Similar to them are the marshal’s ideas to produce 50-100 thousand tanks a year. It never occurred to him that all this equipment, firstly, needed to be produced somehow, and secondly, someone had to service it and manage it.

But if Mikhail Nikolaevich’s “military thought” was so vague, what was the reason for his rise?

By the beginning of 1921, the career of the red army commander Tukhachevsky almost collapsed. He disgraced himself in the war with Poland: thanks to his “talents,” the Red Army stumbled at the very threshold of Warsaw. Tukhachevsky, who was a front commander, was publicly criticized not only by Stalin, but also by Lenin, Frunze, and a number of senior military specialists of the Red Army.

And then they burst Kronstadt mutiny Baltic sailors and, a little later, the peasant uprising in the Tambov region. And Mikhail Nikolaevich turned around in all his glory as a punitive: he introduced the institution of hostages, repressions against family members of the rebels, including young children. However, in those years, many of the marshal’s colleagues stained their hands with the blood of their compatriots. This means that the executioner’s talent was not the only reason for his career takeoff. So what?

Mikhail Tukhachevsky - biography of personal life

Like any ambitious man, Tukhachevsky was a great lover of women. And they reciprocated the handsome handsome man.

During the Civil War, the daughter of a driver from Penza was not separated from him. True, when she shot herself in 1920 - out of jealousy or for some other reason - Tukhachevsky did not even go to the funeral. I immediately fell in love with a 16-year-old girl, got together and got married. Although for a long time family life I hardly counted on her: I understood that if I were to enter into a marriage, it would be with a “strategic calculation.”

At first, being married, he courted two half-sisters of enlightenment of Anatoly Lunacharsky - Anastasia and Tatyana Chernoluzsky. But soon a more profitable party presented itself - Nina Kogan-Grinevich, the sister of the old party member Mikhail Kogan, a veteran of the international revolutionary movement, whose banner was Trotsky. Thus, Tukhachevsky in the post of first deputy to Marshal Voroshilov is the compensation issued by Stalin to the Trotskyists in the Red Army: they say, “my people’s commissar, yours is the first deputy.”

Be faithful husband Mikhail couldn’t, but he wasn’t in a hurry to get a divorce. Having started an affair with his colleague’s wife, Yulia Kuzmina, he began to live with her in a civil marriage and for many years actually became a bigamist. Both Nina and Yulia gave birth to a girl for Tukhachevsky. And the dreamy father named both daughters Svetlana. Perhaps in his heart he hoped that at least their life would be bright.

Hopes did not come true. After the execution of Tukhachevsky, the punitive machine of the NKVD took revenge on his relatives. Not only his brother was executed: the whole family went to the camps. Both daughters lived in special children's homes until 1953...

There is a version that Tukhachevsky was killed by a woman fascinated by him - Bolshoi Theater singer Vera Davydova, the last and most likely platonic love. The version is funny: the leader was not so petty as to remove the first deputy people's commissar of defense “because of his skirt.” Especially when the war in Europe actually began.

The main reason for Tukhachevsky’s fall was not only his probable political betrayal. The violin connoisseur was not suited to the position of First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense, but he had no intention of leaving it. But there was already a smell of a big war, and it was unacceptable to keep a person who was not very professional in such a position. And who knows, if Tukhachevsky had not aimed at the marshal’s stars, but took up music, maybe he would have remained alive...

All short life Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky is tragic biography a person who failed to realize his own calling. He made a mistake and paid for it in full - not only own life, but also the lives of thousands of compatriots.

Author of biography: Alexander Smirnov 6238

In the Aleksandrovskoye estate, Dorogobuzh district, Smolensk province (now Safonovsky district, Smolensk region) in a noble family.

In 1914 he graduated from the Alexander Military School in the top ten best graduates, became an officer of the Semenovsky Guards Regiment. He took part in the First World War with the rank of second lieutenant and was repeatedly awarded for personal bravery. In February 1915, during the Prasnysz operation on the North-Western Front, he was captured near Lomza. In 1917, after several unsuccessful attempts, fled from Germany to Russia.
After October revolution switched sides Soviet power, in 1918 joined the Bolshevik Party. He worked in the military department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK). From May 1918 - military commissar of defense of the Moscow region, from June of the same year he commanded the First Army of the Eastern Front. Conducted a series of successful offensive operations against People's Army Committee constituent assembly and the Czechoslovak corps.

In December 1918 - January 1919 - assistant commander of the Southern Front. In January-March 1919 - commander of the 8th Army of the Southern Front. From April to November - commander of the 5th Army, which participated in the counter-offensive of the Eastern Front, in the Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk and other operations to liberate the Urals and Siberia from the troops of Alexander Kolchak.

In January-April 1920 - commander Caucasian Front; under his leadership the Egorlyk and North Caucasus operations were carried out. In 1920, during the Soviet-Polish War, he commanded the Western Front, which was defeated by the White Poles near Warsaw.

In March 1921, he suppressed the assault on the rebellious Kronstadt, where the sailors of the Baltic Front rebelled against the monopoly power of the Bolsheviks; in 1921, he was appointed commander of the troops of the Tambov province, which carried out the task final liquidation mass peasant uprising.

After the war, Tukhachevsky was appointed head of the Academy of the General Staff, which under him was renamed the Military Academy of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (now the Military Training and Research Center of the Ground Forces) Combined Arms Academy Armed Forces Russian Federation"), where, on behalf of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RMRC), he carried out educational and administrative reforms.

From January 1922 to April 1924 - commander of the Western Front. Assistant, and from 1925 to 1928 - chief of staff of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA), member of the Commission for the Training of the Red Army. From 1924 to 1929 as the chief strategy officer of all military senior educational institutions The Red Army provided general management of the teaching of strategic cycle disciplines. Took part in the military reform 1924-1925. Since May 1928 - Commander of the Leningrad Military District. Since 1931 - Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, head of armaments of the Red Army, since 1934 - Deputy People's Commissar of Defense, since 1936 - First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense and head of the combat training department.

Tukhachevsky participated in the technical re-equipment of the Soviet army, the development of new types and branches of troops - aviation, mechanized and airborne troops, the navy, in training command staff. He was one of the initiators of the creation of a number of military academies. As a military leader and theorist, he paid attention to predicting the nature of a future war and developing military doctrine Soviet Union.
Mikhail Tukhachevsky took part in the work of the commission (chaired by Kliment Voroshilov) that made up the military department of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Was a member editorial boards a number of military scientific journals. More than 40 military theoretical works came from his pen.

In 1930, testimony was received from some military personnel close to Tukhachevsky about his affiliation with the right opposition.

In 1937, Tukhachevsky was removed from his post as deputy people's commissar of defense and appointed to the post of commander of the Volga Military District.
Arrested on May 22, 1937, declared the head of an extensive military-fascist conspiracy in the Red Army. He was convicted on June 11, 1937 and sentenced to to the highest degree punishment - execution. The sentence was carried out on June 12, 1937.

In 1957, Mikhail Tukhachevsky was rehabilitated for lack of evidence of a crime.

For military distinction in tsarist army awarded the Order of Anna II, III and IV degrees, Stanislav II and III degrees, Vladimir IV degrees.
In the Red Army awarded the order Red Banner (1919), Honorary Revolutionary Weapon (1919), Order of Lenin (1933). In 1935, Tukhachevsky was awarded the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources