In the reader's mind, Ryleev is primarily a Decembrist poet, publisher of the almanac " polar Star”, a noble revolutionary, a man who, by martyrdom, confirmed his loyalty to freedom-loving ideals.

Biography of Kondraty Ryleev

K. F. Ryleev was born on September 18 (29), 1795 in the village of Batovo, near St. Petersburg, in the family of a retired lieutenant colonel, and with six years of age was brought up in the St. Petersburg Cadet Corps. Here he fell in love with books and began to write. Thirteen years have passed in studies and drill, not without childish pranks, of course, but also with severe retribution for them. Ryleev's popularity was greatly facilitated by his poems.

Ryleev's youth coincided with a heroic era in the life of Russia, with a glorious twelfth year. He passionately waited for release into the active army and created "victory songs for the heroes", recalling the heroic past of his homeland. Already in the first samples of Ryley's pen, themes and poetic principles were outlined, to which he would remain faithful forever. In 1814, as an eighteen-year-old warrant officer-artilleryman, Ryleev entered the theater of operations. One can only guess how stunning was the contrast between thirteen years of imprisonment in the corps walls - and foreign campaigns, when in two years Ryleev twice marched all over Europe.

Then came the days of the army. Ryleev's artillery company moved from Lithuania to the Oryol region, until in the spring of 1817 it settled in the Voronezh province, in the village of Podgorny, Ostrogozhsky district. Here Ryleev took up the education of the daughters of a local landowner and soon fell in love with the youngest of them, Natalya Tevyashova. Ryleev, having married and retired, rushes to the capital - where life is in full swing. In the autumn of 1820, Ryleev and his wife and daughter settled in St. Petersburg, and from the beginning of 1821 he began to serve in the St. Petersburg Chamber of the Criminal Court.

Creativity Kondraty Ryleev

Ryleev's poems have already appeared in St. Petersburg magazines. The satire on Arakcheev made the poet's name widely known overnight. Following “Kurbsky”, poems appear one after another in magazines and newspapers signed by Ryleev, in which the pages of Russian history are read as evidence of the ineradicably freedom-loving spirit of the nation. By the nature of his talent, Ryleev was not a pure lyricist; No wonder he constantly turned to various genres of both prose and dramaturgy.

Ryleev's thoughts belong to the genre historical elegy, close to a ballad, widely used along with lyrical and epic-dramatic artistic means. It is impossible not to notice the educational foundations in Ryleev's worldview, and in his artistic method- a feature of civil classicism. At the beginning of 1823, Ryleev was accepted by I. I. Pushchin into the Northern Secret Society and soon became its leader. Alien to ambitious calculations and claims, Ryleev became the conscience of the conspiracy.

Ryleev's poetry did not sing of the delight of victory - it taught civic courage. The poetic maturity of Kondraty Fedorovich had just become apparent to his contemporaries on the threshold of 1825 - with the release of Doom and Voinarovsky, with the appearance in print of excerpts from new poems. Directly linking your life with secret society, with an organized struggle against autocracy and serfdom, Ryleev in the same 1823 began work on a poem about the Siberian prisoner Voinarovsky.

The epilogue of Ryleev's entire work was destined to become his prison poems and letters to his wife. December 14, 1825 - the first of the organizers of the uprising on Senate Square- Ryleev was arrested, imprisoned in Alekseevsky ravelin Peter and Paul Fortress and six months later he was executed.

• Thirty years later, A. I. Herzen will begin to publish abroad for the Russian reader an almanac of free Russian literature, giving it the glorious name - "Polar Star".
• The motives of Ryleev's lyrics will be developed in the poetry of Polezhaev, Lermontov, Ogarev,.

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Biography, life story of Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich

Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev, Russian poet and Decembrist, was born on September 18 (29), 1795 in the small estate of his father Batovo in the St. Petersburg province. Father was a nobleman, served as the manager of the Golitsyn estate. Kondraty Ryleev entered the First Petersburg Cadet Corps at the insistence of his mother in 1801. He was released from the corps in 1814.

Military service

Ryleev K.F. left the corps as an artillery officer and was sent to the army, which was on a foreign campaign. Ryleev visited Switzerland, Germany and France. In 1817 he was transferred to serve in Russia, in the Voronezh province. The Arakcheev order in Russia began to weigh him down.

Retirement and civil service

Ryleev K.F. He retired in 1818 with the rank of second lieutenant. He married for love and began to live with his family in St. Petersburg since 1820, having entered the service of an assessor of the St. Petersburg Criminal Chamber. Wife Natalya Mikhailovna, nee Tevyasheva, was the daughter of a Voronezh landowner. The family had two children - a daughter and a son who died in infancy. After the first job, Ryleev got a job as the head of the office of a Russian-American company. Civil service was not popular among the nobility, so Ryleev tried to ennoble his service by fighting for justice and humane deeds. By their own political views Ryleev was a romantic utopian, a fiery patriot. According to contemporaries, it was an obsession with free thought and equality.

Literary activity

A penchant for writing led Ryleev to the Free Society. Ryleev began to write as a translator. He translated the poem "Duma" by the Polish poet Glinsky. The translation was published by the printing house of the Imperial Educational House. In 1820 Ryleev wrote a satirical ode "To the temporary worker". His poem "The Death of Yermak" became famous. Part of this poem was set to music, becoming a popular song. During his lifetime, only two books were published: the poem "Voynarovsky" and the book "Duma". Ryleev considered his literary works like a civic duty, not like artistic creativity which distinguished him from all other poets of that time. All the heroes of his works were freedom fighters.

CONTINUED BELOW

Correspondence with and Bestuzhev

Friendly correspondence with and Bestuzhev was about literary creativity and was not political. A.A. Bestuzhev, also a Decembrist, together with Ryleev published a literary almanac called "Polar Star". In this almanac, they published works by Vyazemsky, Delvig and other writers. The Almanac was published in the period 1823-1825.

Masonic lodge

Ryleev was a member of the Masonic Lodge, called "To the flaming star."

Activities in the society of the Decembrists

Ryleev joined the ranks " northern society"Decembrists in 1823, he was received by Pushchin I.I. Kondraty Ryleev was in its most radical wing and actually headed the society. The first mass performance of the Decembrists' society was Chernov's funeral, which resulted in a mass demonstration. Chernov was killed in a duel with the aristocrat Novosiltsev. The conflict occurred due to the social inequality of the duel participants. Chernov acted as a defender of the honor of his sister. Novosiltsev promised to marry her, but refused to marry her at the insistence of his relatives, since Chernova was not his equal in origin. Both participants in the duel were mortally wounded. They died from wound a few days later.

The essence of Ryleev's idea was that the Decembrists were to convene a Constituent Assembly and elect a new government in Russia. He did not attach importance to the disputes of the Decembrists about the constitutional monarchy. As for the fate of the monarchy, Ryleev proposed to withdraw royal family abroad. To decide fate royal family Ryleev tried to organize in Kronstadt the council of the "Northern Society" among naval officers, but he failed to do this.

The role of Ryleev at the time of the Decembrist uprising

Ryleev became the main organizer of the Decembrist uprising. Before the day of the uprising, during the interregnum, the Decembrists gathered on the Moika embankment, where the Ryleev family lived. It was a convenient method of conspiracy, since Ryleev was sick with a sore throat and people came to visit him. Being under investigation, he took all the blame on himself, tried to justify his comrades. Ryleyev was not a military man, so he could not be an active participant in the uprising, although he arrived in the morning on Senate Square. Then he spent the whole day in search of help to the rebels, went around the regiments. On the evening of the same day, he was arrested.

Ryleyev's execution

According to the laws of the state, the Decembrists, who attempted on the life of the tsar, were to be executed by quartering. This method of execution was replaced by hanging. The execution took place on July 13, 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Ryleev was among those hanged a second time when the rope broke. He said short speech before the second hanging: cursed, they say, is the land where they don’t know how to make a conspiracy, or judge, or even hang. It is known that all the Decembrists are buried on Goldai Island.

The fate of the Ryleev family after his execution

The wife received a pension until her marriage after the execution of her husband. Ryleev's daughter also received a pension until she came of age.

The fate of Ryleev's works

There was a ban on Ryleev's books, so the publications were distributed by Russian emigration abroad. Some books were illegally distributed on the territory of the Republic of Ingushetia. In 1860, the works were distributed in exile by Herzen and Ogaryov. The books were published in London, Leipzig and Berlin.

Konstantin Fedorovich Ryleev is one of the most famous Russian writers, as well as a member of the Decembrist movement.

Ryleev was the son of a nobleman who owned an estate in the province of St. Petersburg. Konstantin Fedorovich received his education at 1 cadet corps this city. After the corps, Ryleev became an officer in an artillery regiment and took part in foreign trips Russian army period 1814-1815. Rumor has it that in Paris Ryleev once visited a fortune teller who predicted that he would be hanged.

In 1819, the poet marries for love the daughter of a wealthy landowner, moves to live in St. Petersburg, where he begins to work in court. Ryleev's contemporaries were liberal, but the poet himself tried to ennoble the civil service, to show its benefits and good for the people. While serving in court, he helped a lot to ordinary and disadvantaged people. In the spring of 1824, Ryleev moved to a state-owned house on the Moika, because now he works as a secretary of the American - Russian office.

Ryleev in literature

Ryleev's work was characterized by patriotism, a romantic mood, the equality of people, he highly valued ordinary Russian citizens. In his political views, the poet was a pronounced romantic and utopian. The poet's colleagues recalled that he advocated equality and was a dissident. These motifs were central to his work.

Ryleev was not an aesthete in poetry and sang of simple human virtues ("I am not a poet, I am a citizen"), the author's heroes were tireless fighters for freedom. In 1819, he began to be published in various publications, but most of all he became famous for the poem "To the temporary worker", where he clearly denounced A. A. Arakcheev. Ryleev is the author of the collection "Duma", where he recounts events from Russian history in verse, and the thought about "Ermak" later became a folk song, he also writes the poems "Voynarovsky", "Nalivaiko". He was a member of the free Society of Lovers of Literature, the Society of Competitors of Education and Charity. From 1823 to 1825, the poet, together with his friend, poet and Decembrist A. A. Bestuzhev, published the popular literary almanac "Polar Star", in which they printed the works of A. S. Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky, A. A. Delvig and others.

At the end of 1823, Pushchin accepted Ryleev into the Northern Society, the poet quickly becomes its activist. And from the end of 1824, Ryleev actually began to head the Northern Society. In his views and convictions, Ryleev advocated that Russia become a republic without a constitutional monarchy, but he did not participate in disputes with the Decembrists on this matter. Ryleev believed that the people themselves, with the help of Constituent Assembly must decide the fate of Russia, who will govern it and how. And the task of the Decembrists is only to achieve the convocation of such a meeting. The poet also offered to humanely eliminate the royal family - with the help of navy take her to distant lands. Ryleev made an attempt to establish a branch of the Northern Society in Kronstadt, but it failed.

In February 1824, Prince K. Ya. Shakhovsky wounded Ryleev in a duel. Ryleev challenged the prince to a duel, standing up for his sister's honor. In September 1825, Ryleev accepted the request of his cousin K.P. Chernov to become his second in the later noisy duel with V.D. Novosiltsev. Both participants died in the duel.

Tsar Alexander the First dies next, which takes the members of the Northern Society by surprise, who seek to avoid rumors about the assassination of the tsar and decide to make a revolution at the time of his death. Ryleyev himself became the initiator and personally prepared an uprising on Senate Square on December 14, 1825.

In those days when new king had not yet ascended the throne, Ryleev had a sore throat, but held meetings of the society at his home. His comrades came under the pretext of visiting the sick. The poet had inspiring conversations with his comrades, but he personally could not participate in the uprising, because he was a civilian. On December 14, Ryleev was at Senate Square. But soon he left and traveled around the city all day, trying to find support in the regiments and learning about new events. On the same day in the evening, Konstantin Ryleev was arrested. He was sentenced to death penalty and hanged on July 13, 1826. He left behind a wife with two small children.

We draw your attention to the fact that the biography of Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich presents the most basic moments from life. Some minor life events may be omitted from this biography.

Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich
Born: September 18 (29), 1795.
Died: July 13 (25), 1826 (aged 30).

Biography

Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev (September 18, 1795, Batovo village, St. Petersburg province - July 13, 1826, Peter and Paul Fortress, St. Petersburg) - Russian poet, public figure, Decembrist, one of the five executed leaders December uprising 1825.

Kondraty Ryleev was born on September 18 (September 29), 1795 in the village of Batovo (now it is the territory of the Gatchina region Leningrad region) in the family of a small estate nobleman Fyodor Andreevich Ryleev (1746-1814), the manager of Princess Varvara Golitsyna and Anastasia Matveevna Essen (1758-1824). In 1801-1814 he studied at the St. Petersburg First Cadet Corps. Participated in foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1814.

There is a description of the appearance of Ryleev during his period military service: “He was of medium height, of good build, his face was round, clean, his head was proportional, but top part it is somewhat wider; his eyes were brown, somewhat bulging, always watery… being somewhat nearsighted, he wore glasses (but more during desk own)".

In 1818 he retired. In 1820 he married Natalya Mikhailovna Tevyasheva. From 1821 he served as an assessor of the St. Petersburg Criminal Chamber, from 1824 - the head of the office of the Russian-American Company.

In 1820 he wrote the famous satirical ode "To the temporary worker"; On April 25, 1821, he joined the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. In 1823-1825 Ryleev together with Alexander Bestuzhev he published the annual almanac "Polar Star". He was a member of the St. Petersburg Masonic Lodge "To the Flaming Star".

Ryleev's thought "The Death of Yermak" was partially set to music and became a song.

In 1823 he became a member of the Northern Decembrist Society, then heading its most radical wing. At first, he stood on moderate constitutional-monarchist positions, but later became a supporter of the republican system.

On September 10, 1825, he acted as a second in a duel between his friend, cousin, lieutenant K. P. Chernov and a representative of the aristocracy, adjutant wing V. D. Novosiltsev. The cause of the duel was a conflict due to prejudice associated with social inequality duelists (Novosiltsev was engaged to Chernov's sister, Ekaterina, however, under the persuasion of his mother, he decided to refuse marriage). Both participants in the duel were mortally wounded and died a few days later. Chernov's funeral resulted in the first mass demonstration organized by the Northern Society of Decembrists.

Ryleev (according to another version - Küchelbeker) is credited with the free-thinking poem "I swear on honor and Chernov."

He was one of the main organizers of the uprising on December 14 (26), 1825. Being in the fortress, he scratched on a tin plate, in the hope that someone would read his last poems.

“Prison is in honor of me, not in reproach, For a just cause I am in it, And should I be ashamed of these chains When I wear them for the Fatherland!”

Pushkin's correspondence with Ryleev and Bestuzhev, concerning mainly literary matters, was of a friendly nature. It is unlikely that Ryleev’s communication with Griboedov was also politicized - if both called each other “republicans”, then, rather, because of their belonging to the VOLRS, also known as the “Academic Republic”, than for any other reasons.

In preparing the uprising on December 14, Ryleev played one of the leading roles. While imprisoned, he took all the “blame” upon himself, sought to justify his comrades, placed vain hopes on the mercy of the emperor for them.

execution

Ryleev was executed by hanging on July 13 (25), 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress, among the five leaders of the speech, along with P. I. Pestel , S. I. Muravyov-Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, P. G. Kakhovsky. His last words on the scaffold facing the priest P. N. Myslovsky were: "Father, pray for our sinful souls, do not forget my wife and bless my daughter." Ryleev was one of the three unfortunates whose rope broke. He fell into the scaffold and some time later was hanged again. According to some sources, it was Ryleev who said before his re-execution: “ cursed earth where they don’t know how to plot, judge, or hang!” (sometimes these words are attributed to P.I. Pestel or S.I. Muravyov-Apostol).

Even during the investigation, Nicholas I sent Ryleev's wife 2 thousand rubles, and then the empress sent another thousand rubles for her daughter's name day. The tsar continued his care for the Ryleev family even after the execution, and his wife received a pension until her second marriage, and her daughter Anastasia was granted a pension until she came of age.

Ogaryov wrote a poem in memory of Ryleev. The exact burial place of K. F. Ryleev, like other executed Decembrists, is unknown. According to one version, he was buried along with other executed Decembrists on Goloday Island.

Books

During the life of Kondraty Ryleev, two of his books saw the light: in 1825, “Dumas” were published, and a little later in the same year, the poem “Voinarovsky” was published.

It is known how Pushkin reacted to Ryleev's "Dums" and - in particular - to "Oleg the Prophet". “They are all weak in invention and presentation. All of them on one cut: made up of common places(loci topici) ... a description of the scene, the speech of the hero and - moralizing, ”Pushkin wrote to K. F. Ryleev. “There is nothing national, Russian in them, except for names.”

In 1823, Ryleev made his debut as a translator - a translation from the Polish poem by Glinsky "Duma" was published in the printing house of the Imperial Educational House.

After the Decembrist uprising, Ryleyev's publications were banned and mostly destroyed. There are known handwritten lists of Ryleev's poems and poems, which were distributed illegally on the territory of the Russian Empire.

The Berlin, Leipzig and London editions of Ryleev, undertaken by the Russian emigration, in particular Ogarev and Herzen in 1860, were also illegally distributed.

Memory

In St. Petersburg there is a street named after Ryleev.
The city of Tambov also has Ryleeva Street.
In Ulyanovsk there is Ryleeva street.
In Petrozavodsk there is Ryleeva street and Ryleeva lane.

Addresses in St. Petersburg

Spring 1824 - 12/14/1825 - the house of the Russian-American company - the embankment of the Moika River, 72.

The legend of the prophetic dream of Ryleev's mother

There is a story that Ryleev's mother saw prophetic dream, in detail predicting the fate of his son. It was published in a fictionalized form by one of the Russian-language magazines of pre-war Estonia.

According to the story, the three-year-old Kondraty was mortally ill with either croup or diphtheria. In earnest "not memorized" prayer, she forgot herself by the bed of her dying son. An unfamiliar sweet-sounding voice told her, “Come to your senses, do not pray to the Lord for recovery… He, the All-Knowing, knows why the death of a child is needed now… Out of His goodness, out of His mercy, He wants to save him and you from future suffering…”. Obeying the wonderful voice, Ryleyev's mother went through a long row of rooms. In the first one, she saw a recovered baby, in the second, a teenager starting to study, in the penultimate one, “a lot of faces I didn’t know at all. They were animatedly conferring, arguing, noisy. My son, with visible excitement, spoke to them about something, ”and in the last - the gallows. At this, Ryleev's mother woke up and was surprised to find that the child had recovered.

Editions

“Poems. K. Ryleev” (Berlin, 1857)
Ryleev K.F. Dumas. Poems. With a preface by N. Ogaryov / Iskander edition. - London.: Trubner & co, 1860. - 172 p.
Ryleev K. F. Poems. With a biography of the author and a story about his treasury / Edition of Wolfgang Gerhard, Leipzig, in the printing house of G. Petz, Naumburg, 1862. - XVIII, 228, IV p.
Works and correspondence of Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev. Edition of his daughter. Ed. P. A. Efremova. - St. Petersburg, 1872.
Ryleev K. F. Dumas / The publication was prepared by L. G. Frizman. - M.: science, 1975. - 254 p. Circulation 50,000 copies. (Literary monuments)

Within a short period of time literary activity(1820-1825) K.F. Ryleev created a series works of art, occupying one of the first places in the history of Russian civil poetry. A participant in the uprising on December 14, 1825, Releyev paid with his life for trying to put into practice those ideas that he served his own. poetic creativity.

Kondraty Fyodorovich Ryleev was born on September 18 (29), 1795 in the village of Batovo, Petersburg province. Ryleev's father, a small estate nobleman, a tough and quick-tempered man, was despotic in relation to the family and peasants. The years of Ryleev's teachings also passed in a harsh environment. As a six-year-old boy, he was sent to the St. Petersburg 1st Cadet Corps, which separated him from his family for thirteen years. Literary interests originate with Ryleev while still in the corps. In one of his letters to his father, he calls himself "a very great hunter of books." Cadet Ryleyev's own literary experiments have also been preserved. While still in the cadet corps, the young man, like many of his peers, dreamed of "the happiness of joining the ranks of the defenders of his fatherland." Released at the start 1814 from the corps as an ensign, Ryleev got the opportunity to fulfill his dream. He takes part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army, which liberated Western Europe from Napoleon. In 1817 Ryleev ends up in the Ostrogozhsky district of the Voronezh province. One of the themes of Ryleev's lyrics was his love for the daughter of a local landowner N. M. Tevyashova, who soon became his wife. Asking for permission to marry and leave military service from his mother (his father had died by this time), Ryleev expressed the hope that in the new service he would "pay extra" to the Fatherland that "which he did not finish in the military." In one of the letters to his mother 1818 . he hints at internal motives for his refusal to serve in the military: "For the current service, scoundrels are needed, and fortunately I cannot be one."

The first poetic experiments of K. F. Ryleev, which saw the light, did not stand out in any way among the genres of “light poetry” popular at that time. The birth of a new poet with his own theme and his own intonation was the poem "To the temporary worker" ( 1820.), which appeared in the very first year of the entry of the future Decembrist poet into literature.

Having settled in St. Petersburg, Ryleev since 1821 serves as an assessor of the St. Petersburg Criminal Chamber, which gives him the opportunity to defend the interests of the unjustly offended and oppressed.

In 1821 Ryleev is accepted as a member of the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers. During this period, Ryleev wrote historical ballads, poems and became one of the largest literary figures of the Decembrist trend.

At the same time, Ryleev also develops vigorous social activities. He continues his civil service by going in 1824 to the position of the head of the office of the Russian-American Company. big public importance the publication of the almanac "Polar Star" undertaken by Ryleev together with A. A. Bestuzhev also had. But the main direction in which she went social activity Ryleeva, became political struggle. Autumn 1823 I.I. Pushchin told the revolutionary-minded poet about the existence of a secret political society(Northern Society of Decembrists). The tasks of the Northern Society of the Decembrists corresponded to the political views and public temperament of Ryleev, and he became a member of it. Gradually, Ryleev becomes the soul of the Northern Society of the Decembrists. It had the properties necessary for public figure, tribune: enthusiasm, the gift of a propagandist, the ability to attract hearts. The most radical members of the Northern Society of the Decembrists united around Ryleev: E. P. Obolensky, P. G. Kakhovsky, the Bestuzhev brothers, A. I. Odoevsky, A. O. Kornilovich, V. K. Kyuchelbeker. This group played a major role in preparing the uprising. December 14, 1825. Ryleev's apartment became a kind of headquarters for the St. Petersburg revolutionaries.

Ryleev embodied the image of a hero-citizen, who was sung by him in poetry. On the day of the uprising, Ryleyev was among its leaders on Senate Square. Shaken by the failure, Ryleev returned home. That same night he was arrested. After solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul Fortress, Ryleev, among the five most prominent Decembrists, was hanged in the early morning July 13 (25), 1826.

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