Preparation for complex (refined) manners. Number of nouns: nouns that have only plural form and other examples

AT English language, as in many others, the names of many paired objects are used only in plural, For example, scissors (scissors), trousers (trousers), glasses/spectacles (glasses), tongs (forceps), scales (scales):

• These scissors are for cutting paper.
  These scissors are for cutting paper.
• Your trousers are too long.
  Your trousers are too long.
• Where are my glasses/spectacles? I want to read the newspaper.
  Where is my glasses? I want to read the newspaper.

Some of these nouns are often used with the expression a pair of (pair...), which emphasizes that they consist of two parts:

• a pair of trousers (a pair of trousers)
• a pair of jeans (a pair of jeans)
• a pair of shoes (a pair of boots / shoes)
• a pair of slippers (a pair of slippers)
• a pair of glasses (a pair of glasses)
• a pair of gloves (a pair of gloves)
• a pair of earrings (a pair of earrings)

Note

It was said above that the noun scales (scales) is used only in the plural as a name double subject. This is true for the scales in their original form, when they were a pair of cups suspended from a yoke. But today, scales are an electronic weighing device that has nothing to do with scales in their original form. Therefore, the scales on which you weigh yourself in your bathroom can be called both "scales" and "scale". In the US, this noun is usually used in singular (scale), and in the UK in the plural ( scales), although Americans often say "scales" too.

If the noun is plural, then the verb must also be plural: "The scales aren't weighing correctly … I’m sure of it!" = "The scale does not weigh correctly... I'm sure of it!"

clothing (clothes), goods (goods, goods), stairs (stairs), arms (weapon), riches (wealth, riches), proceeds (revenue) are used, unlike the Russian language, only in the plural:

• Your clothes are dirty.
  Your clothes are dirty.
• In these years of globalization the free trade of goods should not be questioned.
  In this age of globalization, free trade cannot be questioned.
• I ran up the stairs and tore the door open.
  I ran up the stairs and jerked open the door.
• The police used firearms to disperse the crowd.
  The police used firearms to disperse the crowd.
• The proceeds on the sale of the goods have been transferred into your account.
  The proceeds from the sale of goods are transferred to your account.

In English, nouns wages (wage ) and contents (content) are used, as a rule, in the plural, while in Russian the corresponding nouns are used only in the singular:

• My wages are high.
  My salary is high.
• The table of contents should not contain any pictures.
  The table of contents (of the book) should not contain any pictures.

Nouns potatoes (potato), onions (onion), carrots (carrot), oats (oats) are used, unlike the Russian language, in the plural:

• Potatoes are very cheap in autumn.
  Potatoes are very cheap in autumn.
• Carrots are very healthy.
  Carrots are very helpful.
• Spanish onions are sweet.
  Spanish onions are sweet.
• Oats are used as fodder for horses.
  Oats are used as horse feed.

However, these nouns can also be used in the singular: a potato (potatoes, one potato), an onion (bulb), a carrot (carrot, one carrot root).

Nouns people (people) and police (police), although they have a singular form, are used with a plural meaning and should always have plural verb:

• people say that the police are investigating the case.
  (People) They say that the police are investigating this case.

If a noun people means "people as a nation, believers of one religion or people of one race", then this noun is used in the singular and the verb must be in the singular:

• Hungarians are a hospitable people.
  Hungarians are hospitable people.

In the same sense, the noun people may also have plural. Then it takes the form peoples:

• The peoples of Europe have been living together for centuries.
  The peoples of Europe have lived together for many centuries.

The information embedded in the object constantly affects the person and changes him gradually in the direction that the magician has chosen.

Speak a gift

If you want to bewitch your loved one, you need to buy a new thing on the growing moon and speak it for love longing. Just buy something that he will definitely use or wear.

Bring the purchase home, and read a plot on it:

"You take a thing from me,
You give me your peace.
In broad daylight and dark night
You won't be without me (your name)
Rest and urine.
Amen."

love strap

How to remain faithful to a loved one and not worry about possible betrayals? This will help us a love strap.

Buy a belt for your loved one on the growing moon and say a love plot:

“Strap-belt, beloved friend!
Serve the faithful service, tie my dear to me!

Discreetly write the word "Mine" on the back of the belt. Be sure that while the darling wears this belt, the love ritual works!

Sweater for husband

To preserve the love and fidelity of your spouse, use the magic of weaving. Buy woolen yarn on the growing moon and ask your husband to hold it in his hands while you wind it into a ball.

Then weave some of your hair into the yarn and knit a sweater out of it. As you knit, think about his love and loyalty. You can read any love plot.

Be sure that this sweater will save your spouse from cheating!

To attract good luck

If you need to bring good luck into your life, read the conspiracy on your personal thing 12 times, and it will bring you success:

“As a squirrel wore a fur coat, did not take it down,
So would you (name a thing)
I was lucky, brought happiness.
Let it be so!"

Carry this item always with you or at the moment when you need to attract good luck.

magic pin

• 3 tablespoons of salt;

• 3 spoons of sugar;

• 3 tablespoons of rice;

• white saucer;

• pin.

A pin can not only save from the evil eye, but also attract good luck! To do this, take a new pin and open it. On a white saucer without drawings, pour three tablespoons with a slide of salt, pour three tablespoons of sugar on top of the salt and complete your steps by pouring three tablespoons of raw rice on top of the salt and sugar.

Now stick a pin into this pile and leave everything until the morning. In the morning, pin a pin to your clothes, and bury the contents of the plate in the ground. Good luck is guaranteed to you. A month later, the ritual for good luck with a pin can be repeated.

magic lace

You can talk about success and good luck with threads of three colors: red, blue and green. Weave a regular pigtail out of them and connect the ends to make a bracelet.

Any conspiracy can be read on this magic cord: love, for good luck, for attracting a loved one, for success in business. This bracelet should be worn on the left ankle.

It does not have to be massive, a thin pigtail will suffice.

good luck charm

On the new moon, take any object that you associate with good luck and luck, and put it in the moonlight.

Read the plot:

“The moon was born, gave birth to strength.
This (item name) endowed with its power.
Like the moon and the earth will never part,
So this (item name) will remain with luck.

There are sections of grammar that are only seem simple, and they are usually not given due attention. I know from experience that it is precisely on these “simple” rules that many students stumble and make annoying mistakes, for which precious points are removed when passing TOEFL tests or any other tests.

I have already talked about Now let's talk about the discrepancies that relate to the singular and plural between English and Russian.

I remind you that in English, words that end with the letter “S” can be:

1. Plural nouns. For example:

2. Verbs in the present indefinite tense ( Present Indefinite Tense), if the subject is the third person of the singular number (he, she, it); For example:

He reads. My sister works.

3. Nouns in possessive: For example:

Mary's sister.

My brother's wife.

In all three cases, the ending “S” is a suffix that is attached and detached.

There are very few words that simply end with “S” on their own and they are known to everyone: is, has, was, this, thus, plus, bus.

But there are nouns with the “S” suffix, which is firmly stuck to the word, and it CANNOT be detached, that is, such nouns are used only with the “S” ending. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:

First group. Always plural.

Nouns that denote objects consisting of two identical parts (pairs), and these parts are connected to one whole. For example: “trousers”, consisting of two legs. These are usually clothes or some kind of tools. Such nouns can be called "paired".

In English, “paired” nouns end in a non-detachable suffix “S” and are used ONLY in the plural. I will write a few of these nouns:

binoculars = binoculars;

braces = suspenders;

breeches = trousers, breeches;

glasses (= spectacles) = glasses;

knickers = breeches;

pants = pants, pantaloons, trousers, pants;

pincers = tongs, tongs, tongs, tweezers;

pliers = tongs, tongs, pliers;

scales = scales;

pyjamas = pajamas;

scissors = scissors;

shorts = panties, shorts;

tights = tights;

tongs = tongs, tongs;

tweezers = tweezers;

trousers = trousers, trousers, harem pants;

These trousers are on the bed. = These trousers are on the bed. (one pants, not many pants)

This pair of trousers is very expensive. = This pair of trousers is expensive. (this pair of trousers means one pair of trousers)

George has ten pairs of trousers. = George bought ten pairs of trousers.

I need some new trousers. = I need some pants (trousers, pairs of trousers)

I need a new pair of trousers. = I need one pair of trousers.

Second group. Always in the singular.

1. Nouns that denote names scientific disciplines:

mathematics = mathematics;

physics = physics;

economics = economics;

athletics = athletics;

gymnastics = gymnastics;

dynamics = dynamics;

dialectics = dialectics;

automatics = automatic;

mechanics = mechanics;

kinematics = kinematics;

linguistics = linguistics;

politics = politics;

statistics = statistics;

2. Nouns that denote some diseases:

mumps = mumps;

measles = measles;

shingles = shingles;

rickets = rickets;

With the names of scientific disciplines and the names of diseases, the words are used: KIND / TYPE \u003d KIND, SECTION, TYPE, CLASS, GENUS.

Take a close look at the examples:

Measles is an infectious disease. = Measles is an infectious disease.

Mumps is an infectious disease. = Mumps is an infectious disease.

This type of mumps is dangerous. = This type of pig is dangerous.

This kind of measles is dangerous. = This is a type (kind) of measles - dangerous.

Physics is a science. = Physics is a science.

These types of physics are difficult to understand. = These branches of physics are difficult to understand.

3. Nouns that denote the names of some games:

billiards = billiards:

bowls = bowling game, skittles:

darts = darts (throwing darts)

dominoes = dominoes:

drafts = drafts; (British English)

checkers = checkers (American English)

fives = ball game;

ninepins = skittles;

4. Noun news = news, news.

This is a very good news.

The whole world of people, animals, plants, natural phenomena, cities, countries, objects around us, events, our actions, mood - everything is named, everything has its own name or name. You can easily understand a word if you know its meaning. Meaning is what the word stands for. If you do not know the meaning of a word, you can find it out from adults or with the help of an explanatory dictionary. But sometimes in life you can observe such a situation. The teacher asked Vanya what his favorite subjects were. Vanya answered that a computer, a ball and a bicycle. What do you think, Vanya answered correctly? What subjects did the teacher ask Vanya about? O school subjects. Why has there been such confusion? The thing is that many words of the Russian language can have several meanings. In the lesson, we will get acquainted with polysemantic words, find out in which dictionary you can find their meanings.

Complete the task. Learn a word by its lexical meaning. Connect with an arrow.

Test yourself.

Now look at the pictures and name the parts that the arrow points to (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Leg - a polysemantic word ()

What did you notice? The pictures are different, the objects are different, but the word is the same. Everywhere the word "leg" is written. Why?

It turns out that one word can have not one, but several meanings at once. This is one of the features of our Russian language. If a word has only one lexical meaning- it is called single-valued, if two or more - multi-valued. In our language, there are many more polysemantic words than unambiguous ones. But all the meanings of polysemantic words are connected in meaning and have something in common.

How many meanings of the word "leg" did the drawings tell you? Let's list.

1. An affectionate name for the lower limb of a human leg.
2. The stalk on which the flower or Bottom part mushroom under the hat.
3. Furniture support.
4. One of the sliding parts of the measuring device, for example compasses.

We conclude: the word "leg" is ambiguous.

Complete the task. Divide the words into two columns: in the first unambiguous words, in the second multivalued.

Ice, leaf, tail, rope, pine tree, kangaroo, math, line, butterfly, guitar, lightning, bread.

Test yourself.

Single words: ice, jump rope, pine, kangaroo, math, guitar.

Multiple words: a leaf (of paper and wood), a tail (of an animal, an airplane, a queue), a line (of a horizon, a line on paper, railway or air), a butterfly (an insect and a tie), a zipper (a clasp and a discharge in the air), bread (this is also a product which we eat, and the grain planted in the field)

How not to make a mistake and determine exactly whether a word is polysemantic or unambiguous? A dictionary will help. To find out how many meanings a word has, you need to find the word alphabetically in the explanatory dictionary. If in dictionary entry the numbers 1, 2, and maybe more will be written, and each number will have an interpretation, then the word is multi-valued.

Listen to the story of Gennady Tsyferov. Count how many meanings for the word "star" the heroes of the fairy tale named the grasshopper and the frog.

- What are the stars? the grasshopper once asked.
The frog thought for a moment and said:
- Big elephants say: "The stars are golden carnations, the sky is nailed to them." But don't believe it. Big bears think: "Stars are snowflakes that forgot to fall." But you don't believe them either. Listen to me better. I think the big rain is to blame. After big rain big flowers grow. And it also seems to me that when they reach the sky with their heads, they fall asleep there, tucking their long legs.
- Yes, - said the grasshopper. - This is more like the truth. Stars are big flowers. They sleep in the sky with their long legs tucked up.

How many meanings of the word "star" were named by the grasshopper and the frog? No one. They failed to explain the meaning of the word. Can you? What stars are we talking about? About the stars - celestial bodies.

And what else can you imagine when you hear the word "star"? What did you present? Let's see what meanings of the word "star" are indicated in the explanatory dictionary. Read dictionary entry to the word STAR. How many values ​​do you see?

1. A celestial body visible in the night sky. polar Star(Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Star in the sky

2. About a famous person. Ballet star (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Ballet star

3. Geometric figure with pointed protrusions. Kremlin star. An order having such a shape (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Geometric figure

4. Light spot on the forehead of the animal (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Star on the forehead of an animal

5. Starfish (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Starfish ()

Conclusion: a star is a polysemantic word.

How do the meanings of the same words appear? People learned to observe the stars in the sky in ancient times. BUT geometric figure, starfish, the order was named so for the similarity in shape. Why are they called stars? famous people? For talent, brightness, brilliant work.

Do you know that in Ancient Rome the concept of "set", that is, there is a lot of something, was denoted by the word "globe". After all, there was a time when people did not suspect that the globe is round. The ball was generally called in Latin a globe. This name of the ball came in handy when they started to make a model. the globe- round globe.

This is how words could come into our language - the names of objects. AT modern language the word "globe" has only one meaning - it is a model of the globe, but the word "ball" has many meanings: it is also an object, for example, a billiard ball or balloon, and in mathematics there is a ball, and we say about our planet "the globe".

It turns out that words denoting objects are very often polysemantic words. Let's find out: words-signs and words-actions of our Russian language can be polysemantic?

Complete the task. Make up phrases with each word in brackets and imagine what it is about.

Test yourself.

Cold tea, cold house, cold wind, cold sweater, cold color.

A deaf old man, a deaf shot, a deaf alley, a deaf forest, a deaf voice.

Keep the ring, keep the memory, keep the good name.

Take a stick, take the city, take something with you, take to the right.

Conclusion: polysemantic in Russian can be different words: and words denoting objects, and words-actions, and words-signs.

The meanings of polysemantic words can be two, or three, or more. For example, the word “take” in the dictionary has 14 meanings, and the word “go” has 26. explanatory dictionaries. Knowing the different meanings of words will make your speech interesting and beautiful.

Today in the lesson we learned that many words of the Russian language can have several meanings, got acquainted with polysemantic words, determined in which dictionary their meanings can be found.

Bibliography

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. - M.: Astrel, 2011. (download link)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. - M.: Ballas. (Download link )
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.

1. Nsportal.ru ().
2. Festival.1september.ru ().
3. Chernova.moy.su ().

Homework

1. Tell your friends what you learned about the topic of the lesson.

2. Read A. Shibaev's poem. Find in it a polysemantic word, explain its meaning.

And the sun is playing

(Beams on the river),

And the cat is playing

(A ball on the porch),

And Zhenya plays

(Zhenya has a doll)

And mom is playing

(In the theater on stage)

And daddy plays

(On a copper pipe)

And grandfather (plays with his grandson in the hut).

3. Make up phrases with the polysemantic word STRONG.

Cloth, sleep, hands, blow, coffee, nut, knot, health.

4. Define a polysemantic word by its lexical meaning.

1st value - training session.

2nd value - the task that is given to the student.

5. Come up with sentences with different values words SHISHKA.

1st value - a tubercle on the body of a person or animal from a bruise.

2nd value - pine, spruce, cedar cones.

6. Guess which polysemantic word fits the meaning of the sentence.

Outside the window…. wind. On the street ... the siren of a fire truck. In the forest... a wolf.