Read George Orwell's Animal Farm. George Orwell "Animal Farm"

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Title: Animal Farm

About Animal Farm by George Orwell

George Orwell became popular with the publication of the dystopian novel 1984, his most famous book today. This novel was preceded by several more works, in our opinion, undeservedly overlooked. Yes, George Orwell wrote Animal Farm (in other translations - Animal Farm, Animal Farm, etc.) - just a wonderful satirical dystopian story. We will talk about it today, and a little later we will talk about. However, both of these works were included in.

Well, "Animal Farm" can be downloaded at the bottom of the page in fb2, rtf, epub, txt formats.

In general, we advise reading the book before 1984, and not vice versa, because the novel seems to develop the scheme that became the basis for the story. The images here are generalized, but, nevertheless, they are perceived much easier, if only for the reason that all events take place among animals, and not people (but we understand how well the allegory is built).

In principle, the book can be viewed as, in a certain sense, a prehistory to 1984 - because here we are witnessing how society has come to such a "bouquet" of social diseases, which are described in more detail in the novel. The book helps to understand what were the causes and the course of events that led to the swine kingdom and the distortion of all laws. And everything seemed to start so well ...

George Orwell did not just choose a fairy-tale form of narration (yes, here the animals not only talk, but also build, plow the land, and, in general, do housework). With the help of animals, the social hierarchy is very clearly conveyed - starting from chickens, working horses and ending with the closest people to people - pigs.

The story begins with the fact that the owner of the farm stops caring for his livestock, which is why the animals decide to make a revolution, expel him and start farming on their own. After they managed to achieve their plan, an incredible atmosphere of freedom and joy reigned on the farm. It seemed that a new, happy era had begun for all animals. But in fact, the euphoria quickly ended - I had to work hard, and only "working" cattle, while the pigs considered themselves fit only to think and tell others.

Animal Farm is written in a simpler way than the novel that followed it. Easy language and the lack of macabre details of materialized nightmares does make the story simpler. Nevertheless, the metaphorical line here is simply impressive - it continually makes the reader think about reality, digress from the fantastic form of presentation and draw parallels with the modern world.

One of the greatest works foreign literature XX century - story George Orwell's Animal Farm. The summary of this book will certainly inspire you to read the original. The story of the American writer in a veiled form reflects important events in the history of Russia.

basic information

Work on a utopia that tells of a gradual and, according to the author, inevitable transition from ideas of universal equality to totalitarianism and rigid dictatorship, Orwell completed in 1944. The story first appeared in print after the end of World War II. Original title - Animal Farm: A Fairy Story. The work contains satire on Soviet Union, in some characters famous historical figures are guessed. Orwell's story "Animal Farm" about the revolution of 1917 and the events that took place in the first twenty years after the creation of the new state.

Already from the name it is clear that the main characters here are not people, but animals. However, some of them are endowed with cruelty, which is inherent only in humans. Before presenting a summary of Animal Farm, it is necessary to define the main term of this philosophical work - "scotism". This concept is a parody of communism. "Scotism", or "animalism" is a philosophical system according to which animals exist in complete independence from people.

"Animal Farm": a summary

Heroes stories - inhabitants farm "Usadba". Her owner - Mr. Jones - suffers from alcoholism, and therefore his affairs are going very badly. Sometimes he even forgets to feed the animals. One day twelve years old a hog named Major arranges a meeting. It is from this event that the story begins.

Major generates revolutionary thoughts in the minds of the inhabitants of the farm. What will happen if animals become free, stop depending on selfish and cruel people? The old Major claims that sometime an uprising must take place, which in the end will make the inhabitants of the farm happy. They will work less but eat better. There will be equality in the animal world. All that needs to be done is to get rid of human dictatorship.

A few days after the meeting, Major dies. However, the ideas expressed by the wise hog continue to live. The song that one of last days the major performed his life, becomes the anthem freedom movement. The name of the anthem is The Cattle of England.

One day, Jones forgets to feed the animals. They attack him and his assistants in anger. Thus, the long-awaited revolution takes place. From now on, there is not a single person on the farm. All power belongs to animals. Pigs - Napoleon, Snowball, Squealer - find themselves at the helm in a new small state.

The trouble is that the ideals of equality and universal happiness are forgotten over time. Pigs lead more and work less and less. Other animals have to do hard work from dawn to dusk. Despite this, they are happy. The inhabitants of the farm believe in ideas, the implementation of which they were once inspired by the wise Major.

Such is the summary of Animal Farm. But here, of course, not all the events in the life of the inhabitants of the farm are told. Over time, unnoticed by many animals, a dictatorship is established in the barnyard. Repressions, denunciations and other phenomena characteristic of the policy of totalitarianism begin. And most importantly, the substitution of values. The ideas that once inspired the animals to rebellion are gradually fading into the background - they are inconvenient for the dictator and his minions.

Seven commandments invented by pigs

After the expulsion of people from the farm, animals began to learn to read and write. True, many could not master even the alphabet. Special intellectual ability showing pigs. It was they who set out the seven commandments, which henceforth all goats, sheep, chickens, dogs, and cats must adhere to.

On the wall of the barn, in white paint, one of the hogs wrote:

1. The enemy is the one that walks on two legs.
2. A friend is one that walks on four legs.
3. Animals don't wear clothes.
4. Animals don't sleep in bed.
5. Animals do not drink alcohol.
6. Animals don't kill each other.
7. All animals are equal.

In the plot of Animal Farm, these commandments have no last value. The thing is, over time, they start breaking down. And they are by no means violated by horses, goats, sheep and chickens, but by pigs, that is, those that are in power. Commandments are not cancelled. They imperceptibly make adjustments. So, the postulate that an animal cannot kill its own kind is supplemented with the words "for no reason". The commandment, which says that no inhabitant of the farm has the right to drink alcohol, - with the words "to unconsciousness".

The characters in Animal Farm are quite colorful. Some have specific prototypes. Others are collective images. There are also characters in Orwell's "Animal Farm" that symbolize a certain social stratum.

Major

This character makes a long speech at the very beginning of the work, and then, as already mentioned, dies. The major does not become either a witness or a participant in the uprising. However, his skull is later dug up by animals from the grave and erected in a conspicuous place. Every morning, looking at the remains of a dead boar, they sing their favorite song, The Cattle of England. Character prototypes - Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin.

Napoleon

If after the uprising there are two characters in power, then later only one manages the farm. Napoleon is aggressive, power-hungry, cunning. Once he hid puppies in his closet, raised and raised them. And later used to establish sole power. Animals over time begin to call him " leader " . They believe him unquestioningly even after they witness the mass execution. It is easy to guess which of the historical figures this refers to. literary hero. To Stalin.

snowball

The author feels sympathy for this character. Snowball is very popular among the inhabitants of the farm. He is the author of the idea of ​​​​creating a mill, which will make life easier for animals in the future. However, Snowball falls victim to Napoleon's treachery. He is expelled from the farm, and later accused of sabotage, betrayal and other crimes. This character is reminiscent of the revolutionary Leon Trotsky.

squealer

Napoleon appears less and less in front of the residents of the firm. He hides in the corridors, and gives instructions to the animals through his Attorney - Squealer. Napoleon's faithful assistant is distinguished by amazing eloquence and the ability to convey even the most crazy ideas to the crowd. He is cunning, resourceful and not devoid of artistry. This character refers to politician Vyacheslav Molotov and partly to Trotsky, who also had remarkable oratory skills.

Boxer

This is the most hardworking inhabitant of the barnyard. He worked hard under both Jones and Napoleon. Boxer's favorite phrase: "I will work harder." It is difficult for a hardworking horse to understand the intrigues between the rulers of the farm. Every time Boxer has doubts, he starts working even harder, while demonstrating boundless trust and loyalty to those in power. Another phrase of this character: "Napoleon is always right". Ultimately, the "leader" sells him to the knackers. The boxer personifies the Stakhanovite movement.

Benjamin

The old donkey understands much more than it might seem at first sight. Benjamin, unlike most animals, can read. He notices a change in the commandments written on the barn wall. He sees a lot, but is almost always silent. Benjamin is the only one who understands that the old Boxer was sent not for treatment, but to the knacker's house. What does this character represent? Soviet intelligentsia.

Molly

The frivolous horse is by no means pleased with the changes that have come after the expulsion of Jones. Although she does not openly express her point of view. Molly loves ribbons most of all, which symbolize luxury. At meetings, even before the uprising, she asks just one question: "Will there be sugar?" After a new power is established, she runs away to a nearby farm. Molly personifies the Russian emigration.

Other characters

Sheep, easily manipulated by Napoleon, symbolize the bulk of the population in a country ruled by a dictator. The loyal dogs of the "leader" resemble NKVD officers. In Orwell's story, there are people among the characters. This is Jones, Pilkington, Winter. The prototype of Frederick - the ill owners of a neighboring farm - Adolf Hitler.

George Orwell

Barnyard

Mr. Jones of Homestead closed the chicken coop for the night, but he was so drunk that he forgot to plug the holes in the wall. Kicking the back door with his foot, he hobbled across the yard, unable to get out of the circle of light from the lantern dancing in his hand, drew his last glass of beer from the keg in the kitchen, and went to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring.

As soon as the lights in the bedroom went out, the farm began to move restlessly. Rumor had it all day that old Meyer, prize hog from Middlewhite, last night saw weird dream and would like to tell other animals about it. Everyone agreed to meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. Jones was completely out of sight. Old Mayer (as he was always called, although the name under which he was presented at the exhibitions sounded like the beauty of Willingdon), was so respected on the farm that everyone unconditionally agreed.

Mayer was already waiting, as usual, nestled comfortably on his straw mat on a raised platform at the end of the barn, under a lantern suspended from a beam. He was already twelve years old and recent times he was rather broad, but nevertheless continued to be the same noble boar, in whose eyes wisdom and benevolence shone, despite the frightening fangs. While all the animals gathered and arranged themselves according to their taste, quite a lot of time passed. Three dogs came first, Bluebell, Jessie, and a Pinscher, followed by the pigs, who immediately settled down on the straw in front of the dais. The chickens perched on the windowsills, the pigeons perched on the rafters, and the sheep and cows lay down immediately behind the pigs and began to chew their cud. Together came the draft horses Boxer and Clover. They moved slowly and carefully, trying to keep their broad, hairy hooves from taking up as little space as possible. Clover was a tall, middle-aged mare, completely bloated after the birth of her fourth foal. Boxer's appearance commanded involuntary respect - at the withers more than 6 feet high, he was as strong as two ordinary horses put together. white stripe, which crossed his physiognomy, gave him a rather stupid look, and he really did not shine with intellect, but he enjoyed universal disposition for his even character and amazing diligence. After the horses came Muriel, the white goat, and Benjamin the donkey. He lived on the farm the longest and had a nasty temper. He rarely spoke, but even in these cases he usually uttered some kind of cynical remark - for example, he once mentioned that the Lord God endowed him with a tail to brush off gadflies, but he would prefer to do without gadflies and without a tail. Alone among all the animals on the farm, he never laughed. When asked about the reasons for such gloominess, he replied that he saw no reason to laugh. However, he was attached to Boxer; as a rule, they spent Sunday afternoons side by side in a small paddock next to the garden, nibbling grass.

As soon as Boxer and Clover lay down, a brood of motherless ducklings burst into the barn; grunting excitedly, they began to rush from side to side in search of a safe place where no one would inadvertently crush them. Finding that Clover's outstretched front legs were a kind of protective wall, the ducklings jumped into this shelter and immediately fell into a dream. Finally Molly entered the barn, crunching on a lump of sugar, coyly, a stupid but beautiful white filly, who was pulling Mr. Jones' gig. She took a seat in the front rows and immediately began to playfully wave her white mane in the hope of drawing attention to the red ribbons woven into it. And last came the cat, who, as usual, looked around for the warmest place, and at last slipped between Boxer and Clover; here she bustled and purred incessantly during Mayer's speech, without hearing a single word from her.

Except for Mosus, the pet crow, who was dozing on a pole near the back door, all the animals were now assembled. Inviting everyone to get comfortable and waiting for silence, Mayer cleared his throat and began:

So, friends, what is the meaning of our being with you? Let's face it: short days our lives are spent in humiliation and hard work. From the moment we are born, we are given just enough to eat so that life does not die out in us, and those who have sufficient strength are forced to work until their last breath; and, as usual, when no one needs us, we are sent to the slaughter with monstrous cruelty. Not a single animal in England, after a year has passed, knows what happiness is, or even a well-deserved rest. No animal in England knows what freedom is. Our life is poverty and slavery. That is the truth.

But is this the true order of things? Does this come from the fact that our land is poor and cannot feed those who live on it and cultivate it? No, comrades, a thousand times no! The climate in England is mild, the land is fertile, and it is able to feed much large quantity animals than now live on it. A farm like ours can support a dozen horses, twenty cows, a hundred sheep - and their life will be full of such comfort, such a feeling dignity that we can't even dream of right now. But why do we continue to live in such miserable conditions? Because almost everything that we bring into the world with our labor is stolen by people. Here, comrades, lies the answer to all our questions. It consists in one single word - man. That's who our only true enemy is man. Remove a person from the stage, and the cause of hunger and overwork will disappear forever.

Man is the only creature that consumes without producing anything. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull a plow, he is too slow to catch rabbits. Yet he is the supreme lord over all animals. He drives them to work, he gives them just enough to feed them so that they do not suffer from hunger - everything else remains in his possession. Our labor tills the soil, our manure fertilizes it, and yet each of us has only his skin. Here are you, cows, lying in front of me now - how many thousand gallons of milk have you already given for last year? And what has become of this milk, with which you could drink strong calves? All of it, to the last drop, was swallowed up by the throats of our enemies. And you chickens, how many eggs did you lay this year and how many chickens did you raise? And the rest were sent to the market, so that money would ring in the pockets of Jones and others like them. Tell me, Clover, where are your four foals, whom you bore and gave birth in suffering, foals that should have been your support and comfort in your old age? All of them were sold at the age of one - and you will never see any of them again, and after you suffered four times in labor pains, after you plowed the fields - what do you have, except for a handful of oats and old stall?

But even our miserable life can't end naturally. I don't talk about myself because I'm lucky. I lived to the age of twelve and produced over four hundred children. For the pig I have lived decent life. But no animal can escape the ruthless knife at the end of its life. Here you are, young pigs that are sitting in front of me - all of you to one, in less than a year, end your life in that fence. And this terrible fate awaits everyone - cows, pigs, chickens, sheep, every single one. Even horses and dogs do not get the best share. The distant day will come when the mighty muscles will refuse to serve you, Boxer, and Jones will send you to the flayer, who will cut your throat and make dog stew out of you. As for the dogs, when they get old and their teeth fall out, Jones will tie a brick around their necks and kick them into the nearest pond.

And has it not now become extremely clear, comrades, that the source of the evil with which our whole life is permeated is the tyranny of mankind? One has only to get rid of a person, and the fruits of our labors will become our property! And already this evening the dawn of our freedom may light up, which will make us rich and independent. What do we have to do for this? To work day and night, giving both body and soul to get rid of the tyranny of man! And I call on you, comrades, to revolt! I do not know when it will break out, in a week or in a hundred years, but as clearly as I see this straw under my feet, I know that sooner or later justice will prevail. And no matter how long you have to live, comrades, dedicate your life to this idea! And besides, I bequeath to convey my message to those who come after you, so that future generations can continue the struggle to the bitter end.

The story "Animal Farm" was first published in 1945. Orwell once witnessed a common village life scenes: a little boy thin twig drove a huge horse. The writer suddenly came up with the idea that if animals realized their strength, people would not be able to rule over them. On this topic, he created the work "Animal Farm". A summary of the book is given in this article.

George Orwell

The first book by the British writer and publicist was published in 1933. During World War II, Orwell worked as a presenter for the BBC. The debut work of the prose writer is the autobiographical book Pounds Dashing in Paris and London. In French capital he spent several years doing odd jobs, mostly working in restaurants as a dishwasher.

In 1945, the book Animal Farm was published. The summary of this work reveals the philosophical and political views of the author. The famous dystopia depicts the birth of revolutionary programs and principles. Animal Farm, a summary of which is presented below, is a parable that tells about revolutionary events in Russia. Another world wide famous book George Orwell - "1984". “Big brother is watching you” - an expression that has become winged - was first heard in this work.

"Animal Farm": a summary of the chapters

This work was created more than half a century ago, but is still relevant today. It exists outside of time and space, reveals the basic laws of society, people's behavior, due to economic and political situation. This is a wonderful book that tells about the power of influence that it can have on mass consciousness personality.

Even after reading the summary of Animal Farm, one can appreciate Orwell's satirical talent. In addition, the retelling will answer the question of why the work of the American writer has been popular among Russian-speaking readers for several decades. A brief summary of Orwell's Animal Farm will be presented according to the following plan:

• Major's speeches.
• Creation of the idea of ​​animalism.
• Insurrection.
• principles of animalism.
• Battle at the barn.
• Snowball's exile.
• The intrigues of the pest.
• Repression.

Major's Speeches

The heroes of the work are the inhabitants of the farm of Mr. Jones - a man who drinks quite often and manages the household somehow. One day, animals, among which pigs are especially smart, hold a meeting in a barn. The old Major is speaking. He calls on his friends to overthrow the power of the man who keeps them in unbearable conditions. A few days later, Major dies, but his ideas roam invisibly around the barnyard. The content of the speech delivered by the Major, the animals will remember for a long time to come.

Creating the idea of ​​animalism

After the Major's death, preparations for the uprising begin. Nobody knows yet exactly when it will happen. The leaders of the movement, which will soon gain momentum, are Napoleon, Snowball and Squealer. The first boar is cunning, cunning and power-hungry. The second is extremely smart. Squealer demonstrates amazing oratorical talent.

Any revolutionary movement impossible without an idea. For animals, animalism becomes an inspiration. It is based on the lack of contacts with people, a way of life that has nothing to do with the human. The inhabitants of the farm should not sleep in beds, drink alcohol, trade, and so on.

Insurrection

One day, Mr. Jones forgets to feed the animals, who in anger turn him out of the farm and thus gain freedom. The summary of the story "Animal Farm" can be summarized as follows: animals get rid of human power, fight for independence, learn to live without people.

Orwell describes a coup d'etat, but events do not take place among people, within any country, but among animals living on a farm. There is an ideological boar among them who convinces the rest that they live poorly, people use them, they do not feed them properly. Life can be much better, one has only to overthrow the power of Mr. Jones - so the untimely departed Major claimed, and Vladimir Lenin is easily guessed in his image.

Principles of Animalism

A new one starts on the farm happy life. Thanks to the rebellion, the animals got rid of the tyranny of man. But they have to exist independently of people, and this is not easy. Guidelines for them are the principles formulated by the leaders. However, these postulates are increasingly distorted over time.

The main principle is “all animals are equal”. Once the power of Napoleon is established, this commandment loses its meaning. But the "leader" does not call for abandoning it. Any postulate can be slightly edited - "all animals are equal, but some of them are especially equal."

Battle at the barn

No revolution is accomplished without bloodshed. People will make more than one attempt to regain power. The first of them will end with a real battle, which the animals will call with reverence for a long time "Battle at the cowshed".

How are the days of the company's residents going? They work from dawn to dusk. Amazing diligence is characteristic of the old horse, nicknamed Boxer. But he is incredibly naive. The boxer does not notice that both under Mr. Jones and under Napoleon he is cruelly exploited. Horse's favorite phrase: "I will work even harder." When he becomes too old and weak to work, he is sent to the knackers. This image embodies the Stakhanovite movement. In the evenings, the animals hold meetings, which invariably end with the singing of the anthem "Beasts of England".

After reading the summary of "Animal Farm" by George Orwell, you may not understand hidden meaning this work. Napoleon - a cruel and power-hungry boar - animals call the leader. What the historical figure hiding behind it in a literary way? Possibly Joseph Stalin.

Snowball's Banishment

The farm is run by boars. Squealer performs next role: brings the next rules and laws, sometimes crazy, to the inhabitants of the farm. In fact, Napoleon and Snowball rule. But as said great commander only one sun can shine in the sky. This phrase, by the way, liked to repeat Stalin. While Snowball is devising a scheme to build a windmill, Napoleon is hatching a sly plan. One day, with the help of his faithful dogs, he drives out a competitor from the farm.

The machinations of the pest

Under Snowball, Napoleon criticized the plan to build a mill. After his exile, he assured the animals that he was the author. A long, complex construction began. Animals could not build a mill under the influence weather conditions and other factors. Napoleon blamed Snowball for all the failures, who, allegedly, after being expelled at night, enters the farm and commits sabotage.

Repression

One of the commandments of animalism says: "No animal will kill its own kind." But this principle is also violated. Napoleon at the next meeting accuses some of the inhabitants of the firm of dissent. Unfortunate nothing remains but to admit their guilt. On the same evening they are sentenced to death penalty. Napoleon's dogs act as executioners.

Let's finish the presentation summary book "Animal Farm" describing the last scene. Napoleon establishes diplomatic relations with the owners of other farms. He now lives in Mr. Jones's house, drinks wine, wears his clothes, sleeps on his bed. One day, the animals, emaciated and starving, look out the window. They see a strange picture. Napoleon and other boars drink wine, play cards with people. And now it is not clear where the animal is and where the person is. Where is the revolutionary, and where is the next tyrant.

Orwell very colorfully and accessible, without further ado, shows how the promised equality turns into totalitarianism, to how laws (the seven animal commandments) are rewritten in favor of the ruling elite, how lies are passed off as truth.

The pigs volunteered to take on the role of leaders. No wonder they get the best. The rest of the animals are starving and working hard. Unnoticed on the farm, it becomes quite sad. "Justice" and "equality" become empty words.

Perhaps if the name tells you something George Orwell's Animal Farm and even more so, if you have read this magnificent parable, then it is probably in the same edition as the legendary one by Orwell. For a long time, I myself had a well-established opinion that a fairy-tale satire about a land inhabited by animals was only an appendage to a much more significant work. So it was, of course, until the moment when there was a one-day, full of interest, vivid acquaintance with Animal Farm. Two dystopia it is incorrect to compare the author, although in terms of scope and coverage of topics, of course, the clear leader is obvious. Before us is an important and inherently valuable history, independent and self-sufficient. It is not surprising that the first full-fledged publication in Russian for a wide range of readers was published only in the second half of the 1980s, when the totalitarian Stalinist regime only shabby monuments in the middle of cities and biased history books remained. The topics touched upon by the British writer George Orwell remain relevant today, vividly reflecting the unpleasant moments of any society and fundamental laws. human nature. Does it deserve Animal farm analysis historical and cultural errors - definitely yes.

Animal farm analysis

Although George Orwell, as you know, was a critic of the power that came after the 1917 revolution in the subsequent formed USSR, in the story Animal farm it touches on global topics. Therefore, instead of full of caustic comments and drawing ridiculous ideological barriers that need to be defended, one should simply get rid of the attachment to a particular state, to specific example betrayed revolution. On the Animal Farm Wiki page, which briefly describes the key characters, you can see the differences between different options translations. If Napoleon everywhere remained with his ironic comparison with the great adventurer-conqueror, then other animals have undergone changes. The best translation of Bespalova today has this: Oblom, Fighter, Benjamin, Kashka. At the same time, the nicknames in the work say little and do not affect the perception of the story, therefore, among a wide selection of interpretations, choose which one is more convenient for you or is already in home library works.

At the animal farm, which is ruled with a firm hand by Mr. Jones, interesting, revolutionary events. The smart boar Leader inflames the minds of his associates with a motley dream of freedom, universal equality and the destruction of the shackles of hard work. Why work for a selfish owner who shamelessly appropriates the fruits of labor, and also walks on two legs, sleeps in a soft bed and drinks alcohol. The prophet of the revolution suddenly expires, but the cause of the future uprising is alive and soon the animals of the Animal Farm manage, during a difficult battle, to drive Mr. Jones away. Inspired by such a significant victory, the inhabitants farm animals they make plans for a selfless future, while the leaders of the revolution take up the organization of new everyday life. How good it is now to work for ourselves and reap all the fruits of our labor. That's just one of the leaders of the uprising, the boar Napoleon quickly begins to be a little more equal than the rest, like his entourage. And with the expulsion of another leader of the revolution, Oblom, society is promised to live even better.

Upon closer analysis of Animal Farm, the story reveals much in common with 1984 George Orwell, where the ideas laid down here received a wider and brighter implementation. The collapse, which was yesterday the hero, marked with a special award from the Animal Farm, quickly becomes the cause of all evil. Each trouble is interpreted as a consequence of his intrigues, and the inhabitants of the Animal Farm are pathologically afraid of traitors. Over time, the merits of one of the pillars of the former fateful liberation are reduced and rewritten. The rewriting of history, which reached its information apogee in the 20th century, animal farm is clearly reflected in the reformation of known information, changing from year to year in favor of the new order. Animal Farm Orwell owns a cult phrase, an aphorism: All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others..

Napoleon, including calling for an uprising against the oppression of man, through his herald Squealer, constantly reminds the animals how hard and unbearable it was before, under the despotic Mr. Jones. And how well it is with the invaluable efforts of the pigs, even if the latter have a larger ration of apples and milk, for the sake of maintaining their mental exploits for the common good. Like the inhabitants of Angsots, the four-legged people in the Animal Farm regularly hear about new achievements on the labor front, because more and more grain and other benefits are being produced. And it's okay that the rations of ordinary workers are constantly decreasing, but retirement is just around the corner - well-deserved and honorable. Here, a striking example of selfless devotion to the common good is the workhorse Fighter. Despite declining health and ever new work standards, he tells himself every time that he will work even harder and don't complain. After all, everything is done for the general well-being, although the topic of separate lands for pensioners, for some reason, is no longer raised. Especially sad is the end of the life of the most hardworking member of the team, who is escorted to the knacker's yard to honor the leadership.

Man is portrayed as the supreme evil, whose orders must in no way return to the animal farm. That's just the new leader of the revolution, Napoleon, who, as it turned out, practically endured all the hardships of change on his own shoulders, is now moving to the former mansion himself. Branded public opinion goods now serve for the new ruling class, which in an equal society, it seems, should not be. Napoleon prudently surrounds himself with a pack of dogs, a kind of guardians of the new order of the Animal Farm, who quickly crack down on those who disagree and intimidate those who remain. The execution of dissenters is becoming the norm and no longer contradicts the commandment that no animal will take the life of another. A new bright future requires getting rid of traitors and pests, as in any totalitarian regime. Even worst enemies, people turn out to be able to be more useful than cooperation, and it doesn’t matter that today one of them is an enemy, and tomorrow a friend, and vice versa. And the elderly donkey Benjamin, silently observing all the changes, represents here the court of time, unfortunately, uninitiative and submissive. If you set out to analyze the story of Orwell's Animal Farm, do not forget about its key characters.

Animal Farm and Historical Parallels

In a closer analysis of Orwell's Animal Farm, one cannot avoid historical parallels, so you should immediately name proper names that are most vividly associated with the story animal farm. Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, USSR, October Revolution, NKVD, Velikaya Patriotic War, Third Reich, Hitler. Although Orwell, as an author, makes quite certain hyperbolic references, the analysis of the work is much more interesting in the vein of universal metaphors that are confirmed in history, both before the twentieth century and in our time.

If before the cattle in the Animal Farm did not have a purpose, some kind of everyday meaningfulness, except for hard work for the benefit of people, now they work for themselves. To build some beautiful world. Of course, not now, and the workers will no longer see it, but for future generations. beautiful world future in the spirit of scotism, where animals are left to themselves, working for their own sake. At the beginning of the revolution, a new movement promises more moderate work and more benefits, abundant food. After the establishment of the dictatorship, all but the most basic benefits are proclaimed as excesses, and the spirit of scotism, as it turns out now, consists in hard work and the rejection of superfluous goods, in modesty. This modesty, of course, applies only to simple animals on the farm. Barnyard who are equal according to the commandments, but not those who are more equal than others.

Skotina dies at work with the thought of a bright future, which becomes something ephemeral. It is interesting that the Leader conveyed his prediction to the people, and he himself did not even live to see the violent revolution, remaining, for the time being, a kind of symbol. The precepts of revolution and scotism, which were proclaimed at the very beginning of the struggle and overthrow of the past masters, are now being changed to suit the new regime. The mill in the story has become a symbol of that same scotism, the promised bright future, which will never be achieved, which is encroached upon by external enemies. Even if the mill is built, which eventually happened, it will not serve the benefit of the people who built it, as it was originally proclaimed. The very process of its construction and its possible completion proclaim only new goals for the enrichment of the leaders of what is happening.

This event, as the crown of the Animal Farm revolution, became a turning point in the struggle for the accomplishment of the hated system by the cattle under the yoke of the whip of Mr. Jones. The significance of this battle changes over time, losing its meaning for ordinary workers and increasing the importance of the leader of the revolution, Napoleon. For future generations, who were born after the construction of scotism, the Battle under the barn is something far away, a bedtime story for children, which explains why it is good to live and how much better it is now than it used to be under the enemy, who is young and in the eyes have not seen. Disfigured for them historical truth becomes reality. At the end of the story Animal Farm and analysis, the privileged elite cancels and abolishes the revolutionary anthem “creatures of England”, unnecessary inscriptions on the green flag, the appeal “comrade”, the tradition of honoring the memory of the ideological inspirer Leader. The revolution is over, so revolutionary foundations are no longer needed.

Permanent image of an external enemy

As in 1984, George Orwell masterfully emphasizes the need for any dictatorship to consolidate the minds and forces within the people, thanks to the indestructible image of an external enemy. First, all people are proclaimed to them and Mr. Jones, as the incarnation worst qualities. Bubble is then declared the Animal Farm's eternal invisible, fearsome enemy, to whom every mishap or slip at the Animal Farm is attributed. The sworn enemies are declared, in turn, one of the neighbors on the farm, who, in this moment does not benefit Napoleon and his entourage (naturally, the welfare of livestock is out of the question). Animals must always be vigilant, they will be executed for subversive activities, they must fight selflessly against clubs and guns. The brute begins to see the intrigues of the enemy even in own life and begins to confess to far-fetched sabotages, parting with his life for the benefit of scotism, Animal Farm and Comrade Napoleon.

Despite the initial recognition of people as the main enemies, Scotism simply cannot do without cooperation with sworn enemies. Comrade Napoleon begins to negotiate with the owners of other farms for the supply of necessary goods that the Animal Farm itself is unable to produce. Thus, however revolutionary and militant Scotism may be, it cannot exist in modern world in exclusive isolation, and the original covenants are now interpreted to balance between those in power. In this sense, any utopia is forced to cooperate with those who are proclaimed the enemy. There was a place in the story and a real war with external enemy already referring to armed conflicts between nations. The victory is celebrated for several days, but after that, its fruits are again interpreted as the victory of Comrade Napoleon and as an excuse only to strengthen the order within the system.

After expelling Oblom and raising him to the camp of the main pest and embarrassment of the minds of cattle, Napoleon becomes the only full-fledged ruler of the Animal Farm. His activities are supported by the created slogans, children, holidays, windmills are named after Napoleon. When the leader of a nation is unwell, the cattle walks on tiptoe near the master's house, in fear of losing their leader. Uncovered attempts on the life of the leader are regularly announced, for which, of course, those who previously showed the most discontent are punished. The more time passes under the conditions of scotism, the more victories are attributed to Napoleon. At the same time, his frank miscalculations and following the previously rejected are presented as incredible insight. The new structure does not recognize any miscalculations of the leadership and all hardships, hunger, hard work are not viewed through the prism of Napoleon's bad management. Moreover, the slogan of the most hardworking member of the Fighter team reads: ‘’ Comrade Napoleon is always right''. The leader of the nation, which is especially comical, himself approves new awards and assigns them to himself, as the most outstanding native of the people. But just a few years ago, Napoleon fought in the election campaign against Oblom, where every leader of the revolution promised benefits for the people if he was made the sole leader. Tired of squabbles, Napoleon simply set a pack of dogs on his opponent, and democracy ended.

The turning point that helped Napoleon come to power was his forethought. The leader of the nation, secretly from everyone, began to prepare a force to confirm his power, and did not show it until the moment when it could have a real impact. Dog puppies were only children, but they soon became faithful driving force a regime that ensures the will and security of the leadership. The dogs drove Oblom away for no apparent reason, except for the very presence of strength, and after that they kept all the cattle in fear, arranging the executions of those who were objectionable. The informer turned out to be the same herald of the new regime, which conveys to the common people the will and historical truth, in its new interpretation. He pacifies the ardor of the indignation of the cattle with his convincing arguments, the propaganda of new values ​​​​and orders. The culmination of his service is the census of those very commandments of scotism with paint on the fence. By the end of the work, he becomes a fat, bloated gilt, who is already lazier and lazier in his duties.

First alarm bell for ordinary animals was the loss of milk after the Battle under the cowshed. No one paid due attention to the fact that milk first disappeared and then found itself in the increased diets of a privileged minority of pigs. From this moment begins the path to the last slogan remaining on the fence: But some animals are more equal than others. The excesses of the people and Mr. Jones, which were hailed as a primordial evil for Animal Farm, are now commonplace for knowledge workers. After all, the leaders of the movement and society, as they proclaim, must be well-fed and live comfortably, since their burden of governance is the heaviest. Services, Mr. Jones's clothes, a white bed come out of the cupboards. At the same time, cattle are listening to excellent numbers of production successes. Despite the hunger and deprivation, the heralds say that there are even more benefits and the animals simply do not remember that it used to be much worse. You can't put numbers in your mouth, as some Animal Farm animals notice. The main thing is that more and more cattle committees are being created at the animal farm, and chickens are starved when they refuse to give all their eggs for the barter process.

The tragedy of the Fighter is the tragedy of the working class of the nation, which is initially described as not too distant, inspired by slogans and ideas. The promise of a brighter future hard work there will be a long-awaited pension and peace - an unrealizable dream for an employee. The fighter works to the point of exhaustion, repeating “ I will work even harder” (I will work harder), and his death becomes the most tragic part of the Animal Farm story. Having ceased to be useful for work and the regime, the workhorse is sent by this same regime to the flayer. The old donkey Benjamin embodies the image of history, which has always been, is and will be and is capable of evaluating changes from the outside. While historical truth is being rewritten, slogans are being corrected, resources are being redistributed, Benjamin is only silent. He works no less, but no more than the rest, he is friends with the working Fighter. Moses - a raven that flies in from somewhere outside and promises jelly shores to cattle, comically identifies famous expression"Well, where we do not".