Physical foundations for the use of laser technology in medicine.

All books can be downloaded for free and without registration.

NEW. V.P. Veiko, E.A. Shakhno Collection of problems on laser technologies. 2007 67 pp. pdf. 1.5 MB.
The textbook contains the conditions of tasks on laser technologies for independent work students, as well as the necessary theoretical information and examples of solutions. Questions are considered, both general for various technologies (characteristics of technological lasers and laser radiation, optical schemes of laser processing, basic physical processes), and those related to specific laser technologies (cutting, drilling holes, heat strengthening, welding, film processing). elements). The appendix gives the main thermophysical and optical properties of some materials.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

NEW. Allas A.A. Laser soldering in the production of radio electronic equipment. 2007 134 pp. pdf. 4.6 MB.
The monograph considers the issues of optimizing the technological regimes of laser soldering, taking into account the properties of solder pastes for obtaining high-strength solder joints. The work can be used as a teaching aid, making up for the lack educational literature on laser technology and laser technologies. It is dedicated to a new direction of laser technology - laser soldering of electronic products.
The textbook is an additional material for the courses "Physical and technical foundations of laser technology" and "Laser equipment, automation and control of technological processes." The manual discusses the physical and technical features of the formation of solder joints increased reliability in the process of automated laser soldering of integrated circuits on printed circuit boards. Recommended by the UMO for education in the field of instrumentation and optotechnics as a teaching aid for students of higher educational institutions, specialty 200201 - "Laser equipment and laser technologies" and specialty 200200 - "Optical engineering".

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Abilsiitov (editor) and others. Technological lasers. Volume 1. 1991. 432 pp. djvu. 10.3 MB.
The reference book contains information about the principles of operation of technological lasers and laser automated technological complexes, methods for their calculation, design and construction.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Ablekov V.K., Denisov Yu.N., Lyubchenko F.N. Handbook of gas dynamic lasers. 1982 168 pages djvu. 2.7 MB.
Reference materials used in the development and design of gas dynamic lasers (GDLs) are systematized. Examples of design solutions and some information about the properties of substances used in GDL are given, tables of close levels of molecules that serve to select working mixtures, quantum mechanical characteristics of gases with information about the kinetics of vibrational exchange and relaxation. Some information about the sources of thermal energy for GDL, the nozzles, diffusers, resonators and gas-dynamic windows used is presented. Calculation formulas, tables and graphs are given.
The reference book is intended for engineers and scientists involved in the development and use of gas-dynamic lasers.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Akhmanov S. A., Vysloukh V. A., Chirkin A. S. Optics of femtosecond laser pulses. 1988. year. 312 pp. djvu. 4.4 MB.
A review of the current state of the wave optics of ultrashort nmpulses is given. Particular emphasis is placed on new problems related to the propagation of extremely short pulses. The fundamentals of the Fourier-optics of short wave packets propagating in linear dispersive media are outlined. The nonlinear interactions and self-actions of femtosecond laser pulses, the compression of femtosecond pulses, and the possibility of controlling their shape are considered. Considerable attention is paid to the physics of the formation and interaction of optical solitons. The main trends in the development of femtosecond laser systems are discussed. For scientists, as well as graduate students and students specializing in the field of quantum electronics, nonlinear and fiber optics, spectroscopy.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Yu.A. Ananiev. Optical resonators and laser beams. 1990 265 pp. djvu. 3.8 MB.
Based on the briefly outlined general laws of the passage of coherent light beams through optical systems of a wide class, the processes of formation of coherent radiation in optical resonators are considered; the factors that determine the spatial structure of laser radiation are analyzed; recommendations are given on the choice of the type and parameters of resonators; information is given on various methods of influencing the characteristics of radiation by modifying the resonators and introducing additional elements into them. The main attention is paid to methods of increasing the spatial coherence of radiation and reducing its divergence.
For specialists involved in the development and application of lasers of all types, as well as the theory of optical systems and diffraction issues. It can be recommended to students of optical specialties.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Brederlov G., Phill E., Witte K. Powerful iodine laser. 1985 158 pages djvu. 1.9 MB.
Powerful lasers are designed to heat a substance to ultra-high temperatures, at which a thermonuclear fusion reaction is possible. This direction in quantum electronics arose as a result of the development of research on the problem, which is called laser thermonuclear fusion. The book deals with the issues of spectroscopy, physical and chemical kinetics of dense gases subjected to photolysis in order to excite selected reaction products; conversion of the energy of the excited medium into powerful short pulses of highly directional radiation; the results of the practical use of a powerful iodine laser are analyzed.

Download

P.A. Bohan et al. Laser separation of isotopes in vatomar fields. 2004. year. 208 pp. djvu. 1.8 MB.
Various approaches to the problem of laser isotope separation in atomic vapors are described. The results of studies of photoionization and photochemical methods based on coherent isotope-selective two-photon excitation of atoms in both collinear and counterpropagating radiation beams are presented. A detailed computer simulation of such processes has been carried out. A method is proposed for obtaining isotopically modified products using reactions of selectively excited atoms in long-lived states. Much attention in the book is given to the description of the laser separating complex and its individual elements. The book is intended for researchers, engineers, graduate students and students.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Yu.A. Bykovsky, V.N. Nevolin. Laser mass spectrometry. 1985 128 pages djvu. 2.8 MB.
Described physical foundations and hardware for a highly sensitive and versatile method of elemental analysis of solids - laser mass spectrometry. The analytical possibilities of the method when using it in various fields of science and production are considered.
For scientific and engineering workers and technologists specializing in the field of solid state physics, materials science, development and use of modern methods of substance analysis, as well as for specialists using modern methods substance analysis in geology, medicine, biology, forensics, etc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Brunner W., Junge K. Handbook of laser technology. 1991 544 pp. djvu. 7.0 MB.
There are three sections in the book: 1. A short introduction to physics uh. waves. ". 2 Types of all kinds of lasers. 3. The use of lasers in all areas of science and technology.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Bykov V.P. Laser electrodynamics. Elementary and coherent processes in the interaction of a laser with a substance. 2006 381 pp. djvu. 3.1 MB.
This book deals with two main topics - elementary radiative processes associated with the initial stages of the appearance of laser radiation, and collective phenomena associated with the formation of coherence, as well as with the generation of various macroscopic quantum states of radiation.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Bykov, Silichev. laser resonators. 2004, 320 pages. Size 2.8 Mb. djvu.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Baiborodin. Fundamentals of laser technology. 190 double pages djvu. 4.2 MB. The textbook outlines in a concise form the basic mathematical apparatus of formalism quantum theory, issues of coherence, interference and polarization of stimulated emission. The principle of operation, characteristics and basic processes in quantum devices are considered. Methods for engineering calculation of circuit elements and designs of various lasers, amplifiers and laser radiation control devices are presented. There is extensive material on the use of quantum devices in systems for measuring angles, velocities and distances, as well as in holography and laser interferometry, coherent and integrated optics.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Boreisho. Lasers: device and action. 215 pp. djvu. 5.1 MB. Tutorial Fur. inst. SPb.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Vakulenko V.M. Power supplies for lasers. 1980 104 pages djvu. 1.1 Mb.
Electrical circuits designed to ensure the operation of laser emitters in continuous and pulsed modes are considered. The main attention is paid to the issues of constructing power supplies for solid-state and pelvic lasers. Schemes are described chargers, control systems and their functional units with increased noise immunity and response accuracy, as well as practical power supply circuits indicating the features of their design and operation.
The book is intended for a wide range of specialists involved in the development and operation of lasers.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

V.P. Veiko. Technological lasers and laser radiation. 2007 52 pp. PDF. 1.8 MB.
The tutorial contains the necessary information about technological lasers and parameters of laser radiation. Criteria are given for selecting technological lasers for realizing the thermal effect of laser radiation. The main types of technological lasers are indicated.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Wittemann V. Carbon dioxide laser. 1990 360 pages djvu. 4.0 MB.
The monograph of a well-known Dutch specialist is devoted to gas-discharge CO2 lasers, which have found wide application in science and technology. The author considers in detail the fundamentals of the physics of these lasers in both cw and pulsed regimes, as well as related issues. molecular physics, gas kinetics, excitation and relaxation processes, etc. The book presents a large number of numerical values of physical constants, as well as accurate spectroscopic data on CO2 isotopes. For scientists, engineers and specialists involved in the development and application of CO2 lasers, as well as graduate students and students.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Grigoryants A.G., Shiganov I.N., Misyurov A.I. Technical processes of laser processing. 2006 664 pp. djvu. 15.6 MB.
Considered theoretical basis laser processing and generalized analytical and numerical methods for the analysis of physical processes under the influence of laser radiation on various materials. The technologies of laser thermal and chemical-thermal processing, alloying, flashing, surfacing, welding, cutting and other highly efficient laser processing processes are presented. The features of laser technological processes in microelectronics, which determine approaches to nanotechnologies in modern production, are outlined. Much attention has been paid promising areas laser processing. It is shown that along with an increase in productivity and quality of the process, new results are achieved that ensure the implementation of the technology for manufacturing modern parts and structures.
For students of higher technical educational institutions of engineering specialties.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Grigoryants A. G., Kazaryan M. A., Lyabin N. A. Copper vapor lasers: design, characteristics and applications. 2005. 312 pp. djvu. 4.8 MB.
The most important stages in the development and research of industrial sealed-off copper vapor lasers with a radiation power of 1-100 W are covered. The operation of sealed-off active elements on copper vapor in a mixture of neon and hydrogen has been studied. Much attention has been paid design features individual nodes of laser tubes. Important trends in modern instrumentation based on such lasers for numerous applications in science, technology, and medicine are indicated.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Gribkovsky. semiconductor lasers. Teaching aid. 150 double pages. Size 2.8 Mb. djvu

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

GURZADYAN and others. NONLINEAR OPTICAL CRYSTALS. PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS. Directory. 160 pages djvu. 2.8 MB.
Reference material is given on the nonlinear optical properties of uniaxial and biaxial crystals used for frequency conversion in laser devices. Such typical applications as generation of the second harmonic, generation of sum and difference frequencies, parametric generation, etc. are considered. Formulas are given for calculating the directions of synchronism, the effective nonlinearity of the crystal, and the efficiency of frequency converters.
For engineering and technical workers specializing in the field of quantum electronics.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Glauber. Optical coherence and photon statistics. 190 pages djvu. 1.7 MB. The book is an introduction to quantum optics. It is necessary to know the connection between the quantum harmonic oscillator and the quantization of fields. The rest is explained along the way.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Dmitriev, Tarasov Applied physical optics: Second harmonic generators and parametric light generators. The book is a continuation of Tarasov's previous monograph. 180 pages djvu. Size 3.8 Mb.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Delaunay. Interaction of laser radiation with matter. The book was written on the basis of lectures given by the author to students of the Physicotechnical Institute. djvu. Size 4.2 Mb.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Delaunay N.B. Atom in a strong field of laser radiation. 2002. 64 pp. djv. 900 Kb.
The physics of the process of interaction of high-intensity light with an atom is briefly outlined. The main attention is paid to multiphoton transitions and perturbation of bound electronic states under the action of light. The question of the possibility of the existence of an atom as a bound system in an alternating field of radiation of superatomic intensity is considered.
For high school students with in-depth study of physics and junior university students.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Delaunay, Krainov. Nonlinear ionization of atoms by a laser beam. 2001. 310 pages. Size 3.8 Mb. djvu

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Demtreder V. Laser spectroscopy. Basic principles and technique of the experiment. 1985. 608 pp. djvu. 10.2 MB.
The book is the most complete guide in the world literature on modern laser spectroscopy. It describes almost all existing methods of linear and nonlinear spectroscopy, modern spectral instruments, light receivers and various types of lasers, and methods for obtaining tunable coreparticle radiation. The presentation of the fundamental foundations of each of the methods is supplemented by examples of specific experimental schemes, as well as an analysis of the scope. For scientists, engineers, as well as graduate and undergraduate students specializing in various fields, where are used laser methods measurements. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

0. Zvelto. Principles of lasers. 1990 280 pp. djvu. 25.0 MB.
Written by a famous Italian physicist and teacher, the educational book is a substantially supplemented and revised edition of the book "Principles of Lasers" ("World", 1984). It discusses the physical foundations of the operation of various modern lasers (CO2 lasers, X-ray, lasers based on free electrons etc.). Each chapter has tasks.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

G. M. Zverev, Yu. D. Golyaev, E. A. Shalaev, A. A. Shokin. Lasers based on yttrium aluminum garnet with neodymium. 1985 144 pages, djvu. 4.6 MB.
The theory of the lasers under consideration in the main generation regimes is briefly outlined. The main attention is paid to the derivation and analysis of engineering equations for estimating the main parameters of laser radiation. The main elements of lasers and their fields of application are considered. For engineering and technical workers associated with the development and application of quantum electronics devices.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

F. Kaczmarek. Introduction to the physics of lasers. 1981 540 pp. djvu. 24.0 MB.
The monograph considers the basic physical concepts of the mechanisms of laser radiation, describes the device and gives characteristics various types lasers. Considerable attention is paid to the generation of higher harmonics, parametric and multiphoton processes, and other phenomena accompanying the passage of laser radiation through matter. Questions of self-focusing, electrical breakdown in a laser beam, holography, and the creation of high-temperature plasma are briefly considered.
It is intended for a wide range of scientists, engineers and technicians involved in their work with the production and use of laser radiation, as well as for graduate students and students of relevant specialties.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

K.I. Krylov, V.T. Prokopenko, V.A. Tarlykov. Fundamentals of laser technology. Uch. allowance. 1990 317 pp. pdf. 18.6 MB.
The tutorial outlines the basics of lasers. The work of passive elements is considered in detail, the probabilistic method for describing processes and the semiclassical theory of lasers are presented. The main attention is paid to the description of various types of lasers: gas, liquid, solid-state and semiconductor. Control devices for laser radiation, properties of laser radiation, and nonlinear optical phenomena are considered.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Kozintsev, Belov, Orlov et al. Fundamentals of pulsed laser location. 4th ed. 2006 510 pages 9.8 Mb. djvu.
The physical foundations of pulsed laser ranging are outlined. Information is given on the optical properties of the earth's atmosphere, reflecting the properties of the earth and sea surfaces and location objects. The effects arising from the propagation of laser beams in the atmosphere are described. Methods for calculating laser signals on a path with reflection from uneven ground and rough sea surfaces, from reflectors and from objects are considered. complex shape. Interferences in laser location systems are described. Theoretical foundations for the reception of laser signals are outlined. Examples of laser location systems for various purposes are given and their main elements are described.
For students technical universities students in the direction of "Optotechnics", as well as for scientists and engineers of the instrument-making profile.

M. Cardona, editor. Scattering of light in solids. 1979 392 pp. djvu. 4.1 MB.
Collective monograph, individual chapters which were written by prominent foreign scientists, is published in the series "Problems of Applied Physics". Dedicated to the rapidly developing field of quantum optics - laser spectroscopy of combinatorial light scattering and in particular to the physics of inelastic light scattering processes in semiconductors. Kiaga will appeal to both theoreticians and experimenters working in this field, as well as physicists and engineers interested in applied problems of quantum electronics and the development of new devices.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Casey, Panish. Lasers on heterostructures. In 2 volumes. 1981 djvu.
Volume 1. 298 pages 2.5 Mb. Basic principles.
Heterostructure lasers are the most important variety of injection lasers, attracting more and more attention of specialists due to the prospects for their wide application in optical communication systems, computer technology, holography, and other fields.
Volume 1 of monographs by American specialists contains an overview of the fundamental physical phenomena on which the operation of heterolasers is based.
Volume 2. 362 pages 4.0 Mb. From materials for heterostructures to fabrication and characteristics of lasers.
Volume 2 of the monograph by American specialists is devoted to the practical implementation of heterolasers, their operational parameters, as well as the semiconductor materials used and the technology for obtaining heterostructures.
For scientists, engineers, graduate students, students of relevant specialties

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download 2

Kondilenko et al. Physics of lasers. The book discusses the basic physical concepts of the processes of formation of laser radiation and the parameters that affect its operation and the nature of the radiation. djvu. 230 pages. Size 4.8 Mb.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

N.V. Karlov. Lectures on quantum electronics (27 lectures). The course was read for students of the Physicotechnical Institute. Size 9.6 Mb. djvu.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Klimenko. Holography of focused images and spectr - interferometry. djvu. 320 pages. Size 3.3 Mb.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Koroteev, Shumay. Physics of high-power laser radiation. 310 pp. djvu. 7.8 MB.
The range of problems constituting the specifics of the physics of the interaction of high-intensity coherent electromagnetic radiation with matter is considered. The main methods of theoretical and experimental investigation of these problems are outlined, and a review of the results of such studies is given. The possibilities of using the ideas and methods of modern laser physics and nonlinear optics for the diagnostics of matter, as well as in other areas of science and technology, are shown.
For students and graduate students of physical specialties of universities, students of special departments for retraining personnel in the field of laser physics, engineering and technology.

Content (htm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

IN AND. Kozintsev, M.L. Belov, V.M. Orlov. Fundamentals of pulsed laser location. 2006 510 pp. djvu. 10.2 MB.
The physical foundations of pulsed laser ranging are outlined. Information is given on the optical properties of the earth's atmosphere, reflecting the properties of the earth and sea surfaces and location objects. The effects arising from the propagation of laser beams in the atmosphere are described. Methods for calculating laser signals on a path with reflection from uneven terrestrial and rough sea surfaces, from light reflectors, and from objects of complex shape are considered. Interferences in laser location systems are described. Theoretical foundations for the reception of laser signals are outlined. Examples of laser location systems for various purposes are given and their main elements are described. The content of the textbook corresponds to the course of lectures given by the authors at the Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman. For students of technical universities studying in the direction of "Optotechnics", as well as for scientists and engineers of the instrument-making profile.

Removed at the request of the copyright holders

Kuzminov Yu.S. Ferroelectric crystals for controlling laser radiation. 1982. year. 400 pages djvu. 5.4 MB.
This book presents the ferroelectric, electro-optical and nonlinear optical properties of a wide class of crystals of alkaline earth niobates and tangalates, which are used or will be used to control laser radiation. The book also highlights the physicochemical aspects of the technology for growing single crystals of these compounds. The dependence of the ferroelectric and optical properties of these materials on the composition and violation of stoichiometry, which occurs in the process of growing single crystals or thermoelectric treatment, is shown. Questions of the theory of nonlinear optical properties of oxygen-octahedral ferroelectrics are considered.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Liucell. Radiation and noise in quantum electronics. djvu. 390 pages. Size 3.4 Mb.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Lasers. One RAR archive contains several files describing the device and the principle of operation of the most used lasers. Written by different authors, famous scientists. Size 340 Kb.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Libenson, Yakovlev, Shandybina. Interaction of laser radiation with matter. Part 1. Mechanisms of absorption and dissipation of energy in matter. ITMO 2005. 85 pp. PDF. 1.4 MB.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Magunov. Laser thermometry of solids. In a simple way, non-contact measurements of the temperature of solids 310 pages. Size 4.9 Mb. djvu.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

McDaniel, W. Negan. gas lasers. 1986 551 pp. djvu. 6.0 Mb.
A collective monograph written by leading American experts and devoted to topical problems in the physics of gas lasers. The main attention is paid to the issues of increasing the efficiency, power, and improving other parameters of these lasers. given detailed analysis influence of negative ions on the characteristics of active media. The theory of the nonequilibrium state of a gas, which underlies the kinetic model of a CO laser and a wide class of chemical lasers, as well as the theory of ion-ion and electron-ion recombination, is presented. The physical aspects of high-power CO2 laser amplifiers are described. Much attention is paid to excimer lasers and related issues (spectroscopy of excimer molecules, model representations of the mechanisms of formation and destruction of the upper laser level, experimental studies of electric-discharge lasers, UV radiation absorption processes, high-pressure discharges with preionization, analysis of the stability of discharges used for pumping).
A reference guide for scientists and engineers specializing in the field of atomic and molecular physics, quantum electronics with spectroscopy, as well as for students and graduate students.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

MAK A.A., SOMS L.N., FROMZEL V.A., YASHIN V.E. Neodymium glass lasers. 1990 288 pp. djvu. 4.2 MB.
The physics of the processes and properties of one of the most common types of lasers, neodymium glass lasers, are considered. A set of issues related to neodymium glass lasers is analyzed from a unified standpoint - the properties active environment, energy and efficiency of lasers, beamforming, spectral and temporal characteristics of radiation. Methods for constructing laser systems with a high peak power, physical prerequisites, and ways of realizing the limiting characteristics of neodymium-glass laser radiation are outlined. For research physicists, engineers, graduate students and students specializing in laser physics and laser technology.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Maitland A., Dani M. Introduction to laser physics. 1978 408 pages djvu. 5.3 MB.
The book, which serves as an introductory course on the fundamentals of laser physics, details the theory of the interaction of radiation with matter, elements of the theory of resonators and wave beams. The physical principles underlying the operation of gas lasers are elucidated in detail, in particular, Lamb's theory is discussed. A description is given of the concept of coherence and the modal structure of radiation, methods of mode selection in quantum generators are discussed.
All necessary additional material for studying the Course is given in the appendices.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Odulov S.G., Soskin M.S., Khizhnyak A.I. Lasers on dynamic gratings. Optical generators on four-wave mixing. 1990 272 pp. djvu. 3.9 MB.
The physics of the light amplification process based on the redistribution of the intensity of two or more coherent light beams as a result of self-diffraction on a dynamic holographic grating recorded by them is described. Based on the theory of quasi-degenerate four-wave mixing, the properties of optical generators that use this type of amplification and are capable of generating beams with a corrected or reversed wavefront are described. A detailed discussion of the results on their implementation, research and use in fiber communications, gyroscopes, information processing systems, associative memory, etc.
For scientists, research engineers, graduate students and students specializing in the field of quantum electronics, nonlinear optics, holography, condensed matter physics.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

P. Pantel, G. Puthoff. BASES OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS. 190 pages djvu. 4.4 MB.
The book of the famous American physicists R. Pantel and G. Puthoff brought to the attention of readers is essentially a fundamental textbook of a monographic nature, the generality of the presentation of the material in which will allow it to remain relevant for a long time. The book is characterized by a single, consistent approach to a variety of issues, including recent achievements related to nonlinear optics, semiconductor lasers, as well as the study of the processes of interaction of radiation with matter.
In terms of the level of presentation and the material covered, the book is of interest to a wide range of physicists and engineers involved in research and practical developments in the field of quantum electronics, and will undoubtedly be useful to senior students, graduate students and teachers of physical and technical universities and universities.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Pikhtin A.N. Optical and quantum electronics. year 2001. 574 pp. djvu. 25.0 MB.
The book outlines the physical foundations of optical electronics, including the processes of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, optical phenomena in solids, as well as the principles of operation, features and main characteristics of devices and methods of quantum electronics and optoelectronics.
For university students studying in the direction of "Electronics and Microelectronics".

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Petrushkin, Samartsev. Laser cooling of solids. 2004 225 pp. djvu. 2.1 MB.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Rovinsky R.E. POWERFUL TECHNOLOGICAL LASERS. 2005 year. 103 pages doc in 450 Kb archive.
The book was written on the basis of a course of lectures given by the author for several years to 5th year students of the Moscow Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation (MREA), who specialized in laser devices. The author, within the framework of the NPO "Astrophysics", was personally involved in solving many issues related to the development and increase in the power of CO2 lasers, in works related to the creation of optical pumping systems for solid-state lasers, in studies of the processes of interaction of high-power laser radiation with structural materials, which found its own reflection in the book offered to the reader. The book can serve as a textbook for students specializing in laser specialties, but it is also of interest to specialists working in related scientific and technical applications. At the end is a list of additional literature related to the problems considered in the book and recommended by the author to those readers who wish to deepen their knowledge of the individual issues raised.
For students, graduate students, teachers, engineers and scientists who use lasers in their research.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Christmas, editor. Fundamentals of pulsed laser location. 2006, 510 pages. Size 2.8 Mb. djvu.

Removed at the request of the copyright holders

Stenholm. Fundamentals of laser spectroscopy. 155 double pages. Size 1.5 Mb. djvu

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Tarasov L.V. Introduction to quantum optics. Uch. allowance. 2nd ed. 2008 308 pp. pdf. 13.9 MB.
This book gives a systematic exposition of questions that introduce quantum optics. Photon ideas about the nature of light are considered; these ideas are applied to the explanation of various optical phenomena, including the photoelectric effect, luminescence, nonlinear optical phenomena. One- and multi-photon processes of interaction of light with matter at the level of elementary acts, states of the quantized radiation field, and issues of optical coherence are analyzed.
The manual is intended for students of physical, mathematical and engineering specialties of higher educational institutions.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Tarasov. Physics of processes in generators of coherent optical radiation. Lasers, resonators, process dynamics. djvu. Size 5.2 Mb.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

B.F. Fedorov. LASERS. Fundamentals of work and application. 1988 191 pp. djvu. 2.0 Mb.
The principles of operation and design of various types of optical quantum generators (lasers) are considered. It is told about the use of lasers in science and technology, as well as in military affairs (based on materials from the open foreign press).
Presentation by complexity - general physics.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Herman. J., Wilhelmy B. Lasers of ultrashort light pulses. 1986 368 pp. djvu. 3.8 MB.
The book by well-known scientists from the GDR gives an account of the principles of operation and theory of lasers for generating ultrashort cellular pulses, methods of picosecond measurements, and ideas of picosecond spectroscopy. Both traditional and innovative methods for generating ultrashort pulses are considered, in particular systems with synchronous pumping, compressors based on optical fibers, systems with colliding pulses in dye lasers. A review of the methods of spectroscopy of fast processes based on recent works is given.
The book is the first monograph in the world literature on this range of issues, it can serve as a reference and teaching aid. For specialists in quantum electronics, as well as chemists, biologists and engineers, graduate students, students.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

H. Hora. Physics of laser plasma. 1986 273 pp. djvu. 3.7 MB.
Devoted to a systematic consideration of the main physical processes in a dense hot plasma created by irradiating solid targets with intense laser radiation. The foundations of the microscopic theory are outlined, kinetic theory and hydrodynamics of plasma, the equations of its state and motion are analyzed, examples of numerical simulation of plasma behavior are given. The interaction of laser radiation with plasma and the features of plasma compression by laser radiation are considered.
For scientists and engineers, as well as for students and graduate students of engineering and physics specialties.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

A. Yariv. Introduction to optical electronics. 1984 398 pp. djvu. 4.8 MB.
In fact, all topics from optics to radiation by atoms are considered. The difference from other books is that it is a textbook, not a scientific monograph.
For students, graduate students, teachers, engineers and scientists who use lasers in their research.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Download

Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics. 2007 1342 pp. pdf. 52.3 MB.
The Handbook of Lasers and Optics provides fast, up-to-date, comprehensive and authoritative coverage of the broad areas of optics and lasers. It is designed for everyday use in the office or laboratory and offers explanatory text, data and links necessary for those who work with lasers and optical instruments.
English language.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

2. The device and principle of operation of a laser rangefinder, gyroscope, speed meter

1. Application of quantum and optoelectronic devices

The basis of optoelectronic methods and devices are emitters and photodetectors. The widespread use of optoelectronic methods was hampered by the lack of simple reliable radiation sources. The advent of semiconductor radiation sources has significantly expanded the scope of their application.

At present, semiconductor emitters with an emission spectrum from the ultraviolet region to the near infrared region have been developed and are commercially produced. optical spectrum. In practice, it is currently possible to develop emitters in the range from 210 to 4000 μm with spectral characteristics close to monochromatic (with quasi-monochromatic spectral characteristics). Features of semiconductor emitters are high speed, the ability to control the radiation flux by current, monochromaticity, sufficient radiation power and small overall dimensions. The presence of such advantages in semiconductor emitters creates the prerequisites for the research and development of various control, measurement and conversion devices for various areas science and technology. Hence follows a wide range of works in the field of creating devices and systems based on semiconductor emitters.

The basis of optical methods and devices is the presence of an emitter and a photodetector optically coupled to it through a medium. The radiation created by the emitter, having passed through the medium (air, substance, etc.), is perceived by the photodetector. In these methods and devices, optical radiation is used as an information carrier, which does not create electromagnetic interference and is not affected by these interferences. The presence of such a feature and the simplicity of instrumental implementation create the prerequisites for research and development of various devices based on the use of optical radiation.

Control devices.

Optoelectronic control devices consist of power sources, an emitting diode or a light emitting diode, a photodetector optically connected to the emitter through a controlled object, and a photoelectric signal processing unit. The concept of "optoelectronic control devices" includes a measurement conversion (for solving private task). The optoelectronic device shows the fundamental possibility of using one of the physical principles of influencing optical radiation in order to measure the required parameter.

The textile industry is developing and improving at a rapid pace. Are being introduced latest achievements techniques and improve existing ones.

Thread is the basis of any fabric. If a defective thread enters the spinning process, the woven fabric will have irreparable defects. This creates prerequisites for the development of defect detection devices. There are currently various methods determination of defects in textile materials. Among them, the most common visual methods and methods based on the use of special cameras.

There are also optical methods and devices for detecting thread defects. However, these devices do not take into account the influence of structural dimensions, and when defects are detected, the detection result is affected by the speed of the thread, which changes during the rewinding process due to an increase in the diameter of the drum.

To determine the linear density of the fibrous material, a section of the fibrous material is translucent and the fraction of radiation transmitted through the fiber is used to judge the magnitude of the linear density. However, this method of determining the linear density is not effective enough.

In the process of training, preparation, selection and testing of athletes, various electronic devices and devices are widely used, including every year optical (optoelectronic) devices and devices are being improved and used.

In the process of preparation and testing, devices for determining the height of an athlete's jump (dismount) are widely used, and the measurement results become decisive for assessing the physical data of athletes. In this regard, the development of new principles and devices for determining the height of a vertical jump (dismount) is relevant.

Another important problem is the calculation of the athlete's steps during the rehabilitation period after treatment or traumatic operations. Step counters can also be successfully used during training to determine the mobility of an athlete. The main requirements for devices of this type are small overall dimensions and low power consumption. These requirements are met by devices built on optoelectronic devices.

Periodic or continuous monitoring of an athlete's pulse is integral part complex testing of an athlete during the period of selection and training. The requirements for devices of this type are small overall dimensions, low power consumption and the possibility of wireless communication with the control panel (computer). All these requirements are met by optoelectronic devices based on semiconductor emitters.

All of these devices are part of integrated system selection and testing of athletes during training and competition. The search for new methods and the development of more advanced devices is undoubtedly an urgent problem.

As you know, the speed of a bullet is the main parameter by which the lethal force and distance of the bullet are determined.

Currently, there are various methods for measuring the speed of a bullet, including optical ones, using high-speed solid-state semiconductor cameras. The use of expensive, high-speed cameras in these devices limits the scope of optical methods. An analysis of the methods shows that the general principle for all methods is to record the time it takes a bullet to travel a predetermined distance between two sensors.

Sources of light.

Nowadays, incandescent and fluorescent lamps are used for lighting. AT recent times For lighting purposes, light emitting diodes began to be used. The conducted studies show that the use of light emitting diodes as light sources can reduce power consumption and losses. Compared to classical light sources, light emitting diode light sources, with the same photometric data, consume almost half as much energy.

The improvement of semiconductor technology and the development of super-bright light emitting diodes create the preconditions for research and development of lighting devices based on light emitting diodes.

The use of semiconductor elements in lighting installations can reduce the cost of lighting systems and increase the life of lighting systems.

Nowadays, light emitting diodes of red, green, blue, yellow, white color and infrared spectrum.

Light-emitting diodes are used in lighting installations of two types: in general lighting installations and in emergency (index) lighting installations.

Optical communication and indication.

The advantage of optical methods and devices for transmitting information is that optical radiation does not interfere and propagates in limited spaces, providing the necessary secrecy of information transmission. Currently, there are stationary and mobile means of transmitting both digital and analog information. The need for such devices is growing every day, and, therefore, the study of these methods and the expansion of applications is an urgent task.

Semiconductor emitters (light emitting diodes) are widely used as indication and sign display elements (as indicator lamps and display numbers and letters). The features of light emitting diodes are low power consumption and small dimensions, as well as various indication colors.

Semiconductor emitters are also used in various electronic devices. One example is the use of emitting diodes in devices for receiving periodic pulses (in optoelectronic generators). Unlike classical generators based on RLC elements, here it is possible to simultaneously receive light pulses.

The basis for the construction of optoelectronic moisture meters is the property of water to absorb IR radiation certain length waves. All substances and materials have a certain hygroscopicity and, therefore, absorb moisture from the external environment.

Features of IR methods - high selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and reproducibility of measurements, as well as the possibility of continuous non-destructive testing, non-contact and efficiency of analysis. For the creation of IR moisture meters, the most promising is the near IR region of 0.8 ... 6.1 μm, in which moisture has a number of absorption bands of different intensity. To eliminate the influence of the scattering properties of substances on the measurement result and, consequently, to increase the sensitivity, a two-wave structural scheme is usually used.

Radiations at a reference wavelength lying outside the moisture absorption band and at a measuring wavelength coinciding with the moisture absorption band are alternately sent to the test substance. The fraction of radiation after interaction with a wet substance by a photodetector is converted into an electrical signal. The use of the ratio of two signals from the flows of the reference and measuring channels makes it possible to minimize the influence of the instability of the receiver and the radiation source, as well as to somewhat reduce the influence of the bulk density of the sample. Absolute error moisture content measurement results is about 0.05%.

The classification of optical moisture meters can be carried out according to the following features: according to the method of separating the analyzing radiation of the working section of the spectrum (using light filters or using monochromatic radiation sources, semiconductor emitters); according to the method of receiving the fraction of radiation after interaction with the controlled object (hygrometers based on the reception of radiation reflected or transmitted through the object); according to the method of processing a photoelectric signal (direct evaluation circuits, differential, logarithmic, combined and with functional sweep); by type of controlled object (hygrometers for liquids, gases and solids and materials).

Moisture meters using semiconductor emitters can be divided into pulsed optoelectronic moisture meters and functionally scanned moisture meters. In turn, optoelectronic moisture meters with a functional sweep are subdivided into moisture meters with a functional sweep from the side of the emitter and from the side of the photodetector.

Quantum electronics is a modern field of physics that studies the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with electrons that make up the atoms of the molecules of solids and, based on these studies, creates scientific methods for the development of quantum devices for various purposes.

On the basis of quantum electronics as a science, laser technology is rapidly being formed, which includes scientific recommendations and technical solutions, the implementation of which creates a variety of quantum electronics devices. These devices generate electromagnetic radiation, amplify and shape it, and also transform the spectrum of laser radiation. We should also mention equipment for various practical purposes, in which lasers are used as a radiation source that sets, converts, and displays information.

Modern requirements for obtaining information about the properties of a disturbed medium or carrying out precise measurements of various quantities can be satisfied by some optical methods, according to which a laser radiation beam can be considered as an optical signal with certain frequency, phase, amplitude, polarization and propagation direction. When radiation interacts with a medium, any of these parameters can change. For example, the polarization is determined by the anisotropic properties, while the phase is determined by the geometry and refractive index of the interaction medium. It is also necessary to take into account the high degree of coherence, monochromaticity, and spectral energy density of stimulated emission.

Somewhat aside from this scientific direction is holography - a method for obtaining a three-dimensional image of an object based on the interference of electromagnetic waves. However, without coherent laser radiation, the practical orientation of holography was hardly possible.

The boundaries of quantum electronics and laser technology are very difficult to define. This is typical for all rapidly developing sciences. Nevertheless, let us formulate the subject of laser technology, some of the basics of which will be covered later.

Laser technology is a set of scientifically based calculation methods, technical solutions and tools that allow you to optimally create circuits and designs of quantum devices based on the use of laser radiation.

Quantum devices, devices and systems can be basically classified as follows:

quantum standards of length, frequency and time;

quantum amplifiers of the optical (laser amplifiers) and microwave wavelengths (molecular, paramagnetic, etc.);

frequency converters of laser radiation;

laser modulation devices;

laser systems (lidars, gyrometers, laser Doppler angular velocity meters, optical communication systems, computers, etc.);

laser technological methods and equipment for processing materials, recording and displaying information, laser integrated optical devices, etc.

The most extensive class of quantum devices are lasers, which are mainly classified according to three criteria: operating mode, type of active medium, and pumping method.

According to the mode of operation, lasers are divided into continuous-wave generators (single-mode, multi-mode and single-frequency) and lasers pulsed radiation(mode of free generation, resonator Q-switching and monopulse).

Many substances are currently used as active elements for lasers. According to the active medium, lasers are divided into four groups: solid-state lasers (based on activated glasses, ionic crystals, fluorites activated by rare earth elements), gas lasers (atomic, molecular, gas-dynamic, ion, metal vapor, chemical, plasma, etc.) , liquid lasers (based on a solution of inorganic compounds, organic compounds), semiconductor lasers (injection, heterostructural, distributed feedback, etc.).

To create a population inversion in an active medium, various methods of excitation (pumping) are used. On this basis, lasers are divided into lasers with optical pumping, lasers with chemical pumping, gas-discharge lasers, lasers with electron pumping, x-ray pumping, plasma filament, nuclear pumping.

The current stage in the development of quantum electronics and laser technology is characterized by the introduction of laser technology into industrial production, research into laser thermonuclear fusion, and the development of coherent and integrated optics devices.

2. The device and principle of operation of a laser rangefinder, a laser gyroscope, a laser speed meter

quantum optoelectronic laser gyroscope

Laser rangefinder

Among the numerous areas of laser application, the development of laser systems for measuring the range and angular coordinates of moving objects (ships, aircraft, artificial satellites of the Earth, planets) is promising.

Laser location is carried out by irradiating the object of observation (target) with laser radiation and receiving part of the energy reflected from this object, which carries useful information about its location in space. The technical means of laser location are altimeters, rangefinders and laser location stations (lidars).

With the development of new, high-intensity radiation sources, in particular pulsed solid-state lasers, laser radars have become widespread. They are used in on-board control systems aircraft, in meteorology and geodesy, are used for mapping the Moon.

The narrow directivity and high monochromaticity of laser radiation make it possible to create a spectral and spatial energy density that exceeds that of microwave radars.

Laser location systems have an advantage over radars: greater accuracy in measuring the Doppler frequency shift, best resolution, greater accuracy in determining the coordinates of the observed object. Laser rangefinders have a functional scheme similar to that of a radar. The difference lies mainly in electronic circuits reception and processing of the optical signal and the characteristics of the emitter and antennas.

There are several basic methods for measuring the distance to stationary and moving objects: pulse, phase, interference, basic, etc. Let's consider the first two of them.

The pulse method is based on measuring the time interval required for the passage of a radiation pulse to the object and back, according to the number of calibrated pulses n and:

f zn \u003d n AND T \u003d 2D / c D \u003d 0.5sf zn,

where T is the period of the calibrated pulse.

The range measurement error in this case can be approximately estimated by the time measurement error Dt z:

ДD \u003d (DAs / s + 0.5sDt zn) ? 0.5sDt sign,

The phase method of distance measurement is based on registering the phase delay of the modulated signal during double passage of the measured distance. The distance to the object in this case is a function of the phase difference and the radiation modulation frequency: D = + u/(2p)], where M is an integer number of complete phase cycles in the total phase shift u (or an integer number of wavelengths that fit at a distance of 2D ); c/(2p) -- fractional part of the phase cycle 0? c? 2r. To determine the M number, D measurements are made at several frequencies.

Rice. 1. Functional diagram of a typical pulsed laser altimeter (range finder): 1 - laser emitter; 2 - switch: 3 - telephoto lens; 4 -- lens with filter; 5 - pump circuit; 6 - amplifier; 7 -- trigger; 8 - scheme of coincidence; 9 -- counter; 10 -- indicator; 11 -- photomultiplier; VD - photodiode: M1, M2 - motors.

Consider a pulsed laser range finder designed to measure distances up to 160 km with an accuracy of 1.5 m (see Fig. 1). Ruby laser 1 with a wavelength of 0.6943 μm operates in the Q-switching mode, carried out by a rotating prism BR-180 using a DID-1 electric motor. The generated pulses have a duration of ~20 ns. The ruby is pumped by system 5 with a pulsed xenon lamp of the ISP-250 type. The outgoing radiation is directed onto the path by a telescopic objective 3, which reduces the angular divergence of the radiation to 1" while simultaneously increasing the beam diameter to = 20 cm.

The radiation reflected from the object is collected by the optical system 3 and through the lens and the interference optical filter 4 enters the photomultiplier 11 (FEU-84). Switch 2 switches channels for receiving -- transmitting an optical signal. Part of the laser radiation through a VD type FD-256 photodiode is transmitted directly to the optoelectronic channel, bypassing the path, and creates a reference signal.

After photoelectric conversion, the signal is amplified by amplifier 6 and a pulse is formed from it, under the influence of which trigger 7 is transferred. it is also fed after the shaping amplifier 6 to the trigger 7. Under the influence of this pulse, the trigger is transferred to its original state and generates a stop pulse that stops the counter 9. Thus, the counting device measures the delay time f zn of the reflected light pulse relative to the reference one. The altimeter uses an 8 match circuit and two crystal oscillators at 5 and 5.05 MHz. The result of the distance measurement is displayed on the digital indicator 10, and depending on the delay time, the height of the object H = st zn /2 is determined.

The principle of operation, composition and characteristics of a laser gyroscope

In a laser gyroscope (LG), the carrier of information about the angular velocity relative to inertial space is electromagnetic radiation, the parameters of which vary depending on the vector of the angular velocity of rotation. They are used to measure the angular velocity of objects.

The principle of operation of the LG can be described as follows. In the ring resonator, under the influence of pumping, two electromagnetic waves with frequencies n 1 and n 2 are excited, propagating along a closed circuit in opposite directions. These waves, interfering with each other, form standing wave with nodes and antinodes, so that the total amplitude of the intensity of electromagnetic oscillations is either maximum or equal to zero. With the help of a special optical mixer - an interferometer and in the presence of an external perturbation in the form of an angular velocity (t), which must be measured, the interference pattern can be fixed.

If the ring resonator is brought into rotation, then on the basis of the Sagnac effect in the mixer-interferometer and in the photodetector optically coupled to it, a difference frequency signal F p ~ (n 1 - n 2) is emitted - the beat frequency, by which one can clearly distinguish the passage of dark-light stripes of the interference pictures on the photodetector. The faster the system as a whole rotates, the more often dark stripes pass and the higher the frequency of the output signal.

Thus, the measure of the angular velocity (t) is the difference frequency signal F p. The current of the photodetector is amplified, formed and converted in the electronic path into a binary code signal, which enters the onboard computer and further, for example, into the flight control loop of the aircraft.

Rice. Fig. 2. Structural diagram of an LG with a sinusoidal "stand": 1, 11 - systems for stabilizing the resonator perimeter and power, respectively; 2 - ring laser (quantum sensitive module); 3 - photodiodes; 4 - amplifiers; 5 -- shapers; 6 - optical mixer; 7 - sign diagram; 8 -- reversible counter; 9 -- "stand" system; 10 ... 13 - power supply and ignition systems; (t) -- input action (measured angular velocity); SI - clock pulses from a computer

The laser gyroscope is a multiloop interconnected system automatic regulation, in which, in addition to the sensitive module (ring laser), whole line systems: power stabilization, magnetic field, frequency, resonator perimeter adjustment. To create a frequency shift, increase the accuracy of the LG and determine the sign, a system of frequency "stand" and an information processing system are introduced (Fig. 2). The stabilization of the device is based on methods that protect the resonator, power circuits and output signal from the action of external and internal electric and magnetic fields. Another method of stabilization is also used - the introduction of extreme adaptive systems.

Briefly stated, LG is a quantum device based on physical effect Sagnac and measuring the angular velocity of an object in inertial space. It is a series-connected energy converters: a ring laser - a quantum sensitive module of mechanical action; optical, photoelectric and electronic measuring transducers of mechanical, optical and electrical signals.

Laser gyroscopes are used, in particular, on satellites and spacecraft to control the rotation of objects moving in orbit. Modern laser gyroscopes can detect very small angular velocities up to thousandths of a degree per hour.

Doppler velocity meters

Application area

One of the important problems of gas dynamics is the determination of the velocity field in the flow around models various bodies turbulent gas flow, as well as obtaining a visual picture of the flow process. This problem is solved different ways. For example, the flow rate of the gaseous medium is determined using pressure gauges with nozzles that record pressure and hot-wire anemometers, and visualization is carried out by the shadow method. A wire heated by an electric current is introduced into the flow around the model, and the gas velocity at a given point is determined from the degree of its cooling. The disadvantage of these methods lies in the finite dimensions of the sensors that perturb the analyzed flow volume, which adversely affects the measurement accuracy and the quality of the visual picture.

With the development of laser technology, it became possible to create devices for measuring the velocity vector of a moving medium, using the Doppler effect of frequency shift during the scattering of collimated laser radiation beams by moving particles of the medium. This principle underlies the operation of laser Doppler velocity meters (LDVs) - promising devices that have a number of advantages over traditional meters: for example, the absence of flow distortion at the measurement point; a very wide dynamic range of measured velocities (10 -6 ... ... 10 6 m/s); good spatial resolution (10 -10 cm 3); direct measurement of speed, which does not require subsequent mathematical processing information. Significant limitations of the principle include the fact that the medium under study must be optically transparent and contain scattering particles. optimal sizes and with optimum optical properties. The Doppler effect used in these devices is the change in wavelength (frequency) that is observed when the radiation source moves relative to the receiver. This effect is typical for any wave process of propagation of light, radio waves, sound and has the following explanation. If the source of oscillations with a period T 0 (frequency V 0 = 1/T 0) is stationary relative to the receiver, then the wavelength perceived by the receiver is equal to the product of the speed of light c and the oscillation period T 0 . If the source, for example, approaches the observer (or the observer to the source) at a speed x, then the wavelength will change:

l \u003d (s - x) T 0 \u003d l 0 (1 - x / s),

the observer will register the wavelength l< л 0 , причем относительное изменение длин волн

The whole variety of different LDIS schemes can be divided into two types - schemes with a reference beam and differential schemes.

LDIS schemes with a reference beam.

The development of the first LDIS according to the scheme with a reference beam dates back to the mid-60s. He worked as follows. The beam of a gas laser 1 with a radiation frequency x 0 and a wave vector k 0 = 2p/l 0 falls on the particles of the medium at point A (Fig. 3 a, b), which move in the analyzed space at a speed x and scatter light. Scattered beams with frequency n p wave vector p = 2p/l p are collected on the photocathode of the receiver. Part of the initial laser beam is deflected by the semitransparent mirror 2, reflected by the mirror 3, then hits the semitransparent mirror 4 and is combined with the scattered radiation. If the wave fronts of both beams coincide on the sensitive layer of the photocathode, then the output current of the photomultiplier will contain a difference frequency component n D = n p -- n 0 . In this way, the useful Doppler frequency signal is isolated.

Rice. 3. Variants of the LDIS scheme with a reference beam (i, b) and a triangle of wave vectors p, 0, (c).

Converting an optical signal into an electrical one. In the circuit in Fig. 3, a, two waves fall on the photomultiplier: a reference one with an electric field strength

E o (t) \u003d E from exp (- jsh 0 t)

and scattered

E p (t) \u003d E p t exp (- jsh p t)

where Eot, Ert are the amplitudes of the interfering waves.

The converted electrical signal depends on the sensitivity of the photomultiplier and the contrast of the interference pattern of the mixed waves

i f (t) = g f? g f,(1)

where g f is the gain of the photomultiplier.

It follows from analysis (1) that the output current contains a constant component determined by the square of the amplitudes Ep and E 2 0 and an alternating component modulated by a frequency equal to the frequency difference between the reference and scattered signals from two interfering waves. This difference is equal to the Doppler frequency shift h D = ()/(2р).

Let us briefly dwell on the features of the LDIS scheme with a reference beam. In it, the Doppler signal has a maximum value only if the combination of the reference and scattered waves is observed, i.e., if the optical heterodyning condition is satisfied:

where A ef DSch is the luminosity (the so-called "etandue" by French opticians is the geometry of a given optical system, which can receive and pass further a certain portion of radiation energy); A eff is the effective area of the photocathode of the receiver; DS is the solid angle at which the analyzed volume is seen from the side of the receiver aperture.

For a helium-neon laser used as an emitter, it is shown that A eff DSh / = (рN ph) 2 , where N ph is the Fresnel number. Hence, the larger the area of the photocathode of the receiver, the smaller the solid angle captures the radiation, which imposes restrictions on the reception of a signal that carries information about the speed. This condition requires that the wave fronts be aligned on the photocathode with an accuracy of fractions of a wavelength; Therefore, such a scheme is critical to tuning.

In reality, the powers of the reference and scattered waves are not the same. Certain optimal ratios of the powers of these radiations are required, i.e., it is necessary to introduce additional optical elements to attenuate the energy of the reference wave.

Bibliography

1. Bayborodin Yu.V. Fundamentals of laser technology. - K .: Vyscha school, 1988.

2. Smirnov A.G. Quantum electronics and optoelectronics. - Mn.: Higher. school, 1987.

3. Tarasov L.V. Lasers and their application. - M .: Radio and communication, 1983.

4. Svechnikov S.V. Optical electronics. - K .: "Knowledge", 1969.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Introduction

Light has been used to treat a variety of ailments since time immemorial. The ancient Greeks and Romans often "took the sun" as a medicine. And the list of diseases that were attributed to be treated with light was quite large.

The real dawn of phototherapy came in the 19th century - with the invention of electric lamps, new opportunities appeared. AT late XIX For centuries, they have tried to treat smallpox and measles with red light by placing the patient in a special chamber with red emitters. Also, various "color baths" (i.e., light of various colors) have been successfully used to treat mental illness. Moreover, the leading position in the field of phototherapy by the beginning of the twentieth century was occupied by the Russian Empire.

In the early sixties, the first laser medical devices appeared. Today, laser technologies are used in almost any disease.

laser technology radiation biotissue

Physical basis for the use of laser technology in medicine

The principle of the laser

Lasers are based on the phenomenon of stimulated emission, the existence of which was postulated by A. Einstein in 1916. In quantum systems with discrete energy levels, there are three types of transitions between energy states: induced transitions, spontaneous transitions, and nonradiative relaxation transitions. The properties of stimulated emission determine the coherence of emission and amplification in quantum electronics. Spontaneous emission causes the presence of noise, serves as a seed impulse in the process of amplification and excitation of oscillations, and, together with nonradiative relaxation transitions, plays an important role in obtaining and maintaining a thermodynamically nonequilibrium radiating state.

Under induced transitions, the quantum system can be translated from one energy state into another, both with the absorption of the energy of the electromagnetic field (transition from the lower energy level to the upper one), and with the radiation of electromagnetic energy (the transition from the upper level to the lower one).

Light propagates in the form of an electromagnetic wave, while the energy during the emission of radiation and absorption is concentrated in light quanta, while the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, as was shown by Einstein in 1917, along with absorption and spontaneous emission, stimulated (induced ) radiation, which forms the basis for the development of lasers.

Amplification of electromagnetic waves due to stimulated emission or initiation of self-excited oscillations of electromagnetic radiation in the centimeter wave range and thereby the creation of a device called maser(microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), was implemented in 1954. According to the proposal (1958) to extend this amplification principle to much shorter light waves in 1960 the first laser(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation).

The laser is a light source with which coherent electromagnetic radiation can be obtained, which is known to us from radio engineering and microwave technology, as well as in the short-wave, especially infrared and visible, spectral regions.

The proposed course explores the basic principles of generation and amplification of laser radiation, as well as the optotechnics of solid-state laser systems. The course contains video lectures accompanied by surveys on current material, electronic manual, interactive tasks and exercises. The course material is designed for ten weeks of study.

About the course

The course is devoted to the study of physical processes associated with the generation and amplification of laser radiation, nonlinear optical frequency conversion of laser radiation, as well as the study of optotechnics of solid-state laser systems. The purpose of the course is to obtain basic knowledge in the field of laser physics, sufficient for specialists in the field of laser technology and laser technology, as well as for everyone who wants to get acquainted with the basics of laser technology and gain experience in solving problems of laser optics. When studying the sections of the course, online surveys are used, as well as interactive tasks corresponding to everyday tasks that arise during the creation of various types of laser emitters. After completing this course, you will gain both theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the research and design of laser systems.

Format

The course includes video lectures, exercises and interactive tasks. The duration of the course is 10 weeks. The complexity of the course is 4 credit units. The average weekly load per student is 13 hours.

Informational resources

Zvelto O.Principles of lasers. Publishing house Lan, 2008. - 720 p.
Kachmarek F. Introduction to the physics of lasers. – M.: Mir, 1981.
Krylov K.I., Prokopenko V.T., Tarlykov V.A. Fundamentals of laser technology. - L .: Mashinostroenie, 1990.
Tarasov L.V. Physics of processes in generators of coherent optical radiation. - M .: Radio and communication, 1981.
Ananiev Yu.A. Optical resonators and the problem of laser radiation divergence. – M.: Nauka, 1979.
Altshuler G.B., Dulneva E.G., Karasev V.B., Khramov V.Yu. Generation and amplification of light. Textbook on the discipline "Theory of Quantum Electronics Devices". – L.: LITMO, 1986.
Klimkov Yu.M. Applied laser optics. - M .: Mashinostroenie, 1982.
Tarasov L.V. Physics of lasers. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional - M .: Book house "LIBROKOM", 2010. - 456 p.
Agoshkov V. I., Dubovsky P. B., Shutyaev V. P. Methods for solving problems of mathematical physics. - M.: Fizmatlit, 2002. - 320 p.
Goloskokov D. P. Equations of mathematical physics. Solving problems in the Maple system. Textbook for universities - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. - 539 p.
Electronic library system. Publishing house "Lan" [Electronic resource] Emelyanov VM Equations of mathematical physics. Workshop on problem solving. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 2008 .- 212c. Access mode: http://e.lanbook.com/books/element.php?pl1_cid=25&pl1_id=140.

Requirements

Knowledge of sections of physics: optics, physics of atoms and molecules, oscillations and waves, quantum and wave phenomena, spontaneous and stimulated emission, interference and diffraction of electromagnetic waves. Knowledge of sections of mathematics: algebra, basics of mathematical analysis, differential and integral calculus. Knowledge of the basic laws of physics, principles of construction mathematical models considered physical phenomenon. Knowledge of the fundamentals of the theory differential equations, possession of mathematical apparatus at the level of higher mathematics. Possession of modern mathematical software packages, modern information technologies and basic search engines. Ability to plan and organize their classes and independently master the necessary material in accordance with the training program. The course requires SciLab (free access).

Course program

The course covers following topics:

Principles of amplification of optical radiation
Principles of operation of lasers of various types
Fundamentals of the theory of laser generation
Laser resonators and spatial characteristics of laser radiation
Femtosecond and picosecond lasers
Nonlinear optical frequency conversion of laser radiation
Optotechnology of high-power semiconductor and fiber lasers

Each topic involves studying for one week. On the 2nd week, an exercise on the material covered is planned, on the 4th, 5th, 7th, 9th weeks, virtual laboratories are planned.

The course has two types of deadlines (deadlines for completing assessment activities):
– a soft deadline, in which it is necessary to complete all the evaluation activities of the current week before its completion;
– a hard deadline, in which an additional two weeks are allocated for the implementation of evaluation activities after the soft deadline, after which access to the relevant activities is closed.

Learning Outcomes

the ability to select, analyze and apply laser models for calculating the energy and time characteristics of laser generation and predicting changes in the characteristics of laser radiation when changing laser parameters (RO-1);
ability to analyze typical schemes laser resonators for determining the spatial characteristics of laser radiation (RO-2);
the ability to determine phase-matching angles in the analysis of frequency mixing processes, harmonic generation and parametric generation processes in nonlinear optical crystals (RO-3);
readiness to analyze and calculate the parameters of fiber-optic systems for delivering laser radiation to an object (RO-4).

Formed competencies

16.03.01 Technical physics
1. The ability to apply the methods of mathematical analysis, modeling, optimization and statistics to solve problems that arise during professional activity(OPK-2)
2. Ability for theoretical and experimental research in the chosen field of technical physics, willingness to take into account modern trends in the development of technical physics in their professional activities (OPK-3)
3. Willingness to draw up a plan for a scientific research given by the head, develop an adequate model of the object under study and determine the area of its applicability (PC-6)
12.03.05 Laser equipment and laser technologies
1. The ability to generalize, analyze, perceive information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it, the ability to master the culture of thinking (OK-1)
2. The ability to use the basic laws of natural sciences in professional activities, apply the methods of mathematical analysis and modeling, theoretical and experimental research (PC-1)
3. Willingness to model processes and objects based on standard computer-aided design and research packages to develop, debug and configure computer programs and their individual blocks for solving problems of laser technology and laser technologies (PC-10)
4. Willingness and ability to calculate, design and construct in accordance with terms of reference typical circuits, devices, parts and assemblies at the circuit and element levels, including using standard computer design tools (PC-16)

Course authors

Khramov Valery Yurievich

Doctor technical sciences, Professor

Mitrofanov Andrey Sergeevich

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor
Professor of the Department of Laser Technologies and Laser Engineering

Nazarov Vyacheslav Valerievich

PhD
Senior Researcher, Department of Laser Technologies and Laser Engineering

Skrypnik Alexey Vladimirovich

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor

Belikov Andrey Vyacheslavovich

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor
Professor of the Department of Laser Technologies and Laser Engineering

Shatilova Ksenia Vladimirovna

PhD
Associate Professor of the Department of Laser Technologies and Laser Engineering

BBK 32.86ya73 B18
UDC 621.375.8 (075.8)

Reviewers:
Department of Optoelectronic Devices, Moscow Higher technical school them. N. E. Bauman (head of the department prof., doctor of technical sciences L. P. Lazarev); Prof., Dr. tech. Sciences L. 3. Kriksunov

Editorial Board of Literature on Informatics and Automation edited by G. F. Trofimchuk

Bayborodin Yu.V.
Fundamentals of laser technology. Second edition, revised and enlarged. - K .: Vyscha school. Head publishing house, 1988.- 383 p. ISBN 5-11-000011-5.

The textbook presents in a concise form the basic mathematical apparatus of the formalism of quantum theory, the issues of coherence, interference and polarization of stimulated radiation. The principle of operation, characteristics and basic processes in quantum devices are considered. Methods for engineering calculation of circuit elements and designs of various lasers, amplifiers and laser radiation control devices are presented.
There is extensive material on the use of quantum devices in systems for measuring angles, velocities and distances, as well as in holography and laser interferometry, coherent and integrated optics.

For students of higher technical educational institutions.

Foreword
Basic designations
Introduction
The subject, goals and role of laser technology in the development of the national economy
Brief historical background
Classification of quantum devices.

Section 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LASER DEVICES AND SYSTEMS
Chapter 1. Basic concepts and laws of radiation
1.1. Laws of classical radiation theory
1.2. Quantum processes of radiation and absorption of electromagnetic waves
1.3. Shape and width of the spectral line

Chapter 2 Postulates and principles of quantum theory
2.1. Mathematical Methods descriptions of quantum systems
2.2. Principles of uncertainty, correspondence, superposition
2.3. The simplest cases of solving the Schrödinger equation
2.4. Kinetic equations of a quantum system
2.5. mixed states. Density matrix

Chapter 3 Coherence, interference and polarization of laser radiation
3.1. Mathematical notation of quasi-monochromatic radiation
3.2. Coherence matrix
3.3. Interference and coherence
3.4. Radiation polarization

Section 2. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION, DEVICE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LASERS
Chapter 4 Laser substances and population inversion methods
4.1. Active laser media
4.2. Ruby crystal - laser active medium
4.3. Population inversion methods for active laser media
4.4. Optical pumping system

Chapter 5 Optical resonators
5.1. Open optical cavities
5.2. Ring resonators
5.3. Optical elements of resonators
5.4. Matrix method for calculating the resonator

Chapter 6 Optical quantum amplifiers
6.1. Classification, principle of operation and main characteristics
6.2. Schemes of optical quantum amplifiers
6.3. Optical quantum traveling wave amplifiers
6.4. Noise in optical quantum amplifiers

Chapter 7 Solid state pulsed lasers
7.1. Three level laser
7.2. Analysis of the pulsed mode of laser radiation generation
7.3. Four level laser
7.4. Non-stationary thermal field and thermal conductivity of the active medium
7.5. Generation frequency of pulsed solid-state laser
7.6. Designs of the cooling system and thermal stabilization of laser emitters
7.7. Graphic-analytical method for calculating the design parameters of a pulsed solid-state laser
7.8. Calculation of energy characteristics
7.9. Nomogram for calculating spectral characteristics

Chapter 8 Gas lasers
8.1. The principle of operation of a laser on neutral atoms of a helium-neon mixture
8.2. The principle of operation of the ion laser
8.3. The principle of operation of a molecular laser
8.4. Gain of the active medium and stabilization of the radiation frequency
8.5. Gas laser calculation
8.6. Gas dynamic lasers
8.7. Chemical lasers

Chapter 9 Semiconductor lasers
9.1. Main physical processes in a semiconductor active medium
9.2. The principle of operation and design of injection lasers
9.3. Heterostructures, heterojunctions and heterolasers
9.4. Method for Calculating the Main Parameters and Characteristics of an Injection Semiconductor Laser

Chapter 10 Ring lasers 10.1. Sagnac effect and ring resonator interferometer
10.2. Ring laser and its main characteristics
10.3. Fundamental Ring Laser Equations and Difference Frequency Locking Phenomenon
10.4. Frequency separation methods. Faraday cell
10.5. Method for calculating the main characteristics of a ring laser

Chapter 11 Modulation of laser radiation
11.1. Physical principles, classification and main characteristics of laser radiation modulators
11.2. Electro-optical effect in crystals
11.3. B non-resonator electro-optical modulation of continuous radiation
11.4. Magneto-optic effect and modulation of laser radiation
11.5. Photoelasticity and acousto-optic radiation modulators
11.6. intracavity modulation. Resonator Q-switching method
11.7. Prism or passive shutter laser
11.8. Electro-optic shutters

Chapter 12 Laser control devices
12.1. Continuous optical deflector
12.2. Discrete optical deflector
12.3. Characterization of the temporal and spatial distribution of radiation
12.4. Frequency tuning of laser radiation
12.5. Mode selection methods and schemes
12.6. Spatial formation of laser radiation
12.7. Nonlinear optical effects in the formation and conversion of laser radiation

Section 3. USE OF LASER TECHNOLOGY DEVICES
Chapter 13 Laser rangefinders
13.1. Design principles for laser rangefinders
13.2. Communication channel features
13.3. Pulse laser altimeters and rangefinders
13.4. Phase rangefinders
13.5. Characteristics of the optoelectronic channel
13.6. Accuracy Analysis of Laser Devices

Chapter 14 Laser gyroscopes
14.1. The principle of operation, composition and characteristics of a laser gyroscope
14.2. Differential frequency instability
14.3. Optical schemes of interference mixers of radiation
14.4. Construction of a laser gyroscope
14.5. Method for Estimating the Real and Potential Accuracy of a Laser Gyroscope
14.6. Application and development prospects of laser gyroscopes

Chapter 15 Laser Doppler Velocity Meters
15.1. Application area
15.2. Scheme of LDIS with a reference beam
15.3. LDIS differential circuit
15.4. Brief Analysis of Scattered Radiation
15.5. The signal-to-noise ratio in LDIS and the structure of the Doppler signal
15.6. Evaluation of the energy characteristics of the emitter

Chapter 16 Optical holography
16.1. The principle of holography and the hologram equation
16.2. Schemes for recording and restoring holograms
16.3. Types of holograms
16.4. Some examples of practical applications of holography

Chapter 17 Optical processors and integrated optics
17.1. Design Principles for Optical Computing Devices
17.2. Elements of optical processors
17.3. Optical Processors
17.4. Calculation example for a holographic storage device
17.5. Physical principles of integrated optics
17.6. Integrated optical waveguide and elements of integrated optics
17.7. Film laser with distributed feedback and plenary photodiodes
17.8. Prospects for the development of integrated optics and coherent optical computing devices

Conclusion
Appendix
Subject index
List of recommended literature

Download a book Bayborodin Yu. V. Fundamentals of laser technology. Kyiv, Vyshcha Shkola Publishing House, Head Publishing House, 1988

Physical foundations for the use of laser technology in medicine.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

Introduction

Physical basis for the use of laser technology in medicine

The principle of the laser

About the course

Format

Informational resources

Requirements

Course program

Learning Outcomes

Formed competencies

Course authors

Khramov Valery Yurievich

Mitrofanov Andrey Sergeevich

Nazarov Vyacheslav Valerievich

Skrypnik Alexey Vladimirovich

Belikov Andrey Vyacheslavovich

Shatilova Ksenia Vladimirovna