Stress resistance as an integrative quality of personality. Stress resistance as a factor in the effectiveness of the manager's professional activity

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Good work to site">

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

Behind recent decades Significant changes have taken place in modern society. Development human potential, as a necessary condition for the progress of society, declared even at the level of government as an absolute priority, it implies, first of all, the provision of opportunities for development and satisfaction of the whole complex of needs and interests of people. Naturally, a high level and quality of life, guaranteed education and employment, legal and personal security, and social security human capital. However, the most important factor determining the achievement of the stated strategic goals is the health of the population. This is what determines the relevance of this work. Indeed, the formation of a person depends on health, this is the basis of all his activity. Comprehensive thoughtful actions at all levels, focused on the preservation and strengthening of individual, and consequently, public health based on the formation healthy lifestyle of life and increasing the availability and quality of medical care, are able to make the greatest contribution to ensuring sustainable socio-economic development of any country. However, without having an idea of ​​what “health” is and what it depends on, it is impossible to approach this problem rationally. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to reveal the factors that determine health. To achieve this, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: Define the terms: "health", "factor". To study a multifactorial model of health conditionality. Determine the classification and structure of factors Consider the concept of “combination” of the impact of factors on human health. In the course of studying the topic, information sources were used: monographs, journals, as well as Internet resources.

Multifactor model of health conditionality: exogenous and endogenous factors

It is important to note that the relationship between factors and health indicators is not always unambiguous. This refers to the non-linearity of the dependence of the deterioration of health on a certain factor, when in certain extreme points values ​​of the factor equally negatively affect the human body. Various models have been proposed in medical, epidemiological, sociological and other studies to classify a variety of risk factors associated with health indicators. The most widespread approach is that the factors affecting health are divided into genetic, environmental, social and medical. Despite the established approximate ratio of various groups of factors in ensuring health, their impact is more complex and requires additional analysis. 3 The concept of the combination of the impact of factors on human health The question of the ratio of endogenous and exogenous factors in the etiology of the disease, in the determination of human health today is solved not by opposing factors of different nature to each other, but by recognizing their interconnectedness and interaction. Almost every human condition is due to the influence of heredity and environment. Both extreme poles - only a hereditary disease or a disease caused only by exogenous factors - represent theoretical point view of "ideal poles", which practically do not exist. Between these poles there is a continuous series in which some diseases are predominantly endogenous in nature, others are predominantly exogenous. key concept When describing the mechanism of the impact of risk factors on human health, the concept of "combination of action" is used. Currently, combined action is characterized as the simultaneous action of several chemical, physical, biological or social factors. An illustrative situation demonstrating the combined effect of harmful factors on a person can be working with a computer. Studies have shown that adverse changes in the functional state of personal computer users are determined by a combination of the following factors: levels of generated electromagnetic fields, lighting parameters, indoor climate, health status, age, intensity and duration of computer work. In the entire history of the study of malignant neoplasms, no specific etiological factor has been identified that would be present in the development of these diseases. However, as a result of numerous studies, a certain complex of heterogeneous factors (endogenous, exogenous) has been identified, for which the relationship with the risk of developing cancer has been confirmed. So the factors environment in combination with human behavior occupy approximately 80% of the etiology of cancer. 10% of cancer cases are associated with alcohol consumption, 35% with combined exposure to smoking and alcohol consumption, 4-10% with occupational risk factors, and 40% with combined exposure to smoking, alcohol consumption and occupational factors5. The role of individual risk factors in the occurrence and development of specific diseases is not the same. Of the known more than 20 risk factors contribute to the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, highest value have arterial hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia (high blood cholesterol), overweight, lack of physical activity, dyslipidemia. Interesting are the results of a study of the role of biological and social factors in the occurrence of pathology of behavior in children (M. Lapides, E. Isaeva and V. Chernyaeva). Based on the analysis of the results of clinical observations, the authors came to the conclusion that the role of biological and social factors in the occurrence of pathological behavior is not the same in different occasions: with hereditary predisposition biological factor- only the soil for the development of pathological behavior; the main reason is social factors; in those cases where there are grosser residual effects of brain damage, the influence of the social factor is only additional; in some cases the leading role belongs to social factor, and the biological factor is not of great importance. In fact, when analyzing the etiology of diseases, the most common combination various factors risk. Thus, it appears that the significance of individual risk factors is not the same and depends on the severity and duration of each of them, as well as on the relevant conditions.

Does a person need to be healthy?

A lonely living speck of dust is our planet Earth. The earth is a dandelion. The life of man - the only rational living being - is not eternal. Each person will inevitably die: one - earlier, the other - later. Human lifespan is indefinite. But any early death is a tragedy. To prolong the long and happy life, you need to learn to appreciate and protect nature, as an indispensable environment for life and the cradle of mankind.

Except natural environment the health and longevity of a person determine the conditions of his work and life, therefore, from the school bench, it is important to master the scientific and spiritual culture of your people. And, of course, only a healthy lifestyle contributes to the realization of all the opportunities provided by nature to man.

Man, however, carelessly treats his health. One of the good reasons for this attitude to one's own health can be considered modern medicine and some discrepancy between the high level of well-being and the growth of the culture of the population. Free medical care, available at any hour of the day or night, in a large city and in a taiga mine, highly specialized and qualified, trouble-free and diverse (polyclinics, sanatoriums), on the one hand, had a positive effect on human health, but on the other hand, dulled people's fear of disease. Second important reason thoughtless attitude to one’s own health can be considered insufficient conviction in the inevitability of punishment for a “crime” committed against health.

It seems to a person that bad things can happen to anyone, but not to him. You never know that someone died of diabetes or obesity, crashed. He was just a loser, incompetent, unhappy. And I'm lucky, nothing bad will happen to me. I will be able to “get out” ... But it is often not possible to get out. The third reason is a clear representation of perspective. Many argue whether I will take care of my health or not, but since the average life expectancy in the country is 72-76 years, then I will live to be at least 80 years old. Of course, these are just a few reasons, but take care of your health - the main task person. One might get the impression that the preservation and enhancement of health is not only laborious, but also bleak. But this is a profound delusion. After all, no one requires you to give up the joys of a fulfilling life. There is such an aphorism: “Life is good. A good life is even better". The essence of this aphorism boils down to the fact that any life better than death, but a good life- Better than just life. But in order for life to become good, you need health. And to be healthy you need to want it.

Health and environment. Health and disease risk factors

The ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus wrote that he is happy who is healthy in body, receptive in soul and amenable to education.

In the charter World Organization health care refers to the highest level of health as one of the basic human rights. No less important is the right of a person to information about those factors that determine human health or are risk factors, that is, their impact can lead to the development of a disease.

One of the most important inherited properties of a healthy organism is the constancy of the internal environment. This concept was introduced by the French scientist Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878), who considered the constancy of the internal environment a condition for the free and independent life of a person. The internal environment was formed in the process of evolution. It is determined primarily by the composition and properties of blood and lymph.

The constancy of the internal environment is a remarkable property of the organism, which to some extent freed it from the physical and chemical influences of the external environment. However, this constancy - it is called homeostasis - has its limits, determined by heredity. Therefore, heredity is one of the most important factors of health.

The human body is adapted to a certain quality of physical (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure), chemical (composition of air, water, food), biological (various living beings) environmental indicators.

If a person is for a long time in conditions that differ significantly from those to which he is adapted, the constancy of the internal environment of the body is disturbed, which can affect health and normal life.

In our age, a person, like all living organisms, is subject to external influences that lead to changes in hereditary properties. These changes are called mutational (mutations). The number of mutations increased especially recent times. Deviations from certain, habitual properties of the environment can be attributed to disease risk factors (see Appendix). So, the data given in the table indicate that morbidity and mortality are associated primarily with environmental conditions and people's lifestyle.

Each of us has the right to know about all the environmental changes taking place both in the area where he lives and in the whole country. We must know everything about the food we eat, the state of the water we drink, and doctors must explain the dangers of living in areas contaminated with radiation. A person must be aware of the danger that threatens him and act accordingly.

For a person, the external environment is not only nature, but also society. So social conditions also affect the state of the body and its health. The conditions of life and work, as well as the nature and habits of a person form the way of life of each of us. Lifestyle - food culture, movement, profession, use of free time, creativity - affects spiritual and physical health, strengthening or destroying it, prolonging or shortening life. For the growing and developing body of schoolchildren special meaning has observance of the daily routine (the correct schedule of educational work and rest, good sleep, sufficient exposure to fresh air). So, correct image life is a health factor, and unhealthy is a risk factor.

Morally the responsible person understands the need to follow the rules and regulations, prohibitions and regulations. A conscious and responsible attitude to health should become the norm of life and behavior of each of us.

Labor and health

Labor is the basis for the creation of material and spiritual values. It is also necessary for the optimal flow of biological processes in the body, therefore, it has a great impact on health.

Under the influence of labor biological processes changed significantly in the human body. Features of the structure of the skeleton, the development of muscles, the work of the senses - all this is ultimately the result of human labor activity. Thus, the efficiency of labor increased from the fact that one hand, the left, began to improve in supporting the object of labor, and the other, the right, improved in its processing.

The concepts of “work” and “work” are not unambiguous. The term "work" means all activities associated with the expenditure of energy and the release of the body from a state of rest. For example, a child throwing a ball into the air expends a certain energy and, therefore, from a physical point of view, does work. However, no one will classify this occupation as work. Thus, with any kind of labor, work is performed, but not all work can be considered labor activity.

It is customary to divide labor into physical and mental. This division is conditional, since no labor activity is possible without the regulatory role of the central nervous system, without volitional efforts. When assessing physical effort, the concept of “labor severity” is used, which reflects the load on the skeletal muscles, cardiovascular and other physiological systems. To characterize mental activity the concept of “labor intensity” was adopted, reflecting the predominant load on the central nervous system.

Physical labor consumes a lot of energy rapid development fatigue and, at the same time, relatively low productivity. In working muscles, blood flow increases, delivering nutrients and oxygen, which carries away decay products. Physiological changes occur in the body that provide muscle activity. As the severity of physical labor increases, oxygen consumption increases. There is a limit maximum number oxygen that a person can consume is the so-called oxygen ceiling. Usually it does not exceed 3-4 l / min. During the performance of very hard work, the supply of oxygen to the body reaches its limit, but the need for it becomes even greater and is not satisfied in the process of work. At this point in the body there is a state of oxygen deficiency - hypoxia. Moderate hypoxia trains the body. But if hard physical labor continues for a long time, or a person is not used to heavy loads, and his respiratory and cardiovascular systems poorly provide muscle work, hypoxia becomes a damaging fact.

When performing work of great severity and duration, there is a decrease in working capacity, fatigue develops, which is subjectively perceived by us in the form of a feeling of fatigue. If performance does not have time to recover by the beginning of the next day, overwork develops, accompanied by chronic hypoxia, impaired nervous activity - neurosis, diseases of the cardiovascular and other systems.

The severity of mental work during study increases even more due to what takes place against the background static voltage associated with the need to maintain a certain posture for a long time.

A good rest, as the classic of Russian physiology I.M. Sechenov, is not in idleness, but in a change of activity. “Work sitting, rest standing,” he wrote. Therefore, mental work, study must necessarily alternate with physical activity. Physical education minutes, held at the lesson at the moment when signs of the excitatory phase of fatigue are observed, can significantly delay the onset of severe fatigue, make work full-fledged and effective.

Profession and health

Normal job satisfaction is more conducive to longevity than physical structure, diet, non-smoking, and parental longevity.

M. Burnet.

The way of life largely depends on the profession that a person has acquired.

Each of us, by nature and upbringing, has a complex of individual (biological and social) characteristics that must be taken into account when choosing a profession. These characteristics: abilities, aspirations, interests - everyone should know or at least think about them. For if there is no harmony (correspondence) between the properties of the personality, the nature of the activity and the surrounding conditions of life, then sooner or later this will negatively affect the functions of the body and the quality of work.

Professions of the first type are distinguished on the basis of the “man-nature” relationship. This includes livestock breeders, beekeepers, foresters, agronomists, geologists and many others. The second type combines professions associated with the relationship "man - technology". This group includes the professions of a locksmith, seamstress, engineer, and so on. Painters, graphic designers, painters - “a person is an artistic image”.

Whatever profession you choose, in order to succeed, you need to learn how to work. The main source of job satisfaction is the job itself. At the same time, it is important to know not only what a person gives her, but also what she gives a person. When work captures, captivates, gives pleasure, then one does not feel tired.

However, there are also uninteresting industries where a person does not experience an emotional upsurge from work due to its specifics. But even in such conditions, diligence and organization help a person in his work. Of course, much here depends not so much on the worker himself, but on the organization of labor as a whole in production.

Your mood, and consequently, your mental well-being, a healthy psyche, depend not only on you. It is important that your efforts are fairly evaluated so that conflicts and disputes are resolved honestly. Everyone can and should choose a profession to their liking and on the shoulder.

Family and health

Family - small group people based on marriage or consanguinity. Family members are connected by common life, mutual help and moral responsibility. The modern family consists, as a rule, of spouses and children. Therefore, they say that the family is a moral and legal union of a man and a woman.

Family life affects people's health. Family life determines the health of members both directly and indirectly. It is known that happy married people live longer and get sick less often. The death rate of widows is always higher than that of married women. The situation in the family, the nature of the relationship of its members to a large extent determine the birth rate, affect the outcome of pregnancy, and affect various health indicators. The desire of a woman to have a child depends on the conditions of life, but this dependence is mediated by the relationship between spouses. With satisfactory living conditions and material security, but tense intra-family relations between spouses, the number of abortions among women increases.

The mode, daily routine of family members is one of the indicators of lifestyle. In families with an unfavorable psycho-emotional climate, children are more likely to suffer from stomach ulcers and chronic gastritis. Violation of the regime of rest, sleep, nutrition in the family leads to the development of a number of diseases in most family members: cardiovascular, neuropsychic, metabolic disorders.

The family affects the formation of character, the spiritual health of its members.

In general, in the city, family members do not communicate much with each other, they often gather only for dinner, but even during these short hours, the contacts of family members are suppressed by watching television programs. In large urban families, when 2 or 3 generations live together in the same apartment, contacts of family members are often difficult due to high psycho-emotional tension. All these and a number of other conditions have a significant impact on the stability of the family, and therefore adversely affect the health of the population as a whole.

An acute problem of strengthening the family has matured in society, the solution of which is largely determined by the culture of those entering into marriage, in particular, by understanding the role of the family as a factor in the health of all its members.

Stress in the modern world

According to UN statistics, the urban population has doubled since 1950. According to current estimates, as a result of population growth and migration to cities, the number of slum dwellers is increasing by 10-15% annually. Terrible conditions give rise to physical overload, tension, depression, violence and disease.

According to the latest statistics from the United Nations and the World Bank, half of the countries in Africa and South-East Asia, with a combined population of nearly 2 billion people, has an average annual per capita income of less than $300. Mass poverty of the population in developing countries is the cause of hunger, emaciation of many children, sometimes with fatal; at best, children grow up physically and mentally handicapped. Thus, hundreds of millions of people in the poor countries of the world find themselves in vicious circle sickness, suffering and death. Under such conditions, acute physical, mental and social stresses arise, posing a threat to the life, health and well-being of people, belittling their self-esteem, destroying close relations between them and giving rise to a feeling of inferiority. These events can, in turn, provoke reactions leading to further morbidity and mortality.

As scientists have established, people are strong negative influence crowding conditions, the so-called “meter stress”. A person has a constant violation of his personal space, characteristic of life in big cities, causes a strong neuropsychic stress, leading to pronounced stress reactions.

Not only our emotions, but also the internal organs of a person react to the stresses and overloads of modern life. The impact of stress affects the basic physiological reactions of the central nervous system, as well as the activity of the endocrine glands. Biologically active substances, produced by the endocrine glands (hormones), together with nerve impulses, affect almost every cell in the body.

Thus, poor living conditions cause serious, sometimes unbearable suffering for more than a quarter of the world's population. True, people can adapt even to extreme conditions. However, as already mentioned, you have to pay for this with your nerves and physical health.

First steps to health

You can improve and increase your health by making a certain schedule of work on yourself. Not everyone can immediately radically take up the improvement of health. In this case, the implementation of the program can be started gradually, for example, starting with morning exercises, and then supplement it with jogging. Then we can deal with the fight against excess weight. The goal should be achieved not by extraordinary measures (complete starvation or exhausting sitting in the steam room), but again by gradual reductions in the diet of carbohydrates, fats, and the exclusion of alcohol. Do not allow young people to drink alcohol, do not decorate the table with bottles, refuse to drink.

Our health is in our own hands. We must understand that only healthy people Therefore, we must protect the most valuable thing that we have.

Conclusion

health stress environment environmental

Based on the analysis of the above material on the factors determining health, the following can be noted: Currently, there are several definitions of the term health. In particular, WHO characterizes health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects. Determinants of health are the main driving forces that determine the nature or state of health. Factors are divided into: exogenous and endogenous; objective and subjective; sustainability factors and risk factors, controlled and uncontrolled. But a more acceptable option: for genetic, environmental, social and medical. On the basis of the material provided, it can be concluded that human health today is under the influence of a huge variety of factors of various nature (endogenous and exogenous, genetic and social, etc.), unequal in intensity and mechanisms of influence. However, all factors are divided into sustainability factors and risk factors. Resilience factors increase a person's resistance to risk factors. Risk factors are factors of various nature that provoke or increase the risk of deterioration in human health. Naturally, given set factors requires ordering, systematization and limitation according to the criterion of significance in the determination of health. Currently, great attention is given to the so-called combined effect of factors on the state of health. That is - the simultaneous impact of several factors, whether chemical, physical, biological or social. Thus, in the course of consideration of the topic "Factors influencing health", the originally set goal was achieved, and the tasks were solved. It should be noted that the significance of the information presented in this work can be used in the future for a more detailed consideration of issues related to factors affecting health, conducting research in the field of valeology, as well as writing more in-depth works.

Bibliographic list

Bredikhina N.V. The main factors influencing the formation of a healthy lifestyle and the preservation of public health // Sociological problems modern culture and statehood. Chelyabinsk: Publishing house of SUSU, 2010. p. 6-18.

Zhuravleva I.V., Lakomova N.V. Health factors // Demographic development of Russia and its socio-economic consequences. M.: IS RAN, 2010. p. 25-37.

Zhuravleva I.V. Attitude to the health of the individual and society. M.: Nauka, 2006. p. 66-75.

Lebedeva-Nesevrya N.A., Kiryanov D.A., Barg A.O. Assessment of the combined impact of social and industrial risk factors on the health of employees of the enterprise // Health of the population and the environment (ZNiSO). 2010. Issue. 11 (212). with. 44-46.

Lisitsyn Yu.P., Ulumbekova G.E. Public health and healthcare. 3rd ed. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2013. p. 60-87.

Iskakov A.Zh., Boev V.M., Zasorin B.V. Assessment of the risk for the health of the population of environmental factors // Hygiene and Sanitation. 2009. No. 1. P.4.

Ischeikina Yu.A. Identification and significance of risk factors and anti-risk of diseases of the circulatory system // Actual problems of transport medicine. 2009. No. 4 (18). 2009. p. 31.

Starodubov V.I., Soboleva N.P., Lukashev A.M. Controlled risk factors in disease prevention. M., 2012. p. 104-106.

Comprehensive assessment of the impact on health of various factors (review) / K.R. Amlaev, V.N. Muravieva, Yu.E. Abrosimova, N.A. Shibkov, R.K. Shakhramanova // Preventive medicine. 2010. No. 6. p. 27-32.

Official website of the World Health Organization // URL: http://www.who.int/ 1

Bredikhina N.V. The main factors influencing the formation of a healthy lifestyle and the preservation of public health // Sociological problems of modern culture and statehood. Chelyabinsk: Publishing House of SUSU, 2010, pp. 6-18.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

...

Similar Documents

The concept and essence of human health. Classification of factors affecting human health. Modern risk factors for human health. Ways to form a healthy lifestyle. The main causes of death of the population of Russia. culture of human health.

abstract, added 03/09/2017


The problem of human health is the most important of the fundamental problems. Human health and life expectancy. Labor as the basis for the creation of material and spiritual values. Lifestyle and its dependence on the profession that a person has acquired.

abstract, added 06/05/2008


The main factors affecting human health. The main negatives of students' lifestyle. Indicators of resistance to environmental influences. Estimated daily time budget school day student. Organization of sleep, nutrition and physical activity.

presentation, added 12/04/2015


Valeology concepts. Components physical culture. Fundamentals of health. Influence of some groups of factors on human diseases. Negative sides students' lives. Components of a healthy lifestyle. Methods of psychological relief.

presentation, added 02/05/2016


Physical health as the level of mobilization of the body's adaptive reserves, its signs, risk factors. The influence of genetics, the state of the environment, medical provision, conditions and lifestyle, bad habits on the state of human health.

presentation, added 09/30/2013


Factors influencing the formation of the foundations of a healthy lifestyle. Physical activity and health. reserve capacity of the body. Rhythmic regime of work and rest. The main indicators of the functional state of the human central nervous system.

test, added 09/01/2013


Individual and population health, the basic principles of a healthy lifestyle. Ecology of urban populations, the main factors affecting human well-being. Problems of mortality of the urban population from diseases and various emergencies.

presentation, added 01/30/2017


Generalization of the main factors that adversely affect human health: smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, AIDS. Elements of a healthy lifestyle: prevention of addictions, good nutrition, fresh air, rational regimen, physical activity.

presentation, added 04/28/2011


The concept of a healthy lifestyle. Problems of formation of health and a healthy lifestyle. Formation of a positive attitude towards a healthy lifestyle. The role of exercise in the formation of a healthy lifestyle and health promotion.

abstract, added 11/14/2014


The relationship of medical-social-ecological-economic factors with the health of the population. Influence of urban ecology on population health and demographic processes. Biological bases of the child's development and assessment of the influence of environmental factors on him.

COURSE WORK

on the course "Medical statistics"

on the topic: "Health of the population"

Introduction

2. Morbidity of the population

3. Maternal and child health

Conclusion

List of used literature

Appendix 1

Introduction

Public health protection is one of the foundations of the constitutional system of Russia. The right of everyone to health care and medical care is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 41).

Measures to protect public health include the organization of healthcare, including the provision of free medical care to citizens in state and municipal institutions healthcare, financing federal programs protection and promotion of public health, the implementation of measures to develop state, municipal, private healthcare systems, ensure the environmental and sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, develop physical culture and sports.

The health of the population in modern Russia is in the center of attention of both state structures and the general public. However, the state of health of the population of the country remains unfavorable. In the Address of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the Federal Assembly of the country, it was emphasized that "in terms of the most important indicators of the health of the population, Russia is inferior to many countries," and one of the main reasons for this situation was called "the inefficiency of domestic healthcare." Improving the health care system is one of the fundamental conditions for the successful implementation of the country's socio-economic development strategy, and the state of public health is the most important goal of this development.

The life expectancy for men achieved by 1964 in the Soviet Union (64.4 years) was the highest in the period from 1897 to 1987. Unfortunately, later, in the conditions of peace and the absence of any serious cataclysms, life expectancy somewhat decreased and remained at this level for more than 20 years, and after a slight rise, starting in 1992, it began to decline sharply. Three-year span from 1992 to 1994. was particularly severe, and accounted for the most significant deterioration in public health in Russia. The life expectancy of the entire population has decreased in comparison with 1986: in 1992 - by 2.2 years, and in 1994 - by 6.1 years.

After 1987, and especially in 1993-1994, the decrease in life expectancy was mainly due to the rapid increase in mortality from cardiovascular disease; injury and poisoning (including suicide and accidental alcohol poisoning). From 1990 to 1995 mortality from mental disorders has been growing rapidly. Among the alarming indicators that characterize population health and are indicators of general social and sanitary and epidemiological problems in the country, there is an increase, since 1992, in the number of diseases, the occurrence of which is associated with deep-seated social processes, poor condition of household and sanitary infrastructure, low quality medical care. For a long time, syphilis and tuberculosis were among these diseases.

The initial stage of social adaptation of the population to new conditions (1995-1998) was marked by an unstable, very weak improvement in some indicators of public health. Thus, compared with 1994, the life expectancy of the entire population in 1998 increased by 3.2 years, for men - by 4.2 years, and for women - by 1.6 years. The decrease in mortality in 1995 compared to the previous year was due to a decrease in mortality from diseases of the circulatory system by 66.9 thousand cases, including from myocardial infarction by 2.4 thousand cases. Mortality from injuries and poisonings decreased by 19.9 thousand cases (including from alcohol poisoning - by 13 thousand cases, traffic injuries - by 3.4 thousand, murders - by 2.6 thousand, suicides - by 0 .9 thousand). There has also been a slight decrease in mortality from respiratory diseases.

After a four-year period (1995-1998) of certain positive developments in Russia in 1999, the situation related to the state of health of the population again noticeably worsened. The birth rate continued to fall, the death rate increased sharply, and the life expectancy of the population decreased.

In the coming century in a state of health Russian population there have been changes for the better. However, the problems associated with the health of the population do not lose their relevance.

In this work, the goal is to analyze the state of health of the population in our country. Accordingly, the following tasks of this work follow from the goal:

analyze the medical and demographic indicators of the health of the population;

to study the morbidity rates of the population for various diseases;

analyze indicators related to maternal and child health;

identify the situation in the state of public health protection;

to analyze ways of optimizing health indicators of the population.

1. Medical and demographic indicators of the health of the population

Demographic indicators of the Russian population in 2005-2007 are shown in Fig. 1-3.

Picture 1

Figure 2

Figure 3 www.minzdravsoc.ru

During the first nine months of 2007 there were positive changes in the demographic situation, which give reason to hope for an improvement in the situation in 2007 as a whole.

In January-September 2007, 1178.1 thousand children were born, which is 72.6 thousand children (6.6%) more than in the corresponding period of 2006. The birth rate (number of births per 1,000 population) for nine months of 2007 is the highest in the last 15 years.

The number of deaths in January-September 2007 decreased by 82.6 thousand people, or by 5.0% compared to the corresponding period of 2006. The mortality rate (number of deaths per 1,000 population) for nine months of the current year is the lowest since 1999.

The natural population decline for 9 months of this year amounted to 378.9 thousand people, or 29% less than a year ago. The coefficient of natural loss (per 1000 population) for 9 months of the current year was 3.6, while in 2005 it was -5.9.

The life expectancy of the population of Russia is 12 years less than in the USA, 8 years less than in Poland, 5 years less than in China.

However, it must be emphasized that in almost all age categories, male mortality rates are higher than those for women. This can be judged by analyzing the data of Rosstat. There are fewer girls born in our country, but starting from the age of 25, there are already more women (1002 per 1000), and the ratio of men and women changes dramatically by the age of 60, when there are already almost 1500 women per 1000 men. Threats associated with natural population decline are presented in Appendix 1.

Population decline in 2007 took place in 82 out of 89 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The most significant reduction in the number of inhabitants, still due to the intensive migration outflow of the population, was noted in the Chukotka autonomous region- by 5.4%. The rate of population decrease was also high in the Koryak and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs. Magadan and Kamchatka regions, Jewish autonomous region- by 2.9-1.8%. One of the reasons for the loss of population here, along with migration, was the natural decline in the population. In the vast majority of Russian regions, the main cause of depopulation is the natural population decline. In 2007, the population grew only in 7 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Among them are the republics of Dagestan, Altai, Tuva, Ust-Orda Buryat and Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrugs - national entities with traditionally widespread large families, as well as the Belgorod region and the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, where population growth ensured an influx of migrants, a significant part of which were internally displaced persons. Only two of the listed subjects of the Russian Federation (the republics of Dagestan and Ingushetia) still ensure the reproduction of the population.

The main factors of increased mortality of the population are diseases of the circulatory system, as well as accidents, injuries and poisoning.

In the structure of causes of death, diseases of the circulatory system occupy the first place by a wide margin. About 1.3 million people die every year in Russia from heart and vascular diseases. This is more than 56% of the total number of deaths.

Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the age group from 45 to 74 years among men is more than twice that among women. Men have more than 1350 per 100 thousand of the population, and women have about 650.

Among the causes of death of the working-age population, cardiovascular diseases in the structure of mortality are second only to the so-called "external causes" (injuries, poisoning, murders, suicides, etc.). However, in 2007 it was possible to reverse the upward trend in mortality from diseases of the circulatory system. The number of deaths from these diseases in the nine months of 2007 decreased compared to the corresponding period previous year more than 5%.

Mortality from external causes in 2007 decreased by 9.8%, including those from accidental alcohol poisoning by almost 30%. However, currently in Russia 40-45 million people constantly smoke, 70% of men and 47% of women abuse alcohol. There are more than 2 million officially registered alcoholics in Russia. Almost every fifth death in Russia is somehow related to alcohol consumption. The prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption among schoolchildren is very alarming: at the age of 10-11, 17% of adolescents smoke, drink alcohol up to 39%, by the age of 15-17 this number rises to 73%.

Child mortality rates are very high in Russia. Currently, more than 36,000 children of all ages die in the country every year. And this is without taking into account the 10-12 thousand children who were not included in the official demographic statistics, who were born with a weight of up to 1000 g and did not live up to 7 days.

In total, it turns out 48 thousand children's lives a year, and up to 60% of them die from preventable causes. Boys die much more than girls. Under the age of 4, there are only 948 girls per 1,000 boys, but by the age of 16, this figure is already almost 960 per 1,000.

As a result of losses in childhood the final results of population reproduction are reduced by approximately 2-2.5%. In terms of infant mortality, Russia occupies one of the last places in Europe. It is significantly higher than in the developed countries of the world (in the USA - 7, in England - 5, in Japan - 4.5).

The maternal mortality rate is 1.9 times higher than in European countries, and up to 10 times higher than in Scandinavian countries.

2. Morbidity of the population

Every year, 155-185 million cases of acute and chronic diseases are registered in the country, of which about 100 million are diagnosed for the first time. The incidence of congenital anomalies (malformations) is growing at an especially rapid pace - 1.5 times, diseases of the genitourinary system - 1.4 times, diseases of the circulatory system - 1.3 times, as well as diseases of the nervous system and sensory organs - 1. 2 times Annual state report on the state of health of the population of the Russian Federation. 1999-2008.

Prevention and treatment of diseases of the circulatory system is currently one of the priority health problems. This is due to the significant losses that these diseases cause in connection with mortality and disability. Cardiovascular diseases cause a high level of mortality and disability of the population. The share of diseases of the cardiovascular system in the structure of causes of total mortality accounts for more than half (55%) of all deaths, disability (48.4%), temporary disability (11.6%). About 7.2 million people suffering from arterial hypertension are currently registered in the Russian Federation, of which 2.5 million patients have complications in the form of coronary heart disease and 2.1 million patients in the form of cerebrovascular diseases. However, according to experts, arterial hypertension affects 25-30% of the population, i.e. more than 40 million people.

Every year, about 500 thousand patients are registered for the first time, in which arterial hypertension is the leading or concomitant disease; 26.5% of patients under dispensary observation for diseases of the circulatory system suffer from this disease. Of particular concern is the high prevalence of arterial hypertension in people of young and working age. The unfavorable situation is exacerbated by the insufficient work of health authorities and institutions to reduce the prevalence of arterial hypertension. Late diagnosis and ineffective treatment lead to the development of severe forms of arterial hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases, requiring specialized cardiac care.

A significant increase in prices for imported medical equipment and many vital medications made them difficult to access for medical institutions and the general population. The level of sanitary-educational work among the population is very low. In means mass media there is practically no promotion of a healthy lifestyle, there is no information about the harmful effects of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and methods for their correction. Insufficient awareness of the population about the causes, early manifestations and consequences of arterial hypertension leads to the lack of motivation in most people to maintain and improve their health, including the control of blood pressure.

There is no system for monitoring and evaluating risk factors for arterial hypertension and mortality from its complications. The incidence rate of malignant neoplasms per 100 thousand population of Russia is 303.3. In the structure of morbidity in men, tumors of the trachea, bronchi, lung (25.0%), stomach (13.0%), skin (8.4%), prostate (5.0%), colon (4 .8%), rectum (4.6%), hematopoietic and lymphatic tissue (4.6%). The first place in terms of prevalence in the female population is occupied by neoplasms of the breast (19.5%), followed by tumors of the skin (12.4%), stomach (9.2%), colon (6.6%), uterine body (6 .4%), cervix (5.4%), ovaries (5.0%).

Tuberculosis in places of deprivation of liberty remains a serious problem that worsens the overall situation in the field of public health. It should be noted the poorly organized timely detection of tuberculosis in detainees and prisoners. This is evidenced by the extremely high incidence of fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis (29.2 per 100 thousand), which is almost 13 times higher than in healthcare institutions (2.3 per 100 thousand). As a negative fact, it should be noted the increase in the mortality rate of tuberculosis patients who were registered in the dispensary, both from this disease and from other causes. The incidence of sexually transmitted infections of viral etiology is significantly lower than previously recorded, but their growth also continues from year to year. The growth in the number of registered patients primarily depends on the lack of primary prevention among the general population, especially among the younger generation, which depends on poor funding for this work. At the same time, it should be noted that the registered level of sexually transmitted infections does not reflect the true incidence of the country's population, since commercial structures and organizations, as well as private practitioners, are not interested (mainly for financial reasons) in full registration and reporting of information to the authorities. health care about the number of patients admitted by them. A significant number of patients are treated themselves or with the help of friends. As a result big number patients do not apply to state institutions and are not registered. All this leads to the fact that among the population there remains a large number of unsanitized patients and their sexual contacts, which in turn contribute to the further spread of infections among the population.

In general, negative trends persist in the state of mental health of the Russian population. If, according to state reports, almost every 40th citizen of Russia applied to psychiatric institutions and needed the help of a psychiatrist, then the true number of people who have mental health problems is much higher. According to epidemiological studies conducted in recent years by the NTsPZ RAMS, as well as as a result of peer review it was found that approximately) 1/3 of the population of Russia, i.e. approximately 52.5 million people have mental disorders of varying degrees, from the most severe to minimally pronounced.

Negative trends in the state of mental health of the population require the reform of mental health care. First of all, it is necessary to implement measures to optimize the structure of psychiatric care, develop out-of-hospital forms of care, organize medical and social care and support patients.

It can be noted that the incidence of alcoholism among the entire population has now slightly decreased. However, the indicators are still at a high level and it is wrong to interpret this decrease as a positive trend, especially since the population continues to increase in appeals to drug treatment institutions for alcoholic psychoses.

AT certain regions In Russia, the number of newly registered drug addicts varies widely. Thus, indicators exceeding the average level (41.8 per 100 thousand population) were observed in 30 territories, and the differences between the maximum and minimum values ​​are very significant. The highest level is noted in regions where narcotic raw materials grow or transport routes intersect (Far East, Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia). The maximum indicator exceeds the average by 3 times. The first ranking places are occupied by the Tyumen region (109.9) with the Khanty-Mansiysk (145.0) and Yamalo-Nenets (101.4) national districts, Samara (104.8) and Ulyanovsk (102.7) regions. Currently, the urgency of the problem of involving women in the process of initiation to drug use is growing.

The proportion of rheumatism itself (chronic rheumatic heart disease) in the overall structure of rheumatic disability is constantly decreasing, reflecting the general positive trend in relation to this disease at the present time.

3. Maternal and child health

In the context of the economic and demographic crisis, the problems of protecting the reproductive health of the population go beyond health care and become the priority tasks of national policy. One of the most acute problems in the country remains the provision of medicines to the population, including disabled children. Funds from various sources of funding are used to provide disabled children with medicines. The most expensive today are the treatment programs for patients with transplanted organs, cancer patients, children with diabetes.

The increase in the incidence of the child population in the contaminated territories, in contrast to Russia as a whole, is due to radiation-induced pathology - endocrine diseases and, above all, the thyroid gland, malignant neoplasms, and congenital anomalies. In recent years, there has been a tendency to stabilize this process, however, the incidence of endocrine pathology in children in radiation-contaminated areas significantly exceeds the national average.

The highest rates of morbidity in children were noted in classes with in-depth education. In recent years, there has been an unfavorable trend of deterioration in the state of mental adaptation of children and adolescents, an increase in their maladaptive forms of behavior, including alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction and other types of deviant behavior. A significant risk factor that increases the risk of maladjustment in adolescents is the violation of their relationships with adults, the presence of conflicts in the family and school.

Intensification, an increase in training loads have become in recent years the most characteristic feature of school education. Numerous confirmations of the dependence of the degree and nature of the deterioration in the health status of schoolchildren on the magnitude of training loads have been obtained. The increase in the number of functional disorders and chronic diseases among students in schools with increased workloads, according to the Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents, is much more intense (2 times or more) than among students in public schools. The most common diseases among students in grades 1-3 are neurosis-like and cerebrosthenic syndromes, vegetative-vascular dystonia, functional cardiopathy, which indicates a significant psycho-emotional overstrain experienced by students. Premyopia and mild myopia are widespread among children, which indicates overwork of children, as well as insufficient illumination of classes. Among students, more than half of the children suffer from posture disorders, flat feet and weakness of the abdominal muscles.

The problem of creating a healthy and safe environment in schools remains relevant. educational environment(microclimate, furniture, computer equipment, textbooks). Under these conditions, a mass transition to an earlier start of schooling with insufficient sanitary and hygienic provision of such a transition contradicts hygiene requirements and the principle of preserving children's health declared in the concept of the 12-year school.

Indicators physical development modern adolescents are characterized by a relative decrease in indicators of physical performance and a slowdown in the pace of development. This leads to lag biological age from the calendar and an increase in the number of adolescents with reduced body weight and asthenic type of constitution. The relative slowdown in the rate of development in girls is manifested in an increase in the average age of the onset of menstruation and a slowdown in the timing of the final formation of this most important indicator of reproductive health in adolescence.

The most important factor influencing reproductive health, especially women, are working conditions. About 1.5 million women currently work in unfavorable conditions, more than 2 thousand of them are diagnosed with an occupational disease every year. Harmful factors of production also have a negative impact on the reproductive health of men, often causing infertility and the birth of handicapped children.

The situation with children's and medical nutrition products remains extremely difficult. Currently, 60-70% of children in their first year of life need full or partial artificial feeding. The state of affairs with the organization of nutrition for children attending preschool institutions and schools is not improving.

4. State of public health protection

The state policy in the field of public health protection in recent years is characterized by priority prevention of morbidity of the population - the main factor of economic growth and ensuring the national security of the country. The system of social and hygienic monitoring serves as the main mechanism and ideology of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service and becomes the state system for monitoring, analyzing, evaluating and predicting the state of health of the population and the human environment, determining cause-and-effect relationships between the state of health of the population and the impact of environmental factors. In recent years, the composition of the main air pollutants has not changed significantly.

High levels of samples exceeding the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) are observed in Novgorod, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Moscow, Tver, Lipetsk, Astrakhan, Chelyabinsk, Amur, Magadan, Kaliningrad, Omsk regions, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, in the republics of Buryatia and Sakha ( Yakutia). Such industries as ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, electric power industry, industrial production continue to be sources of air pollution. building materials. Due to the lack of funding, the organization of sanitary protection zones of enterprises (respectively, the resettlement of the population from them) is extremely unsatisfactory.

Atmospheric air pollution has sharply increased due to vehicle emissions, the share of which is 70% or more of gross emissions. in Moscow, others major cities In Russia, the share of road transport emissions is up to 90% of all gross emissions. Of all the ingredients studied, the extremely high content in atmospheric air on highways in the zone of residential development of nitrogen oxides. Even the average percentage of samples of this pollutant is 17. In many territories - Altai Territory, Tambov, Sverdlovsk, Novgorod, Lipetsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo region. Krasnoyarsk region. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, etc. - this figure is much higher and ranges from 19.0 to 59.6%. No cardinal decisions to reduce vehicle emissions have been made so far.

The incidence of various groups of the population associated with insufficient intake of micronutrients, including iodine, is noted in the Republic of Karelia, the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug. Altai Territory, Arkhangelsk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Sakhalin, Sverdlovsk, Tambov, Tver, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk, Samara, Bryansk, Ryazan, Tula, Yaroslavl, Kirov regions, the Republics of Adygea, Mordovia and other territories. In the Nizhny Novgorod, Lipetsk, Omsk regions, the Republic of Kalmykia, etc., the production of iodized bakery and pasta products has been launched, in Voronezh region in the diet of schoolchildren, pupils of children's preschool institutions, patients in hospitals, living in social security institutions included food fortified with iodine, including iodized salt.

In the Voronezh region, a project of milk fluoridation has been implemented for 6 years due to the low content of fluorine in water. The analysis showed that the reduction of caries in children due to the use of fluoridated milk was 60%. Prevention of fluorine deficiency conditions is carried out in the Astrakhan region.

In general, the population of all age groups has deviations from modern principles healthy food. At the same time, a direct dependence on the level of family income was revealed. The nutrition of the population in the poorest families is characterized by a low calorie content, which is provided mainly by bread products and potatoes. The assortment does not include enough meat and dairy products, fish, eggs, vegetables and fruits. This is reflected in the ratios of the main nutrients in the diet, the level of consumption of vitamins and minerals.

The problem of drinking water supply remains topical. According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, there is a centralized water supply system in 1078 cities (99% of the total number of cities), 1686 urban-type settlements (83%) and about 34 thousand rural settlements (22%). In terms of the entire population (urban and rural), 90% of the country's inhabitants are provided with centralized water supply. In a number of regions (Republics of Kalmykia, Mordovia, Mari El, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Orenburg, Astrakhan, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Volgograd, Kurgan, Kemerovo regions) there is a steady shortage of drinking water.

Of the total number of surface and underground sources of centralized drinking water supply, 1/5 (19.9%) does not meet sanitary standards and rules, including 17.4% due to the lack of sanitary protection zones. Groundwater used for centralized drinking water supply (32%), as a rule, has a high level of general mineralization and hardness, including an increased content of sulfates, chlorides, calcium and magnesium salts, as well as iron and manganese, which not only worsens organoleptic properties, but also adversely affects health.

The unsatisfactory state of drinking water supply in certain territories of the Russian Federation is one of the factors that have a negative impact on the health of the population. In many agricultural regions of Russia, the problem of storage and disposal of pesticides and mineral fertilizers that have become unusable and prohibited for use has not been solved (there are no warehouses that meet the requirements).

In the soil of a row administrative territories(Lipetsk, Kemerovo regions, Primorsky Territory, St. Petersburg etc.) there are excesses of permissible concentrations of lead. A significant proportion of lead pollution in the soil is automobile transport running on leaded gasoline.

In general, in the soil of 120 cities of Russia, in 80% of cases, there is an excess of the lead content standard, i.e. 10 million urban residents come into contact with lead-contaminated soil. Bacteriological contamination of land is formed as a result of the unsatisfactory organization of the planned cleaning of household waste in cities and rural areas, the lack of specialized vehicles, the lack of conditions for washing and disinfecting vehicles, containers, etc.

The unfavorable state of working conditions persists in almost all sectors of the economy. The reasons for the deterioration in the health of workers, including women, lie mainly in the sphere of the economy, the weakening of the social protection of workers, and the neglect by employers of their obligations to protect and improve working conditions at work. Due to the fact that the economic is not legislatively fixed and not involved - the most effective mechanism for increasing the responsibility and interest of the federal government, the employer and the employee himself in preserving the health of the population by improving working conditions, the progressive organization of health care for workers and the population as a whole, is currently reducing mortality cannot be achieved at working age.

In the Russian Federation, more than 5 million people, including more than 1.5 million women, work in jobs that do not meet the requirements of SanPiN, more than 1 million people are employed in heavy physical labor. An analysis of the circumstances and conditions for the occurrence of chronic occupational diseases showed that in 51-59% of cases they were the imperfection of technological processes, in 25.3-87.6% - design flaws in machinery and equipment. The imperfection of personal protective equipment was 1.3%), workplaces - 4.2%. Acute occupational diseases in most cases occurred as a result of violations of safety regulations (44.3%), accidents (13.4%), deviations from technological regulations (12.3%), non-use of personal protective equipment (10.1%), imperfections in technological processes (5.9%).

Unsatisfactory working conditions entail a consistently high level of occupational morbidity. The structure of chronic occupational diseases is dominated by diseases of the respiratory system, vibration disease, cochlear neuritis, diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The highest levels are recorded at the enterprises of the coal industry, energy, construction and road, transport, heavy engineering, ferrous metallurgy.

The problem of improving the working conditions of pregnant women remains relevant. The system of employment of women for work with easier and safe conditions labor, they do not reduce the norms of production and maintenance, do not exclude the impact of harmful production factors. The proportion of occupational diseases in women of childbearing age remains high, the work of pregnant women is not organized, special workshops or sites are not created, most women continue to work at their previous jobs until they go on maternity leave, being exposed to harmful factors on their health and the health of future children. The low level of organization of medical care for those working in industry and, especially in agriculture, does not allow improving work aimed at reducing the incidence of temporary disability and professionally caused.

5. Ways to improve the health status of the population

Current Valuation Trends state of the art health of the population testify to the continuing unfavorable situation in the formation of health, which can lead to a deterioration in the quality of the population, limiting its participation in creative activities to improve the socio-economic situation in the country. Obviously, only departmental efforts (Ministry of Health of Russia, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences) cannot solve the urgent problems of public health and science, since they are complex, interdepartmental and multifactorial. The solution of all these problems is planned within the framework of the implementation of the national project "Health".

The implementation of the national project "Health", according to the calculations of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, will allow in 2009 to stop the negative dynamics of the health indicators of the population of Russia and by 2015 to reach the level of the corresponding indicators in the countries of Eastern Europe, improve the efficiency of healthcare management, complete the formation of a system for training medical personnel, ensure the development and strengthening of the material and technical base of medical institutions. The national project "Health" is given paramount attention. In the draft budget for next year it is planned to allocate 108 billion rubles for it, which is 86% more than in the current year and accounts for almost half of the funds allocated in 2008 for priority national projects.

The main objectives of the project can be achieved through the solution of a number of tasks. These include changing approaches to the formation of health policy, to assessing the significance of its contribution to the country's economy, improving the management system of the industry, creating an effective economic basis for health care and stimulating health maintenance, improving the organization, the system of differentiation in the provision of medical and drug care, governmental support the domestic medical industry, the comprehensive development of science as a guarantor of the success of the planned transformations, the solution of personnel problems, taking into account the modern needs of the industry, and the maximum expansion of the social base of healthcare.

Among the most urgent problems requiring active measures, it should be noted the elimination of negative trends in demographic processes, modernization of the management system, planning and financing of the industry, development of the flexibility of the infrastructure of medical care and the functioning of its main links, development of mechanisms state regulation more diverse health care activities, the medical industry, the development of an informed consent system large groups population, families and every citizen for support and cooperation in the field of protecting and strengthening the health of the population of Russia.

Conclusion

Summing up the results of the work done, the following conclusions can be drawn.

In the Russian Federation, the most acute public health problems are currently low birth rates, high mortality, especially due to injuries and poisoning, and negative natural population growth. The incidence remains at a consistently high level mental disorders, alcoholic psychosis, syphilis.

In difficult economic and social development state, the real threat to the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of Russia does not stop. At present, the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation should be assessed as tense, and its Negative influence on public health is significant.

Urgent measures to ensure the health of the population of the Russian Federation remained the subject of deep study by the President and the Government of the Russian Federation. Currently implemented national project"Health" will improve general situation in this region. At the same time, taking into account the above, it is necessary to consider at the state level the most important characteristics of the health of the population, the adoption of a number of specific documents prepared with the aim of strengthening and maintaining the health of the population.

Bibliography

1. Annual state report on the state of health of the population of the Russian Federation. 1999-2008

2. Kharchenko V.I. Mortality from heart disease in Russia. // Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2005. No. 2.

3. The implementation of the national project "Health" will allow in 2008 to stop the negative dynamics of the health indicators of the population of Russia - the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation.// www.goverment.ru

4. www.goodhealth.ru/news

5. Analytical review (2003-2008). // www.minzdravsoc.ru

Appendix 1

"Socio-economic aspects of the demographic crisis in Russia". Abstracts to the report of the co-chairman of the all-Russian public organization "Business Russia" Yuriev E.L.

Demographic crisis or demographic catastrophe?

Mortality in the Russian Federation since the early 1990s has steadily exceeded the birth rate

Annually the population of Russia is reduced by 1 million people

Fertility is falling drastically

Average life expectancy for men is 58 years

By 2014, the population of the Russian Federation will amount to 138 million people

The same number in 1897 was the population of the Russian Empire

By the 2040s, we will reach the level of the post-war RSFSR with 100 million inhabitants.

By 2016, every fourth resident of the Russian Federation will be a pensioner.

Threat 1. Fall of the able-bodied population

The decline in the working-age population significantly hampers the ability to achieve sustainable and high-quality economic growth

Threat 2. Deterioration of the age structure of the working-age population

The development of the Russian economy will take place against the backdrop of an extremely unfavorable age structure of the working population

Currently, 50% of the working-age population are people over 35-40 years old (not adapted to the high-tech and dynamic economy of the 21st century)

More adequate modern conditions part of the working-age population under the age of 35 will soon stop replenishing due to low birth rates.

The deteriorating age structure of the workforce in Russia is a serious threat to the competitiveness of our economy

Threat 3: Population aging and increased pressure on the budget

If the pace of the demographic crisis continues, taxation will inevitably increase, which will negatively affect the economy.

Change in the ratio of workers and pensioners

Income, expenses and deficit of the pension fund, billion, $.